aerobic

开合跳动作要领：并腿跳起，分腿落地，再由分腿跳起，并腿落地。

主要作用：增强心肺系统（improve your cardiovascular system）、减重（lose weight）。

下蹲动作要领：身体要保持笔直，臀部向后撅。

主要作用：使下肢更健美（tone the legs）、提臀（lift the butts）。

高抬腿动作要领：上半身挺直，腿抬到水平。

主要作用：增强下肢（lower limbs）的灵活性（flexibility）和力量（power）。

平板支撑以及它的各种变形动作要领：身体保持一条直线，收腹。

主要作用：塑造腹肌（sculpt abs），缓解背痛（reduce back pain）。

小燕飞动作要领：双腿抬起高度不超过臀，保持动作时间尽量长。

主要作用：缓解腰痛（relieve lower back pain）、颈部酸痛（neck pain）。

俯卧撑动作要领：身体保持直线，收腹。

主要作用：增强臂力（improve arm strength）、锻炼胸肌（build pectoral muscles）。

波比动作要领：深蹲（squat）、俯卧撑（push-up）及跳跃（jump）四个动作的连续重复。

主要作用：燃脂（burn fat），增加全身力量。

俄式转体动作要领：悬空身体，收腹转体。

主要作用：减腰部赘肉（lose love handles）。

直角坐墙动作要领：背部贴墙，身体下滑至大腿与地面平行，保持悬空。

主要作用：瘦大腿（slim down the thighs）。

臀桥动作要领：提臀后静止几秒，缓慢放下，手臂和上背不可借力。

主要作用：使臀部更紧实（firm the glute），预防腰痛。

用英语聊健身万一遇到健身的外国小伙伴，学好下面的健身英语，就可以随便搭讪哟！►Workout这个词指持续一段时间的体育锻炼，也可以用作复数，如chest workouts, shoulder workouts。

AerobicsAerobic is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment. With the goal of preventing illness and promoting physical fitness, practitioners perform various routines comprising a number of different dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity. Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer a variety of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class.Contents1 History2 Aerobic gymnasticsHistoryBoth the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper, M.D., an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. Dr. Cooper, an avowed exercise enthusiast, was personally and professionally puzzled about why some people with excellent muscular strength were still prone to poor performance at tasks such as long-distance running, swimming, and bicycling. He began measuring systematic human performance using a bicycle ergometer, and began measuring sustained performance in terms of a person's ability to use oxygen. His groundbreaking book, Aerobics, was published in 1968, and included scientific exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. The book came at a fortuitous historical moment, when increasing weakness and inactivity in the general population was causing a perceived need for increased exercise.Aerobic gymnasticsAerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, is a type of competitive aerobics involving complicated choreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements ofaerobics.[1] Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements: dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory: four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed: push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as handsprings, handstands, back flips, and aerial somersaults are prohibited. Scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines. Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an Olympic sport.Best wishesBy Phoebe。

游泳训练计划英文术语英文回答：Swim Training Plan Glossary.Aerobic: Refers to activities that use oxygen to generate energy. In swimming, aerobic workouts typically involve sustained swimming at a moderate intensity for extended periods, such as 30-60 minutes.Anaerobic: Activities that generate energy without using oxygen. Anaerobic workouts in swimming usually consist of short, intense bursts of swimming, such as sprints or interval training.Base Training: The foundation of a swim training plan that focuses on building endurance and aerobic capacity. It typically involves consistent, low-intensity swimming for longer distances.Cadence: The number of arm strokes taken per minute. Maintaining a consistent cadence helps improve efficiency and reduce fatigue.Distance: The total length of the swim workout. Distance is typically measured in meters or yards.Drill: A specific exercise that focuses on improving a particular aspect of swimming technique, such as body position, arm stroke, or kick.Fartlek: A type of interval training where the intensity and duration of the intervals vary. Fartlek workouts can help develop both endurance and speed.Heart Rate: The number of times the heart beats per minute. Monitoring heart rate during workouts helps ensure that the swimmer is training at the desired intensity.Interval Training: A training method that alternates between periods of high-intensity swimming and rest or recovery. Interval workouts can help improve speed,endurance, and power.Lactate Threshold: The point at which the body begins to accumulate lactate, a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Swimming at the lactate threshold helps improve the body's ability to tolerate lactic acid.Long Course Pool: A swimming pool that is 50 meters in length. Long course pools are used for international competitions and provide more space for longer swims.Masters Swimming: A competitive swimming program for adults over the age of 18. Masters programs offer opportunities for swimmers of all skill levels to stay active and improve their swimming.Overload: The principle of gradually increasing the intensity or volume of training to challenge the body and promote adaptations.Periodization: The organization of a swim training plan into cycles that focus on different aspects of training,such as base training, speed development, and tapering.Power: The ability to generate force and speed. Power training in swimming involves performing drills and exercises that focus on improving the swimmer's propulsion through the water.Recovery: The time between swim workouts or intervals when the body rests and repairs itself. Adequate recoveryis essential for preventing injuries and ensuring optimal performance.Rest: The period of complete relaxation during a swim workout or interval. Rest allows the swimmer to recover energy and prepare for the next bout of swimming.Short Course Pool: A swimming pool that is 25 meters in length. Short course pools are commonly used for national and regional competitions.Speed Training: The development of the ability to swim at high velocities. Speed training involves performingrepeated sprints and other drills that focus on explosive movements.Stroke: The specific arm movements used to propel the swimmer through the water. There are four main strokes in swimming: freestyle (front crawl), backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly.Tapering: A reduction in training intensity and volume leading up to a major competition. Tapering allows the swimmer to rest and recover while maintaining fitness.Tempo: The pace at which a swimmer executes aparticular stroke. Maintaining a consistent tempo helps improve efficiency and reduce fatigue.Volume: The total amount of swimming completed in a workout or training plan. Volume is typically measured in meters or yards per session or week.Warm-up: A gradual increase in activity that prepares the body for the swim workout. Warm-up exercises typicallyinclude light swimming, stretching, and dynamic movements.Workout: A structured swimming session that includes specific drills, sets, and distances. Workouts can be designed to target different aspects of swimming performance, such as endurance, speed, or technique.中文回答：游泳训练计划术语。

