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一、介词的意义和用途我们经常在名词或名词短语、代词或动名词前面用介词表示人、物、事件等之间的关系介词+ 名词：I gave the book to Charlie介词+ 代词: I gave it to him介词+ 动名词: Charlie devotes his time to reading有的介词所表示的关系是;空间: We ran across the field时间: The plane landed at 4 25 precisely原因: Travel is cheap for us because of the strength of the dollar方法: Y ou unlock the door by turning the key to the right介词始终带有宾语。
即使介词与宾语分开时，如在问句中或者关系从句中，这种关系仍必定存在。
Who(m) were you talking to just now on the phone? (= To whom )The chair I was sitting on was very shaky (= The chair on which...)二、介词后的代词英语名词没有格的变化，因此它们用作动词或介词的宾语时，其形式不变;There s a chair behind/by/in front of/near the door但介词后的动词必须用其宾格形式：The car stopped behind/in front of/near me/him/her/us/themBetween you and me, there s no truth in the report(不可说'between you and I).三、一个词何时为介词、副词或连词介词“支配”着宾语，所以它总是与名词、名词短语、代词或动名词有关；而副词不；“支配”宾语，因此它与动词的关系较为密切。
高三英语形容词、副词、介词、连词【本讲主要内容】英语语法基础知识：形容词、副词、介词、连词【知识总结归纳】1. 形容词：表示名词的性质和特征的词叫做形容词，形容词可以用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。
（1）在使用形容词时要注意它的原级、比较级和最高级。
注意一般形容词比较级是：原级+—er，最高级是，原级+—est；部分双音节及多音节形容词的比较级是：more+原级，最高级为most+原级。
如：nice—nicer—nicest，beautiful—more beautiful / —most beautiful少数形容词的比较级和最高级的变化不规则。
如：goodwellbetter bestmanymuchmore mostbad worse worstlittle less leastfar farther farthest further furthestoldolder oldestelder eldest ⎫⎬⎭⎫⎬⎭⎧⎨⎩⎧⎨⎩——————————————（2）形容词比较级可以有even, much, many, a bit, still, a little等状语来修饰。
如：Millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun. They look small only because they are much farther away.In fact, the earth is a bit nearer to the sun during our winter.（3）注意能分析出与形容词比较等级有关的句型。
①……than…………比……Is their room larger than ours?②最……These three parks are all very beautiful, but this one is the most beautiful of the three.③……与……一样……as……as……Chinese is as important as maths.④……不如…………not so(as)……as……Making model boats isn’t as difficult as making model planes.Wang Ping is not so tall as Li Ping.⑤最……之一…… one of / among the……The Changjiang River is among the longest rivers in the world.⑥越来越……形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级Soon autumn came and it became colder and colder.⑦第……最…… 序数词+最高级Africa is the second largest continent.⑧越……越…… the +比较级……，the+比较级……The farther away the feeding place was, the slower the dance was.The more you practice, the better you pronounce.⑨尽可能…… as+原级+as possibleThe old men and the boys made the wounded as comfortable as possible.（4）下列词一般只用作表语，不用作定语。
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .7、介词：7.1、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。
介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。
有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。
7.2、介词的分类表：(见下表)地点(位置、范围)介词：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
汉语中的副词一.副词的意义和种类副词常限制、修饰动词、形容词性词语，表示程度、范围、时间等意义。
表示程度：很、非常、极、十分、最、顶、太、更、挺、极其、格外、分外、更加、越、越发、有点儿、稍、稍微、略微、几乎、过于、尤其表示范围：都、全、总、总共、共、统统、仅仅、只、光、净、一概、一律、一齐、单、单单表示时间、频率：已经、曾经、早已、刚刚、正、正在、就、就要、将、将要、曾、刚、才、在、马上、立刻、、渐渐、早晚、从来、终于、一向、向来、从来、总是、始终、往往、永、赶紧、仍然、还是、屡次、依然、重新、还、再、再三、偶尔、顿时、终于、常、常常、时常、时时表示处所：到处、处处、随处、四处表示肯定、否定：不、没、没有、不用（甭）、必、必须、必定、准、的确、未、别、莫、勿、是否、不必、不曾表示情态、方式：忽然、猛然、公然、特意、亲自、大肆、肆意、悄悄、连忙、赶紧、暗暗表示语气：难道、决、岂、反正、也许、大约、大概、果然、居然、竟然、究竟、幸而、幸亏、偏偏、明明、恰恰、未免、只好、不妨、索性、简直、就、可、难怪、反倒、何尝、何必1、同一小类的副词，语义和用法不一定都相同，有的差别还相当大。
所以，同类副词在用法上的差别值得注意：举例来说，“都、只”都表示范围，但是“都”表示总括全部，一般是总括它前面的词语，而“只”表示限制，限制它后面的词语的范围。
例如“中文（1）（2）（3）（4）班的同学都去了，只中文（5）班的同学没去。
”这一句的“都”所总括的对象是前面的“中文（1）（2）（3）（4）班的同学”，而“只”所限制的范围是后面的“中文（5）班的同学”。
当然，“都”在疑问句里也可限制后面的词语。
例如：在美国这么些年，你都去过哪些地方？你都点了哪些莱？即使同样是总括它前面的词语，情况也很复杂。
比如：这些书我都看过了。
（“都”总括它前面的“这些书”）这本书我们都看过了。
（“都”总括它前面的“我们”）这些书我们都看过了。
学英文的轨迹是这样的。
先什么都不会，能写出来就不错；后来会点词就拼命装X 结果不得要领；后来知道简洁为好，能表达出意思就够，最NB的就是知道什么时候用什么词，对词义的差别掌握的很透彻，句式很多样，native speaker能很自然的看懂并欣赏。
这一级别需要很长时间练就，我估计一般老外都不见得那么熟练地驾驭词汇。
连词篇：（介词，副词）Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, princip ally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the w hole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset…Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), seco ndarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly:ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, las t of all, last but not least, finally…Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, exc essively, also…And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with…+Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else…So(adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that rea son, hence, that’s whyBecause: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now tha t…But:however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite t he fact that…Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely…Without:excluding,Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, unco mmonly, profoundly, unusually…Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly …形容词/副词Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing rol e,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlyin g, rudimentary, basically, necessary…-附加-傻句替换：I think that A is more important than B. (这是经典大傻句！