毕业设计 某花园公寓楼设计与招投标文件编制英文翻译

英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。

It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。

The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。

The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。

建筑项目招投标摘要目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。

本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有效控制。

投标文件的编制是投标工作的一个重要环节，直接影响投标工作的成败，投标的成败对企业的生存和发展有着直接的影响，因此要编制出高质量的投标文件，提高单位的中标率，防止无效标及废标出现。

【关键词】：招投标不正当竞争防范对策招标投标是一种工程交易形式，工程招投标的过程就是确定中标人和工程价格的过程，而工程价格的确定，是工程招投标工作中非常重要的一个环节，搞好招投标工程的价格确定工作，可以有效地控制工程造价，创造公平、公正的市场环境，营造有序竞争的机制。

在建筑工程招标投标活动中，建筑施工企业要想在投标中立于不败之地，中标得到工程，然后又要从承包工程中赢利，就需要综合考虑各种主观条件与客观因素、研究投标策略，确定投标方法。

投标策略包括投标策略和作价技巧。

所有的策略和技巧来自承包商的无数次投标的经验积累以及对客观规律的认识和对实际情况的了解，同时也与承包商的决策能力和魄力息息相关。

从招标进程上讲，招标文件是招标活动的总纲和剧本。

每项招标工作如何开始，如何发出招标文件，对投标人有什么要求，如何评标，如何决标，招标程序是什么，都在招标文件中做出规定，所以编制招标文件的人员首先要对本次招标工作有一个全局性的认识，把本次招标的要求和安排反映到招标文件当中，在编制当中也会遇到事先没有想到的问题，那就在编制当中逐一解决，编制招标文件的过程也是制定招标方案的过程。

从另一个意义上来讲，招标文件也是法律文件，除了相关的法律法规外，在招标的全过程中招标人，投标人，招标代理机构共同遵循的游戏规则就是招标文件，这是参加招标工作三方人士必须遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以编制招标文件的人员须有法律意识和素质，在招标文件中体现出公平、公正、合法的要求。

标的物Subject matter招标通告call for bid招标通知tender notice招标文件bid documents招标条件general conditions of tender招标截止日期date of the closing of tender招标方tenderer投标submission of tenders投标方,投标商tenderer, bidder投标邀请书Invitation to Bid投标押金，押标金Bid Bond投标文件tender documents做标，编标work out tender documents投标书Form of Tender投标评估evaluation of bids愿意／不愿意参加投标be wi11ing／unwilling to participate in the bid我们拟参加……的投标。

We wish to tender fro…我们同意遵守以上规定的投标条款.We agree to abide by the conditions of Tender specified above。

资格预审prequalification询价inquiry询价请求，询价单Requisition for Inquiry报价quotation报价表格Form of Quotation提交报价submission of quotation升价，提价escalation不适当的（如用电话）或不负责任的报价将被拒收。

