高低语境_跨文化交际精选. - 副本

---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究_英语论文论文以中国和美国作为高低语境文化的代表，以霍尔高低语境文化理论为基础，尝试分析高低语境文化的特征和差异形成的原因，即修辞方式及文化心理、价值观、文学文本中的跨文化交际原则。

并通过三个具体案例分析两国文化之间的差异和可能出现的冲突和误解现象来对以上原因进行解释说明。

以此试图给英语学习者顺利进行跨文化交流提供一些建议，减少跨文化交流中的文化休克和误解现象。

6639关键词跨文化交流高语境文化低语境文化误解外文摘要Title Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans’ Intercultural Communication1 / 15AbstractBased on the concept of high-context and low-context cultures put forward by Edward Hall, this paper takes Chinese culture and American culture as representatives of high-context cultures and low-context cultures, aiming to analyze the differences of communication styles of these two cultures. It proclaims the probable culture conflicts that appear in the communication between these two cultures via case studies and tries to find out the reasons why these differences come into being, i.e. rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions. It is expected to provide suggestions for English learners on intercultural communication, reduce culture shock phenomenon, and promote smooth and friendly intercultural communication.Keywordsintercultural communicationhigh-context cultureslow-context culturesmisunderstandingTable of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 1Introduction... ..….11.1The Purpose of the Thesis….….11.2Structure of the ThesisChapter one begins with the introduction which talks about the research objective and method, and then introduces the structure of the paper.Chapter two is a brief review of studies on intercultural communication, and introduction of concepts of context. Different linguists have different idea about context, Halliday (1975) pided context into elements while Hall3 / 15(1976) regarded context as the whole environment of communication. This paper adopts Hall’s perspective.Chapter three is the introduction of the pision of cultures and intercultural communication: high-context culture and low-context culture, then introduces the differences between high-context and low-context cultures and some reasons that might cause those differences.Chapter four exemplifies the differences between high-context and low-context cultures via case study, and then tries to analyze the reasons for the differences.Last chapter serves as a conclusion. It points out the results of the paper, its significance and limitation.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------2Literature Review2.1 A Brief History of Intercultural CommunicationThe publishing of The Silent Language written by Edward Hall in 1959 is regarded as a start of intercultural communication researches. Intercultural communication can be defined as communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011). Intercultural communication can take place either between people from different countries, for example communication between Chinese and Americans, or between people from the same country, for example communication between American white men and native Indians (Hu Wenzhong, 2002). In academics, intercultural communication involves both communication between people from different nations that speak different5 / 15languages and have different cultural traditions, and communication between people from different nations that speak the same language but have different cultural traditions. Wang Zongyan said in Self-Conscious and Intercultural Communication published in 1993 that successful communication happens when you talk to others and others understand what you said, and communication failure happens when others cannot understand what you said.3High-context and Low-context Communication3.1 Definition of High-context and Low-context CommunicationHall (1976) pided cultures into two categories: high-context cultures and low-context cultures. A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------message. A low-context communication is just the opposite;i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. He maintains that although all cultures contain some characteristics of both high and low variables, most can be placed along a scale showing their ranking on this particular dimension (see Table 1). Table 1 shows clearly that Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Native Americans are representatives of high-context cultures; German, Swiss, and American are representatives of low-context cultures.In high-context cultures, people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like. High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. These are cultures in which consistent responses to the environment. “As a result,” Hall (1990) says, “for most normal transactions in daily life they do not require, nor do they expect, much in-depth, background information.” Meaning, therefore, is not necessarily contained in words.7 / 15In high-context cultures, information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an inpidual’s informal friends and associates. In high-context cultures, so much information is available in the environment that it is unnecessary to verbalize everything. For instance, statements of affection, such as “I love you,” are rare because the message is conveyed by the context (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011).In addition to differences in nonverbal communication, there are other manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence communication, including:1.Whether the way of expression speakers use is vague---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ and causes difficulties for listeners.2.Whether the message form can explain reference of one communication specifically.3.Whether the message form can explain communicative intention accurately.4.Whether the message form can provide nonliteral meaning.5.Whether the message form can provide meaning beyond words, i.e., deep meaning. (Gu Jiazu, 2000)3.2Reasons that Cause Differences Between High-context and Low-context CommunicationAlthough ways people communicate are complicated, the most important way is verbal language. There’re9 / 15plenty elements that can influence communication between people, including rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions (Zheng Lixin & Gu Jiazu, 1993).3.2.1Rhetoric Styles and Cultural PsychologyThere used to be a lot of similarities between Chinese and western rhetoric styles, especially in times before Qin dynasty, which mainly appeared in the similar origin of Chinese and western rhetoric. The contention of a hundred schools of thought in Warring States period and the eloquence in Old Greek times are similar in essence. Any people who enjoyed fame used to lead their students and express their own opinions in public (Zhu Shaohou, 1982). As time goes by, westerners inherited and developed western rhetoric standard established by Aristotle, which attached importance to eloquence and promoted debates; While Chinese regarded Confucianism as the only noble theory according to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty’s---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------decision for thousands of years of feudalism society. It changed not only Chinese rhetoric styles, but also Chinese characteristics, and even the deep structure of the whole nation’s culture. Chinese people become introverted and restrained under the influence of Confucianism, which is just the opposite to the extroverted and open characteristics that westerners share. The difference in characteristics between two nations causes difficulties in intercultural communication (Gu Jiazu, 2000).Considering from the aspect of intercultural communication, although there’re a lot of differences between Chinese and western culture, they are equal after all. There is no chance for one culture to replace another, or one culture is superior to another and forces others to draw close. Therefore, intercultural communication must be based on the principle of equality,11 / 15i.e. speakers must try to understand others in others’ shoes (Gu Jiazu, 2000).4Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans4.1 Case OnePeople from American always complain about not knowing how to communicate with Chinese people and difficult to understand the deep meanings beyond Chinese people’s words. The case below is about a business talk between an American trade agent, George, and a Chinese trade manager, Mr. Li who makes George confused.Finding an Interested Buyer---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------George Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well. He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interest. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general manager, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products. Mr. Li responded in fairly good English, “That would be interesting.”13 / 15The reason that Chinese people talk vaguely and not refuse clearly is a matter of saving face. Chinese people, as people of high-context culture, take it for granted that everyone shares high intelligence and good logicality, so that others can understand their aims through their unfinished sentences or get some deep meanings of sentences that seems not related to the topic.The concept of saving face is a matter of cultural psychology. It comes out of the concept of a Confucian doctrine: moderation, which instructs people not to make things extreme and try to keep a neutral attitude towards things happen around. Confucian doctrines teach people to think more and speak less so as to avoid making mistakes. Therefore, Chinese people are restricted with their every word and action, and use vague words when talking.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------However, American people, as people of low-context culture, have been respecting inpiduals who can use plain words that everyone can understand to convince others for centuries. They think that the clearer messages are delivered, the easier messages can be understood and accepted.In conclusion, the first reason that causes difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures is rhetoric styles and cultural psychology, which is the product of different education and worships in history. Different education and worships make different national characteristics, which lead to different ways of talking and acting. 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究(6):15 / 15。

