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Characterization of limonitic laterite and solids during sulfuric

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Technical NoteCharacterization of limonitic laterite and solids during sulfuric acid pressure leaching using transmission electron microscopyD.Georgioua,*,V.G.PapangelakisbaDepartment of Environmental Engineering,Demokritos University of Thrace,Xanthi 67100,GreecebDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Applied Science,University of Toronto,200College Street,Toronto,ON,Canada M5S 3E5Received 22May 2003;accepted 26October 2003AbstractThis technical note summarizes the results from a mineralogical analysis of limonite and the solids produced during sulfuric acid pressure leaching,using transmission electron microscopy.The elemental composition was revealed by means of X-ray analysis while the crystallographic characterization was obtained using electron diffraction.Iron in the form of goethite (a -FeOOH)was the dominant phase of limonite forming needle-shape particles rich in nickel while aluminum existed mainly in gibbsite (Al(OH)3)particles.Cobalt was found to be associated with a manganese phase rich also in nickel.No structural changes were observed during heating the limonite slurry up to 270°C and before acid injection.Both Ni and Co were highly leachable in the manganese phase during sulfuric acid pressure leaching of the limonite.Ni was also highly leachable in the magnesium silicate structures that were present in minor amounts.Hematite was the only precipitation phase of iron forming spherical particles of a size of 0.1–0.3l m while;alunite was the only precipitation phase of aluminum.Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Extractive metallurgy;Hydrometallurgy;Leaching;Mineral processing;Ore mineralogy1.IntroductionNickel and cobalt extraction using sulfuric acid pressure leaching of limonitic laterites has become increasingly important the recent years.In depth min-eralogical analysis of limonitic laterite and the solids formed during leaching is crucial to the understanding of the physicochemical nature of leaching and the deri-vation of nickel and cobalt dissolution kinetic models.Transmission electron microscopy proved a very useful tool for the implementation of the above purpose.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsA limonitic laterite was utilized with the following elemental analysis:47.7%Fe, 3.13%Al, 1.47%Ni,0.12%Co and 0.67%Mg.2.2.LeachingLeaching tests were performed using an acid leaching pilot-plant that employed continuously agitated reac-tors in the form of a multi-compartment horizontal autoclave.The leaching conditions were pulp density:30%,temperature:270°C and acid to ore ratio:0.2.Samples from the solids during heating of the slurry and before acid injection were withdrawn at 165,225and 270°C.Following acid injection,solids were also withdrawn from the first compartment of the autoclave.2.3.Transmission electron microscopyAnalysis of the samples took place utilizing a Transmission Electron Microscope (Philips EM 430)operating at 100kV.High magnification and resolution photos of the solids were obtained by the use of the above technique.The elemental composition of the solids was revealed using X-ray analysis while the min-eralogical composition was obtained using electron dif-fraction analysis.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+30-2541-28865;fax:+30-2541-79376.E-mail address:dgeorgio@env.duth.gr (D.Georgiou).0892-6875/$-see front matter Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2003.10.015Minerals Engineering 17(2004)461–463This article is also available online at:/locate/mineng3.Results and discussion 3.1.LimoniteThe iron phase of goethite was found to be the dominant phase of limonite.Images of goethite at low and high magnification are shown in Fig.1.Goethite forms needle-shape particles rich in Ni while;Al and Cr constitute also part of the goethite lattice.Aluminum exists mainly in the form of relatively big gibbsite particles while cobalt was found to be associ-ated only with a manganese phase of a poor crystallin-ity.The latter phase was also rich in Fe and Ni;Al also existed in minor amount.Electron diffraction analysis also revealed the pres-ence of silica in significant amounts,chromite rich in aluminum,amorphous magnesium silicate structures rich in Fe and Ni in minor amounts and finally,mag-netite also in minor amounts.Table 1summarizes the main elements and the respective mineralogical phases found in limonite.3.2.Solids before acid injectionSolids were withdrawn during heating of the slurry at 165,225and 270°C.All the above mineralogical phases were also found in these samples.No elemental or structural change was observed in any mineralogical phase during heating of the limonitic slurry.3.3.Leaching solidsA sample from the first compartment of the autoclave was withdrawn during leaching.The dominant phases of this sample were goethite and hematite,which was theonly precipitation phase of iron.A low and a high magnification photo of a mixture of goethite with hematite particles are shown in Fig.2.Hematite formed spherical particles of a size of 0.1–0.3l m.Alunite was the only precipitation phase of alumi-num.Alunite was found to form big structures as the ones shown in Fig.3(some hematite particles were also entrapped).Chromite and silica particles were found unchanged however,magnesium iron silicate structures were found depleted of Ni;nickel in this phase proved highly leachable.Finally,nickel and cobalt also proved highly leachable in the manganese phase too;manganese structures were identified depleted of both Ni andCo.Fig.1.Images of goethite particles at a low and a high magnification (limonite).Table 1Main elements and the respective mineralogical phases in limonite Element Mineralogical structureFeGoethite (a -FeOOH)Chromite (FeCr 2O 4)Magnesium iron silicate (amorphous)Magnetite (Fe 3O 4)AlGibbsite (Al(OH)3)Goethite (a -Al 1Àx Fe x OOH)Chromite (Al 1Àx Fe x Cr 2O 4)NiGoethite (a -FeOOH)Magnesium iron silicate (amorphous)Manganese particles Co Manganese particles Cr Chromite (FeCr 2O 4)Goethite (a -FeOOH)Si Silica (SiO 2)Magnesium iron silicate (amorphous)MgMagnesium iron silicate (amorphous)462 D.Georgiou,V.G.Papangelakis /Minerals Engineering 17(2004)461–4634.ConclusionsIn depth mineralogical analysis of limonitic laterite and the solids formed during sulfuric acid pressure leaching was obtained using transmission electron microscopy.Goethite (a -FeOOH)was the dominant phase of limonite forming needle-shape particles rich in nickel while;Al existed mainly in gibbsite particles.Co was found to be associated only with a manganese phase that was also rich in Ni.Both Ni and Co were highly leachable in the latter phase during sulfuric acid pressure leaching.Ni was also highly leachable in the magnesium silicate structures that were present in minor amounts.Hematite was the only precipitation phase of Fe formingspherical particles of a size of 0.1–0.3l m while;alunite was the only precipitation phase of Al.The above analysis proved crucial to the understanding of the physicochemical nature of leaching and the derivation of Ni and Co dissolution kinetic models.AcknowledgementsThe J.Roy Gordon Research Laboratory of INCO Ltd.and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)are gratefully acknowl-edged for their financialsupport.Fig.2.A mixture of goethite–hematite particles at low and high magnification (leachingsolids).Fig.3.Two different alunite structures (leaching solids).D.Georgiou,V.G.Papangelakis /Minerals Engineering 17(2004)461–463463。

