学术英语_医学__光盘__听力原文

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Unit 2
Resurgent and Text A
Emergent Diseases
Critical reading andFra bibliotekthinking
Knowledge of the subject matter
• a change in virulence, reflecting mutation in the exterior of the bacterium
• multi-drug-resistant strain of TB
• TB also hitched a ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromised—an emerging disease thus helping reignite an old one.
Lead-in
• Issues to be covered • Task
Unit 2
Resurgent and Lead-in
Emergent Diseases
Issues to be covered
• Reasons for emerging and re-emerging diseases • Updated information about some most common
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Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases
Text A
Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter
• drug resistance
– incomplete courses of antibiotic therapy >>>>>> the hardiest >>>>>>>>> new, more powerful lineages

UNIT 1Welcome to Insidermedicine In Depth. I'm Dr. Susan Sharma.Focusing time and energy on the most personally meaningful aspects of their work may help phys icians avoid burnout, according to a survey published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. Here a re some consequences of physician burnout, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine: •Increased risk for substance abuse•Damage to personal relationships, and•Increased risk for developing inappropriate prescribing patternsResearchers from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester surveyed over 550 physicians in the department o f internal medicine at a large academic medical center. The survey included questions about job s atisfaction, emotional well-being, and the aspects of the jobs that were the most meaningful. As many as 34% of respondents met the criteria for burnout, including emotional exhaustion, dep ersonalization, and a low sense of personal accomplishment. The 88% who said they spent at leas t 20% of their working time on activities they found to be the most meaningful had about half the burnout rate of those who did not.Today's research highlights the need to optimize career fit among physicians in order to reduce b urnout rates.For Insidermedicine In Depth, I'm Dr. Susan Sharma.欢迎Depth.I到Insidermedicine 已年Dr.Susan Sharma.Focusing时间和精力放在自己的工作中最有意义的个人方面可帮助医生避免倦怠，根据发表在内科Medicine.Here档案馆的调查是一些后果医生的职业倦怠，发表在内科医学年鉴：•物质滥用风险增加•损害个人的关系•开发不当处方模式的风险增加在罗切斯特的梅奥诊所的研究人员在一个大的学术医疗市中心的调查调查了550医生在内科的部门包括有关工作满意度的问题，情感幸福，那是最有意义的工作的各个方面。

学术英语视听说1听力原文（部分）目录Lesson 1 Napoleon (1)Lesson 2 Pompeii (2)Lesson 3 Audio Track (3)Lesson 4 Roller Coaster (4)Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire Theirs (5)Lesson 7 Robots (7)Lesson 8 A Tidal Wave (10)Lesson 9 Levels of Language (11)Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and Abuse (13)Lesson 11 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and Differences (16)Today, I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old,he joined the French army. In that year 1785,he began the military career that would bring him fame ,power,riches and finally defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of 35,he became the first emperor of the France.Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat —“his end”came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone –deserted by his family and friends in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.The lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. The city of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . was forgotten for almost 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he wasdigging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.Lesson 3 Audio TrackThe funniest story of m}'r traveling experience was w hen I came to the U.S. for the first time by myself. They lost my luggage and I didn't speak a word of English. I had to use my hands to explain myself. People understood xvhat I meant and they helped me out.My recent trip to Africa was one of the most amazing trips of my life, This was my second trip to Tanzania, Africa. We visited a lot of villages, some very remote that we had to travel b} helicopter. In Tanzania, it's very different from America so there are no maps. So, even 2 2S traveling in a helicopter, we didn't really know where xve were going to go. We didn't really know the xillage names, so we just kind of had no destination and we got in the helicopter and just flew around. And if we saw some animals or some rooftops of hut houses, we said, "Let's go there" and we just kind of landed.I have a lot of funny experiences on the airline as a flight attendant. But one of the funniest I could recall xvas, there was this passenger xvho had a toupee and one of my flight attendants was serving---l think---she was serving food---and she had this tray. And suddenly turbulence happened, and she lost her balance---and her hand landed on the guy's head,who had atoupee. When she caught her balance again, the toupee kind of shifted, so his sideburns were on his forehead. And I had to control my laughter because you're not allowed to laugh.Lesson 4 Roller CoasterLet's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very much like a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves. It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A train of cars travels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ride begins. Then, at the top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin to slow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steepslope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right where we began.Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language.What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babblingof a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home maysay ―baba for the word ―bottle or ―kiki for ―cat. In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice, to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy or ―May I have more juice, Daddy? This word ―juice is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce iscalled ―telegraphic speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like ―Daddy, up which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please. Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things suchas ―I walked home and ―I kissed Mommy. They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as ―I goed to bed instead of ―I went to bed, or ―I eated ice cream instead of ―I ate ice cream. In other words, the children have learnedthe past tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk and ―kiss, but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like ―eat are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it ―mama or maybe ―papa? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was ―mama. Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.Lesson 7 RobotsWhen people think about a robot,they often picture a machi ne that looks something like a human being.However,that’s not always the case.Most robots do not look much like a human being at all,they look like machines because that’s what most of them are-industrial machines.Today,Iam going to talk mostly about industrial robots use d in industry.These are robots that do work that for humanswould be physically demanding,repetitive,dangerous or very bo ring.Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory.For example,a robot might put liz on jars of fruits or start boxesfor shaping.In a car factory,robotic arms on an a ssembly line join the parts of a car together;other robots tigh ten the boats on the cars wheelsor paint the car.There are t housands of robots putting cars together in___plan.These rob ots are very precise when repeating a task.For example,they always tighten boats with the same exact amount of force.They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be a nd they always put ahold in the exact same place in every ca r door hour after hour.These are examples of robots doing th e work humans could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precisely.So,just how do robots work?To do its job a robot fir st needs a control system.This control system directs the robots mechanical parts.The control system of a robot is sort of sp eak--a robot brain.So how does a robot learn which action to do first and which of its moving part needs to do that action?A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being.To teach an industrial robot to do something,firsta person must use a hand-held computer.The computer is us ed to guide the robots arm and hand through the motions it needs to do.Then,the robot stores exact movement in its c omputer memory.The robot has sensors to gather information,s o now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions.The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action.For example,to pick up and move a box,the r obot first finds the box,next it decides the weight of the bo x.Then it decides how much force is needed to lift and mov e the box,and finally,it finds the correct place to put the box down.It repeats the process over and over until it's turne d off.It does the same job until it is given the job and ne w program to follow.Some scientists think that robots of the f uture will be smarter than today's robots.They may also look more human like or even animal like.In fact,they may work and think more like humans do.The industrial robots we've b een talking about so far today are automatic robots.They are known as automatic robots because they have prog ram to follow a specific series of ually,they have parts that move but they really don't travel around.On theother hand,an autonomous machine can change itsbehavior in re lation to its surroundings.For example,an autonomous robot wit h wheelsor legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there are something in its way.A robot such as…can detect the movement of people nearby.It can move to av oid bumping into ing toward it.Asthma can even learn to dance by following the movements of a dancer next to it . I don't know whether or when people would welcome auto nomousmachines or human like robots.I guess that we will not only think about that in the future.We need to think about how we will interact with our global doctor:robal teacher,ro bal pet,or even our robal friend.Lesson 8 A Tidal WaveA tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “storm wave.”But do you know that tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all? A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. The word “seaquake”is made up of two words, the word “sea”which means “ocean”and the word “quake”. “To quake”means “to shake”or “to tremble.”When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this. A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.Lesson 9 Levels of LanguageToday I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speechesand at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don’t know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents’, strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc.Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. However, today I’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal.Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let’s say "I’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents’, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". Let’s say I’m telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents’friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clearand although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in class, your doctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time by observing and interacting with native speakers.Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and AbuseJohn Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. Theyidentified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts”use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch that the less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.Lesson 11 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and Differences The African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, o r similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2 types of elephants , too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to p ick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants hav e very large ears, although the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work . They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they bot h work for people, and they entertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but t hey are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. Asian elephants reach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In con trast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds. So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals. Another difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants . The African elephant has 2 ve ry large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephanthowever sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, to o. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. O ccasionally an Asian elephant is even white ! The last big difference between the 2 typesof elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the Afric an elephant, orin another way, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a r esult, it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephant s and not African elephants.Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephan ts, but as I mention at the start of mytall, there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fascinating an d enormous animals.。

UNIT1Welcome to Insidermedicine In Depth.I'm Dr.Susan Sharma.Focusing time and energy on the most personally meaningful aspects of their work may h elp physicians avoid burnout,according to a survey published in the Archives of Inter nal Medicine.Here are some consequences of physician burnout,published in the Annal s of Internal Medicine:•Increased risk for substance abuse•Damage to personal relationships,and•Increased risk for developing inappropriate prescribing patternsResearchers from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester surveyed over550physicians in the depa rtment of internal medicine at a large academic medical center.The survey included qu estions about job satisfaction,emotional well-being,and the aspects of the jobs tha t were the most meaningful.As many as34%of respondents met the criteria for burnout,including emotional exhaus tion,depersonalization,and a low sense of personal accomplishment.The88%who said they spent at least20%of their working time on activities they found to be the most me aningful had about half the burnout rate of those who did not.Today's research highlights the need to optimize career fit among physicians in order to reduce burnout rates.For Insidermedicine In Depth,I'm Dr.Susan Sharma.欢迎Depth.I到Insidermedicine已年Dr.Susan Sharma.Focusing时间和精力放在自己的工作中最有意义的个人方面可帮助医生避免倦怠，根据发表在内科Medicine.Here档案馆的调查是一些后果医生的职业倦怠，发表在内科医学年鉴：•物质滥用风险增加•损害个人的关系•开发不当处方模式的风险增加在罗切斯特的梅奥诊所的研究人员在一个大的学术医疗市中心的调查调查了550医生在内科的部门包括有关工作满意度的问题，情感幸福，那是最有意义的工作的各个方面。

