北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题

北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码811考试科目：教育学一、名词／概念解释（共10题，每题3分，合计30分）l．义务教育2．五段教学法3．高等教育4．教学方法5．教育目的价值取向6．德育的疏导原则7．教育调查法8．教育学9．杜威10．相对性教学评价二、简答题（共5题，每题l0分，合计50分）1．简述教学计划的内涵及其基本内容。

2．简述学校教育制度建立的依据。

3．简述五种教学组织形式的优缺点。

4．我国中小学的教学原则有哪些?5．我国《2003—2007教育振兴行动计划》的两大战略重点是什么?三、论述题（共2题，每题15分，合计30分）l．用教育与社会关系原理，结合现实，说明高等教育与国家竞争力的关系。

2．结合实际，论述学校教学管理过程的基本环节。

四、综合能力考察（共2题，每题20分，合计40分）1．请你谈谈对高等教育大众化与中国高校扩招的认识。

2．你怎样理解高等学校的服务职能。

参考答案北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：教育学一、名词／概念解释（共10题，每题3分，合计30分）l．义务教育：根据国家法律规定对适龄儿童实施一定年限的普及的、强迫的、免费的学校教育，也称普及义务教育或强迫教育。

这种教育要求社会、学校和家庭予以保证，对儿童既是应享受的权利，又是应尽的义务。

它产生于16世纪欧洲宗教改革运动中。

1986年7月1日颁布的《中华人民共和国义务教育法》规定“国家实行九年制义务教育。

省、自治区、直辖市根据本地区的经济、文化发展状况，确定推行义务教育的步骤。

2．五段教学法：常见的教学方法中的一种，由五个阶段组成。

最早由赫尔巴特提出，后经凯洛夫加以改造完善。

它的具体形式多样，但一般包括导、读、讲、练、测五个教学阶段。

导是指导入新课，在教学的开始就要千方百计地诱发学生的求知欲，调动学生的学习兴趣。

读是指预习阅读，要安排在课内进行。

讲是指释疑解难，着重讲授学生认识模糊的内容。

精选全文完整版2005年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3Text 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain isas active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control itscourse. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Musicand Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the aut hentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question ofhis subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.”A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”。

启用前〃绝密2005年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试英语考试试题（3）考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。

2. 答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。

3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。

（1）词汇知识、综合填空、阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡上，英译汉的答案和作文的答案写在答题纸上。