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论伍慧明《骨》中文化身份的空间定位

论伍慧明《骨》中文化身份的空间定位

论伍慧明《骨》中文化身份的空间定位张 琴内容摘要：在美国华裔作家伍慧明的处女作《骨》中，空间书写是作者建构华裔文化身份的手段。

小说中不同世代或背景的华裔对于唐人街的不同态度，体现出他们在中美两种文化之间所做出的选择。

就小说而言，老一辈的华裔移民宁愿固守在唐人街的狭窄空间中，体现出他们对于中国文化传统的留恋。

新一代的华裔却对唐人街有着更为复杂的情感，两位妹妹在困境中选择了死亡或自我流放，体现了她们对于身份的困惑。

而小说的叙述者莱拉最终在出走和坚守之间做出妥协，选择在华人社区与白人社会接壤的边土地带生活。

因此，本文试图通过探讨不同人物的空间选择，深入剖析空间与文化身份之间的对应关系，以及边土地带对于华裔移民建构混杂性文化身份和主体性的重要意义。

关键词：伍慧明；《骨》；空间；文化身份；美国华裔文学；边土地带作者简介：张琴，华中师范大学外国语学院公共外语系副教授、英语文学方向博士研究生，主要从事美籍华裔文学研究。

基金项目：本文是2017 年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“当代美国华裔女性文学的空间诗学”（项目编号 17YJC752041）和华中师范大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目（项目编号CCNU19TD016）的阶段性成果。