2020医学英语博士听力原文The 2020 Medical English Doctoral Listening Text is a challenging and important aspect of the medical English examination for doctoral students. This test assesses the students' ability to comprehend and interpret complex medical English content, which is crucial for their success in the medical field. The test requires a deep understanding of medical terminology, scientific concepts, and the ability to accurately interpret and analyze spoken information. It also assesses the students' listening skills, as they must be able to follow and understand spoken English at a high level of proficiency.From the perspective of the students, preparing for the 2020 Medical English Doctoral Listening Text can be both daunting and demanding. The test requires extensive study and practice to ensure a thorough understanding of the complex medical content that will be presented. It also requires the development of strong listening skills, as the students must be able to comprehend spoken English at afast pace and with a high level of accuracy. Additionally, the pressure of performing well on such an important examination can create stress and anxiety for students, further adding to the challenges they face in preparing for this test.From the perspective of educators and examiners, the 2020 Medical English Doctoral Listening Text is a critical tool for assessing the students' readiness for success in the medical field. It allows educators to evaluate the students' ability to understand and interpret complex medical English content, as well as their proficiency in listening and comprehension. The test also provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the medical English curriculum and the students' overall preparedness for their future careers in the medical field.From a broader perspective, the 2020 Medical English Doctoral Listening Text reflects the increasing importance of English proficiency in the global medical community. As medical research, collaboration, and communication continue to expand across international borders, the ability tounderstand and communicate complex medical concepts in English is essential for success in the field. The test serves as a reminder of the need for medical professionals to be proficient in English, and the importance of incorporating medical English education into doctoral programs.In conclusion, the 2020 Medical English Doctoral Listening Text is a challenging and important examination that assesses students' ability to comprehend and interpret complex medical English content. From the perspective of students, educators, and the broader medical community, the test highlights the significance of English proficiency in the medical field and the need for thorough preparation and study. As the medical field continues to evolve and expand globally, the ability to understand and communicate complex medical concepts in English will remain a critical skillfor success in the field.。

学术英语医学听力原文完整版<i>如题,这是完整版。

前面部分为字,后面有些单元为截图。

</i>UNIT 1Welcome to Insidermedicine In Depth. I'm Dr. Susan Sharma.Focusing time and energy on the most personally meaningful aspects of their work may help physicians avoid burnout, according to a survey published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. Here are some consequences of physician burnout, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine: Increased risk for substance abuseDamage to personal relationships, andIncreased risk for developing inappropriate prescribing patterns Researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester surveyed over 550 physicians in the department of internal medicine at a large academic medical center. The survey included questions about job satisfaction, emotional well-being, and the aspects of the jobs that were the most meaningful.As many as 34% of respondents met the criteria for burnout, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a low sense of personal accomplishment. The 88% who said they spent at least 20% of their working time on activities they found to be the most meaningful had about half the burnout rate of those who did not.Today's research highlights the need to optimize career fit among physicians in order to reduce burnout rates.For Insidermedicine In Depth, I'm Dr. Susan Sharma.UNIT 2Emerging economies such as China, India and South Africa arediscovering there is a downside to prosperity. As incomes rise, health can decline. On Monday, the U.N. opens a high-level meeting on non-communicable diseases that usually have been associated with western nations.In recent years, India and China have seen a growing middle class. But with greater affluence has come a surge in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. South Africa is on a similar path. The United Nations will debate what can be done about these illnesses.Project HOPE is calling on the U.N. to take strong action C not only on treatment C but prevention. The health-based NGO has programs in 35 countries on 5 continents, many of them dealing with non-communicable diseases or NCDs.One of them C the HOPE Center C is located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Stefan Lawson, country director for Project HOPE, welcomes the U.N. meeting.“It's the first time that we've had non-communicable diseases put on such a high-level forum. The last time a specific disease was done at this sort of level was for HIV and AIDS. And so, being able to push for non-communicable diseases up at that ministerial level I think will do a lot of good,“ he said.What's for dinner?Lawson said a majority of South African men and women are now overweight.。

学术英语综合听力原文Academic English Listening:TranscriptToday we're going to talk about the impact of climate change on global food security. Climate change is a pressing issue facing our planet today, and it has far-reaching consequences for many aspects of human life. One such consequence is the effect on our food supply. As the climate becomes more unpredictable and extreme weather events become more frequent, agricultural production is at risk.One of the main problems is rising temperatures. Higher temperatures can cause heat stress on plants, which can lower crop yields. Additionally, increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can affect photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. This can result in slower growth and lower nutritional value of crops.Another issue is changing precipitation patterns. Some areas may experience more frequent and intense droughts, while others may see an increase in heavy rainfall and flooding. Both of these scenarios have negative impacts on crop production. Droughts can lead to water scarcity, and without enough water, crops cannot grow. On the other hand, heavy rainfall and flooding can destroy crops and soil, making it difficult to grow anything in the future. Furthermore, climate change can also impact pests and diseases. Warmer temperatures can lead to the expansion of the range and population of certain pests, which can damage crops. In addition,changing climate conditions can create favorable environments for the spread of diseases that affect both plants and animals. Overall, climate change poses a serious threat to global food security. Without adequate food supply, there will be impacts on nutrition and health, as well as social and economic stability. It is crucial that we take immediate action to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure a sustainable and secure food future.。

研究生学术英语视听说教程听力原文《研究生学术英语视听说教程听力原文》Unit 1 Lecture 1Good morning everyone, and welcome to our first lecture on academic listening and note-taking. In this course, we will focus on developing your listening skills in an academic context, as well as improving your note-taking abilities.Today, we will start by discussing the importance of effective listening in an academic setting. As graduate students, you will be expected to attend lectures, participate in discussions, and conduct research in English. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to understand and process complex academic language.To improve your listening skills, it is important to actively engage with the speaker. This means maintaining eye contact, staying focused, and avoiding distractions such as texting or browsing the internet. It is also helpful to use strategies such as predicting the main points, identifying key vocabulary, and noting down any questions or uncertainties you may have.In addition, effective note-taking is essential for retaining and recalling the information presented during lectures. We will be discussing various note-taking methods throughout the course, but for now, I encourage you to practice writing down the main ideas and supporting details as you listen to the lecture.Finally, I would like to emphasize the importance of self-reflection and feedback in improving your listening skills. After each lecture, take some time to review your notes and identify any areas for improvement. Additionally, seek feedback from your peers and instructors to further enhance your listening abilities.I hope you find this lecture helpful, and I look forward to exploring various listening and note-taking strategies with you in the upcoming sessions. Thank you for your attention, and I wish you all the best in your academic pursuits.。

学术综合英语听力原文听力文章内容：In today's class, we will be discussing academic integrated listening, which is an important part of language proficiency. Academic integrated listening refers to the ability to understand and analyze a variety of academic materials and courses through language, including the language used in academic papers, conferences, and other related activities.When it comes to academic integrated listening, the ability to understand the language used in different academic fields is particularly important. For example, the language used in the field of science is different from that used in the field of humanities. Therefore, it is essential to have a good knowledge of language in order to understand and analyze academic materials effectively.In addition to language proficiency, academic integrated listening also requires good cognitive and analytical skills. You need to be able to quickly identify important information, distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information, and apply the knowledge gained to analyze and solve problems.To improve your academic integrated listening ability, you can read academic papers in English and take notes on the main points. You can also listen to English-speaking radio programs or podcasts related to yourfield of interest, which will help you familiarize yourself with the language used in different academic fields. In addition, you can attend academic conferences and other related events to improve your ability to understand and analyze academic materials.Finally, remember that improving your academic integrated listening ability requires time and effort. It is not a process that can be completed overnight, but with regular practice and attention, you can achieve significant improvement in your language proficiency and cognitive skills.。

Unit 7 Life and Medicine
Text A Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
3 In what way can patient empowerment be good for the patient?
Two principles /tenets / notions involved in the decision-making process • respect for the person
Unit 7 Life and Medicine
Lead-in
Task: Read the title of Text A and imagine three different situations in which doctors may be asked to make “tough decisions” for their patients. Then write them down.
Useful expressions
• …a majority of patients are being left to make decisions that they never wanted to in the first place.
• When it came to medical decisions, almost all the respondents wanted their doctors to offer choices and consider their opinions.
• Suggested answers
Unit 7 Life and Medicine

