国际贸易实务双语

国际贸易实务案例教程（双语（第2版）Chapter OneCase Study for a Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介案例Part One Selected Analysis of Case Study第一部分案例精选Case 1 US-India Wool Fabric DisputeCase Description:The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April18th, 1995, to restrict imports of wool fabric for men’s and women’s shirts from India. Before the measures’ implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to U.S. domestic enterprises resulting f rom the import of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts. The two sides did not reach asatisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement.Question:Will the United States remove the interim protection measures?1 案例美—印羊毛织物摩擦案案情介绍:美国强制实行了过渡性保护措施，从1995年4月18日开始限制进口印度的羊毛制品—男式衬衣和女式衬衣。

国际贸易实务教案Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介1.1 Reasons for international trade1.1.1Resources Reasons(1) Natural resources.(2) Favorable climate conditions and terrain.(3) Skilled workers and capital resources.(4) Favorable geographic location and transportation costs.1.1.2Economic Reasons(1) Comparative advantage(2) Strong domestic demand(3) Innovation or style1.1.3Political Reasons1.2 Problems Concerning International Trade1.2.1Cultural Problems(1) Language.(2) Customs and manners.1.2.2Monetary Conversions1.2.3Trade BarriersIndividual countries put controls on trade for the following three reasons:(1) To correct a balance-of-payments deficit.(2) For reasons of national security.(3) To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods.Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements, countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports. Some of these are:(1) requiring import licenses that permit only specific volumes or values imports;(2) setting quotas that limit the total value or volume of a product to be imported;(3) limiting government purchases to firms within the country;(4) applying standards for safety, consumer protection, or other reasons, which foreign products may not be able to meet;(5) making special payments called export subsidies to encourage local exporters to increase foreign sales;(6) targeting——a new term meaning the imposition of a package of measures to give certain local industries a competitive advantage in export markets. It might include export subsidies, technical assistance, subsidies for research and development, and financial assistance;(7) requiring licenses to obtain foreign currencies by those who want to buy goods from abroad——thus limiting the quantity of imports they can buy;(8) reducing the value of a nation’s currency in relation to that of the rest of the world so that its exported goods cost less in other countries and its imports cost more;(9) imposing conditions on foreign products such as requiring that their goods contain a certain amount of locally produced products;(10) restricting trade in banking, insurance, and other service professions.练习一：导论思考题：1国际贸易实务课程的主要任务和研究对象是什么？本课程包括哪些主要内容？2与国内贸易相比进出口贸易有何特点？3国际贸易中影响较大的惯例、条约有哪些？其主要内容是什么？有何特点？4根据我国合同法规定，合同应包括哪些主要内容？5进出口贸易一般要经过哪几个步骤？在进出口业务中，出口商/进口商的主要工作是什么？Chapter 5. Trade Terms and Export PricingPart I. Outline本章要点5.1 Trade Terms and International Trade Practices贸易术语与国际贸易惯例5.2 13 Trade Terms in INCOTERMS 2000《2000通则》中的13中贸易术语5.3 Selection of Trade Terms贸易术语的选用5.4 Export Pricing出口定价5.1Trade Terms and International Trade Practices贸易术语与国际贸易惯例5.1.1 国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例1、交易双方当事人所在国的国内法2、国家对外缔结或参加的有关国际贸易、国际运输、商标、专利、仲裁等方面的条约和协定。