（2）填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。

如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

书写部分（英译汉的答案和作文）必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。

4. 答题卡严禁折叠。

考试结束后，将答题卡和答题纸一起放入原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考人员。

Section I VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. The firm kept losing money and finally went ______ in that no one would buy its products.A. bullishB. profitableC. brokeD. receivable2. I phoned to the bank to ______ how much money there was in my account.A. confirmB. inspectC. surveyD. check3. The government manages to affect the level of aggregate demand through ______ and monetary policy.A. commercialB. fiscalC. sluggishD. industrial4. There is a serious border dispute between the two countries, so they have agreed to open ______ to try to settle the dispute.A. discussionsB. conferencesC. negotiationsD. treaties5. It is reported that the inflation in that country has ______ the construction costs skyward.A. kitedB. launchedC. grantedD. overdrawn6. She was an ______ writer because she persuaded many people to see the truth of her ideas.A. influentialB. optimisticC. accurateD. enthusiastic7. The Bank of China is a bank by special ______ of our country to handle foreign exchange transactions.A. mediatorB. reserveC. postingD. sanction8. The President will ______ his message by radio so that a very large number of people will be able to hear it.A. transformB. transportC. transferD. transmit9. I shall expect that you will, before long, be able to ______ me the net proceeds in a good bill.A. rebateB. rationalizeC. remitD. reject10. There was not a ______ of truth in what they said; their deeds were not in the least consistent with theirwords.A. portionB. fractionC. segmentD. sector11. The recent ______ in the market here makes it unavoidable for us to cancel the remainder of our order.A. stockB. slumpC. spiralD. satiety12. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves ______ know where to find them.A. virtuallyB. unavoidablyC. reliablyD. invariably13. The shipment of 500 bales of cotton yarn will be ______ for delivery in July.A. convertibleB. invalidC. dueD. void14. The rich man had his lawyer ______ his will so that each of his children would receive part of his money whenhe died.A. figure outB. work outC. draw upD. carry out15. W e are going to ______ you firm 2,000 color TV sets at US $ 210 per set on the usual terms.A. offerB. investC. orderD. peculate16. Many local authorities realize the need to make ______ for elderly people in their housing programs.A. assistanceB. conditionC. admittanceD. provision17. A typical MNC ______ all its resources to achieve the highest possible efficiency and obtain he maximum returnon investments.A. prepaysB. poolsC. owesD. ransoms18. A book had been stolen but the teacher said he was sure Jack was ______.A. sympatheticB. involvedC. evidentD. innocent19. Those washing machines have been ______ for several weeks because they are popular.A. overdueB. matureC. out-of-stockD. bonded20. To ______ the students life, our university has established many recreational facilities.A. enrichB. verifyC. enhanceD. classifySection II ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Literature is a form of art that can be enjoyed without formal instruction. However, people with 21 knowledge of literature may miss a lot when reading a novel, short story, poem, play, or 22 . These readers are comparable to the 23 at a football game who watch the game and 24 it without really understanding the complex movements occurring on the field. Although they may enjoy the 25 , many spectators watch only the ball entirely, missing the contribution of other members 26 the total play as well as the intricacies occurring within the 27 . A person who understands football－28 better yet, has played the game-is more capable of judging when a team is playing well or 29 and is also likely to enjoy a “good”game more. The 30 is true of reading literature. Most people have read numerous 31 works, but many do not understand or appreciate the author’s skill in communicating. This book 32 intended to help you learn to 33 attention not only on what happens, but on 34 it happens and how the author has 35 it－to analyze and evaluate literary works so that you can fully experience and appreciate them.21. A. abundant B. informal C. necessary D. limited22. A. fiction B. poetry C. essay D. art23. A. audience B. spectators C. coaches D. players24. A. like B. appreciate C. enjoy D. evaluate25.A. game B. scene C. work D. art26. A. of B. within C. to D. about27. A. offence B. game C. defense D. team28. A. but B. even C. and D. or29. A. skillfully B. successfully C. poorly D. badly30. A. same B. reason C. other D. point31. A. instructive B. influential C. wonderful D. literary32. A. will be B. has been C. is D. was33. A. pay B. call C. draw D. concentrate34. A. why B. where C. how D. when35. A. narrated B. presented C. maintained D. explainedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage OneBusiness has slowed, layoffs mount, but executive pay continues to roar－at least so far. Business Week’s annual survey finds that chief executive officers (CEOs) at 365 of the largest US companies got compensation last year averaging $3.1 million－up 1.3 percent from 1994.Why are the top bosses getting an estimated 485 times the pay of a typical factory worker? That is up from 475 times in 1999 and a mere 42 times in 1980. One reason may be what experts call the “Lake W obegon effect”. Corporate boards tend to reckon that “all CEOs are above average”－a play on Garrison Keillor’s famous line in his public radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, that all the town’s children are “above average”. Consultants provide boards with surveys of corporate CEO compensation. Since directors are reluctant to regard their CEOs as below average, the compensation committees of boards tend to set pay at an above-average level. The result: Pay levels get ratcheted up（一步步增加）.Defenders of lavish ECO pay argue there is such a strong demand for experienced CEOs that the free market forces their pay up. They further maintain most boards structure pay packages to reflect an executive’s performance. They get paid more if their companies and their stock do well. So companies with high-paid CEOs generate great wealth