The Problems and Strategies of the Low Carbon Economy Development

大学英语网课试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. FactD. Idea答案：B2. Which of the following is NOT a synonym of "assimilate"?A. IntegrateB. AbsorbC. DigestD. Adapt答案：C3. The phrase "break the ice" is used to describe what?A. Melt the ice.B. Start a conversation.C. Stop a conversation.D. Ignore someone.答案：B4. In the sentence "She is adept at handling complexsituations," the word "adept" means:A. SkilledB. IndifferentC. NaiveD. Incompetent答案：A5. The opposite of "coherent" is:A. IncoherentB. IndifferentC. InsignificantD. Incompatible答案：A6. What does the acronym "FAQ" stand for?A. Frequently Asked QuestionsB. Full Automatic QueryC. Final Approval QuotaD. Fixed Amount Quotation答案：A7. "The book is a must-read for anyone interested in the subject," means the book is:A. OptionalB. RecommendedC. BoringD. Unnecessary答案：B8. What is the past tense of "begin"?A. BeganB. BegunC. BegotD. Begging答案：A9. In the sentence "He is a person of few words," it implies that he is:A. TalkativeB. SilentC. EloquentD. Inarticulate答案：B10. The word "meticulous" is an antonym of:A. CarelessB. GenerousC. OptimisticD. Pessimistic答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The _______ of the old building was a great loss to the city's history.答案：demolition12. She was _______ to find that her efforts had been in vain.答案：disappointed13. The _______ of the new policy was met with mixedreactions from the public.答案：implementation14. He is known for his _______ and attention to detail.答案：punctuality15. The _______ of the project was delayed due to bad weather.答案：completion16. The _______ of the novel was praised for its vivid descriptions.答案：narrative17. The _______ of the company's success can be attributed to its innovative strategies.答案：ascendancy18. She has a _______ memory and can recall events from her childhood with ease.答案：photographic19. The _______ of the old bridge was a significant event in the town's history.答案：erection20. The _______ of the new law was met with widespreadapproval.答案：enactment三、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读以下短文，回答下列问题。

Translation Strategies for Translating Postmodifiers in Scientific Text from the Perspective of Logic Translation Theory: A Case Study of the Translation of Climate Changeand Air PollutionByZhang XiaojieUnder the Supervision ofAssociate Professor Zheng YouqiSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Master of Translation and InterpretingDepartment of EnglishCollege of Liberal ArtsNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyJune, 2019AcknowledgementsI would like to express my sincere appreciation to those who have given me invaluable help during the writing of this report.First and foremost, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor, Associate Professor Zheng Youqi, for his constant encouragement during these two years and instructive advice on this report. Associate Professor Zheng has offered a lot of valuable suggestions during the preparation for the report. He has also revised my draft carefully and offered clear instruction. Without his patient instruction and insightful criticism, it would not have been possible for me to complete this report.In addition, I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the teachers who have taught me for their patient instructions in many courses and their precious suggestions. What I learned from their classes has helped me lay the foundation for this report.Last but not least, my gratitude extends to my beloved parents for providing support and care for me in my whole life. They have given me strong support when I was confronted with difficulties in writing the report.ContentsAbstract ........................................................................................................................ I II 摘要 (V)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1 Research Background (1)1.2 Motivation and Significance of the Research (2)1.3 Layout of the Report (3)Chapter Two Task Description (5)2.1 Project Profile (5)2.2 Process of the Project (5)2.2.1 Preparation for Translation (5)2.2.2 Process of Translation (6)2.2.3 Revision after Translation (7)Chapter Three Literature Review (8)3.1 Differences of Attribute between Chinese and English (8)3.2 Translation Strategies for Postmodifier in English. (9)Chapter Four Theoretical Framework (11)4.1 Development of the Logic Translation Theory (11)4.2 Application of the Logic Translation Theory in the Translation of thePostmodifier (12)Chapter Five A Case Study (14)5.1 Translation of the Adjective Phrase as Postmodifier (14)5.1.1 Inversion (14)5.1.2 Division (15)5.2 Translation of the Non-Finite Verb as Postmodifier (16)5.2.1 Inversion (17)5.2.2 Division (18)5.2.3 Amplification (19)5.3 Translation of the Attributive Clause as Postmodifier (20)5.3.1 Inversion (20)5.3.2 Amplification (21)5.3.3 Division (23)5.4 Translation of the Prepositional Phrase as Postmodifier. (24)5.4.1 Inversion (24)5.4.2 Conversion (25)5.4.3 Amplification (25)5.4.4 Division (26)Chapter Six Conclusion (28)References (30)Appendix 1 Source Text and Target Text (32)Appendix II Technical Terms (94)攻读学位期间的研究成果 (95)AbstractThere are many postmodifiers in English for Science and Technology (EST), which imply the logic in the original text. EST is characterized by strong professionalism, compact structure, strict logic, concise writing, objective expression, exact content, a large amount of information and emphasis on the existence of facts. Therefore, translators must restore its logical rigor with accurate and standardized expressions. In this translation task, Chapter One, Chapter Two and Chapter Three are selected as the source text from the book Climate Change and Air Pollution. Today, climate change and air pollution are major concerns around the world. These chapters describe the history and the impact of climate change and air pollution, and the international conferences held to address the problems caused by climate change. This report lists four forms of English postmodifiers from the three chapters, namely, adjective phrases as postmodifiers, non-predicate verb phrases as postmodifiers, attributive clauses as postmodifiers, and prepositional phrases as postmodifiers. Under the guidance of logic translation theory, four common translation strategies are used in the translation of these four kinds of postmodifiers, namely conversion, amplification, inversion and division. Logic plays an important role in the process of interlingual transformation, which runs through the process of translation. From words, sentences, paragraphs to the whole text, the more accurately the translator grasps the semantic logic of the source language, the easier it is to understand the meaning of the original text. When a translation is organized, it is the key to express the original meaning accurately and smoothly. Only in this way can the translator successfully transfer source language thinking to target language thinking, and skillfully use the logic of the target language to organize the translation.The report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter demonstrates the research background, the motivation and significance of the research and the layout of the report. The second chapter mainly describes the process of the project. Theliterature review is mentioned in the third chapter, including the differences of attribute between Chinese and English and the translation strategies of postmodifiers in English. The fourth chapter depicts the development and application of the logic translation theory. The fifth chapter, as the main body of the report, poses some proper translation strategies to solve different kinds of problems. The last chapter is a summary of the study.Key Words: Logic translation theory; Postmodifier; Translation strategy; Climate Change and Air Pollution摘要科技英语中后置定语出现频繁，体现原文的逻辑思维。