中文英文全称交货条件Dlivery Terms发货人Shipper交货条件Delivery电子数据交换Electronic Data Interchange 装船通知Advice of Shipment装船时间Time of Shipment保单Insurance Policy表面状况良好的提单Clean bill of lading象征性交货Symbolic Delivery实际交货Physical Delivery预计到港时间Expected Time of Arrival到货合同Arrivel Contract装运合同Shipment ContractFOB班轮条件FOB Liner TermFOB吊钩下交货FOB Under TackleFOB理舱费在内FOB StowedFOB平舱费在内FOB TrimmedFOB平舱费及理舱费在内FOB Stowed and TrimmedCFR班轮条件CFR Liner TermCFR卸至码头CFR LandedCFR吊钩下交接CFR Ex TackleCFR舱底交接CFR Ex Ship's HoldCIF班轮条件CIF Liner TermCIF卸至码头CIF LandedCIF吊钩下交接CIF Ex TackleCIF舱底交接CIF Ex Ship's HoldFOB理舱费和平舱费在内FOB Stowed and Trimmed买卖合同purchasing contract合同的标的物subject matter商品说明description品名name of commodity商品的质量quality of goods看货买卖sell by actual quality知识产权intellectual property right 工业产权industrial property right确认样品confirming sample色样colour sample款式样pattern sample精选货selected良好平均品质fair average quality原产地证书certificate of origin品质公差quality tolerance毛重gross weight以毛作净gross for net实际皮重actual tare/real tare平均皮重average tare/standard weight习惯皮重customary tare约定皮重computed tare公量conditioned weight理论重量theoretical weight法定重量legal weight实物净重net net weight裸装in pack散装in bulk公制the metric system英制the british system美制the u.s. system国际单位制the international system of units 短溢装数量more or less运输标志shipping mark知识性标志indicative mark警告性标志warning mark中性包装neutral packing运输方式modes of transportation班轮运输liner transport租船运输shipping by charting船期表sailing schedule班轮运价表liner's freight tariff重量吨weight ton尺码吨mearsurement ton按商品价格收 A.V.或ad val按毛重收w按毛重或体积收W/M按货物重量、尺码或价值W/M or ad val按货物重量或尺码，并加收从价运费w/m plus ad val超重附加费extra charge on heavy lifts超长附加费extra charge on over length选卸附加费additional on optional discharging port选卸货物optional cargo直航附加费additional on direct转船附加费transhipment additional港口附加费port additional定程租船voyage charter定期租船time charter光船租船bareboat charter按费率运费rate freight装船货物重量intaken quantity卸船货物重量delivered quantity整船包价lump-sum freight班轮条件gross terms或liner terms或berth terms管装不管卸free out管卸不管装Free in不负担装货费和卸货费Free in and out不负担装卸、理舱和平舱费Free in and out,stowed and trimmedFIOST船舶出租人Owner租船人charter波罗的海国际航运公会the baltic and international maritime conference BIMCO航次租船time charter on trip basis统一杂货租船合同uniform general charter留置权lien clause通用冰冻条款general ice clause双方互有碰撞责任条款both-to-blame collision clause新泽森条款new Jason clanse航空运输air transport包机运输chartered carrier班机运输schedule airline集中托运consolidation航空急件传送方式air express service桌到桌运输desk to desk service集装箱运输container transport标准箱twentyfoot equivalent unit整箱货full container load拼箱货less than container load集装箱堆积场Container yard集装箱货运站Container freight station门到门服务door to door国际多式联运international Multimodel transport/international combined transport多式联运合同multimodel transport contract多式联运经营人multimodel transport operator无船承运人non-vessel operating common carrier NVOCC大陆桥运输Land bridge transport公路运输road transportation内河运输inland water transportation邮政运输parcel post transport邮政包裹收据parcel post receipt国际特快专递international express mail serviceDHL信使快递DHL courier service管道运输pipeline transportation交货时间Time of delivery装运时间Time of Shipment装船loading on board vessel发运despatch收妥待运accepted for carriage邮局收据日期date of post receipt收货日期date of pick-up接受监管taking in-charge立即装运immediate shipment即期装运prompt shipment尽快装运shipment as soon as possible 装运港port of shipment目的港port of destination选择港option port分批装运partial shipment转运transhipment装卸准备就绪通知书Notice of readiness滞期费demurrage速遣费despatch money内陆地区overland common points海运提单ocean bill of lading表面情况良好in apparent good order已装船提单on board B/L or shipped B/L 备运提单Received for shipment B/L清洁提单Clean bill of lading不清洁提单unclean B/L;foul B/L记名提单straight B/L不记名提单bearer B/L持票人bearer指示提单order B/L直达提单direct