Effect of Shot and Laser Peening on SAE 1010 Steel Tubes with a Transverse

激光冲击处理不锈钢慢应变速率拉伸应力腐蚀性能魏新龙;凌祥;张萌【摘要】利用激光冲击处理技术对304不锈钢片试样进行激光冲击处理.采用慢应变速率拉伸实验方法评价304不锈钢激光冲击处理前后在80 ℃时、质量分数为3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.通过金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析激光冲击处理后表面强化层的晶粒细化程度.采用显微硬度计测定了表面显微硬度分布及影响层深度.实验结果表明,激光冲击处理未能显著细化试样表层晶粒,但可以提高显微硬度.随着冲击次数增加,表面显微硬度值也增加,影响层厚度提高.慢应变速率拉伸应力腐蚀试验结果表明激光冲击处理可以降低不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,且双面冲击处理比单面冲击处理效果更好.%The 304 stainless steel was processed by laser shock processing (LSP).The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 304 stainless steel specimen before and after LSP was evaluated using slow strain rate test (SSRT)in 3.5% NaCl solution at 80 ℃.Surface microstructure modification was e valuated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Micro-hardness distribution in depth and affected depth were investigated by the micro-hardness tester.Results showed that surface refined grains were not found after LSP.However, micro-hardness was increased by LSP.With the increase of shot number, micro-hardness and thickness of affected layer were increased.SSRT results showed that SCC sensitivities of 304 stainless steel were decreased by LSP.SCC sensitivities of two-side LSP with higher resistance were lower than those of one-side one.【期刊名称】《南京工业大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2017(039)003【总页数】5页(P1-5)【关键词】激光冲击处理;显微组织;显微硬度;慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT);应力腐蚀(SCC)【作者】魏新龙;凌祥;张萌【作者单位】南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,江苏南京211800;南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,江苏南京211800;南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,江苏南京211800【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG172.5奥氏体不锈钢由于其优良的力学性能而广泛应用于工业生产中，是一类非常重要的材料。

表面技术第52卷第8期喷丸数值模拟中一种高效方法陈晟1，丁腾飞1，张朝阳2，高建永2，付婧颐1，鲁世红1（1.南京航空航天大学 机电学院，南京 210016；2.山东开泰抛丸机械股份有限公司，山东 滨州 256217）摘要：目的从减小分析步时间的角度出发，调整弹丸随机分布间距，研究提高模拟计算效率的方法。

方法以SAE1070弹簧钢为研究对象，在S230弹丸速度为40 m/s条件下，分析弹丸间垂直间距、水平间距和弹丸冲击方式对模拟结果的影响。

结果在不考虑弹丸间相互作用的前提下，有限元模拟中弹丸间可存在重叠，只要弹丸垂直间距大于0.07 mm，水平间距大于0.4 mm，弹丸随机生成模拟得到的诱导应力分布、塑性应变分布、粗糙度的结果在小偏差范围内收敛，与弹丸间无重叠的模拟结果相近。

在满足弹丸间距阈值的前提下，采用同时冲击和顺序冲击方式得到的诱导应力分布在压应力部分区域存在一定偏差，但应力分布曲线整体较为接近，同时冲击的计算时间缩短了约90%。

在此基础上，确定合适的弹丸分布，在不同弹丸直径、速度下进行阿尔门试片喷丸模拟，通过对比阿尔门强度值论证了模拟方法的有效性。

结论这种按层分布同时冲击，并在满足间距阈值的前提下尽可能减小间距的弹丸设置方法，保证了模拟精度，提高了计算效率，为数值模拟的应用提供了优化计算成本的新思路。

关键词：喷丸；数值模拟；SAE 1070；弹丸间距；诱导应力中图分类号：TG176 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)08-0458-08DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.08.042An Efficient Approach in Numerical Simulation of Shot Peening CHEN Sheng1, DING Teng-fei1, ZHANG Chao-yang2, GAO Jian-yong2, FU Jing-yi1, LU Shi-hong1(1. College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016,China; 2. Shandong Kaitai Shot Blasting Machinery Share Co., Ltd., Shandong Binzhou 256217, China)ABSTRACT: Shot peening is a mechanical surface enhancement process widely used in the automotive and aerospace industry.The residual stress, as the main response parameter, plays an important role in improving the fatigue life of components.Compared with the costly and time-consuming experimental measurement, numerical simulation provides great convenience for the research of residual stress state, revealing mechanism and process optimization. Among them, the random multi-shot model can truly reflect the shot peening process, but it often faces the problem of high calculation cost, which limits the application of related technical methods. The shot peening model was established in Abaqus/Explicit in this paper. Therefore, from the perspective of increasing the spatial distribution density of shots to reduce the analysis step time, the distance and distribution收稿日期：2022-08-10；修订日期：2022-11-22Received：2022-08-10；Revised：2022-11-22作者简介：陈晟（1997—），男，硕士研究生。