for their shareholders.But the supposed cream-of-the-crop executives did surprisingly poorly for their shareholders in 1999, says Scott Klinger, author of this report by a Boston-based Organization United for a Fair Economy. If an investor had put 10,000 apiece at the end of 1999 into the stock of those companies with the 10 highest-paid CEOs, by year-end 2000 the investment would have shrunk to $8,132. If $10,000 had been put into the Standard & Poor’s 500 stocks, it would have been worth $9,090. To Mr. Klinger, these findings suggest that the theory that one person, the CEO, is responsible for creating most of a corporation’s value is dead wrong. “It takes many employees to make a corporation profitable.”With profits down, corporate boards may make more effort to tame executive compensation. And executives are making greater efforts to avoid pay cuts. Some CEOs, seeing their options “under water” or worthless because of falling stock prices, are seeking more pay in cash or in restricted stock.36. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. chief executive officers have dismissed many workers since business slowedB. business has slowed for executive pay increased too muchC. pay of top bosses continues to increase while more workers are unemployedD. pay of both CEOs and factory workers continue to increase37. The author mentioned “Lake W obegon effect” in paragraph 2 in order to ______.A. explain why all CEOs are above averageB. show the play named A Prairie Home companionC. describe the town’s children who are above averageD. suggest one possible reason for why CEOs get high pay38. According to the passage, Scott Klinger thinks ______.A. all chief executive officers are above averageB. high executive pay reflects executives’ performanceC. the performance of high-paid executives wasn’t satisfyingD. the CEOs have created most of corporations’ value39. The expression “cream-of-the-crop” (Para. 4) most probably means ______.A. creativeB. high-qualityC. deliciousD. cunning40. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A. Still High in A Slowdown, Executive Pay Draws Looks.B. Layoffs Mount While Executive Pay Roars.C. The Story Happened in Lake W obegon.D. Defenders of Lavish CEO Pay.Passage TwoPeople have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It’s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, BF. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Nature or Nurture.B. Cooperate or Competitive.C. Intelligence: Product of Experiences.D. Behavior: Product of Instincts.42. W hat does the author mean by “two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed” (Para. 2)?A. Two different schools have been established to study the matter.B. Two different kinds of ideas have formed.C. The two schools are debating with each other.D. Because of the two schools, there are two approaches and debates.43. According to the passage, behaviorists believe that ______.A. humans should behave mechanicallyB. human behavior patterns are based on biological and genetic factorsC. human behavior is determined mainly by their surroundingsD. factors in the environmen t have little influence on people’s personalities44. As to blacks score below whites on standardized intelligence tests in the United States, we think it probablethat ______.A. blacks are genetically inferior to whitesB. blacks don’t have the sam e opportunity for education as whites doC. blacks and whites develop different responsesD. none of the above statements gives a satisfactory answer45. It can be inferred from the passage that the controversy will continue for a long time, because ______.A. there are two schools working on itB. the key to human behavior is difficult to findC. both theories are strongD. each of the theory has gone to an extremePassage ThreeFor many years, colleges and universities across the United States have sought to increase the numbers of African American, Hispanic and Native American students who pursue scientific careers. Y et the College Board reported in 1999 that underrepresentation of minority students had become even “more intractable.”African Americans now constitute 12 percent of the U.S. population yet earned only 1 percent of the doctorates in 1997. Hispanics make up 11 percent of the population but earned 0.9 percent of the 1997 doctorates. Although the numbers of African Ameri can and Hispanic students earning bachelor’s degrees in 1996-1997 hit an all-time high, there was a decline in those entering graduate school, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Native Americans also remain underrepresented in the sciences.Despite the best of intentions, many programs designed to prepare minority undergraduates for advanced scientific training have had uneven results. Some have been unclear about whether their goal is to produce scientists or just to help minority students graduate. Others have been inadequately funded or lacked institutional commitment; many have never been evaluated rigorously.Some programs do succeed in helping minority students graduate and pursue scientific careers. Examples include programs at Xavier University of Louisiana, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). Although different in important respects, these programs share key features, such as clearly articulated objectives, strong institutional commitment, effective mentors and an emphasis on building community among participants.All are being carried out in a legal environment that has become increasingly complex. The University of California, for example, now operates under a state law that forbids using state funds for special programs for minority students. In other states, court cases have led colleges and universities to redesign or even drop such programs. HHMI has assisted thousands of minority students through its undergraduate biological sciences education program by awarding more than $476 million to 232 colleges and universities. In 1998, it began requiring its grantees to certify that they are complying with all relevant laws in the conduct of these programs.Eugene Cota-Robles, co-chair of the task force that commissioned the College Board report, says colleges and universities must do more to help minority students become scientific leaders. “Up to now, everyone working on the pipeline approach has been thinking that bringing more students into college