好氧不产氧光合异养细菌的研究进展摘要：好氧不产氧光合异养细菌（aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs ， AAP ）在海水系统和淡水系统的细菌群体中占有很大的比例。

它们生存在极端环境下：温泉、强酸碱水、高浓度有毒金属水中。

它们可能由紫色非硫细菌进化而来，对一个含氧环境的小生境进行光合作用，进行氧气依赖性的光合作用。

尽管现在提出了很多研究方法，但是对于好氧不产氧光合异养细菌仍处于初级阶段。

最新的研究结果指出在好氧不产氧光合异养细菌中，细菌叶绿素α合成同时需要氧气和大量类胡萝卜素。

目前，关于好氧不产氧光合异养细菌的研究仍需继续。

关键词：好氧不产氧光合异养细菌（AAP）紫色非硫细菌（PNSB）前言好氧不产氧光合异养细菌（aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs ，AAP）是一类在有氧条件下产生细菌叶绿素α的细菌。

AAP在约40年前被Shiba T等人在海洋环境中发现【1~3】，不久之后，Yurkov VV等人先后在热温泉中也发现了AAP【4~9】。

从此以后，人们开始研究AAP。

在后来的研究中，在海洋、淡水湖、世界各地的河流，甚至高浓度盐碱水【10】。

不同于其他的异氧光合细菌，AAP在生长和光合电子传递时都需要氧的参与。

它们可以通过光合作用补充能量，维持自身生存，这一特性使AAP比其他异养生物具有更强的适应能力。

最主要的光捕获元素是BChl a，BChl a参与组成反应中心（RC）和光捕获（LH）复合体，这一点与紫色非硫细菌（purple non-sulfur bacteria，PNSB）相似。

AAP他们进行好氧不产氧的过程与PNSB相似，但是它们不固碳，因为它们缺少卡尔文循环的关键酶——RUBISCO【11~13】。

最低水平的固碳作用可以通过TCA循环的补体反应实现，但是产生的产物不足以维持细菌的生长【13】。

从生物进化的角度来看，AAP很可能是由PNSB或者非光养变形菌属细菌进化而来。

好氧池中的菌种类型
好氧池是一种用于废水处理的设施，其中存在着多种类型的微
生物，特别是细菌。

这些微生物在废水处理过程中起着至关重要的
作用。

以下是一些在好氧池中常见的菌种类型：
1. 好氧菌（Aerobic Bacteria），这是一类需要氧气来生存和
繁殖的细菌。

它们通过氧化废水中的有机物质来产生能量，并将其
转化为二氧化碳和水。

好氧菌在好氧池中起着关键作用，帮助降解
废水中的有机物质。

2. 硝化细菌（Nitrifying Bacteria），这些细菌能够将废水
中的氨氮转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐，从而将有毒的氨氮去除，减少
对水体的污染。

硝化细菌通常生长在好氧池的上层，因为它们需要
氧气来进行代谢活动。

3. 硝化脱氮细菌（Denitrifying Bacteria），这些细菌能够
利用硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子受体，将其还原为氮气，从而完成
脱氮过程。