数值模拟探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻3洪小刚1)　徐文东1)　李小刚1)　赵成强1)　唐晓东2)1)(中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,上海　201800)2)(华东师范大学信息科学技术学院,上海　200241)(2007年12月28日收到;2008年3月26日收到修改稿) 采用有损耗介质和色散介质的二维时域有限差分方法,数值模拟了以光波长51415nm 的p 偏振基模高斯光束为入射光源,激发K retschmann 型表面等离子体共振,并通过探针的局域场增强效应实现纳米光刻的新方法———探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻.分别就探针与记录层的间距以及探针针尖大小,模拟分析了不同情况下探针的局域场增强效应和记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅分布.结果表明,探针工作在接触模式时,探针的局域场增强效应最明显,记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅的对比度最大;当探针针尖距记录层5nm 时,针尖下方记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅大于光刻临界值的分布宽度与针尖尺寸相近.关键词:纳米光刻,表面等离子体共振,时域有限差分方法PACC :8116N ,7320M3上海市科委科技基金(批准号:06D J14007),国家自然科学基金重大项目(批准号:60490294),国家自然科学基金(批准号:50502036)和上海市“曙光”计划(批准号:06SG 30)资助的课题. 通讯联系人.E 2mail :xuwendong @11引言纳米科技是20世纪80年代逐步发展起来的前沿交叉学科,已成为21世纪信息时代的核心.纳米量级结构作为研究微观量子世界的重要基础之一,其制作技术已成为当前世界科学研究急需解决的问题.纳米结构制作的主要途径是采用光刻方法在物体上制作纳米量级图形.传统的光刻技术由于光的波动性,受到了衍射极限的限制,因此要获得高的空间分辨率一般是采用高数值孔径的物镜,短波长光源或非光学方法.目前这类光刻技术如193nm 浸没式技术,157nm 极短紫外光(E UV ),电子束投影光刻(EP L )和纳米压印光刻等,可制作45nm 的节点,并朝着32nm 发展.但这类光刻技术本身还具有一定不足之处,如:短波长光源的光学系统复杂、成本高;以电子束为光源的光刻技术受前散射效应、背散射效应、临近效应和电荷空间效应等影响容易造成光致抗蚀剂图形失真、基底材料受损;纳米压印光刻的印章制作困难,压印条件苛刻等.这些不足之处限制了它们在实际生产中的应用,因此有必要发展新的光刻技术.近场光学为光刻技术的发展提供了一条新的途径.Betzig 等人[1]采用锥形光纤探针的近场光学显微镜(NS OM )在传统的光刻胶上很容易地实现了约为100nm 的光刻线.但是这一光刻方法采用的光纤探针容易损坏,并且光学近场内能量的耦合、传递效率低;NS OM 光刻速度慢,一般为几个μm Πs ,而且光刻范围很小,只有100μm ×100μm ,使得实际应用受到很大限制.K uwahara [2]将超分辨近场结构用于光刻,并在可见光照射下刻出了线宽小于100nm 的沟槽,至今超分辨近场结构光刻技术已经实现了31nm的记录点[3],是目前最具应用前景的光刻技术之一.近年来对该技术的进一步研究过程中也发现了不少问题,一是在多次光刻后容易出现热疲劳现象而导致超分辨性能下降;二是采用贵金属(如铂、金和钯等)和多层结构(目前有的达到9层),制作工艺复杂、成本昂贵等.本文提出了一种基于表面等离子体共振效应[4]的近场光刻技术———探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻(PSPRN ).它采用K retschmann [5]型激发SPR 膜系结构,通过金属探针的局域场增强效应[6]在记录层上实现纳米量级的近场光刻.根据近场光学理论,这种技术能够突破衍射极限,获得高记录光第57卷第10期2008年10月100023290Π2008Π57(10)Π6643206物　理　学　报ACT A PHY SIC A SI NIC AV ol.57,N o.10,October ,2008ν2008Chin.Phys.S oc.功率和超小记录位,在实际应用中就可以采用小功率或大光斑直径的入射激光实现高速率和大范围的光刻.目前该技术采用的探针针尖可以做到原子级,所以理论上能实现十几纳米的光刻记录点.本文采用时域有限差分方法(FDT D )对PSPRN 进行了理论分析,通过分析探针针尖及记录层表面处的相对电场强度振幅分布,得出探针到记录层的距离以及探针针尖大小是影响光刻的两个重要因素.理论分析表明,该纳米光刻方法具有较高的可行性,所得模拟结果对于今后的研究开发工作具有重要的指导意义.21数值模拟模型计算采用模型如图1所示,建立二维直角坐标系.p 偏振基模高斯光束以共振角度从棱镜入射到K retschmann 型激发SPR 膜系结构,发生全内反射产生倏逝波,并激发表面等离子体波(SPW ).SPW 也是倏逝波,且沿膜层界面传播.全内反射产生的倏逝波与SPW 发生共振,入射光能量被耦合到膜系结构内,SPW 能量增强,反射光强急剧下降,在反射光谱上出现共振峰(即反射光强最低).当探针进入倏逝场,倏逝波能量沿针尖泄漏,针尖处产生局域场增强,即在针尖处获得高记录功率,可用于对超小记录位进行辅助加热,实现纳米光刻.图1　模型示意图　(a )整体模型;(b )针尖模型图1中K retschmann 型激发SPR 结构为五层介质结构:棱镜、金属银膜层、隔热层SiO 2、记录层AgO x 及空气层.其中棱镜的材料是ZF6,对波长为51415nm 的光折射率为11768,空气的折射率设为1.其他参量如表1所示,各层膜的折射率参量都是通过采用椭圆偏振仪实验测量获得.表1　K retschmann 型激发SPR 膜层结构参量膜层折射率厚度Πnm金属银膜01144+21993i40隔热层(S iO 2)1146320记录层(AgO x )21387+01087i15模拟采用p 偏振基模高斯光束作为入射光源,其波长为51415nm ,束腰大小为700nm.计算网格尺寸为215nm ×215nm ,网格数为1500×4000.探针采用金属银材料,其折射率与银膜的一样,形状为锥形,圆锥角为20°,针尖为半圆.31FDT D 方程及双波法提取场强振幅二维T M 波FDT D 有损耗介质的电磁场计算公式[7—9]可表述为H z n +1Π2i +1Π2,j +1Π2=H z n -1Π2i +1Π2,j +1Π2+Δt μ0((E x n i +1Π2,j +1-E x ni +1Π2,j )ΠΔy -(E y ni +1,j +1Π2-E yni ,j +1Π2)ΠΔx ),(1)E xn +1i +1Π2,j=2ε0εr n +1i +1Π2,j -σn +1i +1Π2,jΔt 2ε0εr n +1i +1Π2,j+σn +1i +1Π2,jΔtE xni +1Π2,j+22ε0εrn +1i +1Π2,j+σn +1i +1Π2,jΔt ΔtΔy×(H zn +1Π2i +1Π2,j +1Π2-H zn +1Π2i +1Π2,j -1Π2),(2)E yn +1i ,j +1Π2=2ε0εr n +1i ,j +1Π2-σn +1i ,j +1Π2Δt 2ε0εr n +1i ,j +1Π2+σn +1i ,j +1Π2ΔtE yni ,j +1Π2+22ε0εr n +1i ,j +1Π2+σn +1i ,j +1Π2Δt ΔtΔx×(H zn +1Π2i +1Π2,j +1Π2-H zn +1Π2i -1Π2,j +1Π2),(3)式中μ0=112566306×10-6表示真空中的磁导率,εr表示介质的相对介电常数,σ为介质电导率,ε0=81854×10-12为真空中的介电常数,Δx ,Δy 分别为两个坐标方向的空间网格步长,Δt 为时间步长.在棱镜、隔热层、记录层和空气中,有εr +σi ωε0=(n )2,(4)式中n 为棱镜、隔热层、记录层和空气的折射率,ω为光波角频率.金属银为色散介质,在可见光波频段银的介电常数可用Drude 模型[10,11]表示,ε(ω)=ε0ε∞+ω2pω(j νc -ω)4466物 理 学 报57卷=ε0[ε∞+χ(ω)]=ε0(n +jκ).(5)在时域中有D (t )=ε0ε∞E (t )+ε0∫tχ(t ′)E (t -t ′)d t ′,(6)式中D 代表电通量密度,ωp 代表等离子体频率,n ,κ分别为金属介电常数的实部和虚部,νc 代表等离子的碰撞频率,χ为电极化率,ε∞=1为无限频率的介电常数.将方程(6)代入麦克斯韦方程,可得E 和H 之间的FDT D 关系表达式为E n +1=(ε∞E n +<n+(Δt Πε0)・Δ×Hn +1Π2)Π(ε∞+χ0),(7)式中χ0=(ω2p Πνc )[Δt -(1-e -νc Δt )Πνc ],<n -1=E n -1Δχ0+e -νcΔt<n -2,<-1=<0=0,Δχ0=-(ω2p Πν2c )(1-e-νcΔt)2. 把银的折射率代入(5)式,计算得到ωp 和νc 的值,再将它们代入(7)式,经过数学计算就可得FDT D中金属银的电磁场计算公式.对于时谐场,空间某一点的场采用复数表示有f (t )=f 0exp [i (ωt +φ)],(8)其中f 0为振幅,φ为初相位.分解可得f (t )=f 0exp [i (ωt +φ)]=f 0cos (ωt +φ)+i f 0sin (ωt +φ).(9) 由上述方程可知在FDT D 中,可分别采用正弦和余弦入射光源计算得到场分布,再将两者平方相加开根,就可提取场强振幅.41结果与分析4111入射角度的确定以基模高斯光束为激励源的SPR 共振角度可通过研究平面波源激发SPR 来确定.无限大平板是一种周期性结构,因此可采用周期性结构的FDT D 方法来分析确定平面波源激发SPR 的共振角度.图2为采用网格尺寸为015nm ×015nm 的周期性FDT D 模拟获得的入射角度与反射系数之间的关系图.模拟得到的表面等离子体共振角即基模高斯光束的入射角度为56°.图2　入射角度与反射系数之间的关系图4121探针附近及记录层表面电场强度振幅分布p 偏振基模高斯光束经归一化之后,以56°斜入射,发生全内反射,产生倏逝波.倏逝波激发表面等离子体波,并与其发生共振,产生场增强.探针进入倏逝场,在针尖处产生局域场增强.图3为模拟的曲率半径为25nm 的探针在距记录层5nm 时的相对电场强度振幅分布图.探针针尖及记录层表面处的电场强度振幅分布与针尖到记录层表面的距离和针尖尺寸有关. 1)针尖与记录层间距的影响取针尖曲率半径为10nm ,模拟不同针尖与记录层之间的距离情况下的针尖处场强最大值.