An inadequate(e.g. by telephone) or unresponsive quotation may be reason for rejecting the quotation标底base price limit on bids报标bid quotation评标evaluation of tender议标tender discussion决标tender decision开标bid opening中标has/have won the bidding in …中标者the winning/successful bidder，the successful tenderer未中标者the unsuccessful tenderer中标函Letter of Acceptance保密性 confidentiality保证金 advance payment, security报价 quotation备选方案投标 alternative bid标准招标文件 Standard Bidding Documents SBDs不可抗力 force majeure采购 procurement采购代理 procurement agent采购公告 procurement notice采购计划 procurement plan采购决定 procurement decision撤标 withdrawal of bid承包商 contractor澄清要求 requests of clarification迟到的标书 late bid初步描述 preliminary description初步设计 preliminary design错误纠正 correction of error单一招标或局限性招标 single or restricted tendering 到岸价 Cost，Insurance，and Freight, CIF非政府组织 Nongovernmental organization，NGO 分包商 subcontractor封标 sealing of bid腐败 corruption付款方式 methods of payment付款条件 terms of payment附件 appendix工厂交货价Ex works, Ex factory, or Off the Shelf，EXW工程范围 scope of works工程量清单 bill of quantities工程量清单报价 priced bill of quantities工期 days for construction公开招标 open tendering公司总部 principal place购买 purchase固定总价 fixed lump sum国际复兴开发银行(世界银行) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development （World Bank),IBRD国际复兴开发银行贷款和国际开发协会信贷采购指南 GUIDELINES PROCUREMENT UNDER IBRD LOANS AND IDA CREDITS国际竞争性招标 international comparative bidding国际开发协会 International Development Agency,IDA国民生产总值 Gross National Product，GNP国内竞争性招标 National Competitive Bidding，NCB合格标准 eligibility criteria合格的投标人 eligible bidder合同价格 contract price合同金额 contract amount核标 examination of bid换标 substitution of bid货交承运人（指定地点) Free Carrier (named place）,FCA货物清单 list of goods计划完工日期 intended completion date技术规范 specifications监理 supervisor检验代理 inspection agent建设－拥有－经营 Build，own, operate, BOO建设－拥有－经营－转让 Build，own，operate, transfer，BOOT 建设－拥有－转让 Build, operate，transfer, BOT建筑工程 construction works交货时间 delivery time接受函 letter of acceptance截止时间 deadline截至日期 deadline解释要求 requests of explanation局限性招标 limited tendering开标 bid opening, tender opening，opening of tender开标地点 place of bid opening开工日期 date of commence联合国 United Nations, UN联合国发展商业报 United Nations Development Business，UNDB 联营体 joint venture两步法招标 two—stage bidding履约保证金 performance security每投标人一标 one bid per bidder评标 bid evaluation, evaluation of bid，tender evaluation评标标准 evaluation criteria评标委员会 group of adjudicator，bid evaluation committee欺诈 fraud潜在的投标人 potential bidder施工机械 construction equipment, construction plant实质性响应 substantial response, be substantially responsive to事后情况说明 debriefing事后审查 post review事前审查 prior review适用法律 applicable law授权书 letter of authorization授权书（被授权人必须是律师）power of attorney授予合同 award of contract替代方案 alternative solution替代建议 alternative proposal通用条款 general terms and conditions投标保证金 bid security，tender security投标保证金 bid security投标费用 cost of bidding投标函 bid letter投标价格 bid price投标人 bidder, tenderer投标人合格性 eligibility of bidder投标人须知 instruction to bidders，instruction to tenderers 投标人资质 qualifications of the bidder投标书 bid, tender投标书澄清 clarification of bid投标书的提交 submission of bid, submission of tender投标书有效期 validity of bid投标书有效期延长 extension of validity of bid投标书语言 language of bid投标书组成 documents comprising the bid投标邀请 invitation for bids，invitation to tenders投标有效性 bid availability图纸 drawings土建承包商 civil construction contractor完工日期 date of completion，completion date完税后交货 Delivered Duty Paid, DDP违约赔偿 liquidated damages现场参观 site visit现场查勘 site survey现场管理人员 site management personnel现场技术人员 site technical personnel响应性 responsiveness项目评估文件 Project Appraisal Document，PAD项目时间表，项目计划 project schedule修改标书 modification of bid选择性招标 selective tendering询价采购 shopping银行保函 bank guarantee应标 response to the bidding documents有限国际招标 Limited International Bidding，LIB预付款 prepayment运费付至(指定目的地) Carriage Paid To （named place of destination)，CPT运费及保险费付至(目的地) Carriage and Insurance Paid （place of destination)，CIP 招标代理 bidding agency招标附录 appendix to tender招标公告 notification of bidding，tender notice招标号 bidding no., tendering no.招标人 tenderer，contracting party, contracting authority，employer招标文件 bidding documents，tender documentations，tender documents 招标文件澄清 clarification of bidding documents招标文件修改 amendment of bidding documents招标资料表 bidding data sheet，tendering data sheet招投标范围 scope of bid争端解决 settlement of dispute政府采购法 government procurement law政府采购协议 government procurement agreement政府采购指令 government procurement directives直接签订合同 direct contracting中标标准 award criteria中标通知 notification of award, award of tender注册地点 place of registration专用条款 special terms and conditions专用账户 Special Account, SA准备投标书 preparation of bid，preparation of tender资格后审 postqualification资格预审 prequalification资格预审招标 prequalified tendering资金来源 source of fund资质信息 qualification information自营工程 force accounting。