Strategies for Enhancing the Employment Ability of College Students under the Guidance of Career PlanningShuang Fan 1,3, Xiangzhe Cui 2,3*1Current employer: Changchun college of Electronic Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 1300002Department of Educational Technology, Yanbian University, China, Jilin Yanji, 13002;3Department of Education, Sehan University, Jeollanam-do, 58447.ABSTRACTCurrently, employment has become a hot topic of concern for societyand a pressing issue for college students to address effectively. Guidingcollege students in their career planning not only helps enhancetheir employment ability but also greatly contributes to their overalldevelopment. Therefore, in order to better enhance the employmentability of college students under the guidance of career planning, itis necessary to analyze the current status of their employment ability.This can be done by focusing on the value of enhancing employmentability based on career planning guidance. Strategies such as helpingstudents face themselves, familiarizing them with the environment, andencouraging them to make the right choices can be implemented toenhance their employment ability.KEYWORDSCareer planning, College students, Employment abilityDOI: 10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252707.202307011 IntroductionIn the development and enhancement of college students' employment ability, career planning plays a significant role. However, in current educational practices, many schools and teachers neglect the intrinsic relationship between career planning and the enhancement of college students' employment ability. As a result, the guidance provided by career planning is not fully utilized. Therefore, in order to enhance the employment ability of college students, it is necessary to explore strategies for guiding career planning.2 Current Status of College Students' Employment AbilityThe employment ability of college students influences their access to employment information and, to a large extent, affects their career development. Currently, many college students lack employment ability, resulting in unfavorable outcomes for their own employment and career development.Firstly, many college students have insufficient self-awareness and lack career-related psychological qualities. Most students fail to fully understand themselves, have a distorted self-perception, and lack the ability to evaluate themselves accurately, understand their actual situation and strengths and *Corresponding Author:Xiangzhe Cui.Creativity and Innovation Vol.7 No.1 2023weaknesses, identify their career interests, and determine their professional character and abilities. Additionally, many students lack employment goals and directions. They do not actively engage in learning during their school years, lack a solid foundation in their majors, and lack practical and innovative abilities. They usually focus on obtaining certifications without actively participating in social practices and professional internships, and fail to set clear employment goals and directions. This results in wasted opportunities to improve their employment ability and enhance their professional competence. Furthermore, many students lack good career psychological qualities. They are not adequately prepared psychologically and mentally before graduation, and when they face job search problems and setbacks, they may experience low self-esteem, dependency, and other psychological issues. Moreover, some students cannot quickly adapt to their roles and responsibilities in the workplace, lacking the ability to face challenges and proactively solve problems. In this context, the inadequate employment ability of college students is revealed.Secondly, college students have a limited understanding of the employment environment and usually adopt a short-sighted mentality in their job search. They often have unrealistic expectations about their own employment. On one hand, many college students have insufficient knowledge about the forthcoming professional and employment environments. This is mainly due to their lack of participation in social practices during their school years, which prevents them from actively understanding the professional and employment environments. On the other hand, many students lack careful consideration of their own employment direction. They have high expectations in setting employment goals, are unwilling to endure difficulties, yet expect high salaries. Additionally, many students prefer to seek employment in big cities and large companies, with few choosing to work in less developed areas. They fail to strike a balance between their career ideals, social conditions, and demands. Moreover, although many students set career development directions, their specific goals may not be clear, and they may lack the design and planning of career development paths. As a result, it is difficult for them to achieve core employment goals, which hampers their employment effectiveness and level.Lastly, college students often face the dilemma of having high expectations but lacking decision-making abilities in their career choices. Many students struggle to make the right choices during their job search, often hesitating and eventually missing out on job opportunities. Additionally, they may fail to seize opportunities for career development. These situations arise mainly from erroneous employment concepts, such as emphasizing strict professional alignment or only seeking easy and prestigious jobs. Some students limit their employment options to coastal cities, avoiding employment in economically underdeveloped small cities. Such attitudes cause many students to miss many job opportunities, making it difficult for them to grasp suitable career development opportunities. Furthermore, although many students set career development directions, they may lack clear objectives, which may limit their career prospects. In this context, the inadequate employment ability of college students is revealed.3 Value of Enhancing Employment Ability under the Guidance of Career Planning(1) Overcoming internal and external barriersUnder the guidance of career planning, the continuous development and enhancement of college students' employment ability have the value of overcoming internal and external barriers. On one hand, through guiding college students in their career planning, their career plans can be effectively developed, which helps students overcome internal negative attitudes, continuously improve theirCreativity and Innovation Vol.7 No.1 2023 employment ability, and overcome self-limitations. On the other hand, for college students, only by quickly adapting to the external environment can they prevent themselves from being trapped in a situation where graduation means unemployment. Therefore, in order to promote effective employment and development for college students, career planning guidance must be emphasized to enhance their employment ability. This will facilitate the swift transformation of college students from campus life to the professional world. Simultaneously, when college students have a clear understanding of their career interests, abilities, and other relevant factors, they can prevent a discrepancy between their employment expectations and the reality, achieving a better fit between individuals and careers. This will enhance their employment level and quality.(2) Strengthening employment abilityUnder the guidance of career planning, teachers need to lead students in becoming familiar with the environment. This will enhance their employment ability and effectiveness. On one hand, teachers can guide students to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the external environment and the employment situation. This will enable students to fully grasp the requirements of the social and employment environments for employment and career development, and respond more accurately. Teachers can also lead students to analyze and understand the external environment to determine their employment direction and better face reality. This will foster the idea that survival comes before development, promoting a good understanding of employment concepts and enhancing students' employment ability and effectiveness. On the other hand, teachers need to lead students to quickly integrate into the professional environment. In practice, teachers can assist students in analyzing the current situation and actively seeking opportunities for internships in companies. This will help students understand and comprehend relevant professions. Through continuous knowledge accumulation and self-exercise, students can improve their ability to seize opportunities and compete in the job market. Guiding students to analyze specific industries will also help achieve a better match between individuals and professions. This will enhance students' integration into society, develop their employment ability, and improve their competitiveness in the job market.(3) Encouraging the right choicesTeachers can encourage students to set goals for enhancing their employment ability and development. Specifically, students should align their actual situation, determine their career goals and goals for enhancing their ability, and make corresponding efforts. Adjustments can be made based on progress and timely plan adjustments. Students can position themselves at different stages and play different roles in the process of career planning and development. In this way, maximum efficiency can be achieved. In summary, setting goals is a crucial driving force for promoting students' pursuit of career success. Only when students set clear goals in various aspects and strive towards them can they achieve more desirable development outcomes. Furthermore, encouraging students to make the right choices also involves guiding them in designing plans to enhance their employment ability. In practice, students can plan their growth and employment enhancement and development during their university years. They can actively participate in comprehensive quality improvement and social work practices, improve their practical skills through diverse activities, acquire more job-seeking skills, and enhance their job search efficiency. Additionally, students should be encouraged to continue learning new knowledge and skills after entering a job, continuously broaden their horizons, and improve their knowledge structure. This will strengthen their work performance and professional competence, achieving favorable development outcomes for students.Creativity and Innovation Vol.7 No.1 20234 ConclusionUnder the guidance of career planning, to enhance college students' employment ability, it is necessary to guide students in facing themselves, clarifying their strengths and weaknesses, and promoting their career development. In order to enhance college students' employment ability, educational institutions and teachers should leverage the advantages of career planning guidance. Additionally, encouraging students to make the right choices through career planning guidance will strengthen their employment ability and effectiveness.References[1] Meng QM. The Role of Career Planning in the Employment Guidance of College Students: A Case Study of Cross-borderE-commerce Majors at Shanxi Business College [J]. Modern Vocational Education, 2023(23): 50-52.[2] Gao Q. The Influence of Corporate Participation in College Students' Career Planning on Their Employment Ability [J].Modern Enterprise Culture, 2023(10): 153-56.[3] Li HX, Zhang JW, Liu LL, et al. The Influence of Career Planning on High-quality Employment of College Students:Analysis of 2019 and 2020 Graduates from 23 Universities [J]. Journal of China Labor Relations College, 2022, 36(06): 46-59.[4] Cheng XY. Strategies for Improving College Students' Employment and Entrepreneurship Ability Based on CareerPlanning [J]. Employment and Security, 2022(04): 120-22.[5] Liu HL. Research on Improving the Employment Ability of Tourism Management Majors Based on Career Planning [J].Tourism and Photography, 2022(07): 86-88.[6] Lu SW. Innovating the Teaching Model of Career Planning Course with the Goal of Enhancing Employment Ability [J].Employment and Security, 2020(22): 55-56.。

---文档均为word文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印---摘要农村幼儿园教师素质的高低严重影响和制约着农村学前教育的发展，决定着幼儿园教育质量的优劣。

本论文主要以邢台市部分农村幼儿园为例，采用问卷调查法、访谈法、文献研究法等多种调查研究方式，对当前我国农村幼儿教师素质的现状进行了细致分析与研究，结果表明，当前农村幼儿园存在师资力量年轻化，性别比例严重失衡、学历普遍较低，专业知识和专业能力普遍不高、薪资待遇普遍较低，生活条件较差等问题。

这严重阻碍了农村学前教育的发展，因此，要务必提出促进农村幼儿教师成长的相关策略和建议以切实提升农村学前教育的教育水平。

关键词：农村幼儿园教师；教师素质AbstractThe quality of rural kindergarten teachers seriously affects and restricts the development of rural preschool education and determines the quality of kindergarten education. This thesis mainly in xingtai part of rural kindergarten, for example, USES the questionnaire survey method, interview method, many kinds of research approaches such as literature research, the current situation of rural preschool teachers' quality in our country has carried on the detailed analysis and research, analyzes the current rural preschool teachers in problems of quantity, structure, quality first-class, the results show that the current rural preschool teachers education is generally low, professional knowledge and professional ability generally is not high, staff younger, sex ratio imbalance, salary is generally low... This seriously hinders the development of rural preschool education. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward relevant strategies and Suggestions to promote the growth of rural preschool teachers so as to effectively promote the education level of rural preschool education.Keywords: rural kindergarten teachers; the quality of teachers前言随着我国经济的迅速发展，着力构建覆盖城乡、布局合理、公平普惠的学前教育公共服务体系，加强农村幼儿园教师队伍素质的建设，是当今乃至以后幼儿教育发展将一直关注的重点。