在图1的坐标系中,探针所处倏逝场中的倏逝波,可表示为E =A exp (-k 0xn 2sin 2θ-1)×exp [i (ωt -k 0ny sin θ)],(10)其中,A 为倏逝波的振幅,k 0=ωΠc =2πΠλ为真空中的波数,ω为角频率,c 为真空中光速,λ为光在真空中的波长,n 为棱镜的折射率.探针针尖尺寸很小可忽略探针对倏逝场的影响,如图4所示,针尖附近的场强与到记录层的距离(X )成指数衰减,因此同样的针尖工作在接触模式下时场增强效应最明显.图5为记录层表面相对电场强度振幅分布的主峰峰值和次峰峰值与针尖到记录层表面的距离关系图.从图中可见,由于金属表面近场波振幅衰减很快,随着针尖到记录层距离的增大,记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅主峰峰值迅速下降;当X 等于2316nm 时,主峰峰值与次峰峰值相等,即记录层表546610期洪小刚等:数值模拟探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻面相对电场强度振幅的对比度为0,因此当X 小于2316nm 时可实现光刻.图3　相对电场强度振幅分布　(a )整个计算空间;(b )探针附近;(c )记录层表面图4　针尖处场强最大值与针尖到记录层距离的关系图2)针尖曲率半径的影响以探针距记录层表面5nm 为例,模拟了针尖曲率半径分别为50,25,10nm 时记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅分布,如图6所示.由图可见,随着针尖曲率半径的变化,局域场增强效应并没有很大的变化;针尖下记录层表面相对电场场强振幅大于光刻临界值4的分布宽度与针尖尺寸大小2R 相近.图6中(a )和(b )中主峰两侧的“肩膀”是由针尖模型网格化产生的误差所引起的.模型网格化时,针尖并不是一个光滑的半圆,而是接近半圆轮廓的阶梯.而这种阶梯状容易产生较大的场增强[12],并作用于记录层表面,进而形成主峰两侧的肩膀.图6(c )由于阶梯间距较小,场增强效应相互影响而没有产生“肩膀”.这种场增强的作用也会随着距离的增加而减弱,对于此处分析针尖下记录层表面相对电场场强振幅大于光刻临界值4的分布宽度并不影响.实际上随着计算网格尺寸的减小,上述的“肩膀”最终将会消失,模拟的结果就更具指导意义.图5　(a )记录层表面相对电场强度振幅分布图;(b )主峰峰值和次峰峰值与针尖到记录层表面距离关系图6466物 理 学 报57卷图6　不同针尖曲率半径时记录层表面相对电场强度振幅分布图51结　论本文采用有损耗介质和色散介质的时域有限差分方法理论分析了PSPRN光刻方法,分别讨论了探针针尖到记录层表面的距离及探针针尖曲率半径对探针的场增强效应和记录层表面处的电场强度振幅分布的影响:1)探针与记录层的间距越小,探针的局域场增强效应越明显,当探针与记录层的间距大于2316nm时,记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅对比度很小,不能实现纳米光刻.2)探针针尖曲率半径直接决定了记录层表面光斑尺寸的大小.数值结果表明:当金属银探针到记录层表面的距离在5nm时,探针能在记录层表面形成针尖尺寸大小的记录光斑,显示出在近场光刻方面的可行性.本文只是对PSPRN进行了理论上的探索研究,而FDT D作为一种数值模拟方法,仍存在一定的误差,比如:网格划分造成探针针尖形状的误差;金属色散介质的Drude模式产生的误差等.后续有必要进行实验验证和对方法的误差分析做进一步的探讨.[1]Betzig E,T rautman J K1992Science257193[2]K uwahara M2001Microelectronic Engineering57258883[3]Shi L P,Chong T C,Y ao H B,T an P K,M iao X S2002J.Appl.Phys.9110209[4]Raether H1988Sur face Plasmon on Smooth and Rough Sur face andon Gratings(Berlin:S pringer2Verlag)p10[5]K retschmann E1971Z.Physik241313[6]H ong X,Du D D,Qiu Z R,Zhang G X2007Acta Phys.Sin.567219(in Chinese)[洪　昕、杜丹丹、裘祖荣、张国雄2007物理学报567219][7]T aflove A,Hagness S2000Computational Electrodynamics:TheFinite2Difference Time2Domain Method,2ed(Boston:Artech H ouse) [8]G e D B2002Electromagnetic Finite2Difference Time2Domain Method(X i’an:X idian University Press)p15(in Chinese)[葛德彪2002电磁波时域有限差分方法(西安:西安电子科技大学出版社)第15页][9]Zhou Q,Zhu X,Li H F2000Acta.Phys.Sin.49210(inChinese)[周　庆、朱　星、李宏福2000物理学报49210] [10]T om inaga J,Nakano T2005Optical Near2Field Recording:Scienceand Technology(Berlin:S pringer2Verlag)p49[11]Y ang G J,K ong F M,Li K,M ei L M2007Acta.Phys.Sin.564252(in Chinese)[杨光杰、孔凡敏、李　康、梅良模2007物理学报564252][12]Li Y Q,Wu S F,Jian G S,Liu K2004Chinese Journal o f LightScatering1648(in Chinese)[李亚琴、吴世法、简国树、刘　琨2004光散射学报1648]746610期洪小刚等:数值模拟探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻8466物 理 学 报57卷Numerical simulation of probe induced surface pla smonre sonance coupling nanolithography3H ong X iao2G ang1)　Xu W en2D ong1) Li X iao2G ang1)　Zhao Cheng2Qiang1)　T ang X iao2D ong2)1)(Shanghai Institute o f Optics and Fine Mechanics,Chinese Academy o f Sciences,Shanghai　201800,China)2)(School o f In formation Science and Technology,East China Normal Univer sity,Shanghai　200241,China)(Received28December2007;revised manuscript received26M arch2008)AbstractA new nanolithographic technology,the probe induced surface plasm on resonance coupling nanolithography(PSPRN),is presented and analyzed numerically by using finite difference time domain method for the loss and dispersive materials.The PSPRN uses a fundamental m ode G aussian beam w ith wavelength of51415nm to excite the K retschmann surface plasm on resonance,and utilizes the metal probe local2field enhancement effect to realize nanolithography.The in fluences of different distances between probe and recording layer and different sizes of tip on local field enhancement and the distribution of electric field intensity am plitude on the surface of recording layer were investigated.Results show that the local field enhancement effect is m ost significant and the electric field intensity am plitude contrast ratio is maximal when the probe is in contact w ith the recording layer.When the distance between tip and recording layer is5nm,the distribution w idth of the relative electric field intensity am plitude above the critical value for near2field nanolithography on the surface of recording layer is close to the size of the tip.K eyw ords:nanolithography,surface plasm on resonance,finite2difference time2domain methodPACC:8116N,7320M3Project supported by the Shanghai C omm ittee of Science and T echnology,China(G rant N o.06D J14007),the M ajor Program of the National Natural Science F oundation of China(G rant N o.60490294),the National Natural Science F oundation of China(G rant N o.50502036),and the”Dawn”Program of Shanghai Education C omm ission,China(G rant N o.06SG30).C orresponding author.E2mail:xuwendong@。