Unit 1 ■Warm Up■Listening Task 1 First Listening Answers Second Listening ScriptThe neighborhood children my age played together: either active, physical games outdoors or games of dolls-and-house indoors. I, on the other hand, spent much of my childhood alone. I would curl up in a chair reading fairytales and myths, daydreaming, writing poems or stories and drawing pictures. Sometime around the fourth grade, my “big”(often critical, judgmental) Grandma, who would been visiting us said to me, “What is wrong with you! Why don’t the other children want to play with you?” I remember being startled and confused by her question. I would never been particularly interested in playing with the other children. It had not, till then, occurred to me that that was either odd or something wrong with me. Nor had it occurred to me that they did not “ want to play with” me. My first conscious memory of feeling different was in the fourth grade. At the wardrobe, listening to classmates joking, chattering and laughing with each other, I realized I had not a clue about what was so funny or of how to participate in their easy chatter. They seemed to live in a universe about which I knew nothing at all. I tried to act like others but it was so difficult. I felt confused and disoriented. I turned back to my inner world: reading books, writing and daydreaming. My inwardness grew me in ways that continued to move me further away from the world of my age peers. The easy flow of casual social chat has remained forever beyond my reach and beyond my interest, too.Unit 2 Personality■Warm Up■Listening Task 1 ScriptEverybody cheats. Whether it's the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes himthe long way round, or the shop assistant who doesn't give the correct change, or the police officer who accepts a bride - everybody's at it. Cheats in the news include the scientist whose research was based on fake data, the game show contestant who collaborated with a friend in the audience to win a million pounds, and the doctor who forged his qualifications and wasn't really a doctor at all. Everybody cheats; nobody's playing the game.Is cheating acceptable, a natural way of surviving and being successful? Or is it something that should be frowned on, and young people discouraged from doing? If it's the latter, how can we explain to children why so many bend the rules?Take sport for example. The pinnacle way of football, the World Cup, was rife with cheating,. Whether pretending to be hurt or denying a handball, footballers will do anything for a free-kick or a penalty shot. French player Henry—■Real World Listening ScriptMr.Washington: George, are you sure you had nothing to do with chopping downthe cherry tree?George: I don't clearly recall chopping this tree down. Mr.Washington:Isn’t this your axGeorge：That appears to be very si e? milar to my axe.Mr.Washington: But your axe is right here, and the tree is freshly cut, and you are the only person around. Mrs.Washington:Oh,just drop it, and it’s only a tree.Mr.Washington: But it’s not the tree. We really need to find out if he’s being ho nestwith us. I won’t put up with lying, and he shouldn’t get you tocover up for him.George：I’m going to say this one more time: I didn’t chop down that tree—thecherry tree—and I did not ask anyone to lie. Not one time.Never!Mr.Washington: George, there’s no fresh-cut firewood around, but your hair andclothing are full of wood chips, and the chips look like cherrywood to me. How do you explain that? George：Well, it’s possiblethat I might have swung the axe in an inappropriate manner whichmight have resulted in some harm to the tree, but at the momentyou asked me, I was thinking of w hat “chop” means and myaction didn't meet my definition of“chopping”, so I didn’t lie. Mrs.Washington: This is not really worth all the fuss. Even if he did it, it’s only a tree, Let’s forget it and enjoy this lovely afternoon. George: Thank you,Mom.We have stately oak tree on the front lawn. Can I try my axe again there?Unit 3 Lifestyle■Warm Up■Listening Task 1 Script:When she has young children, a stay-at-home mom has two jobs. Her house and her kids. A stay-at-home mom is expected to do all the house cleaning. She is expected to always be the one to get up in the middle of the night, do the schoolthings---room-mother, baker, coordinator, chauffeur and carpooler, etc. Often, astay-at-home mom is expected to take over “daddy-type” chores such aslawn-mowing and taking cars for repair. Imagine sitting in a repair shop with twosquirmy toddlers! The worse thing is that the stay-at-home mom is made to feel guilty for saying “no”. The reason the stay-at-home mom does not get her nails done or have a spa day is she feels guilty for spending family money on herself.Gosh, you all have such hectic lives. I’m dizzy just hearing your daily activities. I guess I have it nice. I have no schedule at all! I get up when I want. I work my business when I want. I shop when I want to. I wash my hair when I bathe or I don’t wash my hair. When I go to work all I have to do is open up my office door in my house and I’m at work already. No traffic to deal with and there can be 10 feet of snow on the ground and I wouldn’t have to walk an inch of it because my house connects directly to my warehouse! If I get u p and don’t feel like working I don’t.■Listening Task 2 ScriptI took my first drink and smoked my first marijuana cigarette when I was 12 years old .In high school, I used all kinds of drugs. After high school until I was 21, I did a lot binge drinking .When I was 31, I started using crack cocaine. That’s when the real problems began.I was addicted to alcohol and cocaine, and my life was a wreck. I tried to quit a number of times. I moved to Mexico and gave up cocaine. I still drank and smoked marijuana, but for the time I lived there, I was off cocaine. I thought that time off cocaine would completely cure me of any desire for it, but when I got back in town two years later, I started using it again only five days later. Every part of my life was messed up. I remember my oldest son being embarrassed to be seen with me .He would pass me on the street with his friends but he wouldn’t even speak to me. Thebottom came for me when I was finally evicted from my apartment. I lost my car my car, my home and my sons. I looked in the mirror that day, and I couldn’t look myself in the eyes. The next morning, I showed up at the treatment center. The first few days of detox and treatment were hard, but I was convinced that I needed help, so I stayed. I’ve b een clean now for five years, and I have a new life .■Real World Listening ScriptReporter: Are you treated differently in the workplace as a woman?Nancy: Between changing gender and becoming a blonde, I’ve lost 20 IQ points in the public’s eyes. Use to your advantage though, I’m not pretty enough to do it very well. It is a challenge. I kind of broke through the glass ceiling from the wrong direction.Reporter: Switching from slacks to pantyhose cannot be easy, even if you hate slacks.Nancy: To tell the truth, it took a lot of time for me to get comfortable with your new self, your new presentation, learning how to deal with society. Women spend their whole lives knowing what makeup works well for them, what clothing works on them.For peo ple like me ,it takes a while to do.I am tall,when I walk into a room,it’s like someone from the NBA showed up.Trying to find clothing that fits me is just not that easy.Reporter: How do the people you work with, the ones who knew you as Neil, consider you now?Nancy:The response for me was really positive. we all joked about wearingpantyhose, whether “my condition” was contagious ,those sorts of things .But when all was said and done and the dust settled, everyone got back to work .Now if you were to talk with anyone who works with me, they’d say,“what’s the issue? She’s just Nancy.”The whole transgender thing is well behind us.Unit 4 Family■Warm Up■Listening Task 1The traditional American family is a "nuclear family”. A nuclear family refers to a husband and wife and their children. The average American family today has two or three children.In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. several generations may even live together. In America,only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.American values are valued in the home. Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Husbands and wives often share household chores. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions.Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear which toys to buy.Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.Families in America, like those in every culture, face many problems. Social pressures are breaking apart more and more American homes. Over half of US marriages now end in divorce. More than one in four American children are growing up in single-parent homes. As a result, many people believe the American family is in trouble.Even so, there is still reason for hope, many organizations are working hard tostrengthen families. American almost unanimously believe that the family is one of the most important parts of life. They realize that problems in family life in recent years have brought serious consequences. As a result, more and more people are making their family a priority. Many women are quitting their jobs to stay home with their children.Families are going on vacations and outings together.Husbands and wives are making a concentrated effort to keep their family solid.The United Nations has declared 1994 the "International year of family".not just in America,but all over the world,people recognize the importance of a strong family bond.Unit 5 Health and Diet Warm Up Script/Answers Listening Task 1 ScriptI had just turned 40,and had spent most of my adult life working as a public relations consultant with little time to cook, let alone learn how to cook . But a few years ago I made a resolution to start writing down the recipes I had grown up with and posting them to my website .I come from a big family –six kids-and thought what a terrific family project to document our family recipes !both my father and mother are excellent home cooks ,mom raises us all ,and dad loves to eat well and enjoy the experimentation of trying out new recipes .I am spending a lot of time with my parents lately ;we cook a meal and then over dinner discuss the finer points of the proper way to proper way to prepare the dishes ,and whether or not a new recipe was worth the effort .Many of the recipes are family recipes, and many of them are those that we pick from cookbooks, magazines, and newspaper clippings we have collected over30years .but sometimes it is hard when you only a clipping. The recipes shown here use mostly whole food ingredients and only occasionally a few things, from cans or prepared foods .we believe in a varied , healthy diet ,using real butter ,real cream, eggs ,and protein from meat, fish, and cheese.About me, my name is Alice Bauer and I am a partner in a consulting firm in the san Francisco bay area. I maintain several weblogs in addition to Simply Recipes as part ofThanks so much for visiting Simply Recipes!■Listening Task 2 Real World Listening ScriptGrace: Welcome to “Let’s Get into Shape”! I’m your host, Grace Stockdale. Today our program is about 10-minute workout to keep fit. Today we have gabby Collins here to share her experience of fitness and answer listeners’ questions o n physical exercise. Thanks for joining us, gabby.Gabby: hi there! I’m very happy to share some time with you.Grace: so gabby, as I know, your two ten-minute workouts- which target arms, stomach and legs—are a quick and simple way to get into shape.Gabby: right, regardless of your level of fitness , they help you to lose weight and to be vigorous enough to engage in daily routines and to handle various stresses. You know, obesity raises the possibility of developing diseases.Grace: absolutely! Exercise keeps you fit and healthy. And here comes the first call for questions.Listener 1: hello , gabby ,running is not my thing, so where should I start ?Gabby: if you’ve never been a runner, start by walking quickly for a minute and then alternate by jogging for a minute. Do this four minutes. If you are starting with a good level of fitness, jog for a minute and sprint for the other minute. Again do this for four minutes.Listener I : thank you ,gabby.Listener 2: hello, gabby. Each time after the exercise, I always feel stiff and sometime my muscles pull ,and it’s hard to start my next workout.Gabby: after any exercise you should stretch the muscles you have used the most. Stretching makes you feel more flexible.Listener 2: I see. I need some cool-down exercises.Gabby: sure. Let’s take an arm stretch as an example. Sitting cross-legged, raise your left arm and place your hand between your shoulder blades as if trying to reach your bottom. Now ,take your right hand reaching across the front of your chest and push the elbow of the left arm to increase the stretch. Hold for ten seconds and repeat on the other side.Listener 3: hello, gabby. How often should I do these exercise?Gabby: hum, it depends. My two workouts aim to do at least three sessions a week. Listener 3: hello, gabby. I …Review Units 1-5 Script Part 1 Part2 1. Sometime around the fourth grade, my ‘big’(often critical,judegmental) Grandma,who’d been visiting us said to me,” What’s wrong with you!Why don’t the other children want to play with y ou?” I remember being startled and confused by her question.I’d never been particularly interested in playing with the other children.Ithadn’t ,till then, occurred to me that that was either odd or something wrong with me. Nor had it occurred to me that t hey didn’t “want to play with “me. 2.Everybody cheats. Whether it’s the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes them the long way around, or the shop assistant who does not give the correct change, or police officer who accepts a bribe ----everybo dy’s at it. Cheats in the news include the scientist whose research was based on fake date, the game show contestant who cooperated with friend in the audience to with a million pounds, and the doctor who forged his qualifications and wasn’t rea lly a doctor at all. Everybody cheats;nob ody’s playing the game. 3. Every part of my life was messed up.I remember my oldest son being embarrassed to be seen with me. He would pass me on the street with friends but he wouldn’t even speak to me. The b ottom came for me when I was finally evicted from my apartment. I lost my car, my home and my son. I looked in the mirror that day, and I couldn’t look myself in the eyes. The next morning, I showed up at the treatment center.4.Many organizations are working hard to strengthen families.Americans almost unanimously believe that the family is one of the most important parts of life.They realize that problems in family in recent years have brought serious consequences. As a reselt,more and more people are making their family a priority.Many women are quitting their jobs to stay home with their children. Families are going on vacations and outings together. Husbands and wives are making a concentrated effort to keep their marriages solid.5.Many of the recipes are family recipes, and many of them are those that we pickfrom cookbooks,magazines,and newspaper it’s hard when you only have a clipping.The recipes shown here use mostly whole food ingredients and only occasionally a few things from cans or prepared foods. We believe in a varied, healthy diet, using real butter, real cream,eggs,and protein from meat,fish,and cheese. Part 3 1.Melanie: Your story of identity theft is quite scary. What happened?Nick: One day early in the morning, I was awakened by a loud knock. When I opened the door, five policemen were standing there telling me to go to jail.I asked why and they said that I was wanted for bank fraud. I said “I neverdid that!”and they said“that’s something we’ve never heard before…tell itto the judge.”Melanie: Did you really have to spend time in jail? Nick: Yes, I certainly did.2.Mr.Washington:We’re not finished yet.Now I’m going to ask you directly. Didyou chop down the cherry tree?George: Well, it’s possible that I might have swung the axe in an inappropriate manner which might have resulted in some harm to the tree, but at the moment you asked me, I was thinking of what “chop” means and my action didn’t meet my definition of “chopping’, so I didn’t lie.Mrs. Washington：this is not really worth all the fuss. Even if he did it, it’s only a tree. Let’s forget it and enjoy this lovely afternoon.3. Reporter: how do the people you work with, the ones who knew you as Neil,consider you now?Nancy: the response for me was really positive. We all joked about wearingpantyhose, whether “my condition” was contagious, those sorts of things. But when all was said and done and the dust settled, everyone got back to work. Now if you were to talk with anyone who works with me, they’d say, “what the issue? She’s just Nancy”, the whole transgender thing is well behind us.4. Mrs. White: what do you think is the most sensible choice for a woman in this newcentury? Should she return to being a house wife or combine career andfamily?Daisy: I think it is rewarding for a woman to have her own career or something else to do outside the home. Nowadays, many women are highly educated and they have enormous earning potential.Mrs. White:I think “being a full-time housewife” is a wise choice in this competitive world.5. Grace: So Gabby, as I know, your two ten-minute workouts – which target arms,stomach and legs—are a quick and simple way to get into shape. Grabby: Right, regardless of your level of fitness, they help you to lose weight and to be vigorous enough to engage in daily routines and to handle various stresses. You Know, obesity raises the possibility of developing disease.Grace: absolutely! Exercise keeps you fit and healthy. And here comes the first call for questions.。