The Value of Strategic ThinkingStrategic thinking is a crucial skill that enables individuals and organizations to succeed in an increasingly complex and uncertain world. It involves the ability to analyze and understand the current state of affairs, envision future possibilities, and develop plans and actions to achieve desired outcomes. In this article, we will explore the value of strategic thinking and why it is essential in various aspects of life.1. Decision MakingStrategic thinking enhances decision-making processes by providing a systematic approach to problem-solving. It allows individuals to consider multiple perspectives, evaluate potential risks and opportunities, and make informed choices based on long-term goals. By taking the time to think strategically, people can avoid impulsive decisions and instead adopt a more proactive and thoughtful stance.2. Competitive AdvantageIn a competitive business environment, strategic thinking can provide a significant advantage. By analyzing market trends, anticipating customer needs, and staying ahead of competitors, organizations can develop innovative products and services that appeal to their target audience. Strategic thinking enables businesses to adapt to changing circumstances, identify untapped opportunities, and position themselves as industry leaders.3. Resource AllocationEfficient resource allocation is a critical aspect of strategic thinking. By considering available resources, both tangible (such as funds and equipment) and intangible (such as skills and knowledge), individuals and organizations can allocate them effectively. Strategic thinkers evaluate different options, prioritize initiatives, and invest resources in areas that promise the highest returns. This approach ensures that limited resources are used optimally, leading to increased productivity and overall success.4. Problem SolvingStrategic thinking provides a structured framework for problem-solving. Instead of solely focusing on short-term fixes, strategic thinkers consider the underlying causes of problems and develop long-term solutions. They examine the interconnectedness of various factors, anticipate potential obstacles, and develop contingency plans. This comprehensive approach enables individuals to address complex issues effectively and minimize future problems.5. Innovation and AdaptabilityInnovation and adaptability are crucial for organizations seeking long-term success. Strategic thinking encourages individuals and teams to question traditional approaches, challenge the status quo, and explore new possibilities. By fostering a culture of innovation, organizations can stay ahead of the curve, respond to changing market conditions, and create new opportunities. Strategic thinkers actively seek out emerging trends and technologies, allowing them to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing landscape.6. Leadership DevelopmentStrategic thinking is a fundamental skill for effective leadership. Leaders who think strategically can envision a compelling future, inspire their team, and guide them towards achieving goals. They make informed decisions, adapt to new challenges, and create a shared vision. Strategic thinking enables leaders to anticipate and manage risks, navigate uncertainties, and build resilience. It empowers them to proactively shape the direction of their organization and guide their team towards success.7. Personal GrowthBeyond its organizational benefits, strategic thinking also contributes to personal growth. It encourages individuals to develop a broader perspective, enhance analytical skills, and become adaptable problem solvers. Strategic thinkers are more self-aware, continually seeking opportunities for learning and growth. This mindset enables them to make better life choices, set meaningful goals, and take advantage of new opportunities.In conclusion, strategic thinking is a valuable skill that brings numerous benefits to individuals and organizations. It enhances decision-making, provides a competitive advantage, optimizes resource allocation, improves problem-solving abilities, fosters innovation and adaptability, develops leadership capabilities, and promotes personal growth. By cultivating the habit of strategic thinking, we can navigate complexity, uncover opportunities, and create a path to success.。

表达因果关系的英文句型(再ZT)作者：张凯宏西方人自古以来就喜欢辩论，喜欢谈逻辑，此种文化也很自然的反映在文字上面。

文化与语言一向就是一体的两面，阿拉伯人游牧生活以骆驼为核心，因此阿拉伯语当中，直接与骆驼有关的字，以及衍生的辞汇，多达数百个。

同样的道理，英文里面，表达逻辑关系「因为所以」的辞汇与句型，也是多得不胜枚举，这些辞汇尽管大同小异，但仔细比较之下，些微的差异，还是不可忽略，我们运用时，仍要多考虑上下文，以及习惯用法，多参考名家的例句，才可下笔。

以下是一些常用例句，供读者在说写英文的时候参考。

1. Because the duration of action of the toxin is limited, treatment of ten must be given about every three months. （因为此毒素的作用时期是有限的，每三个月必须治疗一次。

）2. Because of his incompetence, we lost a lot of business.（因为他的能力不足，我们失去很多生意。

）3. Just because I don't complain doesn't mean I'm satisfied.（就因为我不发怨言，并不表示我很满意。

）4. Since this research cannot be justified on the basis of its therapeutic benefit fo r the patient, it must be considered nontherapeutic.（由於此研究不能以治疗带来的利益来衡量，我们必须从治疗以外的角度来看此研究。

）5. The argument is fallacious, for it is based on a set of factual flaws.（这段论述是谬误的，因为它的基础与事实不符。