强激光与物质相互作用英语Possible article:Interactions between Matter and Strong Laser LightIntroductionStrong laser light can produce remarkable effects on matter, ranging from heating and ionization to acceleration and fusion. Understanding these interactions is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also holdsgreat significance for energy, medical, and industrial applications. This article will overview the basic principles, mechanisms, and applications of the interaction betweenstrong laser light and matter.Basic PrinciplesLight is an electromagnetic wave, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. The behavior of a light wave can be described by Maxwell's equations, which relatethe electric and magnetic fields to the sources and media of the wave. When light interacts with matter, several phenomena can occur, depending on the frequency and intensity of thelight as well as the nature and state of the matter.One of the most important parameters of strong laserlight is its intensity, which is defined as the power of the light beam per unit area. The intensity can reach values of10^15 W/cm^2 or higher for modern lasers, which is equivalent to focusing the light energy of the Sun onto a tiny spot.Such high intensities can cause nonlinear effects, where the response of the matter depends on the square or higher powers of the electric field strength. Moreover, the highintensities can lead to relativistic effects, where themotion of the electrons in the matter becomes significant to the point of approaching the speed of light.Mechanisms of InteractionSeveral mechanisms can explain the interaction between strong laser light and matter. Some of the most importantones are:- Absorption: When a photon of the light energy is absorbed by an electron in the matter, the electron gains energy and may be excited to a higher energy level or even ionized from the atom or molecule. The probability of absorption depends on the frequency of the light and the electronic structure of the matter. For example, ultraviolet light is easily absorbed by molecules containing aromatic or conjugated rings, while infrared light is more likely to be absorbed by polar molecules.- Scattering: When a photon of the light energy collides with a particle in the matter, it may be scattered in different directions or absorbed and reemitted at a different frequency. Scattering can occur elastically, where the photon keeps its energy and only changes direction, or inelastically, wherethe photon loses or gains some energy in the process. Scattering can be used to diagnose the properties of matter, such as its size, shape, and composition.- Ionization: When the intensity of the light exceeds acertain threshold, called the ionization threshold, the probability of ionization increases dramatically. Ionization can lead to the formation of plasmas, which are collectionsof positively charged ions and free electrons that behave asa fluid with collective properties. Plasmas can emit intense radiation, generate magnetic fields, and accelerate chargedparticles to high energies.- Heating: When the light energy is absorbed by the matter, the temperature of the matter increases due to the excitation of the internal degrees of freedom, such as vibrations, rotations, or electronic transitions. The amount of heating depends on the rate of energy deposition and the thermal conductivity of the matter. Heating can be useful for a variety of applications, such as welding, cutting, and annealing.- Acceleration: When a strong laser light beam is focused onto a small target, the intense electric field can create a gradient of forces that pushes the surface electrons away from the center and attracts the ions towards it. This creates a net force that can accelerate the target towards the light source or even generate a shock wave. Acceleration can be used to produce high-energy particles, such as ions, electrons, and neutrons, which can be employed for medical imaging, cancer therapy, or material analysis.- Fusion: When two nuclei with positive charges are brought close enough, they can overcome their electrostatic repulsion and collide with enough kinetic energy to form a heavier nucleus. This process is called fusion and releases a large amount of energy, as predicted by Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2. Strong laser light can enhance the fusion rate by compressing and heating the nuclei to overcome the Coulomb barrier. Fusion can be a promising source of clean energy, but requires overcoming many technical and safety challenges.ApplicationsThe interaction between strong laser light and matter has numerous applications in science and technology. Some of the most promising ones are:- High-energy physics: Strong laser light can mimic and complement the experiments performed in particle accelerators, by producing high-energy particles with high precision and compactness. Strong laser light can also probe the quantum vacuum and test fundamental physics theories.- Material science: Strong laser light can modify and control the properties of materials, such as their surface texture, hardness, and conductivity. Strong laser light can alsocreate new materials by inducing rapid phase transitions orby synthesizing nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes. - Medicine: Strong laser light can be used for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, such as optical coherence tomography, or for therapeutic treatments, such as laser surgery, cancer ablation, and photodynamic therapy.- Energy: Strong laser light can enhance the efficiency and safety of nuclear fusion, which could provide a virtually limitless and clean source of energy. Strong laser light can also enable the harvesting of renewable energy sources, suchas solar and wind, by improving their conversion and storage technologies.ConclusionThe interaction between strong laser light and matter is a fascinating and multidisciplinary field of research and innovation, with far-reaching implications for science, technology, and society. Exploring and harnessing these interactions requires advancements in laser technology, theoretical modeling, experimental techniques, and interdisciplinary collaborations. As the intensity of laser light continues to increase and its applications continue to expand, the future of this field looks bright and enlightening.。