B/L转船提单transhipment B/L租船提单charter party B/L联运提单through B/L班轮提单liner B/L全式提单long form B/L略式或简式提单short form B/L正本提单origin B/L全套（提单）full set B/L副本提单copy B/L集装箱提单container B/L集装箱联运提单combined transport B/L多式联运提单Multimodal transport document舱面提单On deck B/L过期提单stale B/L海运单sea waybill；ocean waybill不可转让海运单non-negotiable sea waybill承运货物收据cargo receipt航空运单air waybill航空主运单master air waybill航空分运单house air waybill实际发货日期actual date of despatch邮寄证明certificate of posting专递数据courier receipt运费计算标准basis等级class最低运费minimum freight最高运费maximum freight电子提单e-B/L提示行presenting bank付款人drawee需要时的代理人customer's representative in case-of-need光票托收clean collection跟单托收documentary collection付款交单documents against payment即期付款交单documents against payment at sight远期付款交单documents against payment after sight信托收据Trust receipt远期付款交单凭信托收据借单D/P.T/R借记通知credit note承兑交单document against acceptance货运单据shipping document开证申请人（开证人）applicant (opener)开证银行opening bank,issuing bank通知银行advising bank,notifying bank受益人beneficiary议付银行negotiating bank付款银行paying bank;drawee bank保兑银行confirming bank偿付银行reimbursement bank受让人transferee信开本to open by mail电开本to open by cable简开本brief cable全电本full cable格式format信息message承诺条款untaking clause代号tag议付兑付available by negotiation承付Honour跟单信用证documentary credit光票信用证clean credit不可撤销信用证irrevocable L/C可撤销信用证revocable L/C保兑信用证confirming L/C保兑行confirming bank不保兑信用证unconfirmed L/C付款兑现available by payment即期付款信用证sight payment credit延期付款信用证deferred payment credit延期付款兑现available by deferred payment 承兑信用证acceptance credit议付信用证negotiation L/C公开议付信用证open negotiation credit限制性议付信用证restricted negotiation credit 可转让信用证transferable credit可分割divisible可分开fractionable可让渡assignable可转移transmissible不可转让信用证non-transferable credit循环信用证revolving credit对开信用证reciprocal credit背对背信用证back to back credit预支信用证anticipatory L/C备用信用证standby L/C商业票据信用证Commrecial paper L/C保证（担保）信用证guarantee L/C红条信用证red clause L/C保函letter of guarantee见索即付保函demand guarantee无条件保函Unconditional L/G有条件保函conditional L/G银行保函banker's letter guarantee申请人（委托人）applicant (principal/consignor) 担保人guarantor通知行advising bank保兑行confirming bank转开行reissuing bank反担保人counter guarantor履约保函performance guarantee还款保函repayment guarantee分期付款pay by instalement延期付款deferred payment打包贷款packing credit代理行correspondent bank保留索偿under reserve商业信用证commercial letter of credit履约备用信用证performance standby L/C投标备用信用证Tender bind standby L/C预付款备用信用证advanced payment standby L/C直接付款备用信用证direct payment standby L/C验残检验证书inspection certificate on damaged cargo异议与索赔条款discrepancy and claim clause违约金条款liquidated damages clause定金条款deposit clause不可抗拒力条款force majeure clause仲裁条款arbitration clause罚金penalty索赔claim/fire a claim理赔settlement of a claim合同落空frustration of contract仲裁协议submission交货条件Dlivery Terms发货人Shipper交货条件Delivery电子数据交换Electronic Data Interchange装船通知Advice of Shipment装船时间Time of Shipment保单Insurance Policy表面状况良好的提单Clean bill of lading象征性交货Symbolic Delivery实际交货Physical Delivery预计到港时间Expected Time of Arrival到货合同Arrivel Contract装运合同Shipment ContractFOB班轮条件FOB Liner TermFOB吊钩下交货FOB Under TackleFOB理舱费在内FOB StowedFOB平舱费在内FOB TrimmedFOB平舱费及理舱费在内FOB Stowed and TrimmedCFR班轮条件CFR Liner TermCFR卸至码头CFR LandedCFR吊钩下交接CFR Ex TackleCFR舱底交接CFR Ex Ship's HoldCIF班轮条件CIF Liner TermCIF卸至码头CIF LandedCIF吊钩下交接CIF Ex TackleCIF舱底交接CIF Ex Ship's HoldFOB理舱费和平舱费在内FOB Stowed and Trimmed买卖合同purchasing contract合同的标的物subject matter商品说明description品名name of commodity商品的质量quality of goods看货买卖sell by actual quality知识产权intellectual property right 工业产权industrial property right确认样品confirming sample色样colour sample款式样pattern sample精选货selected良好平均品质fair average quality原产地证书certificate of origin品质公差quality tolerance毛重gross weight以毛作净gross for net实际皮重actual tare/real tare平均皮重average tare/standard weight 习惯皮重customary tare约定皮重computed tare公量conditioned weight理论重量theoretical weight法定重量legal weight实物净重net net weight裸装in pack散装in bulk公制the metric system英制the british system美制the u.s. system国际单位制the international system of units短溢装数量more or less运输标志shipping mark知识性标志indicative mark警告性标志warning mark中性包装neutral packing运输方式modes of transportation班轮运输liner transport租船运输shipping by charting船期表sailing schedule班轮运价表liner's freight tariff重量吨weight ton尺码吨mearsurement ton按商品价格收 A.V.