would solve the problem,” he says. Cota-Robles, a professor emeritus of biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, calls for more effort to help minority students move beyond the bachelor’s degree.46. The word “intractable” (Para. 1) most likely means ______.A. disturbingB. unfavorableC. infuriatingD. insoluble47. The number of African-American and Hispanic students entering graduate programs in science ______.A. was at an all-time high in 1996-1997B. is about the same as those earning undergraduate degrees in scienceC. is not proportional to their representation in the populationD. is comparable to figures for Native American students48. According to the passage, most programs intended to help minority students pursue further scientific training______.A. are not properly evaluatedB. struggle with insufficientC. have mixed resultsD. are surprisingly successful49. W e can infer from paragraph 5 that ______.A. the program of the University of California is run in violation of federal lawB. in 1998, the HMMI awarded significantly fewer grants than it had in the pastC. legal battles have forced the closure of some programs designed to help minority studentsD. the HMMI has supported thousands of students through individual scholarships50. The passage is mainly about ______.A. the status of minorities in scientific researchB. efforts to help underrepresented minority students pursue careers in scienceC. legal obstacles to minority students completing graduate studies in scienceD. government efforts to increase minority representation in sciencePassage FourWith the rapid globalization of science itself (more than 40 percent of scientific Ph. D. students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals, roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin), the once undisputed U.S. scientific lead, whether relevant to product lead or not, is diminishing.The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S. graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S. students, because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path. For the best and brightest from low-income countries, a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive, whereas the best and brightest U.S. students might now see better options in other fields. Science and engineering careers, to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition (whether imported or available through better communication), also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S. students.With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process, the speculative boom of the 1990s (which, among other things, made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly) was largely unexpected. The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible. For a while, the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened. But during the next few decades, this path will likely revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish, in a healthy way, the more traditional (and more independent) relationship between the basic research done at universities andthose entities that translate ideas into products and services.In the intervening years, another new force also greatly facilitated globalization: the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication. Today, complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturing, other business functions, and the consumer. Indeed, there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations. For example, software development, with all its changes and complications, can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S. customer. Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away. The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into even more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of US. Labor: unskilled in the case of call centers; more highly skilled in the case of programmers.51. The rapid globalization of science ______.A. has led to the rapid growth of the InternetB. has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careersC. has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training in the U.S.D. has contributed to the diminish of U.S. scientific leadership52. According to the passage, ______.A. the careers unattractive to U.S. students may not be so to foreign studentsB. science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U.S. studentsC. U.S. students are not courageous enough to face foreign competitionD. U.S. students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students53. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic scienceB. it will be much easier to convert scientific findings into cash in the near futureC. the boom of the 1990s could be considered somewhat unhealthyD. the boom of the 1990s will last at least for several decades54. All of the following might have contributed to globalization EXCEPT ______.A. the unprecedented development of InternetB. the closer contact of universities with private marketsC. real-time communication between business functionsD. the prevalence of wide-bandwidth international communication55. The passage is mainly about ______.A. the scientific leadership of the U.S.B. the shortage of scientists in the U.S.C. the rapid globalization of scienceD. better communication and globalizationSection IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. 56) According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. 57) Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base.; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. 58) Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher Social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.59) Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit polices are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on W all Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report’s recomm endations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater health-care benefits. 60) However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers, any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.Section V WritingDirections: In this section, you are required to write a composition according to the information given below. Y ou should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2004年雅典奥运会结束了，虽然有些场馆是在开幕前几天才完工，虽然其预算严重超支，但是，这并不影响雅典奥运会成为有史以来最成功的奥运会。