第52卷第6期表面技术2023年6月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·429·表面强化技术激光冲击TC17钛合金叶片的微观组织/应力演变及缺口振动疲劳性能徐明，孙汝剑，曹子文，邹世坤（中国航空制造技术研究院，北京 100024）摘要：目的提高航空发动机叶片的抗疲劳性能。

方法采用高功率密度短脉冲激光冲击某型发动机TC17钛合金整体叶盘叶片模拟件，并采用飞秒激光在进气边预制缺口。

通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜表征激光冲击前后的表层微观组织。

通过X射线衍射和三坐标测量仪分别测量激光冲击强化过程中的残余应力演变和宏观塑性变形，并由一阶弯曲振动疲劳对激光冲击强化效果进行评价。

结果激光冲击在TC17钛合金叶片表层诱导产生了高密度位错组织，但由于冲击次数的控制，未产生明显的晶粒细化效应。

激光冲击叶盆面后，叶盆面呈现压应力状态，残余应力为330.5 MPa，叶背面呈现拉应力状态，其值为55.5 MPa。

进一步激光冲击叶背面后，叶背面的拉应力转变为压应力，其值达到了267.0 MPa，叶盆面残余压应力减小，由330.5 MPa变为261.9 MPa。

激光冲击叶盆面后，进气边与叶尖交点偏离初始位置0.119 1、0.129 1 mm；冲击叶背面后，位移偏离初始位置减小，分别为0.071 08、0.099 mm。

激光冲击强化后，缺口振动疲劳寿命显著提升，平均循环次数由56 696周次增加到199 515周次，出现了明显的裂纹闭合效应。

结论激光冲击强化在TC17钛合金表层引入了高密度位错组织和双面贯穿式残余压应力，并将叶片宏观塑性变形控制在0.1 mm以内，在疲劳性能上获得了显著的提升。

关键词：激光冲击强化；TC17钛合金；叶片；微观组织；残余应力；缺口疲劳中图分类号：TN249 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)06-0429-10DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.06.040Microstructure/Stress Evolution and Notch Vibration Fatigue Property of Laser Shock Peened TC17 Titanium Alloy BladesXU Ming, SUN Ru-jian, CAO Zi-wen, ZOU Shi-kun(A VIC Manufacturing Institute, Beijing 100024, China)ABSTRACT: With the development of new generation aero-engines, the high weight reduction requirement leads to the thin design of blades. Trickily, these blades are vulnerable to complex loads such as rotating centrifugal force, air flow excitation收稿日期：2023–03–09；修订日期：2023–04–11Received：2023-03-09；Revised：2023-04-11基金项目：国家自然科学基金（52101103）Fund：The National Natural Science Foundation of China (52101103)作者简介：徐明（1981—），男，硕士。

激光应用英文作文Lasers have a wide range of applications in various fields, including medicine, industry, and entertainment. In medicine, lasers are used for surgery, skin treatments, and even dental procedures. In industry, lasers are used for cutting, welding, and drilling. And in entertainment, lasers are used for light shows and special effects.The use of lasers in medicine has revolutionized many procedures, making them less invasive and more precise. For example, laser eye surgery has become a popular way to correct vision problems, and laser treatments for skin conditions have become more effective and less painful.In the industrial sector, lasers are used for a variety of cutting and welding processes. The high precision and speed of lasers make them ideal for these tasks, and they are often used in manufacturing and construction.In entertainment, lasers are used to create stunninglight shows and special effects. They can be programmed to project intricate patterns and colors, adding a dynamic element to concerts, events, and performances.Overall, the versatility and precision of lasers make them an invaluable tool in many different fields, and their applications continue to expand as technology advances.。

激光冲击强化对TC17微观组织和表面硬度的影响侯果;朱颖;郭伟;范博文;黄帅【摘要】为了研究激光冲击次数和冲击能量对TC17钛合金微观组织和表面硬度的影响,采用不同的工艺参量对TC17钛合金进行了激光冲击强化处理.TC17钛合金在激光冲击后,表面形成了剧烈塑性变形和高密度位错,冲击过程中位错发生增殖、塞积、缠结等现象,单脉冲冲击形成的微凹坑的深度最大可达21.4μm;脉冲能量为5J、搭接冲击次数从1次增加到4次时,材料的表面硬度相比母材的增幅分别为8.3%,17.2%,24.3%和24.5%;5J和7J冲击1次时,表面硬度相比母材增幅分别达8.3%和14.2%.结果表明,随着冲击次数和脉冲能量的增加,TC17材料表面硬度随之增加,激光冲击强化使材料表面产生高密度位错,这是其表面硬度增加的关键原因.%To study the influence of laser shock peening number and pulse energy on microstructure and surface hardness of TC17 titanium alloy,TC17 titanium alloy samples were laser shock peened with different process parameters. The results show that severe plastic deformation anda great deal of high-density dislocations, such as proliferate, pile up and tangle, are generated in the material surface layer in the process. The maximum depth of micro-pits created by single pulse can be 21. 4μm. When pulse energy is 5J, and overlap impacts increase from 1 time to 4 times, the surface hardness of materials increases by 8. 3%, 17. 2%, 24. 3% and 24. 5% respectively, compared with parent metal. In the meantime, when overlap impact is 1 time, and pulse energy is 5J and 7J, the surface hardness increases by 8. 3% and 14. 2% respectively. The conclusion is that the surface hardness is enhanced with the increase of impacts and pulseenergy. High density dislocation on material surface by laser shock processing is the key reason for the increase of surface hardness.【期刊名称】《激光技术》【年(卷),期】2017(041)001【总页数】6页(P68-73)【关键词】激光技术;激光冲击强化;TC17钛合金;微观组织;表面硬度【作者】侯果;朱颖;郭伟;范博文;黄帅【作者单位】北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院,北京100191;北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院,北京100191;北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院,北京100191;北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院,北京100191;北京航空航天大学物理科学与核能工程学院,北京100191【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG665钛合金具有密度小、比强度高、耐腐蚀性好和耐高温等一系列优点，其广泛应用于航空、航天、化工、电力等领域[1-2]，因此被称为“太空金属”和“海洋金属”。

光学效应英语作文In the realm of physics, optical phenomena are thecaptivating interactions between light and matter that shape our visual experiences. These phenomena are not only fundamental to our understanding of the world but also play a crucial role in various technologies and applications we encounter daily.Reflection and Refraction: The most common optical effects are reflection and refraction. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, as seen in mirrors that create images. Refraction, on the other hand, happens when light passes through a medium with a different density, causing it to change direction. This is the principle behind lenses used in eyeglasses and cameras.Dispersion: Dispersion is the separation of light into its constituent colors when it passes through a prism. Thiseffect is responsible for the beautiful rainbows we see after a rain shower, as sunlight is refracted and dispersed by raindrops.Diffraction: Diffraction is the bending of light around obstacles or through slits. It is the reason why we can see shadows with sharp edges and why light can spread out to illuminate areas behind an object, even though the object blocks a direct line of sight.Polarization: Polarization is the alignment of light waves in a specific direction. It is used in sunglasses to reduce glare from reflective surfaces like water or glass, making it easier to see in bright conditions.Total Internal Reflection: This occurs when light traveling from a denser medium to a less dense medium hits the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle. Instead of passing through, the light is completely reflected back into the denser medium. This is the principle behind fiber optics, which is used for high-speed data transmission.Lenses and Optical Instruments: Lenses are the heart of many optical devices, from microscopes to telescopes. They use refraction to magnify, focus, or disperse light, allowing us to see objects at different scales and distances.Laser Technology: Lasers, which produce highly concentrated beams of light, are a product of optical phenomena. They have a wide range of applications, from medical procedures to industrial manufacturing and even in everyday items likelaser pointers.Optical Illusions: Optical illusions exploit the way our eyes and brain process visual information, often playing with perspective, contrast, and color to create images that trick our senses.Conclusion: Optical phenomena are not just scientific curiosities; they are integral to our daily lives. From the way we see the world around us to the technologies thatenhance our experiences, the study of light and its interactions with matter is a fascinating field that continues to inspire innovation and discovery.。