英文招投标与合同范文一、招投标范文（以一个小型办公室装修项目为例）1. 招标公告（Invitation for Bids）Subject: Office Renovation Project Invitation for BidsDear Contractors,We are a small but growing company, and we're looking to spruce up our office space. It's like giving our office a makeover think of it as a Cinderella transformation for our workspace!Project Details:Location: [Office Address]Scope of Work: This includes painting the walls (no crazy neon colors, just something professional and inviting), installing new flooring (nothing too slippery, we don't want any office Olympics accidents), and updating the lighting fixtures (so we can actually see what we're doing).Timeline: We would like the project to be completed within [number of weeks] weeks starting from the contract signing date.Bid Submission:Please submit your bids in a sealed envelope marked "Office Renovation Bid" by [due date] to [submission address]. Your bid should include a detailed breakdown of costs (materials, labor, and any other sneaky little expenses you might have), your proposed timeline, and some references from previous similar projects. We want to see that you can turn our drab office into a fab one!If you have any questions, feel free to contact [contact person's name] at [phone number] or [email address].Good luck![Company Name]2. 投标文件（Bid Document） Example from a ContractorSubject: Bid for Office Renovation ProjectDear [Company Name],We are excited to submit our bid for your office renovation project. We've been in the business of making offices look great for [number of years] years, and we think we can be the fairy godmothers (or godfathers) of your office transformation.Cost Breakdown:Materials:Paint: We will use high quality, eco friendly paint which costs approximately $[X] for the amount needed to cover your office walls.Flooring: The type of flooring we recommend is [type of flooring], which will cost $[Y] including installation materials.Lighting Fixtures: We've sourced some great energy efficient fixtures that will cost $[Z].Labor: Our team of experienced workers will charge a total of $[L] for the estimated [number of hours] hours of work.Total Cost: $[Total amount]Proposed Timeline:Week 1: We will start with the demolition work (gently, of course) and prep the walls for painting.Week 2: Paint the walls and start installing the new flooring.Week 3: Finish the flooring installation and start installing the lighting fixtures.Week 4: Final touches, clean up, and make sure everything is perfect.References:[Company A]: We renovated their office last year, and they were very happy with the result. You can contact [contact person at Company A] at [phone number] for more details.[Company B]: They had a similar sized office, and we completed the project within the agreed upon time and budget. Reach out to [contact person at Company B] at [email address].We look forward to the opportunity to work on your office and make it a place where you'll be proud to bring clients and where your employees will be happy to work.Best regards,[Contractor's Company Name]二、合同范文（For the Same Office Renovation Project）Office Renovation ContractThis contract is made and entered into as of [date] by and between [Company Name] (hereinafter referred to as "the Owner") and [Contractor's Company Name] (hereinafter referred to as "the Contractor").WHEREAS, the Owner desires to have its office renovated as described in the attached scope of work; andWHEREAS, the Contractor represents that it has the necessary skills, experience, and resources to perform the renovation work.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, thereceipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:1. Scope of WorkThe Contractor shall perform the office renovation work in accordance with the following:Painting all interior walls with the paint color selected by the Owner from the samples provided by the Contractor.Installing the new flooring as specified in the bid document.Installing the lighting fixtures in the locations agreed upon by both parties.2. Price and Payment TermsThe Owner shall pay the Contractor the total sum of $[Total amount] (hereinafter referred to as "the Contract Price") for the completion of the work.An initial payment of [percentage]% ($[Initial amount]) shall be made within [number of days] days after the signing of this contract.A progress payment of [percentage]% ($[Progress amount]) shall be made upon satisfactory completion of [specific milestone, e.g., flooring installation].The final payment of the remaining balance ($[Final amount]) shall be made within [number of days] days after the Owner's final inspection and acceptance of the completed work.3. TimelineThe Contractor shall commence the work within [number of days] days after the receipt of the initial payment and shall complete all work within the [number of weeks] week period as specified in the bid. Any delays due to unforeseen circumstances (such as bad weather, if it affects the work in some way) must be communicated to the Owner immediately, and the Contractor shall make every effort to catch up on the schedule.4. Quality of WorkThe Contractor warrants that all work shall be of good quality, in a workmanlike manner, and in accordance with all applicable building codes and regulations. If the Owner discovers any defective work within [number of days] days after the completion of the project, the Contractor shall correct such work at no additional cost to the Owner.5. Changes in the WorkAny changes in the scope of work requested by the Owner shall be madein writing. The Contractor shall provide a written estimate of anyadditional cost and time required for such changes. The Owner shall have the option to accept or reject the proposed changes.6. Insurance and LiabilityThe Contractor shall carry liability insurance in an amount sufficient to cover any potential claims arising from the performance of the work. The Contractor shall indemnify and hold the Owner harmless from any and all claims, losses, damages, liabilities, and expenses arising out of or in connection with the work.7. TerminationEither party may terminate this contract in the event of a material breach by the other party. In the case of termination by the Owner due to the Contractor's breach, the Contractor shall be responsible for any costs associated with completing the work by another contractor.8. Entire AgreementThis contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, relating to the same.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this contract as of the date first above written.[Company Name] (By: [Authorized Signatory])[Contractor's Company Name] (By: [Authorized Signatory])。