或ad val按毛重收w按毛重或体积收W/M按货物重量、尺码或价值W/M or ad val按货物重量或尺码，并加收从价运费w/m plus ad val超重附加费extra charge on heavy lifts超长附加费extra charge on over length选卸附加费additional on optional discharging port选卸货物optional cargo直航附加费additional on direct转船附加费transhipment additional港口附加费port additional定程租船voyage charter定期租船time charter光船租船bareboat charter按费率运费rate freight装船货物重量intaken quantity卸船货物重量delivered quantity整船包价lump-sum freight班轮条件gross terms或liner terms或berth terms管装不管卸free out管卸不管装Free in不负担装货费和卸货费Free in and out不负担装卸、理舱和平舱费Free in and out,stowed and trimmedFIOST船舶出租人Owner租船人charter波罗的海国际航运公会the baltic and international maritime conference BIMCO航次租船time charter on trip basis统一杂货租船合同uniform general charter留置权lien clause通用冰冻条款general ice clause双方互有碰撞责任条款both-to-blame collision clause 新泽森条款new Jason clanse航空运输air transport包机运输chartered carrier班机运输schedule airline集中托运consolidation航空急件传送方式air express service桌到桌运输desk to desk service集装箱运输container transport标准箱twentyfoot equivalent unit整箱货full container load拼箱货less than container load集装箱堆积场Container yard集装箱货运站Container freight station门到门服务door to door国际多式联运international Multimodel transport/international combined transport多式联运合同multimodel transport contract 多式联运经营人multimodel transport operator 无船承运人non-vessel operating common carrier NVOCC大陆桥运输Land bridge transport公路运输road transportation内河运输inland water transportation邮政运输parcel post transport邮政包裹收据parcel post receipt国际特快专递international express mail serviceDHL信使快递DHL courier service管道运输pipeline transportation交货时间Time of delivery装运时间Time of Shipment装船loading on board vessel发运despatch收妥待运accepted for carriage邮局收据日期date of post receipt收货日期date of pick-up接受监管taking in-charge立即装运immediate shipment即期装运prompt shipment尽快装运shipment as soon as possible 装运港port of shipment目的港port of destination选择港option port分批装运partial shipment转运transhipment装卸准备就绪通知书Notice of readiness滞期费demurrage速遣费despatch money内陆地区overland common points海运提单ocean bill of lading表面情况良好in apparent good order已装船提单on board B/L or shipped B/L 备运提单Received for shipment B/L清洁提单Clean bill of lading不清洁提单unclean B/L;foul B/L记名提单straight B/L不记名提单bearer B/L持票人bearer指示提单order B/L直达提单direct B/L转船提单transhipment B/L租船提单charter party B/L联运提单through B/L班轮提单liner B/L全式提单long form B/L略式或简式提单short form B/L正本提单origin B/L全套（提单）full set B/L副本提单copy B/L集装箱提单container B/L集装箱联运提单combined transport B/L多式联运提单Multimodal transport document 舱面提单On deck B/L过期提单stale B/L海运单sea waybill；ocean waybill不可转让海运单non-negotiable sea waybill承运货物收据cargo receipt航空运单air waybill航空主运单master air waybill航空分运单house air waybill实际发货日期actual date of despatch邮寄证明certificate of posting专递数据courier receipt运费计算标准basis等级class最低运费minimum freight最高运费maximum freight电子提单e-B/L净价net price数量折扣quantity discount特别折扣special discount年终折扣turnover bonus价格调整条款price adjustment (revision)clause 初步价格initial price商品检验commodity inspection“离岸品质、离岸重量”，Shipping Quality and ShippingWeight 到岸品质、到岸数量，“Landed Quality and LandedWeight”“离岸重量、到岸品质”Shipping Weight and Landed Quality 公证行(Authentic Surveyor)、宣誓衡量人(Sworn Measurer)，实验室(Laboratory)检验证书（Certificate of Inspection）品质检验证书(Inspection Certificate of Quality)。