第53卷第4期表面技术2024年2月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·1·研究综述喷丸强化对车辆传动齿轮裂纹扩展影响的研究综述李杰1，高紫钰1，王晓燕2*，胡铮3，兰海3，王志勇3（1.北京建筑大学 机电与车辆工程学院，北京 102616；2.北京物资学院 统计与数据科学学院， 北京 101149；3.中国北方车辆研究所 车辆传动重点实验室，北京 100072）摘要：疲劳断裂是重载车辆传动齿轮的主要失效形式之一，齿轮底部疲劳裂纹的扩展将缩短车辆传动系统的服役寿命，严重时会导致车辆发生安全事故。

延缓裂纹扩展的主要方法是在传动齿轮的表面引入一定大小的残余压应力。

喷丸技术是一种冷加工表面强化处理工艺，该技术利用高速弹丸冲击材料表面，使零件表层产生塑性应变的同时，在表面和内部引入残余压应力，从而使裂纹闭合的能力得到强化，达到延缓裂纹扩展的强化效果。

为了更好地揭示喷丸引入的残余压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响，首先综述了传动齿轮表面疲劳裂纹产生的原因以及疲劳裂纹的扩展行为对重载车辆服役的影响。

从强度因子、J积分以及裂纹闭合效应出发，介绍了传动齿轮表面疲劳裂纹扩展的理论以及残余压应力与疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间的关系。

其次概述了目前国内外常用的新型有益于将残余拉应力转化为残余压应力的微粒子喷丸、激光喷丸、超声喷丸方法，并与传统机械喷丸技术相比较，阐述了新型喷丸表面强化技术的优缺点。

此外，从数值模拟和试验结果两方面，论述了喷丸速度、喷丸角度、弹丸直径、弹丸材质和覆盖率5个工艺参数对在传动齿轮表面引入残余压应力的改善影响。

最后对喷丸强化技术在传动齿轮上的多目标参数优化以及多尺度残余压应力与疲劳性能进行了展望，并结合重载车辆的使用需求，强调需要创新设计一种效率高、价格低、适用性广的喷丸技术，以进一步推动喷丸强化在延缓疲劳裂纹扩展方面的持续发展。

关键词：喷丸强化；残余压应力；传动齿轮；疲劳裂纹扩展速率；疲劳寿命；表面强化中图分类号：TG668；TH132.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)04-0001-19DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.04.001A Review on Effects of Shot Peening on Crack Growth ofVehicle Transmission GearsLI Jie1, GAO Ziyu1, WANG Xiaoyan2*, HU Zheng3, LAN Hai3, WANG Zhiyong3(1. School of Mechanical-electronic and Automobile Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 102616, China; 2. School of Statistics and Data Science, Beijing Wuzi University, Beijing 101149, China;3. Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing 100072, China)收稿日期：2023-03-15；修订日期：2023-06-14Received：2023-03-15；Revised：2023-06-14基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51675494）；北京建筑大学金字塔人才培养工程（JDJQ20200308）；北京建筑大学研究生创新项目（PG2023133）Fund：The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51675494); The Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (JDJQ20200308); Postgraduate Innovation Program of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (PG2023133)引文格式：李杰, 高紫钰, 王晓燕, 等. 喷丸强化对车辆传动齿轮裂纹扩展影响的研究综述[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(4): 1-19.LI Jie, GAO Ziyu, WANG Xiaoyan, et al. A Review on Effects of Shot Peening on Crack Growth of Vehicle Transmission Gears[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(4): 1-19.*通信作者（Corresponding author）·2·表面技术 2024年2月ABSTRACT: Fatigue fracture is one of the main failure modes of the transmission gear of heavy duty vehicles. The service life of the transmission system of vehicles will be shortened due to the expansion of fatigue cracks at the bottom of the teeth, and serious accidents will occur. The generation of residual compressive stress is the main method to delay crack propagation. Shot peening technology is a surface strengthening process of cold working. When the plastic strain is generated on the surface of parts, the residual compressive stress is introduced on the surface and inside, so as to improve the crack closure effect and achieve the strengthening effect of delaying crack propagation. In order to better reveal the influence of the residual compressive stress introduced by shot peening on fatigue crack propagation, the surface of the transmission gear is usually susceptible to a variety of alternating loads, such as external thermal loads and force loads. Compared with static loads, the non-uniformity of the internal structure of the material under alternating loads has a greater influence on the fatigue damage resistance of the material. Fatigue causes tooth breakage. Based on the strength factor, J-integral and crack closure effect, the theory of fatigue crack growth on the transmission gear surface and the relationship between compressive residual stress and fatigue crack growth rate were introduced. The introduction of compressive residual stress could reduce the crack growth rate, improve the fatigue resistance index of fatigue crack, and reduce the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. The new methods of particle shot peening, laser shot peening and ultrasonic shot peening, which were beneficial to the conversion of residual tensile stress to compressive stress, were summarized. The particle shot peening was to use a smaller diameter projectile to impact the surface ofa part at high speed, which could not only introduce compressive residual stress on the surface of the part, but also achievehigher surface finish requirements. Laser shot peening adopted shock wave to carry out high-speed impact, so there would be no additional mechanical damage and surface phase change on the surface of parts. The surface depth after ultrasonic shot peening was much higher than that after traditional shot peening. However, due to its high price or small applicability, it has not been widely used in the surface strengthening of vehicle transmission gears. In the future development, it is necessary to design the shot peening technology with high efficiency, high adaptability, low cost and less energy consumption. At the same time, the relationship between the new shot peening method and the traditional mechanical shot peening technology was described. In addition, based on the numerical simulation and experimental results, the influence of the selection of five process parameters including shot peening speed, shot peening Angle, shot diameter, shot material and coverage rate on the improvement of residual compressive stress introduced on the transmission gear surface was emphatically reported. The compressive residual stress did not increase with the increase of incident velocity and projectile diameter, but tended to be stable when it exceeded a certain limit. Large residual compressive stress could be introduced when the projectile vertically incident impacted the surface of the transmission component. On the other hand, the residual compressive stress increased with the increase of the projectile diameter in the range of 0.2-3.4 mm. Steel shot had a better ability to improve the fatigue strength, ceramic shot after shot peening could achieve better surface smoothness, the final residual compressive stress increased with the increase of shot peening coverage, but the surface coverage was also saturated value. Finally, the future research direction of shot peening technology in transmission gear was prospected, and the technological innovation was further carried out in combination with the use requirements of heavy-duty vehicles, so as to promote the sustainable development of shot peening technology to delay crack propagation. The special simulation of shot peening technology mainly focuses on the selection of single shot peening process parameters of gear, while the analysis of combined parameters is less. However, in practical application, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the influence of coupling effects of various parameters on the gear. Therefore, in future numerical simulation, it is necessary to combine the optimal combination of process parameters to further study the surface integrity of the gear surface after shot peening, such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance and oxidation resistance.KEY WORDS: shot peening; compressive residual stress; transmission gear; fatigue crack growth rate; fatigue life; surface strengthening随着传动齿轮在重型车辆中的广泛应用，关于传动齿轮在交变载荷作用下失效行为的研究越来越多，而传动系统的稳定性是重载车辆使用安全的重要影响因素之一，传动齿轮作为传动系统的薄弱环节，有关它引发的疲劳断裂失效和服役寿命缩短问题的研究越来越深入。