DOI:10.16651/ki.fllr.2019.0036Title: The Spatial Positioning of Cultural Identities in BoneAbstract: In the novel Bone, Chinese American writer Fae Myenne Ng has employed the space as the major means to construct the Chinese American cultural identities. The Chinese immigrants from different generations and backgrounds take up diverse attitudes to the Chinatown, which reflect their choices between Chinese and American cultures. The first generation prefers to be confined to the Chinatown, which shows their attachment to traditional Chinese culture. The second generation, however, has more complicated feelings. Nina and Ona go to the extremes, while the narrator of Leila compromises and settles down in the borderland between Chinatown and American mainstream society. Thus this thesis attempts to explore the space writings and the profound meaning of borderland for constructing the Chinese American hybrid cultural identities and subjectivity.Key Words: Fae Myenne Ng; Bone; space; cultural identity; Chinese American literature; borderlandAuthor: Zhang Qin, Ph.D. candidate, is associate professor at the School of Foreign Languages, Central China Normal University (Wuhan 430079, China). Her recent research focuses on the Chinese American literature. E-mail: sereneworld@37张 琴：论伍慧明《骨》中文化身份的空间定位美国华裔作家伍慧明（Fae Myenne Ng）的处女作《骨》（Bone, 1993）以唐人街为故事背景，讲述了一个旧金山华人家庭如何面对女儿自杀的故事。