北航研究生英语写作试卷How should we learnFor about 15 years study in China I have used to conceiving learning is process of memorization and reverent accepting the teacher’s words, and the only significant thing I care about is passing the exam and scoring high points. I initially thought this leaning attitude was just a personal inclination, however, I eventually find almost all of my classmates think like this way. I barely saw any student questioning a teacher or other authority figure in my school days, not to mention someone has tried to think how we should learn. I may never think about the above questions until I read the book AMERICAN WYAS.The book which leaves me a whole novel impression about learning the knowledge makes me start new journey about my leaning career. In this book I learn that Americans tend to view learning as a productive activity not like us conceives of it as a receptive activity. The most significant of learning that Americans think are to discover new information and to conceive new ways of understanding or interpreting what is already known. Therefore, in America Learning is not just considered a process of memorizing a fixed body of knowledge that already exists in books and in teacher’s minds, learning is viewed as an enterprise of active exploration, experimentation, analysis, and synthesis—processes that students engage in along with their teachers and professors. Naturally, I find the education in America is emphasizing the value of one’s own mind and encouraging students to question authority. The idea in this book may well answer the question that how should we learn.Chinese students spend too much time in study but few if any learning the skills of analysis and synthesis and applying those skills to discovering new knowledge or taking a new view of established knowledge. The fact that we care the score more than the truth may answer my foreign Englishteacher’s question: why your gays study hard while like cheat and copy others homework.Our country education condition would contribute us to cultivate our wrong attitude to learning and it cannot be changed in a very short period, however, maybe we can change ourselves mind first. Knowledge has a life and learning something new is mean to question what you have already known. If we have not the patience to think about the meaning of learning and the courage to make achange we were still an exam machine people learning knowledge just for take exam and never find the fun of learning the knowledge.Reference[1] Gary Althen, Amanda R.Doran, and Susan J.Szmania, American Ways [M], Intercultural press, 2021Part V Translation 30 minutes, 15 pointsDirections: Translate the following paragraph into English. 很多人都认为英语不好学，但我认为大量阅读应被视为英语学习过程中的重点。