全国英语等级考试第四级PUBLIC ENGLISH TEST SYSTEM (PETS)LEVEL 4Section ⅠListening Comprehension(30 minutes)Directions:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are THREE parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1- 5, you will hear a report on a survey recently done in Britain. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Rosemary, a self-employed dog trainer in Hong Kong. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and the questions below. 6．What is the most important quality for a dog trainer?7．When does Rosemary usually work?8．There is a clearer career path overseas because there are9．Dogs may lose all their trust in people if they are10．What is the starting monthly salary for a dog trainer with a degree?Part CDirections:You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece once only.Questions 11--13 are based on the following talk about prodigies, kids with unusual natural abilities. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11--13.11. What was John Stuart Mill?[A] A historian. [B] A composer.[C] A philosopher. [D] A mathematician.12. What has been found about children of unusual talent?[A] Many of them are from middle-class families.[B] There are more girls than boys among them.[C] They are mostly born by natural childbirth.[D] Their parents are usually ambitious and humorous.13. What can be inferred from the talk?[A] Material wealth goes hand in hand with mental emptiness.[B] Environment plays a decisive role in the development of prodigies.[C] Success has not always brought happiness to prodigies.[D] Public praise will help prodigies to find the value of their lives.Questions 14--16 are based on the interview with British singer and songwriter Beth Orton. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14--16.14. When did Beth Orton begin singing?[A] After she met William.[B] Before she went to acting classes.[C] After she dropped out of school.[D] Before she joined a traveling group.15. When is the best time of a woman's life, as Beth Orton was told?[A] In her 60s. [B] In her 40s.[C] In her 30s. [D] In her 20s.16. What does Beth Orton want to do in the next year or so?[A] Improve her skills in playing the drums.[B] Learn how to play the violin.[C] Try some strange musical instruments.[D] Train herself in coordination.Questions 17--20 are based on the following discussion with Dr. Jane Richard about premarital contracting. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17--20.17. How do people see premarital contracting in general?[A] It is unfeasible and unnecessary.[B] It has no effect on true love.[C] It is only effective for someone rich and famous.[D] It suggests distrust between the two partners.18. What does the woman think of premarital contracting?[A] It helps a couple know more about each other.[B] It makes a couple's relationship more stable.[C] It helps to develop genuine love in a couple.[D] It makes a couple feel more comfortable with each other.19. What is the divorce rate, according to the interviewer?[A] 50%. [B] 30%.[C] 20%. [D] 10%.20. What is essential in premarital contracting, according to the woman?[A] Financial status. [B] Legal documents.[C] Attitude to marriage. [D] Communication.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.This is the end of Listening Comprehension.Section ⅡUse of English(15 minutes)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Believe it or not, airlines really are trying to do better. They promised to improve customer service last year (21) pressure from a Congress which was (22) stories of nightmare flights.So why is it that flying is getting (23) for so many passengers, (24) airlines are spending billions of dollars to improve service, (25) in new equipment such as mobile check-in stations and portable phone banks so travelers can quickly (26) a flight when it is delayed or canceled? The fact is that air travel has(27) been such an annoyance, and customer complaints to the Transportation Department doubled in 1999(28) 1998.It seems Mother Nature would (29) people by bus this year. An unusual run of bad weather, (30) long walls of thunderstorms, has crippled airports lately and led to widespread delays and cancellations. After similar problems last summer, the FAA promised to work more closely with airlines (31) weather slowdowns--for example, FAA and airline representatives now gather at a single location in Herndon, Va. , to (32) the best way to allocate the available airspace. But even the FAA (33) the new initiative has fallen (34) of expectations, and many passengers complain that the delays seem (35) .Part of the problem is overcrowded planes. (36) the strong economy, U.S. airlines are expected to carry a record 665 million passengers this year, up 5 percent from last year. On (37) , planes are about 76 percent full these days, also a (38) . That's good news for the Transport Department, which are profitably loading more passengers (39) each flight, and bad news for passengers, (40) irritations build rapidly in fight quarters.21. [A] under [B] below [C] beneath [D] beyond22. [A] held back by [B] fed up with [C] taken in by [D] filled in with23. [A] inferior [B] worse [C] desperate [D] fatal24. [A] as if [B] so that [C] even though [D] now that25. [A] upgrading [B] purchasing [C] installing [D] investing26. [A] reclaim [B] reserve [C] recall [D] rebook27. [A] never [B] often [C] also [D] always28. [A] since [B] upon [C] over [D] from29. [A] persist [B] presume [C] prefer [D] permit30. [A] featuring [B] capturing [C] distinguishing [D] characterizing31. [A] charged with [B] responding to [C] replying to [D] abiding by32. [A] draw in [B] follow up [C] figure out [D] set aside33. [A] admits [B] allows [C] reveals [D] claims34. [A] lagging [B] lacking [C] scarce [D] short35. [A] absolute [B] arbitrary [C] plentiful [D] superfluous36. [A] According to [B] Except for [C] Thanks to [D] Based on37. [A] calculation [B] average [C] estimate [D] total38. [A] fantasy [B] monument [C] legend [D] record39. [A] at [B] for [C] over [D] on40. [A] since [B] although [C] unless [D] ifSection ⅢReading Comprehension(60 minutes)Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1The future of space exploration depends on many things. It depends on how technology evolves, how political forces shape competition and partnerships between nations, and how important the public feels space exploration is. The near future will see the continuation of human space flight in Earth's orbit and unpiloted space flight within the solar system. Piloted space flight to other planets, or even back to the moon, still seems far away. Any flight to other solar systems is even more distant, but a huge advance in space technology could drive space exploration into realms currently explored only by science fiction.The 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey depicted commercial shuttles flying to and from a giant wheel-shaped space station in orbit around Earth, bases on the moon, and a piloted mission to Jupiter. The real space activities of 2001 will not match this cinematic vision, but the 21st century will see a continuation of efforts to transform humanity into a spacefaring species.Perhaps the most difficult problem space planners face is how to finance a vigorous program of piloted space exploration, in Earth's orbit and beyond. In 1998 no single government or international enterprise had plans to send people back to the moon, much less to Mars. Such missions are unlikely to happen until the perceived value exceeds their cost.One belief shared by a number of space exploration experts is that future lunar and Martian expeditions should be aimed at creating permanent settlements. The residents of such outposts would have to "live off the land," obtaining such necessities as oxygen and water from the harsh environment. On the moon, pioneers could obtain oxygen by heating lunar soil. In 1998 the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice, a valuable resource for settlers, mixed with soil at the lunar poles. On Mars, oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice.The future of piloted lunar and planetary exploration remains largely unknown. Most space exploration scientists believe that people will be on the moon and Mars by the middle of the 21st century, but how they get there, and the nature of their visits, is a subject of continuing debate. Clearly, key advances will need to be made in lowering the cost of getting people off Earth, the first step in any human voyage to other worlds.41. A flight to other solar systems will be made more possible by[A] technological breakthroughs.[B] international co-operation.[C] market competition.[D] public pressure.42. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that human society will become increasingly[A] worried about life on other planets.[B] dependent on space tourism.[C] accustomed to long-distance flights.[D] associated with space exploration.43. According to this text, piloted space missions will need to be[A] more exciting than earlier film versions.[B] supported by international organizations.[C] more cost-effective than they appear to be at present.[D] financed by individual governments.44. It is predicted that people who will live on other planets would have to[A] appreciate the harsh conditions they encounter there.[B] depend on the natural resources available there.[C] take most daily necessities along with them.[D] engage in scientific research.45. It is difficult to send people to other planets because of[A] lack of capacity of space exploration vehicles.[B] the financial expenditure involved in space travel.[C] controversial nature of space travel.[D] the uncertain future of space exploration.Text 2Empowering workers constitutes the first step toward a stronger economy and stronger citizenry. It is a vital step toward overcoming inequality in American society. During the 1980s, the need for better wages for all workers increased as women, traditionally secondary earners, assumed greater responsibility for their own and their children's well-being. Yet the ability to raise families to a decent living standard through wage work decreased; real wages fell for most workers. And the Federal Government enacted, no new policies to facilitate the integration of work and family, as working women and Working families suffered a loss in political power as well.Black or Hispanic women are four times as likely to be low-wage workers as are white men with comparable skills and experience. White women are more than three times as likely as white men to be low-wage workers, and black or Hispanic men more than one-and-a-half times as likely. More than half of ail low-wage workers are the only wage workers in their families, or live alone.Employment no longer provides an escape from poverty. More than eight million working adults are poor; two million of them work full-time, year-round. More than seven million poor children have at least one working parent. When that one working parent is a low-wage worker, the children have no better chance of escaping from poverty than if the parent were not working at all; more than two-fifths of such children are poor.Even if generous income assistance were available, file wages employers pay would be held to a minimum. In addition, policies such as tax credits for working parents do nothing to increase the political power of working women and men.Our research shows that unionization is among the most effective strategies for raising pay, especially for women and minority men. Being a union member, or being covered by a collective-bargaining agreement, raised 1984 wages by ＄1.79 per hour for Hispanic men, ＄1. 32 for black men, ＄1.26 for Hispanic women, ＄1.01 for black women, ＄0.68 for white women, and＄0.41 for white men, when all other factors, such as occupation, industry, firm size, education and experience were held constant. In percentage terms, the union increase was more than 15 percent for blacks and Hispanics, 11 percent for white women, and 4 percent for white men.46. During the 1980s, women started to play a more important role in[A] demanding political rights. [B] improving social welfare.[C] supporting the family. [D] earning better wages.47. According to Paragraph 2, who are most likely to be poor?[A] Women of color. [B] White women.[C] Men of color. [D] White men.48. According to Paragraph 3, having a job[A] means earning a low wage.[B] has never provided a way out of poverty.[C] does not mean that the children will become rich.[D] may not be a guarantee for a poor family to become better off.49. The term "unionization" (Line 1, Paragraph 5) refers to[A] mobilizing all workers to seize power.[B] gathering workers into an organized group.[C] working out strategies to raise workers' pay.[D] changing wage policies for women and minority men.50. What is the theme of the text?[A] The causes of low-wage problems.[B] The inequality of workers' pay.[C] The improvement of the rates of pay.[D] The economy and the rates of pay.Text 3Du Bois was a sociological and educational pioneer who challenged the established system of education that tended to restrict rather than to advance the progress of black Americans. He challenged what is called the "Tuskegee machine" of Booker T. Washington, the leading educational spokesperson of the blacks in the U. S..A sociologist and historian, Du Bois called for a more determined and activist leadership than Washington provided.Unlike Washington, whose roots were is southern black agriculture, Du Bois's career spanned both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line. He was a native of Massachusetts, received his undergraduate education from Fisk University in Nashville, did his graduate study at Harvard University, and directed the Atlanta University Studies of Black American Life in the South. Du Bols approached the problem of racial relations in the United States from two dimensions: as a scholarly researcher and as an activist for civil rights. Among his works was the famous empirical sociological study, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, in which he examined that city's black population and made recommendations for the school system. Du Bols's Philadelphia study was the pioneer work on urban blacks in America.Du Bois had a long and active career as a leader in the civil rights movement. He helped to organize the Niagara Movement in 1905, which led to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), established in 1909. From 1910 until 1934, Du Bois edited The Crisis, the major journal of the NAACP. In terms of its educational policy, the NAACP position was that all American children and youth should have genuine equality of educational opportunity. This policy, which Du Bois helped to formulate, stressed the following themes: (1) public s chooling should be free and compulsory for all American children; (2) secondary schooling should be provided for all youth; (3) higher education should not be monopolized by any special class or race.As a leader in education, Du Bois challenged not only the tradition of racial segregation in the schools but also the accommodationist ideology of Booker T. Washington. The major difference between the two men was that Washington sought change that was evolutionary in nature and did not upset the social order, whereas Du Bois demanded immediate change. Du Bois believed in educated leadership for blacks, and he developed a concept referred to as the "talented tenth," according to which 10 percent of the black population would receive a traditional college education in preparation for leadership.51. Compared with B. T. Washington, Du Bois's political stand was[A] less popular. [B] more radical.[C] less aggressive. [D] more conservative.52. According to the text, Du Bols worked as all of the following EXCEPT[A] an editor. [B] an educator.[C] a scholar. [D] an official.53. It is Du Bois's belief that[A] the blacks have a priority in terms of education.[B] higher education should be free for all races.[C] everyone has an equal right to education.[D] development in education should be gradual.54. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] Washington would not appreciate the idea of overthrowing social order.[B] Racial separation is an outcome of accommodationist ideology.[C] Washington would not support determined activist leadership.[D] The Philadelphia Negro is a book on blacks in American South.55. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] many blacks are prepared for leadership.[B] Du Bois was in favor of "elite education" for blacks.[C] Washington and Du Bois had never been friends.[D] only the top 10 percent are worth educating.Text 4Our analysis therefore suggests that the real problem facing the black community lies in the educational obstacles prior to the Ph. D. programs rather than in the pour-in of foreign students. Equally, our analysis suggests that we ought to treat foreign students as an important source of brain gain for us and that we ought to facilitate, rather than hinder, their arrival and their entry into our work force. How could this be done?There is a long-standing provision in our immigration laws under which those who bring in a certain amount of financial capital (which will "create jobs") are allowed to immigrate: A foreigner who invests one million dollars in a commercial enterprise established in a high-unemployment area, which creates jobs for at least ten Americans, is automatically given immigrant status (i.e., a green card). We suggest extending the idea from financial to human capital.Currently, graduate students who wish to stay on in the United States after their Ph. D. s must be sponsored by their employers, a process that imposes substantial hardship both on the students and on smaller employers.The standard procedure is in two stages. First, the U. S. Department of Labor must, on the basis of a U. S. employer's sponsorship, certify that "no American can do this job." Then, the would-be immigrant must apply for immigrant status at the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). If all goes right, the entire process takes about two years (considerably more for citizens of certain countries). But things may not go right: there could be problems at either stage. Thus, the employer or the "alien" must hire an immigration lawyer. The current process, then, is costly both to the would-be immigrant and to the employer (and hence, it unfairly penalizes smaller firms that cannot afford this expensive process and so cannot recruit this foreign talent).The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1990 introduced an alternative route for professors and researchers to secure immigrant status. Essentially, it eliminates the average processing time to about one year, it does not eliminate any of the uncertainty or the need for expensive legal counsel.We budget that automatic green cards be given to all those who obtain a Ph. D. in the science and engineering programs at our universities. In adopting such a "guaranteed green card" proposal, we would be recognizing the important contribution that these students make to our leading position in science by giving equal weight to human capital and financial capital.56. Prior to this text, the author has most probably made an analysis of[A] brain gain in the United States.[B] the cause of problems of the black people.[C] the U. S educational programs for blacks.[D] the procedure of foreign students' immigration.57. Which of the following statements will the author most probably agree with?[A] Foreign students are a new source of financial capital.[B] Ph. D. graduates should automatically be given green cards.[C] Foreign Ph. D. graduates may function as a kind of capital.[D] Foreign investors ought to immigrate to high unemployment areas.58. A foreign graduate student who applies for immigrant status must have[A] a U.S. employer's sponsorship.[B] financial capital to create ten jobs.[C] a job in an American company.[D] the help of an immigration lawyer.59. Smaller enterprises have difficulty using foreign talent because of[A] the costly recruiting process.[B] the expensive legal counsel.[C] the competition from big companies.[D] the inability to provide sponsorship.60. The author's proposal differs from the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1990 in[A] the kind of green card.[B] the amount of investment capital.[C] the budget for the whole process.[D] the certainty of issuing green cards.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering ＄960 million, but 61) the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that come from holding such an international event by equaling the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4:20 a.m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. 62) But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of New South Wales and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in ＄1 million below the revised budget and ＄5 million below the original budget of ＄29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of ＄24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to ＄10 million, contributing some ＄ 2 million. 63)The Federal Government's grant of ＄5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer.Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. 64) Others argued that 70% of the facilities were already in place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having the Games... "is not that you are going to have ＄7.4 billion in extra gross domestic product over the next 14 years." 65) I think the real point is the psychological change, the gaining of confidence,apart from the other more obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature.Section ⅣWriting(35 minutes)Directions:66. Read the following statement and write an essay on it. In your essay, you should1) state your opinion, and2) support it with examples."The man who reads well is the man who thinks well, who has a background for opinion and a stand for judgment."You should write 160--200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.2007年9月笔试真卷答案Section ⅠListening Comprehension1. accountants2. biographies3. forty-six4. lawyers5. contemporary6. understanding7. evenings and weekends 8. training opportunities9. beaten so much 10. 10,000 HK dollars11. C 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. D18. A 19. A 20. DSection ⅡUse of English21．A [精析] under pressure 为固定短语，表示“在压力下，被迫”。