这有助于减少水体中的氮污染，并维持水体的生态平衡。

4. 铵氧化细菌（Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria），这些细菌
能够将废水中的铵盐氧化成硝酸盐，起到类似硝化细菌的作用，帮助净化水体。

好氧池中的这些菌种类型相互配合，共同完成废水处理过程中的氮、磷和有机物质的去除，从而净化水体，保护环境。

因此，了解好氧池中的菌种类型对于废水处理工程至关重要。

1.What is aerobic exercise? What are the benefits of aerobic exercise?2.What is anaerobic exercise? What are the benefits of anaerobic exercise?3.Make a workout plan to improve your aerobic and anaerobic fitness.Definition:Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.[1] Aerobic literally means "living in air",[2] and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism.[3] Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time.[1] The intensity should be between 60 and 85% of maximum heart rate.When practiced in this way, examples of cardiovascular/aerobic exercise are medium to long distance running/jogging, swimming, cycling, and walking, according to the first extensive research on aerobic exercise, conducted in the 1960s on over 5,000 U.S. Air Force personnel by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper.[4][5]What Is Anaerobic Exercise?The term "anaerobic" means "in the absence of oxygen" or "without oxygen." During anaerobic exercise, your body's demand for oxygen is greater than the available oxygen supply. While aerobic exercise is fueled by oxygen, anaerobic exercise is fueled by energy stored in your muscles. Most anaerobic exercise is extremely high intensity, short duration exercise lasting from a few seconds to up to two minutes. This is in direct opposition to aerobic exercise, which involves sustained activity of moderate intensity.Benefits of Anaerobic ExerciseWhat are the benefits of anaerobic exercise? There are a number of benefits that can help improve your overall health.Improved Muscle StrengthShort, extremely intense bursts of exercise increases the amount of fast twitch muscle fiber in your body. Fast twitch muscle fiber is what your body calls on to give it that extra oomph when you need to perform some intense activity such as lifting a heavy object or putting on a burst of speed.Increases Muscle MassThe intense bursts of exercise required of the body during anaerobic exercise cause microtears in the muscles. It is the body's natural process of repairing these microtears that causes muscles to become stronger, more toned and larger.Increased MetabolismMuscle tissue is hungrier than fat. By boosting your muscle mass through anaerobic training, you will create hungrier tissue. Having more muscle tissue causes a boost in your metabolism. Additionally, muscles are hungrier in the hours following high-intensity anaerobic exercise. Your body will burn more fuel for several hours following a high-intensity exercise session as opposed to the amount of fuel your body burns at rest.Boosts Your VO2 MaxWhat is VO2 max? It is the highest amount of oxygen your body is capable of consuming during exercise. When you make anaerobic exercise a regular part of your exercise routine, this number is boosted. This is important because it gives you more oxygen availability for when your need to perform quick bursts of activity in your daily life. Increased VO2 max also improves your endurance for other activities, including aerobic activity.Decreases SorenessWhile the inevitable result of beginning a program of anaerobic exercise is post-exercise soreness, once anaerobic exercise becomes a regular part of your exercise routine, soreness is minimized. This is because regular anaerobic exercise improves your body's tolerance to the waste by-products of exercise such as lactic acid. It also improves your body's capacity to efficiently eliminate these by-products of exercise.Improves Your EnergyYour body relies on glycogen stored in your muscles as energy. Regular anaerobic exercise increases your body's capacity to store glycogen, giving you more energy when you need it.Increased Bone Strength and DensityNo exercise increases bone density more than anaerobic exercise. This is good news in the battle against osteoporosis that occurs as your body ages.Improves Joint ProtectionAdditional muscle strength and muscle mass translates to joint protection in your body. This can protect you from injury.Lowers Your Blood SugarEverything you eat is converted to sugar, which is then either burned immediately or stored in the muscles as glycogen or stored in the rest of your body as fat. If you require more glycogen for fuel, then your body converts more of your food intake into glycogen. Regular anaerobic exercise also helps to regulate insulin production, which helps you avoid spikes in your blood sugar.Improved Ability to Perform All of the Tasks Required of Your Daily LifeDaily life is easier when you are in shape. The improved strength and capacity for bursts of intense activity can make your life easier - from climbing stairs to doing heavy lifting.As you can see, anaerobic exercise has great benefits for your overall health. Before undertaking any exercise program, it's important that you check with your personal health care provider.。