05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points） The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers pared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly bee sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working allthe time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]mitted[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at large[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]inpetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside from SectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1（40 points）Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University inAtlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured,co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's；study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods（and much preferable to cucumbers）So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to；aept the slice of cucumber Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber（without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are aco-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward pletely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the mon ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast.B. justifying an assumption.C. making a parison.D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement“it is all too monkey”（Last line, paragraph l）implies thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature.C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get.B. attentive to researchers'instructions.C. nice in both appearance and temperament.D. more generous than their male panions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph？A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure？That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain？That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president内容仅供参考。

北京航空航天大学基础英语2005年考研真题参考答案北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：721 基础英语I. V ocabulary and Structure(40 points，l×40)Part1Directions：Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.1. “The giant was big” is a tautological statement，to say the least.A. tightB. redundantC. illogicalD. relative2.There is an embargo on any more video games coming into the house.A.1anding placeB. prohibitionC. violationD. permission3.Youngsters are usually more impetuous than old people.A. impatientB. immatureC. impulsiveD. imperial4.Unfortunately.I’ll spend the weekend doing a bunch of prosaic chores.A. dullB. practicalC. trivialD. rhyming5.The crowd at the town meeting found the mayor’s assurance t00 glib.A. sarcasticB. flashyC. maliciousD. readily fluent6.Gazing at the crystalline lake，I decided it was too beautiful to swim in.A. breakableB. futuristicC. delicateD. sparkling7.We cannot vacillate on the question of the party’s leadership.A. leadB. doubtC. checkD. repeat8.It is more difficult for a chronic smoker to give up the habit than for a novice. but it can be doneA .affluent B. confirmed C. disciplined D. indecisive9.They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another companyA. headhuntedB. punchedC. plunderedD. probed10.The ink had faded with time and so pans of the letter wereunreadableA. indelibleB. inscrutableC. illegibleD. illegitimate1l.She bristled at the suggestion that she had been dishonestA. bridledB. bridgedC. breathedD. boasted12.Investors should study a prospectus before putting money into a big companyA.. positive outlookB. banking agreementC. profit—and—loss statementD. formal business document13.The real hero is never ostentatiousA. frivolousB. pretentiousC. presumptuousD. ponderous14 If you have never held a driving license before，you should apply for a provisional licenseA. providentialB. temporaryC. provincial D .improvised15 John Smith is a voracious book collectorA. viciousB. luxuriousC. insatiableD. valuable16.I don’t think we should make precipitate decisions.A. precipitousB. precociousC. precariousD. precautious17.You need an excursion to break the monotony.A. gauntB. jauntC. vauntD. taunt18.The government appears in a quandary about what to do with so many peopleA. borderB. marshy groundC. dilemmaD. situationl9.It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an authorA. unexpectedB. interestingC. favorableD. doubtful20.The governor was usually circumspect when dealing with the media.A. skilledB. cautiousC. impatientD. obedientPart IIDirections：Choose one from the four alternatives that bestcompletes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter21.The children were having a wonderful time _______on the frozen lakeA. slippingB. slitheringC. skiddingD. sliding22.The campers _______their tent in a sheltered valleyA. establishedB. installedC. pitchedD. fixed23.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning，whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on_____A. responseB. impulseC. instinctD. consciousness24.The cultural traditions of the invaders slowly ______the practices of the island dwellersA. spreadB. perpetuatedC. permeatedD. reinforced25.He had always had a good opinion of himself but after the publication of his best—selling novel he became unbearably______A. bigotedB. proudC. conceitedD. exaggerated26.This is the _______piano on which the composer created some of his greatest worksA. actualB. realC. originalD. genuine27.Although，______new deposits of oil will be found，sooner or later，the world’s supply will be exhaustedA. in all likelihoodB. in all possibilityC. in all circumstancesD. in all conditions28.I should like to rent a house，modern，comfortable and ______in a quiet position.A. before allB. above allC. first of allD. over all29.He came to inspect the house ________buying itA. in the event ofB. with a view toC. in case ofD. with regard to30.Let’s not——over such a trifle!A. fall throughB. fall offC. fall outD. fall back31.He is a clever mimic who can take ______most of thelectures in his collegeA. overB. downC. OffD. for32.He tried for forgery in a law court but was lucky enough to______A. get onB. get offC. get throughD. get Out33.The captain turned _______early that night not realizing that the icebergs were SO closeA. inB. downC. intoD. off34.You promised you would do it Why did you go _______on your word?A. backB. awayC. over D by35.The numerals have become，_______his friends and he knows all their relations and acquaintancesA. as it isB. as it wasC. as it wereD. as they are36.A safety analysis _______the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never doneA. would identify.B. will identifyC. would have identifiedD. will have identified37.Jennifer took this opportunity to repay her friends for their kindness _______she would have had to entertain them in her small apartment in Charlotte townA. OtherwiseB. HoweverC. ButD. Nevertheless38.The window is never opened ______in summerA. butB. exceptC. whenD. while39.Generally，prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods Can hold ______bacteria in foods to a safe level.A. a number ofB. the number ofC. an amount ofD. a quantity of40.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro—American poetry is his insistence that it _______in religious. as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzedB. has been analyzedC. be analyzedD. should have been analyzedII. Error spotting(20 points，l×20)Directions：Decide which underlined part is incorrect and mark the corresponding letter41.The process depends, however, upon the drawer，cupboard and storage space beingAprovided，for the 1ack of which some things may literally have no place to goB C D42.Immediately after I put my head on it，I got to understand that translation wasn’t asA Bmechanical a job as I had held it to beC D43.Living in a remote country village，many forms of entertainment are in accessible toA B C Dus44.Thousands of people died even though there was a worldwide effort to send foodA B Cand medicine to the starved peopleD45.The government deems it essential that people are psychologically able to resist theA Bimpact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market—orientedC DEconomy46.At seeing him，I couldn’t resist laughing bec ause hissuit hung loosely, as if tailoredA B Cfor someone twice his sizeD47.What is often stressed in most of the literature，an objective of Women Lib is to doA B C away with unfair discrimination against womenD48.If ambition is to be well regarded, the reward of ambition—wealth，distinction.A Bcontrol over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made onCambition’s behalfD49.Mr Smith regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake，for he later discovered itA Bwas his own faultC D50.Nowhere but in Europe we have seen the results so clearly，which really haveA B Csurprised us all51.The parent as teacher-counselor acts in accord with the developmental model ofAchild rearing. by which the child is viewed as an extremely plastic organism withB Cvirtually unlimited potential for growth and developmentD52.For every patient with AIDS，it is estimated that there are 10 times as many as ARC，Aor AIDS—Related Complex, a precursor to the full blown disease，and 50 times as manyB C who already have been infected with the agent human immunodeficiency virus. or HIVD53.If only the nature of the aging process is better understood the possibility ofA Bdiscovering a medicine that Can block the fundamental process of aging seems veryC Dremote54.As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned. we can developA Bmass transit to take place of private cars.C D/doc/bd2798059.html,puter technology makes it Possible to store vast amounts of data in machine—A Breadable files，and program computers to locate specific informationC D56.Once an occupation came to be received to be “female”，employers showed littleAinterest in changing that perception even when higher profits were expected to beB C Dgained57.It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminished as theA Bdemand for them is on the increaseC D58.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could on theA Bface of circumstances which confronted them at the timeC D59.I am sure one of the main reasons why boys and girls are such good companionsA Btoday is that they are no longer afraid of showing their feeling towards each otherC D60.The data received from the two spacecrafts whirling around Mars indicate that thereA B Cis much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planetDIII. Cloze(10 points，l×l0)Directions：Fill in each underlined space with one word thatbest suits the context of the following passageToday it is out of fashion to speak in 61 of characters But there is no more essential aspect of any person.Character is made up of those principles and values that give your 62 direction，meaning and depth These constitute your inner sense of 63 is right and wrong based not on laws or rules of conduct 64 on who you are They include 65 traits as integrity，honesty，courage，fairness and generosity--which arise 66 the hard choice we have to 67 in life So wrong is simply in doing wrong. not in getting, caught68 some people wonder if our inner values 69 anymore After a11, hasn’t our noted bank executive succeeded in every. visible way，70 his transgressions (错误, 过失) ?VI Translation from Chinese into English (30 points)在找工作的过程中，有面试，就有曙光。

05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points）The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brainfinds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detectin g8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at large[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1（40 points）Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such beha viour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's；study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods（and much preferable to cucumbers）So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to；accept the sliceof cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber（without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast.B. justifying an assumption.C. making a comparison.D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement“it is all too monkey”（Last line, paragraph l）implies thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature.C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get.B. attentive to researchers'instructions.C. nice in both appearance and temperament.D. more generous than their male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph？A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure？That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain？That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析日常问候用语是考生必须熟练运用的知识，这与考生的口语操练有很大关系。