中英文翻译Classification of control systems there are three ways: by automatic classification methods in order to participate in the control mode classification, to adjust the law category.One way to control category 1, the open-loop control system if the computer output of open loop control system to exercise control of the production process, but the control results --- the state of the production process does not affect the computer control systems, computer \ controller \ production and other sectors does not constitute a closed loop, is called open-loop control system computer. the production process of the state is no feedback to the computer, but by the operator to monitor the status of the production process, decision control program, and tell the computer to control the role of exercising control. 2, closed loop control system computer to the production of an object or process control, the state can directly influence the production process computer control system, called the closed-loop control system computer. Control of the computer monitor in the operator, the automatic acceptance of the production process state test results, calculate and determine the control scheme, the direct command and control units (devices> of action, the role of exercising control of the production process. In such systems, aircraft control components under control of control information sent to control device operation, the other running equipment condition as the output, measured by the detection part, the feedback as input to the control computer。

毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目专业班级姓名学号指导教师职称200年月日The Restructuring of OrganizationsThroughout the 1990s, mergers and acquisitions a major source of corporate restructuring, affecting millions of workers and their families. This form of restructuring often is accompanied by downsizing. Downsizing is the process of reducing the size of a firm by laying off or retiring workers early. The primary objectives of downsizing are similar in U.S. companies and those in other countries:●cutting cost,●spurring decentralization and speeding up decision making,●cutting bureaucracy and eliminating layers of especially they did five years ago. One consequence of this trend is that today’s managers supervise larger numbers of subordinates who report directly to them. In 1990, only about 20 percent of managers supervise twelve or more people and 54 percent supervised six or fewer.Because of downsizing, first-line managers quality control, resources, and industrial engineering provide guidance and support. First-line managers participate in the production processes and other line activities and coordinate the efforts of the specialists as part of their jobs. At the same time, the workers that first-line managers supervise are less willing to put up with authoritarian management. Employees want their jobs to be more creative, challenging, fun, and satisfying and want to participate in decisions affecting their work. Thus self-managed work teams that bring workers and first-line managers together to make joint decisions to improve the way they do their jobs offer a solution to both supervision and employee expectation problems. When you ’t always the case. Sometimes entire divisions of a firm are simply spun off from the main company to operate on their own as new, autonomous companies. The firm that spun them off may then become one of their most important customers or suppliers. That AT&T “downsized” the old Bell Labs unit, which is now known as Lucent Technologies. Now, rather than - return is free to enter into contracts with companies other than AT&T. this method of downsizing is usually called outsourcing.Outsourcing means letting other organizations perform a needed service andor manufacture needed parts or products. Nike outsources the production of its shoes to low-cost plants in South Korea and China and imports the shoes for distribution in North America. These same plants also ship shoes to Europe and other parts of Asia for distribution. Thus today’s managers face a new challenge: t o plan, organize, lead, and control a company that may as a modular corporation. The modularcorporation is most is most common in three industries: apparel, auto manufacturing, and electronics. The most commonly out-sourced function is production. By out sourcing production, a company can switch supplier best suited to a customer’s needs.Decisions about what to outsource and what to keep in- to contract production to another company is a sound business decision to contract production to another company is a sound business decision, at least for U.S. manufacturers. It appears to the unit cost of production by relieving the company of some overhead, and it frees the company to allocate scarce resources to activities for which the company examples of modular companies are Dell Computer, Nike, Liz Claiborne fashions, and ship designer Cyrix.As organizations downsize and outsource functions, they become flatter and smaller. Unlike the behemoths of the past, the new, smaller firms are less like autonomous fortresses and more like nodes in a net work of complex relationships. This approach, called the network form of organization, involves establishing strategic alliances among several entities.In Japan, cross-ownership and alliances among firms－called keiretsu－both foreign and U.S. auto parts producers. It also owns 49 percent of Hertz, the car rental company that is also a major customer. Other alliances include involvement in several research consortia. In the airline industry, a common type of alliance is between an airline and an airframe manufacture. For example, Delta recently agreed to buy all its aircraft from Boeing. Boeing Airlines. Through these agreements, Boeing guarantees that it will be able to sell specified models of its aircraft and begin to adapt their operations to the models they will be flying in the future. Thus both sides expect to reap benefits from these arrangements for many years.Networks forms of organizations are prevalent in access to the universities and in small, creative organizations. For example, the U.S. biotechnology industry is characterized by network of relationships between new biotechnology firms dedicated to research and new products development and established firms in industries that can use these new products, such as pharmaceuticals. In return for sharing technical information with the larger firms, the smaller firms gain access to their partners’ resources for product testing, marketing, and distribution. Big pharmaceutical firms such as Merk or Eli Lily gain from such partnerships because the smaller firms typically development cycle in the larger firms.Being competitive increasingly requires establishing and managing strategic alliances with other firms. In a strategic alliance, two or more firms agree to cooperate in a venture that is expected to benefit both firms.企业重组整个20世纪90年代中，合并和收购一直是企业重组的主要起源，影响着千百万的工人和他们的家庭。