外交政策分析的路径与模式[①]《外交评论》2011年第6期内容摘要：虽然外交政策是我们理解国际关系的关键，但与国际政治研究相比，外交政策研究尚处于“初级阶段”。

本文对外交政策分析的特征、价值进行了总结，并从社会科学研究的四种分析模式出发，对现有外交政策分析文献进行了分类归纳。

根据本文的归纳，外交政策分析存在四种路径九种模式。

但是，不管那种路径与模式都未能解决外交政策分析的三个关键难题，因而并不能对外交政策提供令人满意的分析。

为此，本文最后指出，如何整合不同路径与不同模式以提供一个综合分析框架是外交政策分析面临的难题。

关键词：外交政策分析、施动者-结构、解释、理解[作者简介]李志永,湖北人，对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院讲师,主要研究方向为国际政治理论、外交政策分析、中国外交、公共外交等,lizhiyong0424@。

通信地址：北京市朝阳区惠新东街10号对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院，诚信楼8层72号信箱（100029）。

克里斯托夫·希尔指出，“外交政策是我们理解国际关系的核心部分，即使它远难称得上这一问题的全部。

由于某些好的和坏的理由，它目前被忽视了，但它必须回答中心位置。

”[②]保罗·科维特（Paul Kowert）也指出，“由利益可能截然不同的公民所组成的民族国家怎样才能选择合适的外交（或任何其他）政策以服务于‘公共’利益呢？这一集体行为问题以及与其相关的国家合作途径问题，都是国际关系的主导性问题。

”[③]换句话说，国家的外交政策到底是如何决定的及其行为规律构成了国际关系研究的主导性问题，这正是外交政策分析要回答的根本主题。

本文将从方法论与认识论入手，对外交政策分析的主要路径与模式进行回顾与总结，以推动我们对外交政策的理解，促进外交政策分析研究的深化。

一、外交政策分析的特征与价值国际关系是行为体（现今主要是国家）互动造就的人类现象，而就单个行为体而言，任何由国家引起的重大国际政治现象均是不同外交决策或决策[④]相互作用的结果。