高低语境文化视角下的跨文化交际跨文化交际是当今全球化时代的重要组成部分，而高低语境文化则是对跨文化交际活动产生重要影响的一大因素。

本文将从高低语境文化的视角，探讨跨文化交际中高低语境对交际双方的影响并提出一些应对之策。

高低语境文化指的是在交际过程中，信息的传达与理解对环境因素的依赖程度。

高语境文化强调的是在交际过程中对环境的敏感度和对非言语信息的依赖，而低语境文化则更注重言语信息，倾向于用明确的言语来传递信息。

在跨文化交际中，高低语境文化之间的差异可能会导致交际双方在沟通和理解上的障碍。

高低语境文化对语言习惯产生了影响。

高语境文化的语言常常包含着丰富的隐含意义，需要听者从整体环境中去理解。

而低语境文化的语言更注重直白的表达，力求准确无误地传递信息。

例如，中西方文化在表达感谢时的语言习惯就有所不同。

在中文的高语境文化中，我们常常会通过间接的方式来表达感谢，如“麻烦你了”“辛苦你了”等，而在英文的低语境文化中，人们则更倾向于直接说“Thank you”来表达感谢。

高低语境文化对沟通方式产生了影响。

高语境文化的沟通方式更倾向于含蓄内敛，注重非言语信息的传递，如肢体语言、面部表情等。

而低语境文化的沟通方式则更加直接明了，强调言语信息的沟通。

例如，在跨文化交际中，西方人可能会对东方人的含蓄表达方式感到困惑，而东方人可能会对西方人的直率产生误解。

高低语境文化还对文化差异产生了影响。

高语境文化通常更加强调群体意识和共性，注重面子、尊严等抽象概念。

而低语境文化则更注重个人主义和独立性，强调逻辑和事实。

这种文化差异在跨文化交际中可能导致交际双方的误解和冲突。

针对高低语境文化在跨文化交际中的影响，我们可以采取以下应对之策：培养文化意识：在跨文化交际中，我们要时刻保持对不同文化的敏感度和认知。

通过学习和了解不同文化的背景、价值观和习俗，我们可以更好地理解高低语境文化之间的差异，从而减少误解和冲突。

提高沟通技巧：在不同语境文化中，沟通技巧显得尤为重要。

高语境与低语境high-context and low-context跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。

当两种不同文化交际者交际时,由于交际双方文化背景不同、社会环境与背景各异、思维方式和交际方式有别,人们会对同一词、同一句话、非语言行为和事物产生不同的理解、不同的联想和不同的所指意义,在跨文化交际过程中由文化差异导致的误解也就在所难免。

因此,要有效进行跨文化沟通首先要理解不同文化的模式及沟通方式。

High-context is one in which most of the information is already in the context，while very little is in the message。

高语境文化强调以间接方式表达思想、观点和交流内容,直接表达不仅会显得太唐突,草率,还会给人留下做事不认真,决策不慎重的印象,尤其在讨论问题、提出不同观点或向对方提出请求时,强交际语境文化交际者言语表达婉转、含糊,担心会冒犯对方或让对方丢脸。

高语境文化有如下几大特点:“我们”为主; 螺旋式逻辑思维; 间接交际方式; 地位趋向方式; 语境为基础的理解; 理解责任在听者。

高语境文化国家包括中国、日本、韩国、墨西哥等.例子：两个朋友对话A：最近手头有点紧…B：我也不宽裕。

A说手头有点紧，意思就是想跟B借钱；而B说手头也不宽裕，就是说没钱借给A。

两个人说的都比较含蓄，说话都有点拐弯抹角，但是高语境国家的人都懂他们的意思。

Low-context is just the opposite to high-context。

低语境文化强调通过语言表达进行沟通与交流,所有信息或观点都反映在语言表达之中,而且表达方式直截了当,毫不含糊。

任何人想通过暗示方式、间接方式或非语言方式进行沟通与交流不仅达不到沟通目的,还会被认为是在回避问题,甚至也会被认为是一种不诚实的行为。

在低语境文化国家里,沟通的目的是彼此交流信息,因此发话者有责任让听者正确理解其语言表达内容,所以他们说话直来直去,说话内容都在言语之中,毫不掩饰。

浅析跨文化交际中的高、低语境文化人们的跨文化言语交际带有不同的文化背景，高语境文化和低语境文化是较为有代表性的两种交际文化。

对其的研究也有助于我们了解对方的文化背景，从而指导我们的跨文化交际活动。

标签：跨文化交际;高语境文化;低语境文化;价值观模式交际存在于文化语境中，文化环境又包括世界观、价值观等。

文化作为一个国家的软实力，同样也是国家和民族的灵魂所在，当我们提到中国，就会想到“勤劳、朴素”，提到傣族，就会想到“泼水节”，这种隐藏在潜意识的认知也是文化内涵的体现。

一、高语境文化与低语境文化的差异高语境文化和低语境文化是霍尔根据信息传播对环境的依赖程度所提出。

在低语境交际中，倾听者对于所谈内容知之甚少，必须明确地被告知所有的事情。

而在高语境交际中，倾听者已经了解了语境，并不需要提供背景信息。

我们说中国是一种典型的高语境文化国家，信息更多地存在于语言背后的文化内涵中，较少存在于清晰的语句当中。

汉语被认为是世界上最难学的语言，不仅由于方正结构和四声辨读的特殊性，更是因为汉字所蕴含的文化博大精深。

比如，汉语中有“只可意会，不可言传”、“言外之意”、“弦外之音”、“言多必失”等的说法，强调语境对于交流的重要性，人们喜欢使用委婉含蓄的方式表达反对意见或不满不愉快的感情，对于他人发出的信息通常依靠非语言的肢体动作或者语境来推测真实的意图或微妙含义。