欧洲变种小词典

欧洲变种小词典

《欧洲变种小词典》几乎所有欧洲概念都有中国的COPY版或变种。

在此《欧洲变种小词典》中，可见我们是如何将别人的东西“发扬光大”的。

【Beatles 甲壳虫】①一支利物浦摇滚乐队的名字。

②一款汽车的型号，由德国大众公司推出。

③代表着1960年代摇滚乐精神的高峰。

[⊙中文jia ke chong]正成为一种精神缅怀，在中国为精英人物和知识阶层所喜好，它代表着复古与怀旧。

［⊙中文ben 【Benz 奔驰】①德国汽车公司戴姆勒—克莱斯勒出产的汽车型号。

②代表着汽车工业的豪华标准。

chi］在中国它是最显派的交通工具：～也许不够神秘、不够冷峻，但足够让人器重。

【Bohemian 波西米亚】①19世纪在捷克的一个流浪民族波西米亚。

②引申为一种自由流放的精神生活、一种想象力。

[⊙中文bo xi mi ya]21世纪的波西米亚却是物质丰裕者的专利，如今代表的却是从服饰到品位的定义。

【Bourgeois 布尔乔亚】①市民阶层，而那个时代拥挤、肮脏、潮湿、疫病横流的城市如今成为了资产阶级阶层荣耀。

[⊙中文bu'er qiao ya]转意成为关注细节、关注精神、梳理思想，自我欣赏和自我认同的行为模式。

【Italo Calvino 卡尔维诺】①意大利作家。

②一种特别的阅读体验，实际上还有博尔赫斯、纳博科夫。

他们的文字从小众传递到大众，从意大利、阿根廷、美国抵达中国，基本上是一种写作经验火炬的接力。

[⊙中文ka'er wei nuo]在中国被读者视为划清界线及身份认同的区分符号。

【Cambridge 康桥】①地理词，城市名，位于英国东南部，Cambridge大学所在地。

②象征意义，康桥的文化气氛和自然美景的完美融合，引领的是发掘人的灵性，达成天人合一的神境，是和“楼高车快”的现代生活相对立的精神世界。

[⊙中文kang qiao]徐志摩译出，并以《再别康桥》一诗让国人传颂。

如今，康桥更多地被译为剑桥，可以看出意境概念和文化概念的差异。

认知视角下隐喻翻译的归化与异化——以《劳拉原型》译本为例

认知视角下隐喻翻译的归化与异化——以《劳拉原型》译本为例

归结为两种 翻译方法——归化法和异 化法 。
２２ 归 化 法 和 异 化 法 ．
ｉ ｖ ｃ ｉｉ ． ｈ ａ ｅ ｉ ｏｐ ｏ ｅ ｉ ｔ ｈ ｈ ｉｅ ｏ ｒｎ ｌ ｔ ｅ ａ ｔ ｔ Ｔ ｅ ｐ ｐ ｒａｍｓｔ ｒ ｂ ｏ ｔ ｅ ｃ ｏ ｃ ｆ ａ ｓ－ ｉ ｖｙ ｎ ｔ ａｉ ｎ ｍｅ ｈ ｄ ｎ ｔａｅ ｉｓ ｆｏ ｔ ｅ ｃ ｇ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｓ ｅ ｔ ｅ， ｔ ｔ ｏ ｓ ａ ｄ ｓｒｔ ｇｅ ｒ ｍ ｈ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｐ ｒｐ ｃ ｉ ｏ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｅ ｌ ｅ ｒ ｍ ｈ ｔ ｐ ｏ ｒ ｎ ｌ ｔ ｎ ｉ ” ｈ ｉｉ ａ ｆ ｘ ｍｐ ｉ ｄ ｆｏ ｔ ｅ ｍｅ ａ ｈ ｒ ｔａ ｓａｉ ｎ Ｔ ｅ Ｏｒ ｎ ｌｏ ｉ ｆ ｏ ｇ
２ 隐喻 的翻译
２１ 隐 喻一 文 化 因 子 ．
关 键 词 归 化 异化 隐喻 认 知
Ｏｎ Ｄｏ ｅ ｔｃ ｔ ｎ ａ ｄ Ｆ ｒ ｉ ｎ ｚ ｔ ｎ ｏ ｅａ ｈ ｒ Ｔｒ － ｍ ｓ ａ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｅｇ ｉ ａ ｉ ｆ Ｍ ｔ ｐ ｏ ａ ｉ ｉ ｏ
为促进纯 正优美 中文的复兴发展 ，归化 翻译 也不失为一条 为 中文 “ 正名” 之路。在遇到翻译难题 时 ， 我们要特别注 意对 认知机制进行深人分析 ， 选取恰当的翻译方 法和策略 。
本文作者认为 ， 翻译 方法各有其优 缺点 ， 孰优 两种 没有
孰劣 ， 它们也并 不是 完全 对立 的 。译者在进行 隐喻翻译时 ，
解 。因此 ， 隐喻不仅仅是一种语言特征 ， 更是一个文化 因子 ， 它与其社会 文化 中的价值规范和认知观是基本 一致 的。 对 于隐喻的翻译 ， 说纷纭 。彼得 ・ 众 纽马克在其著作 中 提出 了七种隐喻翻译策略 ： 目的语 中再现 同一 喻体 ； 在 目的 语 中标准喻体代替源语 中的喻体 ；明喻代替隐喻 ，保 留喻 体； 明喻和喻底结合 ； 隐喻转化为喻底 ； 删略法 ； 隐喻 同喻底 相 结合（ ｅ ｍａ ， ０ １８ — １ 。这七种 翻译策略最终 可以 Ｎ ｗ ｒ ２０ ： ８ ９ ） ｋ
李笑来21――衍生词汇