学术英语视听说1听力原文Lesson1、1-1-4Lecturer:Today, I am going to talk to you about one of the most im portant historical figures in European history-Napoleon BonaparteLet's start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and in military scienceWhen Napoleon was 16 years old, he joined the french army In that year, 1785，he began the military career that would bring him fame, power, riches, and finally, defeat. After eight years in the army, Napoleon became a general. He was only 24.Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804 at the age of 35，he became the first emperor of france.Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield, but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804 at the age of 35，he became the first emperor of france Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. his soldiers were ready to die for him. as a result, Napoleon won many military victories. At one time hecontrolled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria, fought fiercely against Napoleon His defeathis end- came when he decided to attack russia In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army .The great French conqueror died alone, deserted by his famil and his friends. The year was 1821，and Napoleon was only 51Lesson2、1-2-4Lecturer:The lecture for th is class is a b out the city of pom peii and the natural disaster that occurred there almost 2,000 years ago .Today many rich people w ho live in large m etropolitan areas such as beijing, Paris, and new york leave the city in the summer. They go to the m ountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. two thousand years ago, wealthy Rom ans did the sa me thing. They left the city of rom e in the summer. many of these wealthy rom ans spent their sum mers in the city of Pom peii, a beautiful city located on the bay of Naples, on the mediterranean Sea.In the sum mer of the year 79 Ce, a young rom an boy w ho later became a very fa m ous rom an historian w as visitin g h is uncle in Pompeii. The boy's name was pliny the younger.One day pliny w as loo king up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It w as a very large dark cloud. This b lack cloud rose hig h into the sky.What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount vesuvius. Rock and ash flew through the air. the city of Pom peii was at the foot of mount vesuvius When the volcano first erupted, many people were a ble to get out of the city and escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. U nfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanicash. The eruption lasted for about three days.When the eruption w as over, Pom peii w as buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. the city of Pom peii w as forgotten for alm ost 1,700 years.In the year 1748 an Italia n farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the an cient city of Pompeii. Soon, archaeologists began to dig in the area. as time went by, much of the a ncient city of Pompeii w as uncovered. today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the fa m ous city of pompeii. Lesson3、1-3-4Lecturer:I'd like to talk to you today about Steve Jobs. Jobs was someone who changed the world, because he changed the way people act every single day.Jobs was born in 1955. He grew up in California, in an area that later became known as the Silicon valley. When he was about 14 years old, hebecame friends with Stephen Wozniak Wozniak was what people in those days called an electronics whiz kid. He liked to design and build his own electronic equipment.In 1975，Wozniak started designing a personal computer. This at a time when nobody owned personal computers in their homes. Jobs was young. He was only 20. But even then he had a sharp business brain. Jobs convinced Wozniak that they could build these personal computers in his garage and sell them. a year later, Jobs and wozniak founded the apple computer Company, and started building and selling personal computers.When their apple ii computer went on the market in 1977，it became a huge success Suddenly there was a mass market for a computer that people could buy at a store and use sitting in their own homes The apple ll became the world's first mass produced personal computer, and by the age of 25，Steve Job was a millionaire.Jobs was brilliant in many ways, but he was not always very good at working with other people. He needed everything to be perfect, and this caused problems at Apple. In 1985，then, Jobs left Apple and started a new computer company and soon after he also went into business with a company called Pixar Pixar was a company trying to develop a system for using CGI-computer-generated imagery to be used in animated films And Jobs was just the person to help them.In 1995. Pixar released the movie tov story It was the first full-length, computer-generated, animated film. It was a big hit and Pixar became a very, very profita ble company and steve Jobs became a very, very rich man a billionaire in fact.In the 10 years after leaving apple jobs learned a lot about working with people and running a company. So when he returned to apple in 1995. he made many changes.Without Jobs, Apple was not doing so well. But Jobs had a also wanted them to be beautiful objects that people would e vision. He didn t only want personal computers to be useful, h enjoy looking at and using. In 1998，Apple introduced the imac a new desktop computer and the next year, the iBook, a new laptop computer. People thought both were very attractive and they immediately became very popular, and apple became profitable company again.But Steve Jobs wasnt finished. He had an even bigger vision He believed that personal computers would become the center the hub, of people's digital lives. So in 2001 Jobs introduced Apple's"digital hub"strategy He told the world that the computer would become the hub of all their electronic equipment. You could connect your camera, your music player and your video recorder to the computer and manage all your videos, photos, and music using iTunes, iMovie, iPhoto, and other apple programs, or"apps "Over the next 10 years, apple createdproducts that made jobs vision a reality. In 2001，the company introduced the iPod, which quickly became the most popular digital music player. In January 2007，Jobs introduced the iPhone and suddenly your phone became like a mini computer. It was like having an iPod, a camera, and a phone all in one device that you could hold in your hand. Then three years later he released the iPad onto the market. This really was a small, light computer that you could hold in your hand.And to use it all you had to do was touch the screen.Jobs'final vision before he died in Octo ber 2011 was Apple iCloud This is a system that allows apple users to store and manage their data and applications, not in their computer, but over the internet.Jobs may be gone, but there is no question that his vision lives on Jobs was someone who changed the world, not just for our own time, but maybe, who knows, for all time.Lesson4、1-4-4Lecturer:Let's talk a little today a out how roller coasters work and thephysics in volved in a ride on aroller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster Person ally, I don't ever want to ride on one again. When i was young, my sister took me on a roller coaster, and I never forgot that frigh te n in g experience.A simple roller coaster consists o f a frame with a track on it .The track is very much like a train track. Th is track goes over a serie s of hillsand around curves following a path that ends at the sam e p lace it started, a train of cars travels around on th is track, very fast. the cars have two sets of w heels. 0 ne set of w heels rolls on top of the track and the other set of w heels rolls below the track the w heels below the track are there to keep the fa stm oving cars fro m co m in g o ff th e track. Roller- coaster cars, as you prob ably know, d on't have any m otors or es In stead, a ch ain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepest, h ill. A nd th isis how the ride begin s then at the top of the hill, the ch ain com es off th e cars, and gra v ity takes over. Gravity pushes the cars dow n the other sid e of th e h ill. T he taller a nd steeper the first h ill is, the fa ste r th e rid e willbe, and the farther the cars willtrave l.As the cars roll downhill, they gain speed. When they reach the botto m of the first h ill, the cars have enough speed a d e nergy to send the m up the next hill. A s th e cars n ear the top of the second hill, they begin to slow down. but then, th e cars reach the top of th at hill and start down the other sid e, a n d gravity again pushes them tow ard the ground. T his process repeats on each hill.OK, so let's go over th is process a g ain. First, the cars are u led b y a ch ain up th e first, h ig h est h ill. Then they go d ow n a very steep slope At th is point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. a gain, w hen they reach the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to clim b the next h ill. T he roller-coaster cars lose energy as therid e contin ues so the hills have to be sm aller toward the end of the track F in ally, we roll to a stop on ground level, rig ht w here we began. Tom orrow we will talk about the forces that press on our bod ies and keep us in our seats w hen the cars of a roller coaster travel in a loop th at puts us up side down.Lesson5、1-5-4Lecturer:What I'd like to talk to you about today is child language development i know that you all are trying to learn a second language, but for a moment, lets think about a related topic:How children learn their first language What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability？Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are bom-even before they learn to speak. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring language The first stage begins a few weeks after birth. At this stage babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, at around four months they begin to babble Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. by the time they are ten months old however the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby inan English-speaking home.Babies begin a new stage of language development when they start to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an english speaking home may say"baba"for the word ball or" kiki"for These words are usually the names of things that are in the cat. In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words baby s environment, words for food or toys, for example.They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice cup and says "juice, the baby seems to be saying, I want more juice"or May i have more juice？This word juice is really a one-word sentence.The next stage of language acquisition begins around 18months, when babies begin to say two-word sentences. They produce what is called"telegraphic" gether. The babies use a kind of grammar to put words speech, meaning they leave out all but the most essential words. an English-speaking child might say something like"Daddy, up, which actually means"Daddy, pick me up, please. Then, between two and three years of age, children learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. In other words, they learn the rule for making the past tense of many verbs. The children begin to say things such as "I walked home" and"I kissed Mommy. They also overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a lot of mistakes.For example children often say such things as"i goed to bed"instead of"I went to bed, or"leated ice cream" instead of"I ate ice cream In other words, the children have learned the past-tense rule for regular verbs such as walk and kiss, but they haven t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs Some verbs like eat are irregular and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. anyway these mistakes are normal. The children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. They then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, it' s quite amazing how quickly children all over the world learn their language. It's also amazing how similar the process is for babies all over the world. You probably dont remember anything about how you learned your first language. But now that you' ve learned learning a first and secon d language may be similar and ss of something about the process, think about how the proc different. After class, why not make a list of some similarities and differences in the processes of child and adult lar learning. Then we'll talk about it next time we meed .Lesson7、1-7-4Lecturer:When people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. However, that' s not always the case！Most robots do not look much like a human being at all.They look like machines, because that's what most of them are industrial machines. Today, I'm going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physicall demanding, repetitive, dangerous, or very boring.Most industrial robots work on an assembly line in a factory.For example, a robot might put lids on jars of fruit or stack boxes for shipping. In a car factory, robotic arms on th assembly line join the parts of the car together Other robots tighten the bolts on the cars wheels or paint the car. There are thousands of robots putting cars together in auto assembly plants. These robots are very precise when repeating a task. For example, they always tighten bolts with the same exac amount of force. They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be. and they always put a hole in the exact same place in every car door, hour after hour. These areexamples of robots doing the work humans could do, but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precisely.So, just how do robots work？To do its job, a robot first needs a control system. This control system directs the robots mechanical parts. The control system of a robot is, so to speak, the robot' s"brain "So how does a robot "learn"which action to do first and which of its moving parts needs to do that action？The robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being.To teach an industrial robot to do something, first a person must use a handheld computer The computer is used to guide the robot's"arm and hand"through the motions it needs to do. Then the rob ot stores the exact movements in its computer memory. The robot has sensors to gather information. So now, the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions. The robot"tells"its moving parts what to do and then it performs the action. For example, to pick up and move a box, the robot first finds the box. next it decides the weight of the box. Then it decides how much force is needed to lift and move the box. and finally, it finds the correct place to put the box down. It repeats the process over and over until it is turned off It does the same job until it is given a new job and new program to follow.Some scientists think that rob ots of the future will be smarter than todays robots. They may also look more human like, or even animal-like. In fact, they may work and"think more like humans do. The industrial robots we've been talkin about so far today are automatic robots. They are known as automatic robots because they are programmed to follow a specific series of movements. Usually, they have parts that move, but they really don t travel around On the other hand, an autonomous machine can change its behavior in relation to its surroundings. For example, an autonomous robot with wheels or legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there is something in its way. arobot such as Hondas famous asIMo can detect the movements of people nearby. It can move to avoid bumping into someone coming toward it. asimo can even learn to dance by following themovements of a dancer next to it i don t know whether or when people will welcome autonomous machines or human-like robots. i guess that we will need to think about that in the robo-doctor, robo-teacher, robo-pet, or even our robo-Rriend future, Well need to think about how we will interact with or Think about that when you're doing your homework this evening. Would a robo-friend help you do your homework？。