TACTICS AND STRATEGIESDefinitionsWhen talking about tactics and strategy the first problem we run into is the one of definitions – the two are usually lumped together. Is there a difference between the two and does it matter?According to my dictionary tactics can be (a) a skilful device (b) the plans and means adopted in carrying out a scheme or achieving some end (c) or adroitly planned moves.Strategy can mean (a) the art of war (b) the management of an army in a campaign. (c) the art of moving troops, ships or aircraft into favourable positions. (d) plan of action or policy in business or politics.Strategy, clearly has military, business or political dimensions to it whereas tactics is probably more applicable to judo.Common threads in the definitions are:- Achieving a favourable outcome via planning, positioning and deception. Deception is perhaps the key element as far as judo is concerned. If the opponent does not know what you can do or are about to do he can be beaten by the unexpected.In so far as everything that is done in a judo match is an attempt at obtaining a win then judo is wholly tactical because it is planned and involves a certain amount of deception.In an earlier lecture I quoted Napoleon who said, “Beginners talk of tactics whereas professionals talk of logistics. He obviously thought of the two as opposites to a degree. What are the logistics of judo? If Napoleon had known of judo he might have said beginners talk of technique and the professionals talk of fitness and strength! Personally I have always thought that tactics are the smaller moves and strategies are the larger longer term plans. From a judo point of view I have found it useful to divide such moves into tricks – tactics – strategies depending on the length of time that one would need to work on them to make them effective.Tricks, tactics and strategiesMy judo teacher defined a trick as a move that would not work more than once on the same opponent and added that it is usually a simple move that requires little training. For example there is a sumo move called neko-damashi (deceiving the cat) which could work in judo. As the two combatants close with each other one abruptly claps his hands together just in front of his opponent’s face without touching it and then when the opponent reacts in surprise he makes his attack. Other tricks might include pointing down to the mat as if trying to draw the referee’s attention to a faulty mat and then attacking when the opponent looks down as well. Some might call these sneaky tricks.Tricks and tactics merge to a degree. Think of the various meanings of the word trick. In some usages a trick is simply a technique as in, ‘He showed me a couple of tricks’. But in the sentence, ‘He tricked me.’ one can see deception and low level deception at that.The strategies of judo might include the choices you make early on in your career such as the techniques you build up to form an attacking arsenal, your choice of right or left side attacks or your style of judo.However beware - the opponent is a thinking human being and is quite likely to perceive your tactics and adapt accordingly, so they have a limited life. Also beware of the fact that there is a fine line between being tricky and tactical. Some referees may not like someone overtly ‘tricky’.Generally speaking there are many tactics in everyday judo and fewer tricks or strategies according to my definitions.TricksTrick 1. Play the moment – look expectantly at the ref when your opponent stumbles accidentally or when you partially throw him and combine it with a kiai shout as you fall with him. Inform the ref in so many gestures that it was you who did that!Trick 2. Pretend to notice something on the mat then attack when opponent glances down. Pointing at something will work in the same way but referee may not like it.Trick 3. Learn to make your trickery very casual – it is not as easy as it seems. Never make it obvious.Trick 4. When the opponent crashes to the ground look for a groundwork opening but be active. Grab the belt or jacket and pull the opponent around quite a bit in order to convince the refereeing team. Contrast this activity with the man who simply sinks down on top of his opponent and works at his neck with one hand. The stand-up call will come much sooner for the second one.Trick 5. Neko-damashi. The hand clap is the easy part. It’s how you instantly use the opponent’s reaction that is difficult. Some sumo-like moves such as kata-sukashi could be usefully employed. There are a couple of strangles (ie kata-eri-jime) that could be used as well.Trick 6. The flying O-uchi. Run and leap at your opponent, wrap your right arm around his neck and do an o-uchigari with your right leg - all in one big-move. Can succeed quite spectacularly!Trick 7. If taller than your opponent casually reach forward with both hands as if aiming to take a standard sleeve and collar grip but at the very last moment slap down hard with both hands on the opponent’s shoulders and slip in a quick ko-uchi-gari at the same time. Do not catch hold.Trick 8. At some point in a match catch hold of the opponent’s jacket by the elbows on both sides and try suddenly twisting him off his feet (Hiji-otoshi) or swing him round and off his feet. I have seen tall judoka pull this off.Trick 9. We are not allowed to touch the face in judo and this is defined as the area from the line of the jaws up to and across the eye brows however the rules do not expressly forbid slaps. So maybe a surprise slap to the forehead, side, top or rear of the head could be allowed. Double check the Rules on this one preferably with an international referee. Having made a slap an attack must instantly follow.TacticsTactic 1. Brutally crush your opponents attacks in such a way that he feels you are impregnable. This means stiffening your body and arms very abruptly so that the opponent’s attack is brought to a sudden stop. Contrast this with the man who just rides a throw or moves slightly out of its way.Tactic 2. Distinguish first between grip-fighting and grip-breaking. Grip fighting is when you are fighting for a favourable grip for your throw whereas grip breaking is to gain freedom of movement. Always combine gripping with foot movements. It is pointless to break a grip without movement because the opponent will immediately replace his grip ad infinitum. So grip-break and move or move and grip-break. Keep changing your grip till the opponent gives up.Tactic 3. Disrupt the opponent’s attack pattern by throwing in destabilizing small leg attacks (ashi-barai, tsurikomi-ashi etc). Many competitors have to wind themselves up to make an attack. Break this pattern and you can maintain control for a while and expose opponent to passivity warnings.Tactic 4. Waste time on the ground, if in the last quarter of a match especially if ahead. Preferably fight top-down not bottom-up and look active. Do no more than one straight tomoe or one yoko-tomoe in this end period. Referees tend to regard tomoe-nage as a time-wasting move at this point.Tactic 5. In the early or middle stage of the match try a two footed tomoe-nage either by dropping straight into it with both legs up or by lifting one leg first and then the other. This is rarely a smooth move but even if it breaks down into two stages keep going because it is possible to get a waza-ari off a slow disjointed attack. It is in the rules.Tactic 6. Play-safe moves. If you (a right-hander) want to keep your attack rate up but play safe do tai-otoshi on opponent’s near left leg not far right leg – you can make it look genuine and you may get a score off it. Similarly do a spin turn uchimata. Uchimata is difficult to stop or counter if the leg is inserted between opp’s two legs first and the spin-turn entry is the safest way to do it. Also a mix of tsurikomi ashi & kosotogari are useful and safe attacking moves. Other play-safe moves are virtually all moves where the attacker is standing on his own two feet such as Seoinage, Ogoshi and Tsurikomigoshi BUT be careful about turning fully round in the attack – you can be countered backwards. Turn only sideways on. Sumo has a number of interesting half turn moves such as uwate and shitate nage. More play-safe moves are yokosutemi-waza, pure hand throws, waki-otoshi, maki-komi, seoi-otoshi, soto-muso, o-guruma, koshi-gurumaTactic 7. Disruptive movement against an extreme right-sided opponent is to circle constantly in clockwise direction around his forward right foot and combine this with Ko-uchi-gari attacks. Also the straight back-scuttle is good for digging out a reluctant mover. Move vigorously backwards dragging opponent with you but constantly break his grips and change your own. Aim to end up with a Seoi or Ko-uchi gari.Tactic 8. A snap-down is a useful wrestling move against a deeply crouching opponent. The judo rules say that you cannot drag an opponent down to groundwork but it is possible to combine a sudden pull down with a bit of a twist to make it like a throw. See also slap-downs above. A block-down (crumple) is another wrestling move which crushes the opponent down to the ground just as he begins to turn in for the attack.Tactic 8. The sprawl. In response to a morote gari when the opponent dives for your legs spread and throw your legs back fast and bear down with your chest on his upper back. This is not a scoring move – it is simply an instant response to a double leg grab. Similarly when the opponent attacks with a leg grab instantly sprawl and circle one way or another. Do not get sucked into moving backwards off it.Tactic 9. When an opponent goes for an inside leg grab (ie. from a cross grip) use your legs to do a scissor lock on his arm. That is to say sharply twist your body and your legs to one side to apply pressure on his arm. It can also be done when kneeling. Tactics 10. Grape-vining. Kawazu-gake is a grape-vine type move combined with o-uchi-gari which is expressly prohibited in the Rules but grape-vining can often be effectively combined with o-soto-gari and uchi-mata. Douillet of France often scored with it.Tactics 11. Standing armlocks. These are good tactical moves because judo people are mostly used to attacks to their legs or mid sections. A sudden switch to a standing armlock can catch the opponent completely by surprise.Tactic 12. Playing the edge when facing out. If you try to push an opponent directly backwards he may stop you or the ref may penalize you so try an oblique push over the edge. Try to encircle one arm and push the opponent so that he moves obliquely out of bounds on the opposite side to the arm encirclement.Tactic 13. Attack instantly after losing a score/or if either party get hurt. Think of the attack as a rebound! It seems to happen fairly often in contest but it may be solely because one competitor is stung into action. So copy it.Tactic 14. Wrestling Arm-drag. As the opponent comes towards you with arms outstretched to catch hold grab his right wrist/forearm with your left hand and use your right hand to catch around his right triceps area. From this position pull his right arm completely across the front of your body and seek to twist the opponent around. As he turns move round behind him and wrap your left arm round his waist. From this position try various sutemi type moves or pick-ups such as te-guruma.Strategy.Strategy 1. Contest time management. A five minute contest can be usefully divided up into quarters or thirds. Apart from getting an Ippon the best situation to be in in a five minute contest is to go into the final third of the match comfortably ahead on scores. The pressure will then be on opponent to recover those scores and he /she may make mistakes giving you a chance to make further scores. Probably the first quarter or third of the match will be when you cautiously test the opponent. The middle is when you pile on the attacks and go hunting for a good score. The final one will be as described above.Strategy 2. Passivity. It is essential to train to avoid passivity warnings. With a certain amount of training your body can be trained to explode into action at regular intervals. So train specifically in your dojo to attack every 20 seconds or every 15 seconds. This would need some kind of signal in the dojo to sound at those intervals. In addition incorporate similar signals in your off-mat training. So for example if you are running round a track make a couple of big explosive moves such as two heavy dumbbell cleans at those intervals. So a five minute contest would require a number of heavy cleans not to mention all the other judo movements you might be doing in the match. It will be hard!Strategy 3. Left sided players tend to win more than right sided ones so make left side your main side from early on. Take my word for it – it can be done.Strategy 4. Have a good counter-throw for everything. During training sessions regularly run through a repertoire of counters for all the Gokyo techniques.Strategy 5. Time management of a contest means that at certain stages of a match you will need to change style of judo depending on whether you are ahead or not – lurking – countering – counter attacking – hard attacking etc. Coach and competitor should work out what each entails.Strategy 6. Know the rules inside out. A number of the tricks and tactics described above take advantage of loosely worded rules. Try to work on the referees at an event by asking their definitions and asking awkward questions. With a bit of luck one might end up refereeing your match.Strategy 7. Learn to throw directly from behind – whenever the opponent has turned his back on you or is walking away. This will need to be done quickly before the referee has time to call matte.Strategy 8. Learn to use the belt for throws. I once fought a very awkward opponent who held my belt on both sides with a lot of my jacket which he pulled forward totally controlling my lower back. From there he did a very powerful hip throw. Also try a belt and trouser grip (one up-one down).Strategy 9. Train regularly in sports similar to judo such as wrestling and sumo. Strategy 10.. Think of Not-Losing.Strategy 11. Acquire a comprehensive combat vocabulary. Study other sports especially American ones. Certain concise phrases may summarize key phases of a contest.Strategy 12. A mat-side coach must be able to communicate with his player – but signals of some kind are required because certain languages are well understood by many foreign players and coaches.I have not included in the strategy section above how to build up an arsenal of attacking moves either as straight throws or in combination. Most judo books cover these. Basically you must do the unexpected such as a throw to the rear when the opponent is expecting a front throw and be able to throw in most directions. I have also not covered some of the psychological tactical aspects of traditional judo as in my book Judo Strategies. Space is limited.Finally a word of warning. As I mentioned above referees may not like‘tricky/tactical’ competitors. So make the core of your judo the solid scoring throws such as uchi-mata or seoinage. Against a good man the tricks and tactics may have little effect. He/she will ignore or shrug them off. That is when you must depend on your iron inner core of technique.© Syd Hoare 2007。