说促进听，是许多英语学习者的心得。

而且日常问候要视人而定，如英国人见面谈天气，美国人见面问身体等。

下面作详细介绍：1.问候类(Greetings)英语中的问候用语非常繁多，正式的通常有：How do you do?(初次见面通常用语)How are you?(比较熟悉的人之间用语)How are you getting along with...?(你近来...可好?)How are you doing?(您工作还顺利吧?)How is everything?(一切还好吧?)How is your vacation/holiday(s)/Christmas Day/weekend?(假期怎么样?)当今美国社会流行口语用语，大致有：What's up?(近来可忙?)Hello?Hi?What's going on?(近来可好?)How is life?How is it going?anything new?Pleased to meet you again!对以上问候的对答通常有How do you do!Fine!Thank you，and you?Every is fine!I'm just great!Very(quite)well，thank you!Couldn't be better，thank you!Not bad!Can't complain!Just so so.值得一提的是，随着美语越来越广泛地渗透，听力中用美语朗读且以美国社会为背景的题材的趋势愈加明显。

考生要注意日常口语对话，及时吸取信息，将对听力有很大的帮助。

请看下面的对话：A：Good morning, Ms Lucy. This is Betty, can you still remember me?B：Betty? Is it really? Surely I remember you. You are my good friend, and I haven??t seen you for ages, but how are you?A：Fine, I??m just fine, Ms Lucy...2.告别类(Farewell)有聚总有散。

2005年硕士研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷答案及解析(八)SectionⅠUse of English1�盋�眅ffectin effect为固定词组，意思是“实际上，事实上”。

2�盌�盿round根据后一句：“它给敌人的信息是他们可以逃跑，但无法躲藏”，可推出这种新式步枪能够绕开障碍，所以应选D项around.3�盉�眘hownA项put off“推迟；阻止”。

B项show off“炫耀，卖弄”。

C项check off“查对；验证”。

D项give off“散发出”。

根据题意：“五角大楼极为自豪地向国会议员展示了它”，show off最合题意。

4�盇�眕ride与show off相对应的应该是with great pride.5�盇�眕ut upA项put up提供一笔钱（做一事业）。

例如：I'll supply the skill and knowledge if you'll put up the capital.如果你提供资金，我就提供技术和知识。

B项count in“包括；把……算入”C项pay for“付款”。

例如：pay for the bill付帐单。

D项look for“寻找”。

根据题意：五角大楼向国会议员展示这一新型武器的目的是希望他们提供资金。

6�盉�盙roundground combat“地面作战”。

7�盌�盿wkward这种武器被称为“目标个人作战武器”，显得十分蹩脚，所以选D项awkward.novel （新颖的）、brilliant （有才气的，显赫的）、powerful （有力量的）均不合题意。