Unit11.Most countries take a census every 10 years or so in order to count the people and to knowwhere they are living.1.大多数国家每10年左右进行一次人口普查，以便统计人口并了解他们的居住区域。

2. A country with a growing population is a country that is becoming more populous.2.人口增长的国家是一个人口越来越多的国家。

3. A person’s race is partly determined by skin color and type of hair as well as other physical characteristics.3.一个人的种族部分取决于肤色和头发类型以及其他身体特征。

4. The majority of the U.S. population is of European origin.4.大多数美国人口来自欧洲5. The geographical distribution of a country’s population gives information about where the people are living.5.一个国家人口的地理分布提供了人们居住地的信息。

6. Many different kinds of people comprise the total U.S. population. In other words, people of different races and ages make up the population.6.许多不同类型的人构成美国总人口。

换句话说，不同种族和年龄的人构成了人口。

7. The median age of the U.S. population, which is a relatively large one, has been getting progressively higher recently.7.美国人口的年龄中位数相对较大，最近逐渐上升。

学术交流英语听力原文Road BuildingGood moning,everyone. Today Il be talking about the relationship between wad building and the devekpnent ofthe American eoononty durnu the 18th century. About 340) vears ainx the Unitex Statedcconony was wowing apidly, mainly because of a booing tade in tvo important agricultural products gan and cotkon.Grain output in the castem part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly gowing population and the large mumber of immigrants fion Europe. As a result, the demand for gain almost doubled. For this rcason, the trade in grain first devekoped in this part ofthe country. At the same tine, the rond system was gadually built up in order to transport the gmin fiom the numl arcas to various citics. The road building clearly helped devekop the cconony quickly in thess arcas and in the cities as welDuring the same perod,finters in the South couki gel a largee amoumt of aborers fon Aric, and they started to aow cotton As the cotton output incrcasod, the fanmees needed to sell it in other phiwes.As a esull, many nuuds were buill tko link the rumal areas to the cilies.At fist,this tade of grain and cotton tock plnce along the cosst, ornear rivers and lalkes. It took place there because it was casy and cheap to transport goods fiom one place tt another. Before 1700 it was very expensive to move the goocs by nad. So, terners had to rely manty on tivers to mose their crops to markets.At that time, there was only one contingous road that existod in the US. It ran from north to south aong country toads which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time the finst enst-to-west roas were buill. They were called tempikes Private comparnes built these roads and collected fees fiom all vehicles that taveled on them.Evenlually,because ofthe bonning trnie of wain and colon, a nelwork of rowys was completed that conpected some major cities and towns. Akhough taveling was still costly for lartners,they oon prefened to neve their crsps bo cilies and other aress on roklwys rather than by boat because it was aster and more convenientSoheee we can soe a lather clear picture of roed buildine in the Unied States and its inpact on cconomic development during that peridd.The Mississippi River in AmericaGood afternoon. Today we're going to tak about the Mississippi River. The Missssppi River is the larsest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an aren of approximately 3,000,000 squnrekilometers. or about one-eighth of the entire continent, The Missssppi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at lake Itasca in Minncsota. it floys fom the North almost duc south across the continenta interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico.TheMighty Mssissippi as it is aflectionately known, flows a total distance about 4.000 kilometers from its source. With its tributarics, the M iss iss ppi drains all or part of31 U.s. state s arki two Canadin pro vincesAs everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United StatesThe Mississinoi River is also a river that con somctimcs ect out o feontro] and causc serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use fbour different methods to control the loodwaters ofthe river. These lour ways are: food ways,dams, levees and reservoirs. Tu discuss each ofthese here.Floodways are the first way of controlling the foodwaters of the Mississippi River Foodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River, which help prevent flooding effectivelyThe scoond way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are bult across a river to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Miss issinpi River. Dams conttol the water by hokding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it.Levees are a third way ofcontro lling the floodwaters of the Missssippi River. Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river. They bold the water in the river and keep it fiom covering the land beside the river. There are morc than 2,000 miles of levecs along the Mississippi River.In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were but along the Mussissippi River to harness the water. They have two functions.One is to bold water, and tbe other is lo generale electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out oftbe Mississippi River.mUnit 2 Energy Conservation omAn Eyewitness to Changes in China(Y: Yang Rui,anchor of Dialogue,CCTV-9R:Sidney Rittenbergpresident of Rittenberg Associates,Incorporated.)Y:Mr Rittenberg,you are a successful businessman and also a bigname to the Chinesdue to your close assoc iation with the first gencration of the PRC leaders. How do you ook at the inpact that that experience has had on your current perception of China's re form and deveopmenr?R:Ifeel in my heart that what I'm doing today is a continuation o f what I was tr ying to doin tbe that is, I had this ambition, this dream from the time that I began studying Chinese at Stanford University in 1943,I had this dream of working to build bridges between Chinese people and American people, and to help them understand each other and cvoperute tossther And I tried to do that in the past, working in China in Mao'sComprehensive Acade mic Enghsh For Gadiestesday. And that's exactly what I'm trying to do today. I really think that what I'm doing todav is more effective than what i was ab le to do in the past.Y:At that time many foreigners came to China, but you were nmong the very few who sotc lose to the Communist Party ofChina.R:You know, it's quite obvious to me that the only reason that the Communist Puty ofChina was able to win in the final stages of the Civil War is because of their extremely close relations with the pcople. The Chinesc pcoplethat came to know them, trusted them and consiiered them their representatives. This small peasant army led by Man Zedong had no tanks, no big guns, no planes, and was greatly outnumbered by the opposition, which was the most power ful armed force in Asia a fter the Second World War.And vet in only three and a half years, the Nationalists were comp letely dekaicd and driven off to the island province of Taiwan Why? Because the ties that the Cammunists had with the Chinese people were unbreakable. They had their trust. They had their confidence and support. And that was something that the Nationalists were not able to gel.You know, the Revolutionary Army was a poor army, even in terns of the food they got. The soldiers had gguss sandals that they made thenselves along the march. Bu what made them do it? The fhet that they had a vision. They believed that they were fighting for their land, for their family to have their own tirmland, and for a fiir government that would listen to the people and do what they needed. So this is the only explanation I can think of for why they were able to winY:In the long March you just talked about, the Communist army had to avercomeextreme difficultics. But in the new Long March of modenization today, we arc also hcing difficulties, though very different, What's your view of this new lonp March? R:Iagree with calling this a new LongMarch, only the barriers are very different. Thoscbarriers were certainly very srim and threatening. Some of these barriers. kook very good and inviting bul aclually they are nol I mean, in the days be lore and during the Long March,the leaders had the task of studying theC hinese reality and getting everybody thal they couki mfuence to stuly realily ank from i to derive a set ol policees, praclical strategies to guide everybody. So people had a shared vision and dream. They were motivaled by this comon drean o work logether. And ! think, during the curreni Long March of modernization, China would need to do the same thing, to gradually study Chinese reality and develop a set of strategies, a common vision and a set of values that most people will share. And then you'll find that you don't have a problem of disconnection between the central government and local governments, or a problem ofa big gap between city and country life.Y:Still, pcople are wondering in this country why we were able to live with poverty buthave problems living with the new wealth.R:Again it's the lack of a practical down-to-carth, realistic vision that everyone shares, inmy opinionI remember atter the "Great T eap Farwad" when there was a fiumine. many,many pcople in Beijing. including government workers, professors in schools, their aces were swollen because peopleweren't getting enough food. But nobody admilled that i ws because of malnutrilion. No one said, "t's because we don't have enough food." You know, I personally don't think that, for most poople, they wereComprehensive Acade mic Inghsh For Gadisstesmotivated just for a distant future dream of Communism. It was because of what the new govermmet had actually already done for the people: workers got their cight hours a day, furmers got their own land for the tirst time, the public health campaigns, ete. Thesc things raised the standards of living. cspecially during the first five or six years from 1949 to 1955. Tremendous social changes made people feel, "This is my governme nt, they represent my interests, they bring me rcal benefits." Y:What lessons do wou think we should draw fiom the Culunl Rewolution?R:WellI think the Cullual Revolution pointed ou one act. which actually wasarticulated by Deng Xiaoping in his interview afer the Cultural Revolution with an American correspondent. He said that any government that doesn't succeed in making life better for most poople in China year by year is dot going to succeed. And I think that was the lesson that wus taught: it's not enough just to have rrowth of the economy. you've got to make pcople feel that you represent their interests and you are working for them.Y:Besides making pcople's life better, there is another core idca of Deng Xiaopingstheory, that is, the emane pation o f people's mnd.R:Ithink the emancipaton of the fallo wed the Cultural Revoluton is equslly important Lothe development of the market economy in Chinn today.But compared to the economic retormi think the emanc paton ofthe mind hasn't gone far enough There's still the shadow of the okd feudalistic habits of governments and individunls in their thinking and in theit relationships. When I say a common visiont, I don't mean a political code that e veryone recites. I mean a feeling that we are working together to build a common socety that's more or less represented by the eizht lmes that were rased by Presideni Hu Jintao, the moral code.Talk with “Harry Potter"-Daniel Radeliffe Answers Questions form WWW FansQ: Ilow does it feel to work with the same sroup ofactors and actresses again?A:lt always bels sood working with Emma, Rupert, Tom and Matthew. We have becomeery good friends and as this is now the thind film we have made together ow re lationships just get stronger.Q: Are you going to work on any more Harry Potter films?A:At the moment [ am working on Harty Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and I willcertainly make Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. After that? Who knows? Q:I really want to know how you managse to do everything you doA:I manage to fit in a lot of things thanks to the brilliant organization on the film set, byny tutors who receive a lot of support from my school, and also because I have sreat friends who I sce regularly. I can keep up to date with everything that is going on at my old school via c-ma il or text messaging.Q: Rupert seems to do other movies besides Harry Potler. I wonder if you or Emma hasplans to do other movies bes ides Harry Potter?A:As I film practically every day on the movie, it is pretty impossible to fit in other filmsComprehensive Acade mic English For Gadiastes between limes. Howe ver, last year I was able to appear as the "surprise guest" in The Play That l Wrote in the West End directed by Kenneth Branagh. It was great fun and the first time l had been on stase!Q: Have you found that people treat you and your new-tound celebrity differently inforeim countries?A:I am always completely overwhelmed by the reception I receive when I visit differentcountrics. Pcople arc always extremely kind, warm and generous and I feel ver privilewed to have visited so many countries and seen some ot the mast amazing sights in the world.Q:How does working with the new director(Alforso Cuon) compare with yourexpericnce with Chris Columbus?A:First of all, I consider myself wery lucky to have worked with two great directors onthese flms.Chrb is, wthou doubi, the most energelic dtrector I have ever mel le was ams zing in keeping us motivated and in encouraging us every step of the way. Alfouso on the other hand directs in a nkre intense way. The scenes in this filin are some ofihe mo st passionate and emotional l bave ever worked on, and Alfonso's style has been tery he lp ful to me.O:Have you ever felt like you wanted to go back to your normal life, instead of beingfmous?A:As Aras I am concerned I am a normal person. I go back to school when I am notfilming.