国际贸易实务双语教程第一章：国际贸易概述1.1 什么是国际贸易国际贸易是指不同国家和地区之间进行的商品和服务的交流与交易活动。

它是全球经济发展的重要组成部分，促进了各国之间的合作与发展。

1.2 国际贸易的重要性国际贸易为各国提供了更多的选择和机会，促进了资源的合理配置和优化利用。

它可以推动经济增长、创造就业机会，提高人民生活水平，并促进各国之间的和平与稳定。

1.3 国际贸易的主体国际贸易的主体包括国家、企业和个人。

国家通过制定贸易政策和法规来引导和管理国际贸易活动，企业和个人则通过进出口、外贸合作等方式参与国际贸易。

第二章：国际贸易的基本原则2.1 自由贸易原则自由贸易原则是国际贸易的基石，主张各国在贸易活动中自由、平等地开展合作，避免设置不合理的贸易壁垒和限制措施。

2.2 最惠国待遇最惠国待遇是指各国之间在关税和非关税措施方面享受相互对待的待遇。

即一国对某一国家给予的优惠待遇应当同样适用于其他所有成员国。

2.3 国民待遇原则国民待遇原则要求各国对本国产品和外国产品一视同仁，不对外国产品设置额外的贸易壁垒或歧视性规定。

第三章：国际贸易的主要方式3.1 进口和出口贸易进口贸易是指国家从其他国家购买商品和服务，出口贸易是指国家向其他国家销售商品和服务。

进出口贸易是国际贸易的主要方式。

3.2 外商直接投资外商直接投资是指一个国家的企业或个人在其他国家投资并经营企业。

它可以带来资金、技术和管理经验的引进，促进经济发展和产业升级。

3.3 跨国公司合作跨国公司合作是指不同国家的企业通过合资、合作等方式共同开展经营活动。

它可以整合各方资源，提高竞争力，实现共赢发展。

第四章：国际贸易的相关政策和机构4.1 贸易政策贸易政策是国家为了调整和管理国际贸易活动而采取的政策措施。

包括关税政策、非关税壁垒、贸易协定等。

4.2 关贸总协定（GATT）与世界贸易组织（WTO）关贸总协定是国际贸易领域的多边协议，旨在促进贸易自由化和公平竞争。

国际贸易实务（英文）International Trade PracticeIntroduction:International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across the international borders between two or more countries. Nowadays, international trade has become the backbone of the global economy as it contributes significantly to the GDP of countries. Thousands of products are traded every day between countries, supporting local industries and helping economies grow. In this essay, we will discuss various aspects related to international trade practice.1. The importance of international tradeInternational trade is essential to the economic growth of countries. Through international trade, countries can access a broader market, allowing them to trade in products that they are not able to produce. International trade also ensures that prices of goods remain competitive in the global market, which benefits consumers. This competition encourages innovation and efficiency, resulting in better and cheaper products.2. Benefits of international tradeThe benefits of international trade include:a) Increased job opportunitiesInternational trade creates new job opportunities in exporting industries. This, in turn, helps reduce unemployment rates and improves the standard of living of people.b) Better quality goods and servicesInternational trade allows countries to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, resulting in better-quality goods and services for consumers.c) Enhanced economic growthInternational trade contributes significantly to economic growth, creating more stable employment conditions whilst also increasing consumer spending.d) Reduced pricesInternational trade allows countries to access products at more competitive prices, resulting in cost savings for consumers.3. Challenges of international tradeWhile international trade has many benefits, several challenges can arise, including:a) Political instabilityPolitical instability can cause uncertainty and unpredictability and drastically affect a country's international trade.b) Regulations and tariffsDifferent countries have varying regulations and tariffs, which can create barriers to international trade.c) Language and culture barriersIndividual countries have different languages and cultures, which can create communication and understanding problems, making it challenging to conduct international trade.4. Types of International TradeInternational trade can be done in several ways:a) ExportExporting involves selling goods and services produced domestically to foreign countries.b) ImportImporting involves buying goods and services from foreign countries to be sold domestically.c) CountertradeCountertrade involves exchanging goods and services for other goods and services instead of using currency as payment.5. Payment Methods in International TradeVarious methods are commonly used in international trade transactions. These include:a) Letter of creditThe letter of credit is an agreement between the buyer and the seller that ensures payment will be made once certain conditions are met, such as delivery of goods and documents.b) Cash in advanceCash in advance involves the buyer making payment before goods are shipped. This method benefits the seller by eliminating the risk of non-payment.c) Open accountOpen account involves the buyer paying the seller after a specified period has elapsed. This method benefits the buyer by allowing them to get goods before paying for them.6. Legal issues related to international tradeInternational trade is often governed by complex legal frameworks. Legal issues that can arise while conducting international business