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctorcondition:2、Mrs. Osorio’s·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent ——request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcomeN=1” trials“AdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole populationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departure s from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。

CHAPTER FIFTEENCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTMultiple Choice1.Which of the following represents a major shift in current marketing practice?a.From high fixed costs to low fixed costsb.From mass marketing to individualized marketingc.From focusing on a small base of customers to focusing on acquiring many newcustomersd.All of the above(b; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)2. A firm using relationship marketing focuses on ________.a.market shareb.wallet sharec.time shared.relationship share(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)panies can use relationship marketing techniques to build relationships with________.a.customersb.employeesteral partnersd.all of the above(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)4.Which of the following is a facet of customer relationship management (CRM)?a.customer serviceb.sales force automationc.marketing automationd.all of the above(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)5.Social CRM means that companies must interact with customers ________.a.on the customer’s termsb.based on company datac.based on company strategyd.based on company desires(a; Difficult; LO3; Use of Information Technology)6.In order to keep customers from viewing their communications as spam, the firm shouldbuild relationships by ________.a.offering promotionsb.purchasing new consumer lists periodicallying consumer information to build more precise target profilesd.rewarding customers for giving out their friend’s e-mail addresses(c; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)7.Which of the following is referred to as level one of relationship marketing?a.Marketers learn the names and needs of customersb.Marketers create solid solutions to customer problemsc.Marketers build a financial bond with customers by using pricing strategiesd.Marketers stimulate social interaction with customers(c; Difficult; LO2; Analytic Skills)8.Which of the following is an advantage of connecting customers with supply chainbusinesses?a.all companies will share transaction data so inventories can be kept lowb.customer service reps will have up-to-the-minute inventory information and be ableto help consumers more immediatelyc.upstream firms can use data to design products that better meet consumer needsd.all of the above(d; Moderate; LO3; Analytic Skills)9.As more companies integrate customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chainmanagement (SCM) activities ________.a.they will experience an increase in variable costsb.they will slightly less able to learn how to create value throughout the supply chainc.they will become more responsive to individual customer needsd.all of the above(c; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)10.If two or more companies were to link their intranet networks for the purpose of sharinginformation, then they would have a(n) ________.a.supply chainb.extranetc.ethernetd.internet(b; Easy; LO4; Analytic Skills)panies obtain transactional, behavioral, and interaction data about prospects,business customers, and end customers through ________.a.personal disclosureb.automated tracking of the sales forcec.website activityd.all of the above(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)12.CRM allows companies to leverage their resources by investing more in the ________customers.a.averageb.least profitablec.most lucratived.none of the above(c; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)13.When everyone in the company who touches the customer understands all aspects of thecustomer’s relationship with the company, this is regarded as ________.a.owning the customer’s total experienceb.streamlining business processes that impact the customerc.having a 360-degree view of the customer relationshipd.fostering community(c; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)14.Important tools that aid firms in customizing products to groups of customers orindividuals include ________ strategies that reside o n the company’s w eb and e-mailservers, and ________ strategies that are initiated by internet users.a.push; pullb.pull; pushc.marketing; brochurewared.marketing; inquiry(a; Moderate; LO4; Analytic Skills)ing _________ firms can develop customized web pages based on visitor behavior.a.Web log analysisb.ongoing e-mailc.client-side toolsd.agents(a; Difficult; LO4; Analytic Skills)16.________ allows marketers to monitor users’ online behavior and make instantaneousand/or automatic adjustments to online promotional offers and web content.a.Collaborative filteringb.Real-time profilingc.An agentd.E-mail communication(b; Difficult; LO4; Analytic Skills)17.Through real-time chat, forums, and email postings at its website, companies are able to________.a.aggregate data used to design marketing mixes that meet user needsb.build communityc.learn about productsd.all of the above(d; Moderate; LO4; Analytic Skills)18.Software agents such as shopping agents and search engines ________.a.scour the internet for terms matching the users’ search criteriae web portals to access partner informationc.are forms of experiential marketingd.match user input to databases and return customized information(d; Difficult; LO4; Analytic Skills)19.Individualized web portals are most often used to build relationships in the ________.a.B2C marketb.B2B marketc.B2G marketd.G2C market(b; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)20.All of the following are metrics used to assess the internet’s value in delivering CRMexcept ________.a.lifetime value (LTV)b.cost savingsc.employee satisfactiond.customer satisfaction(c; Difficult; LO5; Analytic Skills)True/False21.Most businesses spend more money acquiring new customers than they spend keepingcurrent customers.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)22.Customer service occurs only post-purchase when customers have questions orcomplaints.a.Trueb.False(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)23.Most customers would prefer to be brand disloyal in favor of finding the lowest price foreach purchase, so marketers must entice them into loyalty through special offers.a.Trueb.False(b; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)24.One important tenet of CRM is that it is better to attract, retain, and grow customers thanto focus only on customer acquisition.a.Trueb.False(a; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)25.Social CRM does not retain any of the tenets of CRM 1.0.a.Trueb.False(b; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)26.Permission marketing dictates that customers will be pleased to receive e-mail for whichthey have opted-in.a.Trueb.False(a; Moderate; LO4; Analytic Skills)27.Lively and useful chat and forums increase repeat site visits and stickiness.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO4; Analytic Skills)28.Post-transaction customer service is an important part of the customer care life cycle.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO5; Analytic Skills)29.No matter how good a company may be at retaining customers, new customer acquisitionis still an important activity.a.Trueb.False(a; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)31.Personalization involves ways that marketers individualize in an impersonal, computernetworked environment.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO4; Analytic Skills)32.Unlike SCM, CRM activities usually refer to back-end operations.a.Trueb.False(b; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)Essay Questions33.Why are the three pillars of relationship management?▪Customer relationship management (CRM)▪Customer experience management (CEM)▪Customer collaboration management (CCM)(Easy; LO2; Analytic Skills)34.Why is it important to implement CRM effectively and efficiently? In what ways can afirm ensure that their use of CRM is both effective and efficient?▪Many companies that invest in CRM software lose money on the investment.▪Companies need to focus on CRM applications to ensure effectiveness and efficiency▪Vision of CRM that fits with the company culture, is bought into by management, and fits with the firm’s brands and value propositions.▪CRM Strategy▪CEM - Valued Customer experience▪CCM – Organization-and-Customer Collaboration▪CRM Processes▪CRM Information▪CRM Technology▪CRM Metrics(Difficult; LO2; Analytic Skills)35. Discuss the major principles behind Social CRM (CRM 2.0), and contrast it with CRM 1.0.▪Social CRM (CRM 2.0) retains all the tenets of CRM 1.0. However, it adds social media technology and customer collaborative conversations to the process.▪Social CRM means that companies must interact with customers on their terms, and not based solely on the company’s data, strategy and desire.▪Social CRM extends CRM 1.0, but does not replace it; in CRM 1.0, customers would forward e-mails to friends or talk in business meetings about products.▪Social CRM added more conversation among customers due to social media and gave companies many additional media for building long-term customer relationships andsales.(Difficult; LO3; Use of Information Technology)36.What is the difference between push strategies and pull strategies used by firms thatcustomize products to customers? Your answer should include an example of each.▪Push strategies are marketing efforts initiated by (internet) companies. The firms are “pushing” customized information down the channel to customers.▪Pull strategies are customer initiated requests to retailers which ultimately get passed onto producers that make the branded products purchased by customers.(Moderate; LO4; Analytic Skills)37.The text notes that relationship marketing is practiced on three levels. Describe each ofthe three levels from the lowest to the highest.▪Level one is financial. Differentiation is based on pricing▪Level two is stimulating social interaction- ongoing personal communication or community building and aggressive pricing.▪Level three is creating and selling a structural solution to customer problems. At this point the customer is buying a solution or benefit from the firm, which resultsin strong bonds between customer(s) and the firm that serves them.(Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)38.Explain what is meant by CRM-SCM Integration. What are the advantages of thisintegration for internet companies?▪CRM - customer relationship management, which is the “front-end” connection between the customer and the firm. It includes all touch points with thecustomer, marketing efforts, customer service▪SCM - Supply Chain Management, which is the back-end connection between the firm and its suppliers.▪Integration ties the customer to suppliers.▪Advantages for internet companies include lower levels of inventory needed on hand, firms use the data to design products that better meet customer needs, andcustomer service representatives have current information to better servecustomers.▪Firms become more responsive to individual customer needs.(Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)39.Give an example of a time when you experienced some aspect of CRM via the internet.Did this experience represent a CRM success or failure in your mind? Why?▪ suggesting products based on previous orders is a success in CRM on the internet. They personalize/customize automatically the web sitebased on a customer buying patterns, live or past browsing patterns, and/orprojected preferences based on similar customers’ past purchases.(Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)。