[ w out with my fiends, I go to the cinem - all the normalthinggs that teerngers do. There is an assumption that I cannot leave my house without being hounded -that is not the casc. I am able to do many more things than pcople think l canO:What did it fcel like to talk to Dobby the computerized housc elf? Is it hard torememher your lines?A:Ived doing the Dobby scenesI lalked to an cranme ball at the end ofa blick. l wasvery detailed work because as he bounced around I had to ensure tbat my eyeline was in exncily the righl posilion. Il was demanding bul when I saw the end result l was really pleased.Q: What are your favorite things to do during your lime off?A:Iam abso lutely obsessed wtth film and musc. I am lcarmng the bass guitaf and it goeseverywhere with me. A so, I have a portable DVD player, which travels wih me with a large supplv of films. These two things occupy most of my spare time. Q: Are you a football (soccer) fan? If so, of what team?A: I don't really play fbotball but I support Fulham as I live very c lose to the groundUnit 3 TrafficDriving While on a Cell Phone Worse Than Driving While Drunk21:44:27 EDTJune 29,2006Comprehensive Acade mic Enghsh For GadiastesThursday,June 29 -Maneuvering through traffie while taking on the phone inereases the likelihood of an accident five-fold and is actually more dangcrous than driving drunkU.S.researchers reportThat finding held true whether the driver was holding a cell phone or using a hands- free device. the researchers noled."As a socicty, we have agreod on not tolerating the risk associated with drunk driving.”said researcher Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology at the Universily ofUtah "This study shows us that sonebody who is conversing on a cell phone is exposing him or herself and others to a similar risk - cell phones actually are a bigher risk,"" he said.His tean's report appears in tbe summer issue of the journal Human Factors.In the study40 people followed a pace car allong u prescribed course, using a driving simulator.Some pcople drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigatod while drunk(meaning their blood-alcohol limit matched the lesal linit of 0.08 percent), and others drove with no such distractions or impairments."We found an increased accident rate when people were conversing on the cell phone," Drews said Drivers on cell phones were 5.36 times more likely to get in an acc ident than non-d istracted drivers, the researchers found.The phone users fared even worse than the inebriated. the Utah team found. There were three aocidents among those talking on cell phones - all of them involving a rear-ending of the pace car. In contrast,thete wete no accidents recorded amone participants who were drunk. or the sober.cell-phone- fiee goup.The bottom hne: Cellphoe use wus linked to "a sanificunt increase im the kxident eate," Drews said.He sakl there was a diflerence betweeen the behvors of drunk drvers and those who were talking on the phone. Dunk drivers tended to be aguressive, while those talking on the phone wvenc more shigeish,Drews said.In additio, the rescarchers found talkine an the cell phone meduct rcaction time by 9 pcrcent in terms of bakine and 19 ocroent in terms of pickine up soeod atier brakine,This is sienificnnt bocause it has an impact on traffic as a system," Drews. said. "lf we have drivers who are taking a lot oftime in aocelemting once having slowed down, the ovemll tlow oftaftic is damatically reduced, he said.In response to safety corcens, some states have outlawed the use ofhand-held cell phoncs wtrle rvngBul that type oflenslalion ray not be elective, becase the Utah researchers found to difference in driver parformance whether the driver was holding the phone or talking on a hands- frce modelOuake Kills at least300 on Indonesian IslandVice Prnikor Sansup o 2.000Coli Be Dexi(CNN)-A major carthquake struck off the west coast of Indonesin late Monday killing hundreds. but leas of another sunam hke those that devastated the teson m lale lDecemher have faded.On Indones.a's.Nias [sland at least 300 people died and hundreds more were reported injured orComprehensive Acade mic Engish For Gadiastestrapped,said govemment spokesman Agus Mendrona.But intenational news agencies ae repotting that between 1,000 and 2,000 people may have been killed on Nias IslandIt is predictod and it's still a rouph estimate - that the mumber of the victims of dead may be between 1.0000a 2000"Vie Pruskient JusufKalla told the el Shinta rudio station, accondimir to The Associated Press.Betwcen 500 and 1,000 homes were destrovodand the island's public market was ablaze. Mencro said.Betwcen 10,000 and 15.000 pcople an to hiltops for safety in caseofa tsunami, Mendrova said. May ofthe doctors an nurses whe normally wwoukl stft the hospital fied to hwher goundWe have not beard of any tsunami hiting amywhere,Jan Egcland.the UN.emerecnevrelicf coordinato. told CNN from New Yodk ncarly six hours after the temblor struck.Slil, Esean sul,the earthquse ilsell was tesponsble lut casusllies an slans chse lo the epicenterDosers ofaid oflicals met overnight in Suratra to plan a course ofadtion afer daylight breaks in the eegion, Egeland said.There was a report of heavy damge on Simeule lsland in Indonesia,said Bernd Schell, heud oftsunami operations for the Intemational Foderation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Socicties.Sneakire fio sothern Acch,Schell said "henvy.hewy shaking" lasted about three minutes Based on the size of the earthquake, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration initinlly uje reenients within 1,000 killometers (620 miles) of the epicenter to evacuunte constal regiors.But no tsunamis were reportod along Indonesia's island coasts,while India. Malaysia and Thailand canceled tsunami wanings early Tuesdry.The quake's magnitude was variously roported by monitoring agencics as 8.7 and 8.5. The US Geolagcal Survey reported the fommeraffer initia lly putting the magnitude at 8.2; the Pacific Tsunant Wating Cene tepored the bler.The main jolt was located wear the coast of northern Sumatr,about 200 kilometers(125 miles) west wihwest olSbulgs,arkl aboul 1,400 kilomelers (880 miles ) morthwed. ofJbart, lnuonesas capitaL The US. Geological Survey said the quake was 30 kilometers(20mies)decp The yuke sruckat 11 09p.m.(04:09p.mGMT.11:09a.mET)I waes fel in Iklonesin Maaysa. Singapore and as far hoeth as Banpkok, ThailandUnit4 Social BehaviorThe Men's Movement:What Does It Mean to Be a Man?As a result of the Women's Movenent. more wonen are working outside the tomme. and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of tbe tasks involved in child care and housework In add ition to these chanees irside the home men are today eniering occupations that used to be considered women's abs. Mare met are becoming nurses and teachers ofyoune chidren Other men are tind ire that they have moreComprehensive Acade mic Enghsh For Gadistes female colleagues and bosses at work than ever befbre. and they are having to adapt to women's styles of comnication and manacement,which can difter considerably fiom thoss of men. At work,as well aa at home. mry men todiy in miern North American socety have to plav very diffierent roles than their fathees did. They arc, as a resut, joining with other men in a countanovement called the Men's Movement to sek to provide one another with the support they ncod to cope with the roles cxpcetod of men in today's worldExacth what forns does the Men's Movement takeand what do men in the Men's Momeni hope to acheve try beine aclve n the movernent? To begn wilh. the Mien's Movement has nko unifed,mooolibic philoscplyAhhouth there re s muudber ofunifying tberpes, tbere are also some interestine differences among the basic groups associated with the Men's Mowement. Several writers who write about the Men's Movement have identified four besic rroups of men active in the movementThe first group is labelod the male feminists, and these men wock for women's rights and equshty between the sexes. Some of the men in ths first sroup are vocal ahout bhamirg other men li much of the violenoc against women and for the inoquality that cxists between men and women in telationships and the job market Not all memhers of the Men's Movenent, however, cosnier thin hist group of men to he an ntesral part ofthe Men's Movement. To be sure, the other three groups focus more on men's issues than do the so-called male feninists.The second orentation in the Men's Movement altracts men who join men's support groups to mect regularly and give and receive psschological sapport in dealing with problems created by the new roles they lave to play at hone and at work. These men are attcmpting to lcan to beter cxpress ther foelings and emotions, and to show sensitivity without being ashaumed. A third group in the Men's Movement corsists ofmen who want ko set back the power they fixl they have lost becun ofthe advances made by women as a result of the Women's Movemeut and feminist causes. They are nale actsts. Fnally, there is an appeach to the movement called the mytho-poetic Men's Movement The men involved in this aspect of the Men's Movement believe that men should be initiatod into manhood as men were initintod when pcople still lived in small tribes and bands in morc ancicnt culfures. This group initiates men using mythology, poetry (heree the name nrytho-poetic)and other ritunk, such as dancing. to explore and aftirm the value ofmasculinity and masculinc approaches to problem solving, Men who subscribe to this vicwpoint worry that too much contnct with women and too little contact with other men has tuuned men into weaklings or wimps.So,the Men's Movement is very diverse,A man who wanis to join the movement has many options of just bow be will explore the question"What does it mean to be a man in today's world?"Husbands and Wives:a Caller form NorthbridgeJ:And now some final calls for Shirley San Fader and "Wat a minte, You can't have it all" shesays to working women. Hello. M:Hi,Jery J: Yes,sir.M:Jerry, I'm calling firom Northbridge,and Shirlcy, hi, how are yous S: Hi.MThis is just one ofthose dnys where all day I've been getting what I need I tuan on the radio afierI'm done comg ny housework. and ! sot what l needed in the last ten mnutes l've lstened l willComprehensive Acade mic Enghsh For Gadisstesnever,ever subject mry wile to what she's been doing since we've been married for the last eight YeaTs.During the last year of our muriage,I wus the sole worker. She wus home due to, you know. nemployment.Twowocks after she started a joh, I was laid off And I just can't believe it- she would oome home and do this and then "Honey,honey-let me do it Let me do it." And now I'm siting in a little office that I had to create in my basement with -1 just can't believe all tho things that she acoomplishod cven when she was just home. It's completely overwhelming.: How old are you?M:Im thirty-fourShe's thitysix上Chiklren?M:Two tcenage girls. J:Right.M:Lucky us Ankl il's a lundfil An then, ofexunse, aller you'e aid off anl evenythirg ges fonbad to worse - the washing machine breaks. The dryer's fine, so I only have to waste an bou going to the lauelrornat to wash an then come back and dry, and you know il"s just one thing afer another. And I tell ber about how ny day went affer she comes hone,and sbe says,"Houey remember when the washer broke before, when you were working?" And t's a real trip, and ! really underestinated -I don't know if underestimatod is the word - I teally took for granted all the thin.ss that were done aoumd here and- J:Are wou working yoursefnow?M:No,this is just it. Two wecks afer she got a job,l was laid ott, and row I'm home,and I don'tktow how she got it all done when she was working. She ws working and doing the housework and the laundry and doing this and taking the kids here and taking the kids there, and it just never ever ends S:Rig.And that's wly they arc so stressed. And that's wlry so many pcople have answered Jemy'squestians saying their sex life is nonexistent or we won't ask you M:Wellilis righl EKw.S:Because most men have no idea of how mwch there is to do, and the women up to now have beenaliad-they don't wanl lo rick the buul They think il's woing ko be a hasske, bul they haven' fet entitled,and tbe more they understand that their job is doing for their man, they vill feel more enliled.Far example,a man who is laid ofl as you are. has the time - when there's another navcheck coming in-he has the tinne to look fior an mpproprinte job. When a mn is the sole surrport and he has to put the brcad on the table this woek, he has to take any kind of job he could possibly get and so her paycheck saves him from that - nicer things.When men come home now and tell their wives about their day, the wman is out there in the world, too. She really can wnderstand They arc more tcammates.The marriagc has more support going when they are both supporting the family and both tak ing care of it.。