Building engineering biddingAbstract: Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.bidding documents should be well formulated ,which is important to a successful bidding and direct influence the success or failure of the bidding work.Because the success or failure of the bidding for the survival and development of enterprise has a direct impact, so we have a high quality, improve the bid documents of the unit, prevent invalid and successful pass mark appear, become a research topic.key : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasuresBidding is a form of project transactions, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construction activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invincible works to be successful, And from the contracted projects profitable, it needs to integrate various subjective and objective conditions, the tender research strategy determine tender. Tender bidding strategy, including pricing strategies and skills. All of the strategies and skills from the numerous contractors bidding on the accumulated experience and objective understanding of the law and of the actual situation understanding, but also with the contractor's decision-making ability and courage are closely related.Bidding documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bidding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements fortenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bidding documents. If meet problems that have not been considered previously, then resolve them one by one during the preparation. The course of bidding documents preparation is also the course of making bidding scheme .In another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instruments. Besides relevant law and rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents are the legal instruments that all the three bidding related parties should subject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of legal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal requirement in the bidding documents.In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People'sRepublic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.The practice of project bidding purpose is to market competition of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete operation exist in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contracting market economic order, for activities), this kind of behavior must be prohibited, only in this way can we make construction engineering competitive trading activity lawfully healthy. This subject will I learned and social practice, present situation and construction project bidding system is expounded, and the disadvantages of bidding for construction project with ACTS of unfair competition phenomenon and analysis of causes, and finally make corresponding preventive countermeasures.Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competitive and orderly market for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the government's macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" principle, to implement the implementation specification bill of quantity. Inventory Valuation bidding activities are based on market economy mechanism, based on legal, scientific, fair, open and reasonable way to determine the winning bidder of an economic activity. Bidding is bidding activities constitute two basic aspects. The bidding activity is merely that by bidding to choose the one with the workConstruction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for TenderThe meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding construction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, similarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyzed to reveal the bidder's risk appetite and behavioral characteristics with changes in the external environment change, when the default punishment is light, the bidder preference appetite for risk and default penalties, with the increase exceeds a certain value, the risk of bidders to show preference for behavior change to avoid the risk of penalties, the greater the bidder biased in favor of a more risk-averse behavior, the