相较于中国来说，美国无疑是典型的低语境国家。

由于美国早期是殖民国家，肤色各异，信仰不同，为了有一个和平幸福的生活环境，人们往往倡导独立自主平等的交际文化，强调人是独立的个体以及竞争意识，且由于历史及传统的原因，低语境的文化变化较快，所以为了交际顺利，人们就必须要把所有的信息准确无误地表达出来。

下面就是一个由于文化不同所造成交际误解的例子：张秋准备去上海参加比赛，想让其美国朋友开车送她去车站。

然而由于她不好意思直说，对方又由于文化影响不善于听出弦外之音，结果事与愿违。

跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语会话可以分为高低语境。

高低语境在交流中的使用，取决于所处的文化背景、沟通的目的和对方的理解能力。

以下是对高低语境的有机分析：1. 低语境：低语境交流注重清晰明了的表达，信息直接传递给对方，不依赖于非语言和上下文的暗示。

低语境交流通常发生在个人主义文化中，如北欧和北美国家等。

以下是低语境下英语口语会话的特点之一：场景：购物A: Excuse me, do you have this shirt in a size small?B: Yes, it's right over there on the rack.以上对话简明扼要，直接表达需求，不涉及非言辞和上下文的解读。

这种交流方式在低语境下的文化中被认为是有效的和高效的。

在以上对话中，实际上是B通过间接的方式表达了邀请A去散步的意思。

这种方式在高语境的文化中很常见，其中的含义需要通过非语言暗示和上下文推理来理解。

3. 有机分析：实际的跨文化交际场景中，高低语境并不是完全相互排斥的，而是相互渗透、存在叠加的关系。

在真实的口语会话中，可能会同时存在高低语境的元素。

以下是一个例子：在这个对话中，B使用了低语境的直接指示，同时也使用了高语境中的非语言和上下文暗示，如“big red building”和“just a few blocks away”。

这样可以在提供明确指示的让A更好地理解和接受这些信息。

高低语境的应用在跨文化交际中是灵活并具有机动性的。

根据具体情况，交流双方可以选择不同的语境来达到更好的交流效果。

在实际使用中，了解和尊重对方的文化背景和交流偏好是非常重要的。

高低语境文化下跨文化交际策略探析摘要：本文围绕跨文化交际中高语境和低语境文化的渊源及差异进行分析，并通过剖析高低语境差异时人们的交际应对策略，总结归纳，以此帮助交际者在不同文化的交际中能够顺利进行。

关键词：跨文化交际、高低语境文化、应对策略一、引言高语境文化和低语境文化由美国人类学家爱德华·霍尔 (E.T.H all)首次提出。

其观点如下：在高语境文化中传递信息时，所使用的信息量要远低于低语境文化。

受不同背景文化影响，人们在沟通和交流的过程中势必会产生语言、思维及价值观的碰撞点，而这也客观的导致了跨文化交际中时而出现的局部冲突和交流障碍。

故而，只有渗透文化肌理，结构化剖析内部逻辑，掌握交流过程中产生冲突和障碍的客观因素，才能总结出与之相对的应对方案，从而切实提高交际者的跨文化交际能力。

二、高语境文化与低语境文化产生的渊源高语境文化可追溯到孔子的儒家学说。

众所周知，中国人的民族性格强调内敛，谨慎且拥护和谐。

同理，在一脉相承的儒家文化中，少言、寡言、慎言也备受世代推崇。

而相反，在国人的既定文化范畴中，巧言，多言则成了负面的表现，是不值得称道的[1]。

中国作为一个典型的高语境文化国家，思维方式的特定性决定了人们在传达信息时所依赖的因素更为复杂。

而西方人崇尚个人主义，这就使得他们的思想意识受约束和规范影响较小。

再者。

西方文化追求效率与公平，其最终关注的是利益而并非人与人之间的情感，上述原因都导致他们在长期的发展过程中倾斜于低语境文化的塑造。

三、高低语境下思维方式及交际方式的差异“没有语言的人类文化不可思议”[2]，高低语境文化的差异导致人们在交流中存在思维方式的差异,同时因为两者所处的环境、历史不同，致使所具备的特点也大相径庭。