Unit 1 Presenting a SpeechRoad BuildingGood morning, everyone. Today I'l l be talking about the relationship between r oa d building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States' economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton.Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand for grain almost doubled. For this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well.During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities.At first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive to move the goods by road. So, farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time, there was only one continuous road that existed in the US. It ran from north to south along country roads, which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time, the first east-to-west roads were built. They were called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Eventually, because of the booming trade of grain and cotton, a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns. Although traveling was still costly for farmers, they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period.The Mississippi River in AmericaGood afternoon. Today we’re going to talk about the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers, or about one-eighth of the entire continent. The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico.TheMighty Mississippi, as it is affectionately known, flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source. With its tributaries, the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.As everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United States.The Mississippi River is also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river. These four ways are: flood ways,dams, levees and reservoirs. I'll discuss each of these here.Floodways are the first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River, which help prevent flooding effectively.The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are built across a river to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River. Dams control the water by holding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it.Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river. They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river. There are more than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River.In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water. They have two functions. One is to hold water, and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River.Unit 2 Energy ConservationAn Eyewitness to Changes in China(Y: Yang Rui, anchor of Dialogue, CCTV-9R: Sidney Rittenberg, president of Rittenberg Associates, Incorporated. )Y: Mr. Rittenberg, you are a successful businessman and also a big name to the Chinese due to your close association with the first generation of the PRC leaders. How do you look at the impact that that experience has had on your current perception of China's reform and development?R: I feel in my heart that what I’m doing today is a continuation of what I was tr ying to do in the that is, I had this ambition, this dream, from the time that I began studying Chinese at Stanford University in 1943，I had this dream of working to build bridges between Chinese people and American people, and to help them understand each other and cooperate together. And I tried to do that in the past, working in China in Mao’sday. And that's exactly what I'm trying to do today. I really think that what I'm doing today is more effective than what I was able to do in the past.Y: At that time many foreigners came to China, but you were among the very few who got close to the Communist Party of China.R: You know, it’s quite obvious to me that the only reason that the Communist Party of China was able to win in the final stages of the Civil War is because of their extremely close relations with the people. The Chinese people that came to know them, trusted them and considered them their representatives. This small peasant army led by Mao Zedong had no tanks, no big guns, no planes, and was greatly outnumbered by the opposition, which was the most powerful armed force in Asia after the Second World War. And yet in only three and a half years, the Nationalists were completely defeated and driven off to the island province of Taiwan. Why? Because the ties that the Communists had with the Chines e people were unbreakable. They had their trust.They had their confidence and support. And that was something that the Nationalists were not able to get.You know, the Revolutionary Army was a poor army, even in terms of the food they got. The soldiers had grass sandals that they made themselves along the march. But what made them do it? The fact that they had a vision. They believed that they were fighting for their land, for their family to have their own farmland, and for a fair government that would listen to the people and do what they needed. So this is the only explanation I can think of for why they were able to win.Y: In the Long March you just talked about, the Communist army had to overcome extreme difficulties. But in the new Long March of modernization today, we are also facing difficulties, though very different. What’s your view of this new Long March? R: I agree with calling this a new Long March, only the barriers are very different. Those barriers were certainly very grim and threatening. Some of these barriers look very good and inviting but actually they are not. I mean, in the days before and during the Long March, the leaders had the task of studying the Chinese reality and getting everybody that they could influence to study reality and from it to derive a set of policies, practical strategies to guide everybody. So people had a shared vision and dream. They were motivated by this common dream to work together. And I think, during the current Long March of modernization, China would need to do the same thing, to gradually study Chinese reality and develop a set of strategies, a common vision and a set of values that most people will share. And then you'll find that you don't have a problem of disconnection between the central government and local governments, or a problem of a big gap between city and country life.Y: Still, people are wondering in this country why we were able to live with poverty but have problems living with the new wealth.R: Again it’s the lack of a practical, down-to-earth, realistic vision that everyone shares, in my opinion. I remember after the “Great Leap Forward” when there was a famine, many, many people in Beijing, including government workers, professors in schools, their faces were swol len because people weren’t getting enough food. But nobody admitted that it was because of malnutrition. No one said, “It’s because we don’t have enough food.” You know, I personally don’t think that, for most people, they wer emotivated just for a distant future dream of Communism. It was because of what the new government had actually already done for the people: workers got their eight hoursa day, farmers got their own land for the first time, the public health campaigns, etc.These things raised the standards of living, especially during the first five or six years from 1949 to 1955. Tremendous social changes made people feel, "This is my government, they represent my interests, they bring me real benefits.”Y: What lessons do you think we should draw from the Cultural Revolution?R: Well, I think the Cultural Revolution pointed out one fact, which actually was articulated by Deng Xiaoping in his interview after the Cultural Revolution with an American correspondent. He said that any government that doesn’t succeed in making life better for most people in China year by year is not going to succeed. And I think that was the lesson that was taught: it’s not enough just to have growth of the economy, you’ve got to make people fe el that you represent their interests and you are working for them.Y: Besides making people’s life better, there is another core idea of Deng Xiaoping’s theory, that is, the emancipation of people’s mind.R: I think the emancipation of the followed the Cultural Revolution is equally important to the development of the market economy in China today. But compared to the economic reform, I think the emancipation of the mind hasn’t gone far enough. There’s still the shadow of the old feudalistic habits of governments and individuals in their thinking and in their relationships. When I say a common vision, I don't mean a political code that everyone recites. I mean a feeling that we are working together to build a common society that’s more or less represented b y the eight lines that were raised by President Hu Jintao, the moral code.Talk with “Harry Potter” –Daniel Radcliffe Answers Questions formFansQ: How does it feel to work with the same group of actors and actresses again?A: It always feels good working with Emma, Rupert, Tom and Matthew. We have become very good friends and as this is now the third film we have made together our relationships just get stronger.Q: Are you going to work on any more Harry Potter films?A: At the moment I am working on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and I will certainly make Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. After that? Who knows?Q：I really want to know how you manage to do everything you do.A: I manage to fit in a lot of things thanks to the brilliant organization on the film set, by my tutors who receive a lot of support from my school, and also because I have great friends who I see regularly. I can keep up to date with everything that is going on at my old school via e-mail or text messaging.Q: Rupert seems to do other movies besides Harry Potter. I wonder if you or Emma has plans to do other movies besides Harry Potter?A: As I film practically every day on the movie, it is pretty impossible to fit in other filmsbetween times. However, last year I was a ble to appear as the “surprise guest” in The Play That I Wrote in the West End directed by Kenneth Branagh. It was great fun and the first time I had been on stage!Q: Have you found that people treat you and your new-found celebrity differently in foreign countries?A: I am always completely overwhelmed by the reception I receive when I visit different countries. People are always extremely kind, warm and generous and I feel very privileged to have visited so many countries and seen some of the most amazing sights in the world.Q: How does working with the new director (Alfonso Cuaron) compare with your experience with Chris Columbus?A: First of all, I consider myself very lucky to have worked with two great directors on these films. Chris is, without doubt, the most energetic director I have ever met. He was amazing in keeping us motivated and in encouraging us every step of the way. Alfonso on the other hand directs in a more intense way. The scenes in this film are some of the most passionate and emotion al I have ever worked on, and Alfonso’s style has been very helpful to me.Q: Have you ever felt like you wanted to go back to your normal life, instead of being famous?A: As far as I am concerned I am a normal person. I go back to school when I am not filming, I go out with my friends, I go to the cinema —all the normal things that teenagers do. There is an assumption that I cannot leave my house without being hounded — that is not the case. I am able to do many more things than people think I can.Q: What did it feel like to talk to Dobby the computerized house elf? Is it hard to remember your lines?A: I loved doing the Dobby scenes. I talked to an orange ball at the end of a stick. It was very detailed work because as he bounced around I had to ensure that my eyeline was in exactly the right position. It was demanding, but when I saw the end result I was really pleased.Q: What are your favorite things to do during your time off?A: I am absolutely obsessed with film and music. I am learning the bass guitar and it goes everywhere with me. Also, I have a portable DVD player, which travels with me with a large supply of films. These two things occupy most of my spare time.Q: Are you a football (soccer) fan? If so, of what team?A: I don’t really play foot ball but I support Fulham as I live very close to the ground.Unit 3 TrafficDriving While on a Cell Phone Worse Than Driving While Drunk21:44:27 EDT June 29, 2006Thursday, June 29 —Maneuvering through traffic while talking on the phone increases the likelihood of an accident five-fold and is actually more dangerous than driving drunk, U.S. researchers report.That finding held true whether the driver was holding a cell phone or using a hands-free device, the researchers noted.