include:a) Breach of contractBreach of contract refers to the violation of the terms agreed between the buyer and the seller, which can result in costly legal proceedings.b) International agreementsInternational agreements such as trade and investment treaties can have a significant impact on international trade.c) Intellectual propertyIntellectual property issues are common in international trade, such as trademark infringement and copyright violations. Conclusion:International trade is essential for countries seeking to expand their markets and improve their economic growth. Although there are challenges, the benefits of international trade outweigh the risks. Understanding the different types of international trade, payment methods and legal issues that can arise when conducting international business is important to ensure success in international trade practice.7. Globalization and its impact on international tradeGlobalization has had a substantial impact on international trade. It has increased the interdependence of countries on one another and encouraged the growth and expansion of international trade. Therise of globalization has created significant opportunities for international trade, including increased access to diverse products, services, and markets. However, it has also created challenges for many businesses, such as increased competition and ongoing regulatory changes. Additionally, globalization has created opportunities for many developing countries to participate and benefit from the global economy, but it has also increased the risk of exploitation through unfavorable trade agreements.8. Case study: China's role in international tradeAs the second-largest economy in the world, China plays a significant role in international trade. The country's export-driven economy has helped it become a major player in global trade, accounting for approximately 13.2% of the world's exports in 2019. China's growth in international trade has been fueled by its low labor costs, supportive government policies, and a vast network of manufacturing facilities. However, the country has also faced various challenges in the international trade arena, such as the imposition of tariffs and export restrictions by other countries. Despite these challenges, China's strong economic growth and engagement with the global community continue to make it an essential player in international trade.9. Future of international tradeThe future of international trade is a topic of much debate and interest in today's global economy. The development of new technologies, such as e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, has created new opportunities for international trade.The growth of e-commerce, for example, has allowed small businesses to participate in international trade more easily. However, there are also concerns about the impact that technology has on job creation and trade relations between countries.Additionally, political changes and shifts in trade policies can pose significant challenges for international trade. For example, the United States' withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership has resulted in significant trade policy uncertainty in the Asia-Pacific region. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on global trade, resulting in supply chain disruptions and reduced demand for goods and services.Despite these challenges, many experts believe that international trade will continue to play a vital role in the global economy. New technologies and globalization will continue to create opportunities for businesses to engage in international trade, however, it is important to address the challenges that may arise while conducting international business.10. ConclusionInternational trade is a vital component of the global economy, offering significant benefits to participating countries. It fosters economic growth, creates job opportunities, and provides access to a wider range of goods and services. However, international trade comes with its own set of challenges, such as regulatory barriers and cultural differences. It is crucial for businesses and countries to understand these challenges in order to engage in international trade successfully. The future of international trade will be shapedby ongoing developments in technology, globalization, and political policies, however, it remains an essential component of economic growth and prosperity in the global community.。