李笑来21――衍生词汇

adversary逆境，苦难accusation罪名adversary敌手，对手deficit亏空额，赤字adversity意义相反的deterrent阻碍物（的）assemblage与会者；装配herder牧人assembly集会；装配maternity怀孕，产妇用的barter交易商maternalism纵容，溺爱defendant被告（的）matrilineal母系的diversion娱乐，消遣demobilize复员，遣散fanaticism狂信，狂热pryer窥探者imagist意象派regimentation编制；组织化logbook航海日志scenic景色优美的meteoric流星似的；迅速的slighting轻蔑无礼的missionary传教士（的）spun纺成的，拉丝的mosaicism镶嵌性spinning纺纱recognizance保证书（金）steerage统舱；操纵solvent溶解的，溶剂steerageway舵效速率strainer粗滤器televisual适于上镜的summitry最高级会议therapeutic疗法的tiled平铺的vitality活力，生命力aesthete唯美主义者aquatics水上运动bounded有界的acoustics声学cranium头颅craterlet小火山口definitive决定（性）的determinant决定因素flattish有点单调（呆）的fatalism宿命论flathead傻子，无知的人fungicide杀真菌剂humanitarian人道主义incongruity不调和，不相称maturity成熟完备integrity诚实，正直mothball樟脑球modal方式上的notation符号，标志法modeling造型术odds胜算；优劣之差odoriferous有气味的oxide氧化物rustler活跃分子promptly敏捷的，迅速的shuttlecock羽毛球shutter百叶窗sloper整坡机slipper拖鞋staffing安置职工stereophotograph 立体摄影spinal cord脊髓stemming堵塞物streambed河床stemmata家谱，血统subsidiary辅助的，补足的stratagem策略，谋略timbered森林的；木制的temper中和剂；调和剂timbering木材thereinafter在下文，以下treasury宝库，财政部towage牵引；拖船（费）trouper演员biter 咬人动物；骗子absenteeism 旷课；旷工deist 自然神论者domesticate 驯化embryonic 初期的，未发达的deliberative 考虑过的，慎重的flavouring 调味；佐料microcosm 微观世界，缩影intensify 加强officialism 官僚主义intensive 密集的possessed 着魔的，疯狂的looming 海市蜃楼recruiter 新兵notionalist 理论家sackcloth 麻布offending 不愉快的，厌恶的seepage 渗流orient 定向sightly 好看的reverd 受尊敬的splendor 光彩，壮观reverend 应受尊敬的sweatshop 血汗工厂seeming 表面（的）volatility 挥发性earthworm 蚯蚓sterilize 使绝育tameless 难驯养的；野性的thermal 热（量）的thermoset 热固性（的）tinplate 镀锡铁皮treaty 条约，协定，交涉trunkful 满箱，许多acreage 英亩数；面积agitate 煽动；热烈讨论aggress 攻击；侵略ancestress 女性祖先backgrounder 背景介绍会exterior 外部（的）blasted 枯萎的；被害的gravitation 地心引力cease-fire 停火limn 描绘，叙述uncritical 不加鉴别的microscopy 显微镜学dictator 独裁者ornate 装饰的，华美的dictatorial 专政的，独裁的periphery 边缘grazer 食草动物readily 容易地；不勉强地ionize 电离residency 住所；驻留期liner 班机signed 有符号的linen 亚麻布smokehouse 熏制室lineage 血统，世系，门第substantiate 证实，证明有根据modified 改良的sweeper 清道夫negligible 无足轻重的tendentious 有倾向性的novice 新手，初学者tanker 油轮patronage 赞助thinner 稀释剂piled 有细毛的volcanism 火山作用signify 表示，意味smoothy 举止优雅的人taproot 直根，主根vestigial 发育不全的，退化的shakeout 股票暴跌，轻经济衰退thermoplastic 热塑性物质absentee ballot 缺席选举人票self-consistent 无自我矛盾的damper 使人扫兴的事；制音器angular角的alarmism危言耸听；谎报confederate同盟者anonym匿名者dawning曙光anonymity匿名，无名guaranty担保物beaming发光的，笑容满面highlights集锦carbohydrate碳水化合物ironical啼笑皆非的carbonaceous含碳的maneuverable易操作的dazzle使目眩，使眼花accommondating乐助人的，顺应的medievalism中世纪精神modus方式，方法lumbering木材业module组件，模块，舱menifesto宣言，告示olfaction嗅觉nucleus核心，原子核resinoil树脂状的（物质）nucleic核的scrambler攀缘者；扰频器scrap碎屑，废料scrambling不规则性silicate硅酸盐的shedder脱落者stamping冲压smuggle走私，夹带，偷带stingy有刺的，吝啬的sparkle发火花，闪耀tragedian悲剧演员（作者）sparkplug激励，倡导sparking打火机entitle使有资格；给权利trafficable可通行的armory军械库academicals大学礼服careerist投机分子academician学会会员，院士density浓度，密度，比重distinguished卓越的，卓著的dilemmatic左右为难的elaborative认真做的，精致的distinctive独特的，有特色的fictive虚构的leasehold租来的；租得物hives麻疹，喉头炎lipide脂质，油脂leathertee人造革luminosity发光度outlet出口，出路militant好战的，斗志昂扬outlook展望，前景polarity极性pitcher大水罐，投手resolute坚决的，坚定地preservative防腐剂sanctimonious伪善的resonator共鸣器sanctum圣所，密室sandals凉鞋，便鞋snappy活泼的，敏捷的silversmith银匠snappish暴躁爱骂人的spawner产卵鱼snapshoot快镜拍摄tribute贡品；勒索款stipulation合约，条款tobacconist烟草店（商人）viability生存能力alkaloid含碱的；生物碱crocodile鳄鱼cablegram海底电报audiorium讲堂，礼堂coarsen变粗糙identity一致；同一性exertion努力，尽力legacy遗赠，传代物hollowware锅，碟子lithograph石版画，平板印刷ledgy突出物很多的mystical神秘的literate有学问的mystify使神秘化nutrient营养品，养分niched放在合适位置的pivotal中枢的；主要的opinionated固执己见的prospective将来的，未来的opinionative固执己见的railhead轨道终点reliant信赖的，依靠的referenced参考的，引用的respective各自的resourcefulness 足智多谋stocky矮胖的，结实的sanitary卫生的stockpile储备物资supremacy最高地位threshold开端，开始wanderlust流浪癖vigor精力，活力coherent紧密结合着的acclaimed受赞扬的coherence凝聚；统一antiquity古代，古物deceptive骗人的authentication鉴定，认证elevation正视图chunky矮胖的，结实的freighter货船crystalline水晶体的instantaneous立刻的，瞬间的geared连接的labellum唇瓣legislative立法的marginalia旁注，次要东西livestock家畜，牲畜mimicry模仿，仿造品luxuriate生活奢华，沉迷mimetic模仿的，模拟的mariner水手，船员obligatory必须的，强制的mercantile商业的paramountcy最高权威merchandize商品，货物pollinate授粉prevailing普遍的，流行的stomachic健胃的sealant密封胶stomachy易怒的，肚子大得solderer焊工subterranean地下的，地中的teargas催泪毒气tongued说话的throwaway可扔的，广告传单twined成双的，搓成的warehouse大零售店admittedly明白地circumference圆周bonded抵押的，有担保的collaborate合作，通敌composite合成物exotica舶来品；奇风异俗cubism立体派generator发电机declination下降；偏差minister牧师；部长；大臣descendant子孙，后代narrative描述的generalist多面手obsession摆脱不了的迷恋monstrous可怕的，凶恶的ovenproof耐热的observing注意周到的，敏锐shotcut近路plankton浮游生物solemn严肃的，庄严的refreshment点心；精力恢复spectral光谱的restorative有助恢复的square公正，诚实ridgepole栋梁sugarcane甘蔗saturant使饱和的，饱和剂tectonic构造的；建筑的sketchy书写的，肤浅的thumbtack图钉soldiery军人，军队训练tyranny残暴，暴政speck半点tyrannize施暴spectator观众surplusage剩余；冗词synchrotron同步加速器borderer边境居民thrusting自作主张的，无情discerning眼光敏锐的typifier典型代表者divergence分歧，分叉urbanite城市居民falconet小鹰zonal地区性的illusive虚假的，幻想的zonation成带（现象）rosy粉色的，乐观的joiner工匠larvicide杀幼虫剂proterozoic元古代（的）typecast铸字，浇字morale士气，民心junction接头，汇合处moralize说教，讲道lensing透镜化provincialism地方风尚lensed有透镜的slavish奴性的，无独创的minter造币工人soloist独奏者，独唱者moody喜怒无常的squatter擅自占地者obstruct妨碍，设障碍thwarter横越者preyer猛兽，猛禽thwartwise横着的raredied纯净的，稀薄的sessional开会的，开庭的solidarity团结一致aspiration愿望，抱负steadfastly坚持不变地bindery装订所，装订厂stouthearted刚毅坚强的charge充电，使饱和synthesizer合成物jolting震惊的lodging住处，存放处metabolite代谢物mavy海军norm规范，标准，定额provisionment粮食供应rumormonger造谣者soluble可溶的solute溶质suspender裤子背带theatrical戏剧性的visional幻想的touchy易怒的，暴躁的常见熟词僻义列表arrested不良的，滞留的arrested 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