有氧运动的定义及作用是什么？Sure! I'll start with an English response first, and then provide a Chinese version.Definition and Benefits of Aerobic ExerciseAerobic exercise, also known as cardio exercise, refers to any physical activity that increases your heart rate and breathing while using large muscle groups repetitively and rhythmically. These activities help improve the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, strengthening the heart and lungs. Some common examples of aerobic exercises include jogging, cycling, swimming, and dancing. The primary distinction between aerobic and anaerobic exercises is the presence of oxygen. Aerobic exercises rely on the continuous supply of oxygen to the muscles, while anaerobic exercises don't.The benefits of regular aerobic exercise are numerous. Firstly, it helps to improve overall cardiovascular health by increasing the heart's efficiency in pumping blood and the lungs' ability to oxygenate it. This, in turn, can lower the risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure, andstroke. Additionally, aerobic exercises are effective in managing weight by burning calories and increasing metabolism, making it an essential component of weight management and overall well-being. Moreover, engaging in regular aerobic exercise can enhance mood and reduce anxiety and depression due to the release of endorphins, the body's natural mood lifters.Furthermore, aerobic exercise is beneficial for improving endurance and stamina. It enhances the body's ability to utilize oxygen, leading to increased physical endurance. This is particularly beneficial for individuals participating in sports or other activities that require sustained energy output. Regular aerobic exercise also plays a crucial role in enhancing sleep quality and promoting better sleep patterns. It helps regulate circadian rhythms and may assist in combating sleep disorders such as insomnia.Aerobic exercise also contributes to overall mental health and cognitive function. Regular physical activity, including aerobic exercise, has been associated with improved cognitive function, memory, and overall brain health. This is due to the increased blood flow to the brain, which can result in improvedcognitive function and reduced risk of cognitive decline.In summary, aerobic exercise encompasses a wide range of activities that are vital for maintaining overall health and well-being. The benefits of aerobic exercise include improved cardiovascular health, weight management, enhanced mood, increased endurance, better sleep, and improved cognitive function. Therefore, incorporating regular aerobic exercise into your lifestyle is crucial for achieving and maintaining optimal health.有氧运动的定义及作用有氧运动，又称心血管运动，指的是任何能够增加心率和呼吸频率的体力活动，通过重复和有节奏地使用大肌肉群来提高心血管系统效率，从而强化心脏和肺部功能。

What are the health benefits of aerobic exercise?Nowadays, people tend to bustle with their work, to some extent, which results in their neglect of doing aerobic exercise. Actually, most of us have not find out aerobic exercise do good to the health. In my opinion, we might as well spend some time on aerobic exercise for the sake of health as drown ourselves in the work at the cost of health, fitness, and much more. But what are the health benefits of aerobic exercise that people have overlooked?First and foremost, there's some good news for people undergoing cancer treatment. In one study, aerobic exercise performed five days per week for 30-35 minutes for six weeks at 80% of maximal heart rate reduced fatigue in women being treated for cancer. In another study, 10 weeks of aerobic exercise at 60% of maximum heart rate for 30-40 minutes, four days per week, reduced depression and anxiety in female cancer patients. Although aerobic exercise isn't a panacea when it comes to cancer, this evidence suggests that it certainly can help.With regard to Osteoporosis, it is a disease characterized by low bone density, which can lead to an increased risk of fracture. However, doing aerobic exercise may increase bone density or at least slow the rate of decrease in both men and women. It may not work for everyone, and the precise amount and type of exercise necessary to accrue benefits is unknown, but there is evidence that it can help. For children, there is good news, too. It seems that active children have greater bone density than sedentary children and that this may help prevent fractures later in life.In addition, aerobic exercise is believed by many scientists to be the single best predictor of weight maintenance. You can lose weight without exercise by reducing your caloric intake enough so that you burn more calories than you consume, but it takes a regular dose of exercise to keep your weight off. Howmuch is not clear, but somewhere between 30 and 40 minutes of vigorous exercise several times per week, to 45 to 75 minutes of moderate intensity exercise five or more days per week is probably about right. Your mileage will vary, and so once you get to the weight that you want to be at you'll need to experiment with different amounts of exercise until you find the one that works for you. In some way, aerobic exercise definitely burns lots of calories, which is pretty beneficial to obesity and weigh control.What’s more, aerobic exercise can affect cognitive function in accordance with one scientific research. It has been shown in rats that use of a running wheel every day stimulates new brain cells to grow in as few as 12 days. Brain cells in humans can't be studied directly, but what has been shown is that rates of dementia are lower in older individuals who exercise three or more times per week compared with older adults who exercise fewer than three times per week. In some cases, the risk is 62% lower. Evidence is also accumulating that active individuals perform better on cognitive function tests such as tests of memory and spatial relations than sedentary individuals.According to what have been illustrated, it is apparent that aerobic exercise is exceedingly essential to the health both physically and mentally. In fact, busyness is not an excuse to keep you from doing aerobic exercise. Think of your health, everyday you spend some time on aerobic exercise, then you will find more health benefits come to you and your life will turn to be more dynamic as well as wonderful.。