国际贸易实务英文版International Trade PracticesIn today's globalized economy, international trade plays a crucial role in the development and prosperity of nations. It allows countries to exchange goods and services, spur economic growth, and foster cooperation among nations. For businesses engaged in international trade, understanding the intricacies of trade practices is essential to navigate the complexities of international markets successfully. This article provides an overview of international trade practices to equip businesses with the knowledge required to thrive in the global marketplace.One fundamental aspect of international trade practices is the legal framework that governs trade agreements between countries. Trade agreements, such as free trade agreements and customs unions, establish the rules and regulations that facilitate trade, break down barriers, and promote fair competition. Examples of notable trade agreements include the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU). These agreements eliminate or reduce tariffs and other trade barriers, creating a more favorable business environment for companies operating across borders.Another crucial aspect of international trade practices is the import and export process. When importing goods, businesses must consider customs regulations, tariffs, and import duties imposed by the importing country. Compliance with these regulations ensures smooth customs clearance and prevents unnecessary delays or penalties. Similarly, when exporting goods, businesses must be aware of export licensing requirements, trade restrictions,and any trade agreements in place between the exporting and importing countries.In addition to the legal and regulatory aspects, international trade practices encompass various payment methods used in cross-border transactions. One prevalent method is the letter of credit, which provides security to both the exporter and the importer. A letter of credit is a payment guarantee issued by a bank on behalf of the buyer, assuring the seller of payment upon the successful completion of specified conditions. This method minimizes the risk of non-payment and builds trust between the trading parties. Other payment methods commonly used in international trade include open account, documentary collection, and cash in advance.Transportation and logistics are integral components of international trade practices. Efficient transportation ensures that goods are delivered promptly and in optimal condition. Businesses must consider factors such as mode of transportation, shipping routes, and customs procedures when planning the movement of goods. Additionally, proper packaging and labeling are essential to comply with safety regulations and facilitate smooth customs clearance. Collaborating with reliable logistics providers and staying updated on transportation trends and regulations are crucial for businesses engaged in international trade.Intellectual property protection is another important aspect of international trade practices. Intellectual property rights, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, grant exclusive rights to creators and inventors, fostering innovation and creativity. It is essential for businesses to protect their intellectual property when engaging in international trade to preventunauthorized use or infringement. Trade agreements, such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), provide a framework for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights globally.Lastly, understanding cultural differences and adapting to local business practices are essential for successful international trade. Cultural norms, business etiquette, and communication styles vary across countries and can significantly impact business relationships. Taking the time to research and understand the cultural nuances of trading partners can help establish trust, avoid misunderstandings, and build long-term partnerships.In conclusion, international trade practices encompass various aspects that are vital for businesses operating in the global marketplace. A solid understanding of legal frameworks, import-export procedures, payment methods, transportation logistics, intellectual property protection, and cultural considerations is essential for successful international trade. By adhering to these practices and continuously staying informed about international trade developments, businesses can thrive and leverage the opportunities available in the dynamic world of global commerce.。

国际贸易实务双语教程第四版傅龙海1.国际贸易是各国开展经济合作的重要方式。

International trade is an important way for countries to engage in economic cooperation.2.通过国际贸易，各国可以互通有无，实现互利共赢。

Through international trade, countries can exchange resources and achieve mutual benefits.3.国际贸易有助于促进世界经济的繁荣发展。

International trade helps promote the prosperity and development of the world economy.4.了解国际贸易的基本知识对于经济学习者来说非常重要。

Understanding the basics of international trade is crucial for students of economics.5.国际贸易实务涉及到很多复杂的问题和程序。

International trade practice involves many complex issues and procedures.6.进出口业务需要遵守国际贸易法规和惯例。

Import and export business require compliance with international trade regulations and practices.7.知识产权在国际贸易中具有重要的保护作用。