第15卷第6期精密成形工程贺柏涵1，周文龙1,2，程旭3，盖鹏涛4，李春艳1，陈国清1，付雪松1,2（1.大连理工大学材料科学与工程学院，辽宁大连 116024；2.大连理工（营口）新材料工程中心有限公司，辽宁营口 115004；3.空装驻沈阳地区第一军事代表室，沈阳 110850；4.中国航空制造技术研究院，北京 100024）摘要：目的以7A65高强度铝合金为研究对象，研究喷丸强度、弹丸介质（铸钢丸和陶瓷丸）对靶材疲劳性能的影响规律。

方法利用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器表征喷丸强化7A65铝合金表面完整性和疲劳失效断口，分析喷丸工艺参数与疲劳性能、断裂模式的相关性。

结果喷丸强化后铝合金表面粗糙化严重，表面粗糙度从初始0.622 μm增加至4.736 μm（铸钢丸、喷丸强度为0.22 mmA），并出现褶皱损伤；在相同喷丸强度下陶瓷丸喷丸表面粗糙度较低，无褶皱损伤。

2种弹丸在金属表面引入的残余应力场基本相同，残余压应力层深约300 μm，最大残余压应力值为−480.6 MPa，其产生位置为距离表面75 μm 处（喷丸强度为0.22 mmA）。

铝合金疲劳性能对铸钢丸介质敏感性较高，当喷丸强度较低（0.11 mmA）时喷丸强化效果最佳，疲劳寿命是原始寿命的5倍多，疲劳源从表面转移至次表面（500 μm）；当喷丸强度增至0.22 mmA时，裂纹源向表面靠近，疲劳寿命为原始寿命的2倍。

铝合金疲劳性能对陶瓷丸介质敏感性较低，在喷丸强度为0.11~0.22 mmA时疲劳寿命较为稳定，在喷丸强度为0.11 mmA时疲劳寿命最高，为原始寿命的7倍。

结论7A65高强度铝合金经喷丸强化后疲劳寿命显著提升，强化效果受弹丸介质影响，陶瓷丸介质强化效果更好、喷丸强化工艺窗口更宽。

关键词：7A65铝合金；疲劳寿命；喷丸强化；表面完整性；表面粗糙度；残余应力DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2023.06.001中图分类号：TG174.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-6457(2023)06-0001-10Surface Integrity and Fatigue Properties of Shot PeeningStrengthened 7A65 Aluminum AlloyHE Bai-han1, ZHOU Wen-long1,2, CHENG Xu3, GAI Peng-tao4, LI Chun-yan1, CHEN Guo-qing1, FU Xue-song1,2(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Dalian 116024, China;2. Dalian Technology (Yingkou) New Material Engineering Center Limited Company, Liaoning Yingkou 115004, China;收稿日期：2023–03–16Received：2023-03-16基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51975084）；辽宁省自然科学基金（2022–YKLH–04）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项（DUT19LAB16）；辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”（XLYC1902084）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975084); Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Prov-ince(2022-YKLH-04); Basic Research Funds for Central Universities(DUT19LAB16); Supported by "Xingliao Talents Program" of Liaoning Province(XLYC1902084)作者简介：贺柏涵（1997—），男，硕士生，主要研究方向为铝合金表面强化。

微观组织对临界折射纵波横向焊接残余应力测量结果的影响卢衍祥;王传刚;单清群;朱其猛;马传平【摘要】焊接过程中较高的热输入容易引起较高的焊接残余应力,而较高的残余应力有可能降低工件疲劳寿命,促进裂纹萌生扩展,增加应力腐蚀敏感性.表面和内部的焊接残余应力的无损检测对服役可靠性的评估具有重要意义.临界折射纵波(LCR波)残余应力的测量原理是基于声波传播速度的改变和应力之间的线性关系.当使用LCR波测量横向焊接残余应力时,收发换能器可能同时覆盖焊缝(MZ)、热影响区(HAZ)以及母材(PM)中的两个甚至三个区域,然而这些区域微观组织的差异性都可能影响应力常数K,当测量距离焊缝中心不同距离的残余应力时,有必要对应力常数K进行修正,提高LCR波对横向焊接残余应力的测量精度.【期刊名称】《电焊机》【年(卷),期】2016(046)006【总页数】4页(P54-57)【关键词】临界折射纵波(LCR波);应力常数K;微观组织影响;横向焊接残余应力【作者】卢衍祥;王传刚;单清群;朱其猛;马传平【作者单位】中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东青岛266111;中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东青岛266111;中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东青岛266111;西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都610031;西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都610031【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG405焊接过程中的热应力、相变应力、加工应力等超过材料屈服极限，并在随后的冷却过程中部分残留在焊件中的宏观应力称为焊接残余应力。

不均匀的焊接温度场、及其导致的局部塑性变形和不同比容的组织是焊接应力和变形的最根本原因。

焊接残余应力是否有害取决于焊件的工作状态和残余应力的性质[1]。

焊接残余应力导致的破坏主要包括翘曲变形、应力腐蚀以及降低疲劳寿命等。

引入较高残余压应力或者降低较高的残余拉应力可以充分地利用残余应力并避免残余应力引起的破坏，超声冲击、激光喷丸、振动时效、热处理等是常用的残余应力优化方法[2-5]。

激光枪功能作文英文回答：Laser guns are a popular topic in science fiction, but they also have practical applications in real life. Laser guns, also known as laser weapons or laser rifles, are devices that emit a concentrated beam of light, typicallyin the form of a laser, to cause damage or destruction. These weapons have the potential to revolutionize warfare and defense systems.One of the main functions of a laser gun is its ability to deliver precise and accurate targeting. The focused beam of light can be directed towards a specific target, such as an enemy aircraft or missile. This makes laser guns highly effective in neutralizing threats with minimal collateral damage.Another important function of laser guns is their speed and range. Unlike traditional firearms that rely onprojectiles, laser guns can travel at the speed of light. This means that they can hit their target almost instantaneously, giving the enemy little time to react. Additionally, laser beams can travel over long distances without losing their intensity, making them ideal for long-range engagements.Furthermore, laser guns have the advantage of unlimited ammunition. Traditional firearms require reloading and carrying extra rounds, which can be a burden for soldiersin the field. Laser guns, on the other hand, use energy sources such as batteries or power cells to generate the laser beam. As long as there is a power source, the gun can continue firing without the need for reloading.In addition to their military applications, laser guns also have potential in other fields. For example, they can be used in space exploration to clear space debris or deflect asteroids. They can also be used in industrial settings for cutting, welding, and engraving materials with precision.Overall, laser guns offer a wide range of functions and advantages. They provide precise targeting, high speed and range, unlimited ammunition, and potential applications beyond warfare. While laser guns may still be in the realm of science fiction for now, advancements in technology may bring us closer to the reality of laser weapons in the future.中文回答：激光枪是科幻作品中常见的话题，但它们在现实生活中也有实际的应用。