“As a society, we have agr eed on not tolerating the risk associated with drunk driving,” said researcher Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Utah. “This study shows us that somebody who is conversing on a cell phone is exposing him or herself and others to a similar risk — cell phones actually are a higher risk,” he said.His team’s report appears in the summer issue of the journal Human Factors.In the study, 40 people followed a pace car along a prescribed course, using a driving simulator. Some people drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated while drunk (meaning their blood-alcohol limit matched the legal limit of 0.08 percent), and others drove with no such distractions or impairments.“We found an increased accident rate when peopl e were conversing on the cell phone,” Drews said. Drivers on cell phones were 5.36 times more likely to get in an accident than non-distracted drivers, the researchers found.The phone users fared even worse than the inebriated, the Utah team found. There were three accidents among those talking on cell phones — all of them involving a rear-ending of the pace car. In contrast, there were no accidents recorded among participants who were drunk, or the sober, cell-phone-free group.The bottom line: Cell-phone use was linked to “a significant increase in the accident rate," Drews said.He said there was a difference between the behaviors of drunk drivers and those who were talking on the phone. Drunk drivers tended to be aggressive, while those talking on the phone were more sluggish, Drews said.In addition, the researchers found talking on the cell phone reduce reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up speed after braking. "This is significant, because it has an impac t on traffic as a system,” Drews said. “If we have drivers who are taking a lot of time in accelerating once having slowed down, the overall flow of traffic is dramatically reduced,” he said.In response to safety concerns, some states have outlawed the use of hand-held cell phones while driving. But that type of legislation may not be effective, because the Utah researchers found no difference in driver performance whether the driver was holding the phone or talking on a hands- free model.Quake Kills at Least 300 on Indonesian IslandVice President Says up to 2,000 Could Be Dead(CNN) —A major earthquake struck off the west coast of Indonesia late Monday killing hundreds, but fears of another tsunami like those that devastated the region in late December have faded.On Indonesia’s Nias Island at least 300 people died and hundreds more were reported injured ortrapped, said government spokesman Agus Mendrova.But international news agencies are reporting that between 1,000 and 2,000 people may have been killed on Nias Island.It is predicted and it’s still a rough estimate — that the number of the victims of dead may be between 1,000 and 2,000," Vice President Jusuf Kalla told the el-Shinta radio station, according to The Associated Press.Between 500 and 1,000 homes were destroyed, and the island’s public market was ablaze, Mendrova said.Between 10,000 and 15,000 people ran to hilltops for safety in case of a tsunami, Mendrova said. Many of the doctors and nurses who normally would staff the hospital fled to higher ground.“We have not heard of any tsunami hitting anywhere,” Jan Egeland, the U.N. emergency relief coordinator, told CNN from New York nearly six hours after the temblor struck.Still, Egeland said, the earthquake itself was responsible for casualties on islands close to the epicenter.Dozens of aid officials met overnight in Sumatra to plan a course of action after daylight breaks in the region, Egeland said.There was a report of heavy damage on Simeulue Island in Indonesia, said Bernd Schell, headof tsunami operations for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.Speaking from southern Aceh, Schell said “heavy, heavy shaking” lasted about three minutes.Based on the size of the earthquake, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration initially urged residents within 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) of the epicenter to evacuate coastal regions.But no tsunamis were reported along Indonesia’s island coasts, while India, Malaysia and Thailand canceled tsunami warnings early Tuesday.The quake’s magnitude was variously reported by monitoring agencies as 8.7 and 8.5. The U.S. Geological Survey reported the former after initially putting the magnitude at 8.2; the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center reported the latter.The main jolt was located near the coast of northern Sumatra, about 200 kilometers (125 miles) west northwest of Sibolga, and about 1,400 kilometers (880 miles) northwest of Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital. The U.S. Geological Survey said the quake was 30 kilometers (20 miles) deep.The quake struck at 11:09 p.m. (04:09 p.m. GMT, 11:09 a.m. ET). It was felt in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and as far north as Bangkok, Thailand.Unit 4 Social BehaviorThe Men’s Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?As a result of the Women’s Movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of the tasks involved in child care and housework. In addition to these changes inside the home, men are today entering occupa tions that used to be considered women’s jobs. More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Other men are finding that they have morefemale colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to wom en’s styles of communication and management, which can differ considerably from those of men. At work, as well as at home, many men today in modern North American society have to play very different roles than their fathers did. They are, as a result, joining with other men in a countermovement called the Men’s Movement to seek to provide one another with the support they need to cope with the roles expected of men in today’s world.Exactly what forms does the Men’s Movement take, and what do men in the Men’s Movement hope to achieve by being active in the movement? To begin with, the Men’s Movement has no unified, monolithic philosophy. Although there are a number of unifying themes, there are also some interesting differences among the basic groups associa ted with the Men’s Movement. Several writ ers who write about the Men’s Movement have identified four basic groups of men active in the movement.The first group is labeled the male feminists, and these men work for women’s rights and equality between the sexes. Some of the men in this first group are vocal about blaming other men for much of the violence against women and for the inequality that exists between men and women in relationships and the job market. Not all members of the Men’s Movement, however, consider this first group of men to be an integral part of the Men’s Movement. To be sure, the other three groups focus more on men’s issues than do the so-called male feminists.The second orientation in the Men’s Movement attracts men who join men’s su pport groups to meet regularly and give and receive psychological support in dealing with problems created by the new roles they have to play at home and at work. These men are attempting to learn to better express their feelings and emotions, and to show sensitivity without being ashamed. A third group in the Men’s Movement consists of men who want to get back the power they feel they have lost because of the advances made by women as a result of the Women’s Movement and feminist causes. They are male activists. Finally, there is an approach to the movement called the mytho-poetic Men’s Movement. The men involved in this aspect of the Men’s Movement believe that men should be initiated into manhood as men were initiated when people still lived in small tribes and bands in more ancient cultures. This group initiates men using mythology, poetry (hence the name mytho-poetic), and other rituals, such as dancing, to explore and affirm the value of masculinity and masculine approaches to problem solving. Men who subscribe to this viewpoint worry that too much contact with women and too little contact with other men has turned men into weaklings or wimps.So, the Men’s Movement is very diverse. A man who wants to join the movement has many options of just how he wi ll explore the question, “What does it mean to be a man in today’s world?”Husbands and Wives: a Caller form NorthbridgeJ: And now some final calls for Shirley Sloan Fader and “Wait a minute. You can’t have it all,” she says to working women. Hello.M: Hi, Jerry.J: Yes, sir.M: Jerry, I’m calling from Northbridge, and Shirley, hi, how are you?S: Hi.M: This is just one of those days where all day I’ve been getting what I need. I turn on the radio after I’m done doing my housework, and I got what I needed in the last ten minutes I’ve listened. I willnever, ever subject my wife to what she’s been doing since we’ve been married for the last eight years.During the last year of our marriage, I was the sole worker. She was home due to, you know, unemployment. Two weeks after she started a job, I was laid off. And I just can’t believe it— she would come home and do this and then “Honey, honey —let me do it. Let me do it.” And now I’m sitting in a little office that I had to create in my basement with — I just can’t believe all the things that she accomplished even when she was just home. It’s completely overwhelming.J: How old are you?M: I’m thirty-four. She’s thirty-six.J: Children?M: Two teenage girls.J: Right.M: Lucky us. And it’s a handful. And then, of course, after you’re laid off and everything goes from bad to worse —the washing machine breaks. The dryer’s fine, so I only have to waste an hour going to the laundromat to wash and then come back and dry, and you know it’s just one thing after anothe r. And I tell her about how my day went after she comes home, and she says, “Honey, remember when the washer broke before, when you were working?” And it’s a real trip, and I really underestimated —I don’t know if underestimated is the word — I really took for granted all the things that were done around here and —J: Are you working yourself now?M: No, this is just it. Two weeks after she got a job, I was laid off, and now I’m home, and I don’t know how she got it all done when she was working. She was working and doing the housework and the laundry and doing this and taking the kids here and taking the kids there, and it just never ever ends.S: Right. And that’s why they are so stressed. And that’s why so many people have answered Jerry’s questions say ing their sex life is nonexistent or we won’t ask you.M: Well, it is right now.S: Because most men have no idea of how much there is to do, and the women up to now have been afraid —they don’t want to rock the boat. They think it’s going to be a hassle, but they haven’t felt entitled, and the more they understand that their job is doing for their man, they will feel more entitled.For example, a man who is laid off, as you are, has the time —when there’s another paycheck coming in — he has the time to look for an appropriate job. When a man is the sole support and he has to put the bread on the table this week, he has to take any kind of job he could possibly get, and so her paycheck saves him from that — nicer things. When men come home now and tell their wives about their day, the woman is out there in the world, too. She really can understand.They are more teammates. The marriage has more support going when they are both supporting the family and both taking care of it.。

学术英语视听说1听力原文Today I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old his father sent him to military school in France. N. was not a very good student in most of his classes but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old he joined the French army. In that year 1785 he began the military career that would bring him fame power riches and finally defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. N. had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804 at the age of 35 he became the first emperor of the France.N. was many things. He was first of all a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result N. won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe but some countries including England Russia and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat—“his end” came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia he lost most of his army. The great French conqueror died alone—deserted by his family and friends in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died.。