Intellectual property rights play an important protective role in international trade.8.贸易摩擦可能影响国际贸易的正常进行。

Trade frictions may affect the normal conduct of international trade.9.国际贸易需要通过谈判和协商来解决分歧。

国际贸易实务双语教程+重点汇总第四章Trade Terms1.贸易术语的作用;2.FCA/FOB/CFR/CIF/CPT/CIP买卖双方的责任义务(保险、租船订舱及支付运费、适合的运输方式、所加地点、进出口清关);3.EXW和DDP买卖双方责任义务比较;4.FCA术语装货的问题;5.CIF买卖双方的责任划分界限及关于索赔的相关规定;装船通知的规定6.CIF\CIP投保险种规定和投保加成率第五章Quality1.对等样品(counter sample)的定义:To avoid future disputes over the quality of the goods, the seller usually first duplicates the samples and then sends the duplicate to the buyer for confirmation.2.凭样成交、凭等级买卖、凭FAQ、凭GMQ、凭产地、凭品牌、凭说明书买卖的适用产品范围:3.质量有问题的处理Buyer has the right to ask for reducing the price difference, or will refuse to take the goods, even to cancel the contact and declare for compensation.4.凭样品卖方的种类(1) Sale by the seller’s sample (2) Sale by the buyer’s sample (3)Sale by the counter sample5.质量机动幅度的内容和类型:1. Specification of range2. Specification of limitation3. Specification of more or less (1) Quality Latitude/QualityFlexible Allowance (2) Quality Tolerance第六章Quantity1.数量单位的表示方法2.运费按W/ M 或W 或M计算的适用产品范围3.公量、毛重、净重、皮重的定义4.公量、理论重量适用的产品5.数量机动幅度的具体规定、溢短装条款及处理6.数量违约的界定和处理办法第七章Packing1.按货物如何包装,产品的分类2.指示性标志、警告性标志的辨别3.销售包装和运输包装的含义4.中性包装及定牌中性的定义5.整箱装、拼箱装、内外包装的作用6.运输包装(唛头)的制作第八章Price1.佣金(Commission)的定义。

国际贸易实务(双语)（二）国际贸易实务（双语）（二）一、贸易保护主义的影响贸易保护主义是指国家采取措施限制或阻止国际贸易的一种政策。

虽然贸易保护主义经常在一些国家的政策中出现，但它对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

本文将探讨贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响，并提出应对策略。

首先，贸易保护主义会限制国际贸易的自由度。

国家采取贸易限制措施，如关税和配额，进口商品将受到限制。

这种限制会导致贸易量的减少，从而降低了国际贸易自由度。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致贸易伙伴之间的紧张关系升级，产生贸易战等不良后果。

其次，贸易保护主义会导致国际贸易成本的上升。

贸易保护主义措施，如关税和配额，会增加进口商品的价格。

这将使得进口商品变得更加昂贵，从而增加了国内消费者的负担。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致生产成本的上升，因为进口原材料的价格上涨。

另外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源配置不合理。

贸易保护主义限制了国际贸易，使得国内企业无需面对来自国际竞争对手的竞争压力。

这将导致企业之间的竞争减少，从而削弱了企业提高竞争力和创新能力的动力。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源向效率低下的产业流动，而不是流向更具竞争力的产业，从而损害了整体经济效益。

然而，在应对贸易保护主义的影响时，国际贸易参与方可以采取一些策略来减轻贸易保护主义带来的负面影响。

首先，加强贸易往来国家间的合作与沟通，通过对话解决贸易争端。

此外，应加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，提高企业和从业人员对国际贸易的理解与应对能力。

此外，国际贸易参与方还应积极争取多边和双边的贸易自由化协定，加强贸易合作，降低贸易壁垒。

另外，国际贸易参与方还可以多元化市场，降低对某一地区或国家的依赖。

总之，贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

虽然贸易保护主义可能限制国际贸易的自由度，导致成本上升和资源配置不合理，但采取合适的策略可以减轻其负面影响。

国际贸易参与方应加强合作，加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，争取贸易自由化协定，多元化市场，以应对贸易保护主义的挑战，实现可持续的国际贸易发展。