（一）解决问题及自我调节的方式不同在处理个人问题时，高语境文化和低语境文化表现差异极为明显。

在高语境文化的国家，人们通过委婉、间接的方式，尽可能的避免直面冲突。

但在低语境文化的国家，但凡遇到持有不同观点的交流碰撞，人们更愿意以直接的方式论述的自己观点。

中外互鉴 ｜高低语境文化视域下的跨文化交际□胡囡囡/文认识和区别高低语境文化的特征及差异，了解高低语境文化差异形成的原因，有助于跨文化交际的顺利进行。

高语境和低语境文化国家在言语、非语言交际和文化价值观三个方面都有着不可忽视的差异。

在跨文化交际过程中，应该采取合理、有效的交际策略，从而避免误解的发生，实现跨文化的有效沟通。

在世界各国交流往来越来越密切的时代大背景下，必定会接触到来自五湖四海不同语境国家的人。

比较直接的在言语交流中说明事情、表达意思而很少依赖非语言交际行为、交际情景的多为低语境文化；而高语境文化的信息内容往往依赖交际情景和文化环境来表达而不是简单的依靠语言。

为了顺利的进行跨文化交际，不但要了解高低语境文化的特点和差异，分析差异形成的原因，而且面对不同语境文化的人需要具体问题具体分析，运用合理的交际策略，避免或减少冲突的发生，才能推动交际活动顺利进行，实现跨文化的有效沟通。

1 高低语境文化特征高语境文化交流的信息比较模糊含蓄，存在暗码信息和较多的非言语编码，也就是说言语大多需要联系具体的环境和背景、当下的肢体语言、面部表情等非言语信息来理解。

并且高语境文化人际关系紧密复杂，人际圈内外差别大、对时间的处理灵活度很高、反应很少外露、承诺也更加的可靠；相反，低语境文化特点为外显、多为明码信息、较多的言语编码，也就是说交流的信息往往来源于直接的语言表达，暗示的信息较少，且人际关系不密切，时间高度组织化，反应外露，低承诺。

对比高低语境文化的特征可以发现，高语境文化下的交际方式更具多样性，而低语境文化下的交际略显单一，多依靠于较为纯粹的语言交流[1]。

两者的差异是显而易见的，因此在跨文化交际中想要实现顺利的沟通，一定要更加深入的了解。

2 高低语境文化差异形成的原因高低语境文化深受不同的交际环境影响，其中明显的是地理环境造成的差异，资料显示中国人们生活的地理区域是比较固定的，处于是一种变化微小、相对闭塞的文化环境，这就造成了人们的交际方式很相似且通过一些非语言交际行为，比如沉默，面部表情等就能获得很多信息，高语境文化就是在这种语言环境下稳定形成的[2]。

跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语会话可以分为高低语境。

高低语境是指在口语交际中使用的语言信息的数量和密度的不同程度。

高语境口语会话依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和语速等，以及语言之间的背景知识和对上下文的依赖。

低语境口语会话则更加依赖直接的语言表达，有较少的非语言信息和上下文的依赖。

在高语境口语会话中，讲话者经常使用隐喻、暗示和间接表达来传达信息。

他们依赖于非语言因素和上下文信息，通过暗示和间接表达来传递更多的含义。

当一个英语母语者对某人的某种行为表示不满时，可能会说：“你真的很有创造力”，这实际上是在说对方的行为是愚蠢的，而不是表达赞赏。

这种间接的表达方式需要对背景知识和文化差异的理解。

高语境口语会话还包括许多非语言元素，如肢体语言、面部表情和语调。

这些非语言元素对于理解和准确传达信息非常重要。

在跨文化交际场景下，理解和应用高低语境口语会话是非常重要的。

不同的文化背景和语言习惯会影响人们在口语交际中使用的语言风格和表达方式。

在与他人交流时，了解对方所使用的高低语境和语言风格，以及适当地调整自己的表达方式，可以帮助建立良好的跨文化交际关系。

1 High context culture（高语境文化）：Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。

这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。

）Low context culture（低语境文化）：Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。

这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。

）2 General Introduction to High-context and Low-context Cultures Anthropologist Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context. This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which communication or an event takes place.High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, fa cial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an American: ―We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they strive to useprecise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators inhigh-context cultures who depend less on language precision and legal documents. High-context business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they suggest.3 Cross-cultural tips跨文化交流中―语境文化的角色一位受英文教育的新加坡公民的一位居于中国的长辈去世了，她代表父母到中国参加这位长辈的葬礼。