以下句中的'important'可随意替换同义词）1. A is important to B.2. A plays an/a important role to B.3. A is of(great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B.4. B can not(live\developed\grow\survive\achieve) without A.5. A means(a lot\a great deal\much) to B.6. The importance of A (to B) can never be(exaggerated\denied\ignored\ doubted).7. A is everything/the whole world to B.8. B is fundamental on A.9. A matters/counts to B.10. Nothing is more crucial to B than A.11. A is to B what the(foundation is to a skyscraper\water is to fish\the heart is to a human)Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendou s, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, chan geless, perpetually…Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, litt le, petite（女子身高娇小）Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, a wesomeBad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtf ul, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, sma rtHappy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merr y, joyful,Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sw eet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, enga ging…Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,+hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated, un demanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informa l),…Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evid ent, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligib le, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, …Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candi d, forthright, outspoken….Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perpl exing, puzzling, thorny…Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriate d, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful... Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, pre carious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable动词Think(that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assum e, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convi nced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, sign ify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, charac terized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a exa mple (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point o ut, point toward…Know:realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, re cognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with, Get:acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习” 不用learn Suggest: have a proposal in,Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advan ce…Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…Mak e: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, co mpel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand ou t, provide, supplyBreak：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatt er, smash, snapDestroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, obliterate, weaken, undermine…Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, tran spire名词Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.Meeting:conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, g athering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controvers y…Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examin ation, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowle dge,scholarship…Advantage: benefit, dominance, p recedence, profit, superiority, merit…Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation.Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
介词和连词（一）介词用在名词、代词或名词性词组的前面，组成介词结构，作动词或形容词的状语或补语，以表示时间、处所、目的、原因、方式、对象等。
上古汉语的主要介词有“之、于”。
1、“之”（1）“之”字用于偏正结构，其作用是作为定语与中心语之间的媒介。
名词用作定语时，“之”字表示隶属关系。
例：关关雎鸠，在河之洲。
《诗经》夫子之文章，可得而闻也。
《论语公治长》鲲之大不知其几千里也。
《庄子逍遥游》（2）形容词作定语时，“之”字表示修饰关系。
例：女恶知贵贱之门，大小之家。
《庄子秋水》小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。
《左傅庄公十年》少之时，血气未定，戒之在色。
《论语季世氏》（3）动词或动词短语作定语时，可以是修饰关系。
例：忘己之人，是之谓入于天。
《庄子天地》又问曰:“有土之君与？”《庄子渔父》（4）“之”字可以表示隶属关系。
例：生也死之徒，死也生之始。
《庄子知北游》天地者，生之始也；礼义者，治之始也。
《荀子王制》（5）汉代，人称代词用作定语时，用介词“之”的情况较多。
例：恐阿大非尔之友。
《世说新语》今子一朝及此，我之罪也。
《唐陈翰异闻集李娃传》（6）和人称代词“谁”相反。
“谁”字用作定语时，一般要加“之”。
例：吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。
《老子》(7)“子”字是对人的尊称。
它不是代词，而是名词。
所以当它用作定语时，后面一般要加“之”字。
例：今子之言，大而无用，众所同去也。
《庄子逍遥游》许子之德，不足以自反邪？《庄子逍遥游》今子外乎子之神，劳乎子之形。
《庄子逍遥游》（8）若偏正结构是四个字，定语为双音节时，一般要用“之”字。
若偏正结构只有两个字，一般不用“之”字。
例：恐没世不复见如此人。
《世说新语》吴门中久不见如此人。
《世说新语》王敬仁是超悟人。
《世说新语》（9）偏正结构，而定语又是双音节时，不能不省略“之”字。
例：与君离别意，同是宦游人。
《王勃送杜少府之任蜀州》浮云游子意，落日故人情。
《王维送梓州李使君》2、“于”主要有七种用法。