1.The Impact of Technology on Modern Life Discuss the positive and negative effects of technological advancements on daily life.2.The Importance of Environmental Protection Explore the reasons why environmental conservation is crucial and suggest ways individuals can contribute to it.3.The Role of Education in Personal Development Analyze how education shapes individuals and contributes to their personal growth.4.The Influence of Social Media on Society Examine the ways in which social media platforms affect interpersonal relationships and societal norms.5.The Benefits of Traveling Describe the various advantages of traveling,including cultural exchange,personal growth,and relaxation.6.The Challenges of Urbanization Discuss the difficulties faced by cities as they grow, such as overcrowding,pollution,and the loss of green spaces.7.The Significance of Cultural Diversity Explain why cultural diversity is important fora society and how it can be promoted.8.The Ethics of Genetic Engineering Debate the moral implications of genetic engineering and its potential impact on future generations.9.The Effects of Globalization on Local Economies Analyze how globalization affects local businesses and economies,both positively and negatively.10.The Importance of Physical Fitness Discuss the health benefits of regular exercise and the role it plays in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.11.The Impact of Climate Change Explore the consequences of climate change on the environment and the steps that can be taken to mitigate its effects.12.The Role of Art in Society Discuss the significance of art in expressing ideas, emotions,and cultural values.13.The Challenges of Aging Population Analyze the social and economic implications of an aging population and suggest solutions.14.The Ethics of Animal Testing Debate the moral issues surrounding the use of animalsfor scientific research and testing.15.The Benefits of Learning a Second Language Describe the advantages of being bilingual or multilingual,including cognitive benefits and improved job prospects.16.The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behavior Discuss how advertising influences consumer decisions and the potential for manipulation.17.The Importance of Mental Health Highlight the significance of mental health and the need for greater awareness and support.18.The Role of Volunteering in Community Development Explain how volunteering contributes to the development of communities and the personal growth of volunteers.19.The Effects of Fast Food on Health Analyze the health implications of consuming fast food and the importance of a balanced diet.20.The Impact of Digital Technology on Education Discuss how digital technology has transformed the educational landscape and its implications for teaching and learning.21.The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Debate the ethical considerations of AI development and its potential impact on jobs and privacy.22.The Importance of Water Conservation Discuss the reasons for conserving water and the methods that can be used to reduce water waste.23.The Role of Public Transport in Urban Planning Analyze the importance of efficient public transport systems in reducing traffic congestion and pollution.24.The Impact of Celebrity Culture on Youth Discuss how the influence of celebrities can affect the values and aspirations of young people.25.The Benefits of Early Childhood Education Describe the longterm benefits of investing in early childhood education for cognitive and social development.。

Tutorial Program1 BMA302 Strategic Management Tutorial Program Tutorial One: What is Strategy? 1. What is strategy, strategic competitiveness, competitive advantage, and above average returns and why are they important concepts in business? 2. What is vision and mission and what are their value for the strategic management process? 3. What are stakeholders, and how do the three primary stakeholder groups influence organisations? 4. What are the elements of the strategic management process and how are they interrelated? Tutorial Two: External Analysis. 1. According to the I/O Model, what should a firm do to achieve above average returns? 2. What is the external environmental analysis process, and what does a firm learn from this process?3. What are the five forces covered by an industry analysis and what effect do they have on a firms profit potential?4. What are the components of a competitor analysis, and how do they impact a firms strategy? Tutorial Three: Internal Analysis. 1. What does the resource-based model suggest a firm should do to earn above average returns? 2. What are the differences between tangible and intangible resources? Why is it important for decision makers to understand these differences? 3. What are1/ 5capabilities and what must a firm do to create capabilities? What are the four criteria used to determine which of a firms capabilities core capabilities? 4. What is value chain analysis, and what does a firm gain when it successfully uses this tool? Tutorial Four: Case Study Analysis. Read the case about Gillette (available from the text) and conduct your own research on the external market environment for technology-based products in China. Provide a critical analysis of (a) the opportunities and threat present in the Chinese market place for Gillette, and (b) what strategies do you propose they develop to compete effectively within China during the next five years? Tutorial Five: Business Level Strategy. 1. What is a business-level strategy? What is the relationship between a firms customers and its business-level strategy in terms of who, what and how? Why is this relationship important? 2. What are the differences amongst the cost-leadership, differentiation, focused cost leadership, focused differentiation and integrated cost leadership/differentiation business level strategies? 2 3. How can each one of the business-level strategies be used to position the firm relative to the five-forces of competition in a way that helps the firm earn above average returns? 4. Whatare the specific risks associated with using each business-level strategy? Tutorial Six: Competitive Dynamics.1. Who are competitors? How are competitive rivalry, competitive behaviour and competitive behaviour defined, and what are their implications for strategy?2. What is market commonality? What is resource similarity? What does it mean to say that these concepts are the building blocks for a competitor analysis?3. How do awareness, motivation and ability affect the firms competitive behaviour?4. What factors affect the likelihood a firm will take a competitive action? What factors affect the likelihood a firm will initiate a competitive response to an action taken by a competitor?5. What competitive dynamics can be expected amongst firms operating in slow-cycle, fast-cycle, and standard cycle markets? Tutorial Seven: Case Study Preparation Tutorial. Please come to this tutorial prepared to ask questions about your case analysis assignment. Tutorial Eight: Corporate-Level Strategy. 1. What are the different levels of diversification firms can pursue by using different corporate-level strategies? What are the three reasons causing a firm to diversify their operations? 2. How do firms create value when using a related diversification3/ 5strategy? 3. What incentives and resources encourage diversification? 4. What motives might encourage managers to over-diversify their firm? Tutorial Nines: Acquisitions. 1. Why are acquisition strategies popular in many firms competing in the global economy? 2. What are the seven primary problems that affect a firms efforts to successfully use an acquisition strategy? 3. What are the attributes associated with a successful acquisition strategy? 4. What is the restructuring strategy and what are the common forms? What are the short and long term outcomes associated with the different restructuring strategies? Tutorial Ten: International Strategy. 1. What are the traditional and emerging motives that cause firms to expand internationally? 2. What four factors provide a basis for international business-level strategies? 3 3. What are the three international corporate-level strategies? How do they differ from each other? What factors lead to their development?4. What five modes of international expansion are available and what is the normal sequence of their use? Tutorial Eleven: Cooperative Strategy. 1. What is the definition of a cooperative strategy and why is this strategy important to firms competing in the 21st Century competitive landscape? 2. What is a strategic alliance? What are the three types ofstrategic alliances firms use to develop a competitive advantage? 3. What are the four business-level cooperative strategies and what are the differences amongst them? 4. What are the three corporate-level cooperative strategies? How do firms use each one to create a competitive advantage? Tutorial Twelve: Governance. 1. What does it mean to say that ownership is separated from managerial control in the modern corporation? Why does this separation exist? 2. What is the agency relationship? What is managerial opportunism? What assumptions do owners of modern corporations make about managers as agents? 3. How is each of the three internal governance mechanisms ownership concentration, boards of directors and executive compensation used to align the interests of managerial agents with those of the firms owners?4. How can corporate governance foster ethical strategic decisions and behaviours on the part of managers as agents?5/ 5。

What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of technology.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The development of communication.D. The future of education.The word "ubiquitous" in the passage most nearly means:A. rare.B. common.C. expensive.D. outdated.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of online learning?A. Flexibility.B. Reduced costs.C. Improved social skills.D. Access to a wider range of courses.What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem discussed in the passage?A. Increasing funding for research.B. Implementing stricter regulations.C. Reducing the workforce.D. Encouraging more competition.The tone of the passage can be described as:A. optimistic.B. pessimistic.C. neutral.D. sarcastic.According to the passage, which of the following is a challenge faced by remote workers?A. Lack of job security.B. Difficulty in separating work and personal life.C. Limited opportunities for advancement.D. Inadequate access to technology.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A. To entertain readers.B. To inform readers about a new product.C. To persuade readers to take a specific action.D. To argue a particular viewpoint.The passage primarily discusses:A. The benefits of exercise.B. The causes of climate change.C. The importance of time management.D. The history of space exploration.Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the information in the passage?A. The company has never faced any challenges.B. The product is available only in certain countries.C. The research team consists of five members.D. The project was completed within a year.。