Ξ飞机结构件紧固孔强化技术综述RESEARC H AN D APPL ICATIO N OF STRENGTHENING TEC HN OLO GY FO R FA STENING H OL ES OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES钱晓明ΞΞ姜银方管海兵李志飞(江苏大学机械工程学院, 江苏镇江212013)Q I AN XiaoMing J I AN G Y in Fa n g G UAN Hai Bing LI ZhiFei( School o f Mechanical Engineering , J i angsu Univer sity , Zhenjiang , J i angsu 212013 , China)摘要对紧固孔强化处理,以提高飞机结构件在交变载荷作用下的疲劳寿命。

基于紧固孔强化技术的发展现状,从强化机制、实施方法、强化效果、存在的问题和应用场合等方面,对冷挤压、干涉配合、滚压、机械喷丸和激光冲击强化五种飞机结构件紧固孔强化技术进行分析比较。

分析认为,五种强化技术都各自存在突出问题,激光冲击强化技术优势明显。

传统的强化技术仍将在未来的一段时间内作为飞机结构疲劳断裂设计的基本的强化工艺;激光冲击强化技术由于处理方式的环保性和突出的强化效果,在提高小孔疲劳寿命方面具有巨大潜力。

关键词紧固孔强化冷挤压干涉配合滚压机械喷丸激光冲击强化中图法分类号V26Abstract Fastening holes are streng thened in ord er to improve the fatig u e life of aircraft stru ctural parts und er alternating loads. Accord ing to the state of the art of s treng thening technolog y for fastening holes , five technolog ies , i . e . cold expansion , inter ference2fit , rolling , sh ot peening and laser2peening are review ed and compared in terms o f their streng thening mechanisms , implementation methods , streng thening effects , prob lems and applications , etc . C onclusions are that these five techn olog ies have their existing ind ividu al prob2 lems , and laser peening has o b vio us ad vantag es. Because of its environmental pr otecting nature and prominent streng thening effect , la2ser2peening has g reat poten tial to improve the fatig u e life of fastening holes. The other four are still to b e usef u l for some time as the b asic streng thening processes for aircraft stru ctures d esign.K ey w ord F a stening holes strengthen ; Co l d exp ansio n ; I nterference2f i t ; R olling ; Shot p eening ; Laser shock processingC orresponding author : QIAN XiaoMing , E2mail : brightm586 @126. co mThe project su ppor ted b y the National Natu ral S cience F oun d ation o f China (No . 50735001) .Manuscript received 20090914 , in revised form 20100113.2 1 253 1 2124 365 2769合、滚压、机械喷丸和激光冲击强化。

金属表面处理对涂料性能的影响罗能凤*，丁新艳，刘国钧，王进（株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司技术中心，湖南株洲412007）[摘要]本文研究了金属表面处理工艺中喷砂工艺、自动磷化线工艺、喷砂加自动磷化线工艺对涂层光泽、抗弯曲性、抗冲击性及耐腐蚀性的影响，从而得到了涂层综合性能达到最优时的金属表面处理工艺。

并进一步探讨了金属表面处理工艺对不同形状铁路专用弹性元件产品耐盐雾腐蚀性的影响。

关键词：磷化；喷砂；光泽；抗弯曲性；抗冲击性；盐雾试验中图分类号：TQ639.1 文献标识码：AEffect of Metal Surface Treatment on the Performance ofCoatingLUO Neng-feng*, DING Xin-yan, LIU Guo-jun, W ANG Jin (Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412007, China)Abstract:The effect of shot blasting, auto-phosphorizing and both complex technology during the metal surface treatment on the specular glass, bending, impact resistance and salt spray test were studied. The technology of metal surface treatment to obtain optimal comprehensive properties was gained. Metal surface treatments on special railway elastic products of different shapes on the neutral salt spray test were further discussed.Key words:phosphate; shot blasting; specular glass; bending; impact resistance; salt spray test引言底材表面处理质量好坏，不仅决定着工件表面能否涂装，而且也极大地影响着涂层的附着力、外观、耐湿性及耐腐蚀性等性能。

爆炸效果英语作文In the realm of filmmaking, the use of explosive effects has become a staple in creating thrilling and visuallycaptivating scenes. These effects are not just about creating a spectacle; they serve a deeper purpose in storytelling, enhancing the emotional impact, and contributing to the overall atmosphere of a film.The first paragraph will introduce the concept of explosive effects in cinema and their significance:"Explosive effects have long been a favorite tool of filmmakers to inject adrenaline into their narratives. From the grand explosions of action blockbusters to the subtle, yet powerful, blasts in war films, these visual and auditory experiences are designed to elicit a visceral reaction from the audience. They are more than just a spectacle; they are a means to immerse viewers in the intensity of a scene, often symbolizing a turning point or a climax in the story."The second paragraph will discuss the technical aspects and the evolution of explosive effects:"The art of creating explosive effects has evolved significantly with advancements in technology. From practical effects involving pyrotechnics to computer-generated imagery (CGI), the methods have become more sophisticated. Practical effects, while more dangerous and complex to execute, offer alevel of realism that is hard to replicate with CGI. On the other hand, CGI allows for greater control and safety, enabling filmmakers to create larger-than-life explosions without the risks associated with real pyrotechnics."The third paragraph will explore the emotional and narrative impact of explosive effects:"Explosions on screen are not just about the 'bang'; they are a narrative device that can signify destruction, a dramatic change, or the release of pent-up tension. In action films, they often mark the hero's triumph or a high-stakes failure. In dramas, a well-placed explosion can serve as a metaphorfor a character's internal turmoil or the collapse of a relationship. The emotional resonance of such scenes is amplified by the shock and awe of the explosion."The final paragraph will conclude with the importance of explosive effects in modern cinema and their potential for future innovation:"As cinema continues to push the boundaries of storytelling, explosive effects remain a vital part of the filmmaker's arsenal. They are a testament to the power of visual storytelling and the ability of film to transport audiences to different worlds. With ongoing advancements in technology, the future of explosive effects in cinema promises even more breathtaking and immersive experiences, ensuring that the'explosive' remains a key element in the cinematic language for years to come."In conclusion, explosive effects in English cinema are more than just a visual extravaganza; they are a storytelling device that can heighten the emotional depth and narrative power of a film. As technology progresses, these effects will continue to evolve, offering filmmakers new ways to captivate and engage their audiences.。