8�盋�眜sing这里考查的是非谓语动词，the rifle是use的施动者，所以用 ing形式。

9�盇�眘pray这句话的意思是“它能够从后方喷射榴霰弹”。

spray意为“向……喷射”；spatter意为“泼，溅，诽谤”；splash意为“溅湿，涉水”；sprinkle意为“撒，洒”，所以A项spray最合题意。

2005年硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案[ 作者: 转自: 浏览:883 ]【大小】【评论】【打印】【关闭】Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numb ered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals ,we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which f loat through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stickto surfaces. In fact5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not g enerally realize it. Our noses are capable of7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one mill ion.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that evenpeople insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly bec ome sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply donot need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but ［D］while2. ［A］above ［B］unlike ［C］excluding ［D］besides3. ［A］limited ［B］committed ［C］dedicated ［D］confined4. ［A］catching ［B］ignoring ［C］missing ［D］tracking5. ［A］anyway ［B］though ［C］instead ［D］therefore6. ［A］even if ［B］if only ［C］only if ［D］as if7. ［A］distinguishing［B］discovering ［C］determining［D］detecti ng8. ［A］diluted ［B］dissolved ［C］determining［D］diffused9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for ［D］whereas10. ［A］unusual ［B］particular ［C］unique ［D］typical11. ［A］signs ［B］stimuli ［C］messages ［D］impulses12. ［A］at first ［B］at all ［C］at large ［D］at times13. ［A］subjected ［B］left ［C］drawn ［D］exposed14. ［A］ineffective ［B］incompetent ［C］inefficient［D］insuffici ent15. ［A］introduce ［B］summon ［C］trigger ［D］create16. ［A］still ［B］also ［C］otherwise ［D］nevertheless17. ［A］sure ［B］sick ［C］aware ［D］tired18. ［A］tolerate ［B］repel ［C］neglect ［D］notice19. ［A］availabe ［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable20. ［A］similar to［B］such as ［C］along with ［D］aside from Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text b y choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(4 0 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish i f you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if h e has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such beh aviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the unde rlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of E mory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin mo nkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, a nd they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human co unterparts, they tend to pa y much closer attention to the value of “goo ds and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect ca ndidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers sp ent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Nor mally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in sepa rate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the otherwas getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much prefe rable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exch ange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having t o provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept t he slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the othe r chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guid ed by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each anim al feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it se ems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward co mpletely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of th e group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independe ntly in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common a ncestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unans wered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast.B. justifying an assumption.C. making a comparison.D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) impli es thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probab ly because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get.B. attentive to researchers' ins tructions.C. nice in both appearance and temperament.D. more generous than the ir male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study t hat the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhappy when sep arated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoki ng would killus but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evi dence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lo bby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should sta y out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over t hree decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after an other try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The l atest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely wa rming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers But science do es provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is criti cal that out nation and the world base important policies on the best j udgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting th at the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. this is a dangerou s game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obv ious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global w arming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press fo r more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forwar d on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is in adequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Con gress should help to beginfashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for priva te industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting re ady to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If w e are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insi gnificant.C. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA. a protector.B. a judge.C. a critic.D. a guide.28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)A. Endless studies kill action.B. Careful investigation reveals truth.C. prudent planning hinders.D. Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do aboutA. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B. Raise public awareness o f conservation.C. Press for further scientific research.D. Take some legislative measur es.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of sm oking becauseA. they both suffered from the government's negligence.B. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D. both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text 3Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be le ast within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud form ulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random b yproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now res earchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermosta t, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading autho rity says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only h arnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of p sychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change i t.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as acti ve during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams o ccur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, th e limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especial ly active, while the p refrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quie t. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings c an stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William D ement.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright beli eves one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visua lize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice peo ple can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and ge neral feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffe ring from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For t he rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA. can be modified in their courses.B. are susceptible to emotional cha nges.C. reflect our innermost desires and fears.D. are a random outcome of neural repairs.32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA. its function in our dreams.B. the mechanism of REM sleep.C. the relation of dreams to emotions.D. its difference from the prefro ntal cortex.33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend toA. aggravate in our unconscious mind.B. develop into happy dreams.C. persist till the time we fall asleep.D. show up in dreams early at ni ght.34.Cartwright seems to suggest thatA. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.C. dreams should be left to their natural progression.D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?A. lead your life as usual.B. Seek professional help.C. Exercise conscious control.D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in w riting, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do th ey aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we sho uld like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960scounter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thin g”, has spelt the death of formal speech, wr iting, poetry and music. W hile even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they pu t pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking i s triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we shou ld, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of huma n language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be po werfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world tha t cannot convey complex ideas He is not arguing, as many do, that w e can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large c hunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-sp eakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictl y necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grie ving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now t ake our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA. is inevitable in radical education reforms.B. is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most like ly agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered bl ank thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they hav e any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July ann ual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommen ded the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province h aving its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and lim ited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42.But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interp rovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to neg otiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of hav ing one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency woul d negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million peo ple, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency wi th the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Techn ology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Co mmon Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs s hould be included, predictably and regrettably Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a nationalist hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs k eep rising fast.44.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially t he parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say a bout drugs.“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing c ost of drugs.”45.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. O ne of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:“the substan tial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insur ance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael K irby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently cre ated National Health Council.D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. prescript ion drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall healt h-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costi ng more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that w ould end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province fr om being played off against another, and bargain for better drug price s.G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divi ded buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined seg ments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANS WER SHEET2. (10points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overw helmingly significant phase in European history. History and news beco me confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feel ings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served t o much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent event s in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mi nd we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Eur ope, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines a nd publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian e xample would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Mur doch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contes ted market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that sh ow that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% t ook a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige tele vision companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both productio n and distribution.(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our depen dence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experie nces and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co -productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for pr oduction costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I ha d to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each cou ntry.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design s & fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expect ed. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on A NSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the lette r, use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 p oints)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its mea ning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)标准答案:Section I Use of English1-5 C B A C B 6-10 A D A D B11-15 C A D C D16-20 B C D A BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 C B A C B 26-30 C D A D B31-35 A C D D A 36-40 B D A B CPart B41-45 E C G F BPart C46．电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一--在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。