results of the control and prevention of risk behavior of bidders has an important and practical significanceConstruction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pricing. Engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market competition determine prices, with the international practice of pricing model. With the bill pricing model projects to promote, in accordance with international bidding practices is imperative. Therefore, "the lowest reasonable price of the successfulbidder" My future is the most important evaluation methods. At this stage due to the implementation of projects bill pricing model and the problems mainly against China at this stage " in the minimum reasonable price of the principles of the successful bidder, most contractors have not yet set up their own enterprises of scale, companies unable to determine the reasonable Cost. This article is a scientific and fast set "reasonable cost" to study the key. First, from the project cost of the basic concept, of the engineering bill pricing model under the cost structure, to accurately predict costs of the project provided the basis, considering the average cost of the social cost to individual enterprises and the tender stage of the cost estimates. Followed through on fuzzy math and technology for smooth in-depth analysis, through "close-degree," the concept of reasonable fuzzy math and exponential smoothing technologies, construction of the project cost vague prediction model, and in accordance with the relevant information and statistics Information and experience to establish a "framework structure," the comparison works Construction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the "open, fair and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construction market order progressively toward standardization, institutionalized, and constantly improve the quality and level of the bidding work.建筑项目招投标摘要:目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。

天馨旅馆招投标文件编制内容摘要本次毕业设计依据由中国建筑湖南设计研究院负责设计的天馨旅馆的建筑部分和装饰部分来编制招投标文件。

该工程为六层框架结构，长54.5m ,宽16.9m，建筑主体高度24.5m，建筑面积9281平方米。

首先是作为建设单位在招标过程中编制招标文件，主要内容包括：投标须知；合同条款；图纸；评标和定标办法；工程量清单以及必要的附件。

其中工程量清单严格依据《湖南省工程量清单计价规则》中的计价办法，根据该工程施工图计算实物工程量。

其次是作为施工企业编制投标文件，主要分为商务标和技术标两个部分。

商务标主要是根据工程量清单中的工程量进行组价，获得工程总造价，本工程总造价11059048.07元人民币，造价指标为1191.58元/㎡。

技术标即为工程项目施工组织设计文件,主要包括：综合说明、总体施工方案、主要施工方法与工艺、施工进度计划、保证措施。

关键词：招标文件工程量清单投标文件商务标技术标The Bid Documents and Tender Documents of Tian Xin HotelAbstractThe graduate design is compiling bidding documents from the standpoint of owner and compiling tender documents from the standpoint of bidder according to the shop dawning construction part and the decoration part of Tian Xin Hotel which is designed by china northwestern building design research institutes. This project is mix structure of bricks and concrete for the 6 floors, the building total length54.5meters and extends 16.9meters, height is24.5 meters and the total floor area 9281 square meters. First, the bidding documents is composed of instructions to bidders, terms of contract, shop dawning, judgment standard of tenders, bill of quantities as well as essential appendix. Bill of quantities is strictly calculated according to the code of valuation with bill quantities of construction works of Hunan Province and the shop drawings. Second, the tender documents are consisted of the commercial files and the technical files. The commercial files mainly is carries on the group price according to the resilience detailed list in resilience, obtains the project total construction cost, this project total budget of main engineering is 11059048.07 Yuan RMB and the budget index is 1191.58 Yuan RMB per square meter .The technical files namely for the engineering project construction organization plan document, mainly includes: General account, overall construction plan, main job practice and craft, construction progress plan, guarantee measure.Key words: Biding documents Bill of quantities Tender documents Commercial files Technical files。

ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。

通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。

除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。