山大考博英语2002-2004(含答案详解)

山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。

keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。

complete a.完全的，完整的。

thorough a.彻底的，完全的。

2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。

3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。

D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。

)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。

4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。

recruit n．新兵，新成员。

size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。

expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。

2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。

D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。

其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。

3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。

东北师范大学博士入学英语试题（2004）Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Direction: Below each sentence there are four words ear ked A.B.C.D. Choose the one that is closest in seining to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his_______A. equivalentB. equityC. equalityD. equal2. The young couple had made their fortunes be developing a _______travel business at homeA. beneficialB. profitableC. regenerativeD. financial3. The two scientists working independently made the same invention________A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. elaborately4. The scientist’s discovery will have a _______influence on mankindA. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound5. When he recited the passage by ________, he revealed that he was reproducing______ without understanding their meaning.A. affects/causeB. sounds/meaningC. sounds/pronunciationD. rote/sounds6. Where the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance_______A. had been increasedB. would be increasedC. might have been increasedD. was increased7. All of us decided to stop and have dinner, ______we were feeling very hungryA. moreoverB. forC. whereasD. consequently8. The number and diversity of British newspaper _______ considerableA. have beenB. areC. wereD. is9. Mary is reading_____________A. an exciting detective old storyB. an old exciting detective storyC. an exciting old detective storyD. a detective old exciting story10. Having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force________A. to act itB. acting on itC. act on itD. acts on it11. He has only a ______ understanding of astronomy.A. originalB. superficialC. criticalD. identical12. He was too sick to stay here, _______ we send him homeA. howeverB. furthermoreC. otherwiseD. accordingly13. I believe the house was ______ set fire toA. deliberatelyB. creditablyC. violentlyD. vigorously14. The managing director took the _____ for the accident although it was not really his faultA. guiltB. blameC. chargeD. accusation15. They savaged to ____ valuable raw materials from industrial wastesA. reclaimB. reconcileC. rectifyD. regulate16. Jogging at 5 p.m. is part of his daily_________A. habitB. practiceC. routineD. custom17. Surrounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial beltsA. habitatB. inhabitedC. dwellingD. residential18. It was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally_____A. laid outB. laid downC. laid offD. laid aside19. Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her but______A. to good purposeB. for the purposeC. in good shapeD. to any purpose20. I spent much time on that composition and I would ______ it if you would do the same when you mark itA. modifyB. decorateC. compileD. appreciatePart III. Reading comprehension (35%)Direction: In this part, there are 7 reading passage. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. For each of them there are four choice marked a b c and d. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage 1Today’s trumpet is one of the world’s oldest instruments. It is really the result of many centuries of development. Although it looks nothing like its ancestors, there are many similarities. All trumpets are hollow tubes. They are all blown. And they all use the player’s lips to produce the basic sound.The trumpet developed as players and makers worked to improve its design, size, shape, material, and method of construction. They wanted to create an instrument that would product a beautiful and attractive tone, enable the performer to play all the notes of scale, extend the range higher and lower, make it possible to play more beautiful music, and, in general, be easier to play well. The remarkable way in which the modern trumpet achieves these goals is a measure of the success of all those who struggled to perfect this glorious instrument.The trumpet is actually the leading member of an entire family of relate instruments. There are trumpets of several different sizes, and in several different keys. There are comets, bugles, flugelhorns, and a number of others that are all similar to the trumpet in the way they are made and played.The trumpet family is much than a group of related instruments that can stir one with their sound or narrow tubes of metal capable of producing a variety of musical sounds. It is a link to many different periods of history and to people of many cultures. From the use of trumpets in ancient religious ceremonies to the part they play in modern rock bands, the trumpet family of instruments has much to tell about civilization and its development.1.What is the best title for this passage?A. Science and the TrumpetB. Recoding of the TrumpetC. The Trumpet and Its AncestryD. How the Trumpet is Made2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed to made the trumpet work?A. Air pressureB. Keen eyesightC. Daily cleaningD. Long fingers3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players?A. They could not play all the notes of the scaleB. They were not able to pick up the trumpetC. They could not play simple tunesD. They had difficulty improving upon the trumpet4. The word (1 sentence of 4 part.) could best be replaced by______A. the listenerB. a familyC. the composerD. an instrument5. The author believes that the trumpet is particularly important because it________________A. can be used in rock bandsB. has historical significanceC. is a religious instrumentD. has a narrow rangePassage 2All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainly. There are still too many thing we do not knew about the universe is put together. But we do know exactly what information weneed to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the switches are set before the train arrives, so that its path is completely determined. Some switches we can see, others we cannot. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainly. We knew the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our track many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed.6.According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe becausewe________A. have too many conflicting theoriesB. do not have enough funding to continue researchC. are not sure how the universe is put togetherD. have focused our investigations on the moon and planets7. What does the author see as the function of the universe’s unseen switches?A. They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will useB. They enable us to after the course of the universeC. They give us information about the lunar surfaceD. They determine which course the universe will take in the future8. Which of the following could best replace the word “track”?A. baneB. railsC. pathD. sequence9. For whom is the author probably writing this passage?A. Train engineersB. General audiencesC. Professors of statisticsD. Young children10. Which of the following statement best describes the organization of the passage?A. a statement illustrated by an analogyB. a hypothesis supported by documentationC. a comparison of two contrasting theoriesD. A critical analysis of a common assumptionPassage 3The bird known in the United States as the crow is all black wings, body, head, feet, and beak. It looks mean and evil, and some people say that it has a disposition to match its looks. Crows have the bad habit of robbing cornfields. They are accused of raiding the nests and eating the eggs and the young of smaller birds. This crime is probably attempted more than it is carried out, however for crows are often seen being driven away from the nests of enraged smaller birds.Some farmers put up scarecrows to keep crows out of their cornfields, and other organize crow shoots to try to get rid of the thievish invaders. But crows thrive just the same, probably because they are wary birds. When crows feed in a field, they usually post a sentinel on a lofty perch to sound a warning if any danger should approach. Crows can sound their call in a dozen different ways, and each version has a special meaning. They can make other sounds, too. Some crows, if they are caught young, can be taught to say words.Crows are not completely bad, for they eat slugs, beetles, and caterpillars that do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards. Whether crows are helpful or harmful is a subject of debate, but what is certain is that they are very interesting birds.11.From the information presented by the author, it seems clear the crows______A. can communicate with one anotherB. are very easy to catchC. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of small birdsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards.12. What do the sentinels do?A. They give signals to the crows if any danger is coming nearB. They discover good places for the crows to build their nestsC. They find fields and gardens that can supply the corrows with foodD. They defend the crows against the attacks of the smaller birds13. What is the effect of man’s war against crows?A. “Crows shoots” are reducing the number of crowsB. Crows are just as numerous as they ever wereC. Scarecrows are driving crows from the United States.D. Crows are doing more and more damage all the time14. Crows help the farmer by_______A. warning him when danger approachB. learning to say wordsC. eating bug and other insectsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards15. What is the author’s feeling about crows?A. He thinks that they are harmful and should be controlledB. He thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trainedC. He enjoys studying them and their habitsD. He likes them and wants to protect themPassage 4National parties in the United States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology. Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world. However, the argument that parties can be pushed too far. For example, in the century, at least the Republicans have been more committed than the Democrats to a market-oriented economy, while the Democrats have been more prepared to use government to address economic problems. Within both parties there has been wide variance on issues, but in general the Republicans have been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal.Both parties however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a rigid ideology. And neither, until recently, vested much authority in its national party structure.At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline. Both Democrats and Republicans maintained potent local political organizations in many cities and states.Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into steep decline during the 1950’s and 1960’s. The old organizations lost the ability to maintain internal discipline. They share of voters regarding themselves as political independents, that is people not affiliated with either of the major parties rose.There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organization. Development of a welfare state administered by the federal government established some of the services that had formerly been dispensed by the organizations as political favors. As recent immigrants became more educated they were less dependent on party workers. They inclusion of more state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage. Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck as even more serious blow at the patronage system. Television brought candidates into voters’ living rooms, thereby antiquating some ofthe communication and education functions of party workers. Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities.16.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.American political parties in the twentieth centuryB.The role of ideology in American politicsC.The future direction of United States politicsD.Differences between Republicans and Democrats17.According to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A.They are both generally conservativeB.Party organizations have been stronger at the state level than at the national levelC.Party organizations have increased their influence in recent yearsD.Democrats have been stronger than Republicans at the national level18.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organization in the UnitedStates EXCEPTA. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare stateC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television19. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Democrats are more committed than Republicans to market-oriented economyB. Republicans are more liberal than DemocratsC. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD. Only Democrats have traditional political organizations20. The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning toA. unquestioningB. uninterestingC. irreversibleD. unimportantPassage 5The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.Given this diversity of thought, it's easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerlan psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of “positive reinforcement” have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerlan legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash out. Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday might. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interest in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it's hard to imagine life without them.Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging and diminishing performance, “our society is caught in a whopping paradox,” asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book published by Rewards, which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. “We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of out children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people is partly responsible for the fix we’re in.”It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to love interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose for tutoring youngsters don't teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long term incentiveplans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.21.According to behaviorism, all human actions ______A. are based on stimulus and responseB. have no bearing on human drivesC. are supposed to be highly motivatedD. are of a great mystery22. Behaviorism basically believes inA. motivationB. performanceC. rewardsD. human factors23. Form the passage, it can be inferred that________A. rewards are highly effective to AmericaB. rewards are not much sonant after in academic circlesC. rewards have long lost their appeal in American societyD. Americans are addicted to rewards24. The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______A. can be best explained be behaviorismB. can be linked to Pavlov’s dogsC. shows that rewards may well kill desireD. serve to provided evidence to behaviorism25. Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse … when a reward is involved” (last paragraph)?A. People are not used to being conditioned by prizesB. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behaviorC. Rewards are so indispensable to American culturesD. The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforcedPassage 6Dr. Mark Adams of the Commonwealth school of Tropical Agriculture was recently invited to read a paper on “Research into Problems of Cattle Breeding in the Tropics” at the Commonwealth Agricultural Conference in Colombo, Sn Lankn, on Wednesday May 16th. He was booked to fly by air India form London, Via New Delhi, to Colombo on the 13th which he felt, would gave him time to get acclimatized before attending the opening sesstion of the Conference on the 16th and time to arrange his notes for the lecture on Thursday morning.He arrived at London Headrow Airport to plenty of time for his plane, which was due to take off at 3:30 p.m. and arrived at Delhi early next; morning, in time to connection to Colombo. He spent three hours sitting in the departure lounge until his flight was finally called at 11:00 p.m. he had not been looking forward to the overnight flight anyway as be could never sleep on airplanes, and when he had to travel long distances, he usually arrived at his destination feeling crubled and tired and suffering from jet lag. His temper was not improved when he was told, in arriving more than three hours late a new Delhi, that his plane to Colombo had already gone and that their would not be another until the next day. The airline staff were very sympathetic and assured him that they had already booked him into the best hotel in the city, to which the airline was would take him straight away. In the meantime, they hoped that Dr. Adams would take the opportunity of seeing something of their historic city.The only thing Dr. Adams felt be needed at that point were a both, a change of clothes, a good breakfast and then a long sleep. The hotel was luxurious and very good and comfortable. After he had eaten he pulled down the blinds to shut out the glaring India sun and then slept for most of the day. About 6:30 p.m. he dressed and went down to the hotel bar, where he got into conversation with another delegate to the conference who came from Zambia and who be travelling whit him on the Colombo plane the next morning. They decided to dine together and explore some of the singbts and sounds of the India at night.The journey to Colombo was completed without mishap and Dr. Adams and his companion were met at the airport by the Conference Secretary. Mr. Mahaveli, who had been informed of their impending arrival by the airline. Mr. Mahaveli took them their hotel, where many other delegates were already installed, and made sure that theyhad the program for the opening session.On the morning of the second day of the Conference, Dr. Adams read his paper, which received with much interest. He was asked many questions by delegates in whose countries many of the problems he had discussed were commonly found. During the five days of the Conference he had opportunities to talk to agriculture experts from Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, India, Gambia, Australia and Nigeria and he also met some old friends who had previously been students at the Commonwealth School. He heard form many of them how they were putting all that they had learned to good use and of the problems they were trying to overcome in their own countries.On his flight home Dr. Adams could not help reflecting that the Conference had proved how valuable the sharing of the information and experiences could be, as an example of true cooperation between the developed and the developing world.26.Dr Adams left London______A. two days before the conferenceB. on Wednesday 16thC. on the day before the conferenceD. on the 13th27. Dr Adams________A. was a good travelerB. found long journeys exhaustingC. usually fell asleep on long journeysD. was a keen sightseer28. After dinner Dr Adams and his companion_________A. sat and talkedB. went to bed earlyC. went out into the streets of New DelhiD. caught the plane to Colombo29. All the delegates to the conference were________A. students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. from the developing countriesC. from AfricaD. agricultural experts30. The “old friends” that Dr. Adams met were________A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical ApicultureB. people he had worked with beforeC. delegates he had met at the hotelD. delegates who were interested in his lecturePassage 7Megan was, in fact, one of the few people in Johnstown that who actually saw the gigantic wave that destroyed the entire city.At first all she could see was a sinister black mist, it rolled toward the house like billowing smoke. For a moment Megan thought there must be a huge fore somewhere. But the noise convinced her it was something else a deep, heavy rumbling, mixed with a grinding sound, like some enormous mill wheel churning. The black fog curled swiftly over the house, and then the air seemed to clear for one split second. There, almost on top of her, wan a huge wall of debris filled water, much higher than the house Megan spun around, the crying dying in her throat. The doors of the tall walnut linen press were still open, and hunched on the floor. Aunt Ella was shielding Timothy with her own body. Megan could hear aunt’s voice, high and thin, praying ardently. “Oh, dear merciful Lord, save us…..save us…. ”. Hued, numb with terror, knelt by Timothy’s house, her hands folded over the velvet saddle, she was praying in German. Megan could hear her voice through the ominous rumble, over and over. “ Main gross Gou … Main gross Gou…”She could see the tiny toe copper pans on the playhouse wall began to shiver. A soft film of plaster dust began to fall from the ceiling as gently as snow. Suddenly there was a tremendous crash. It sounded as if the attic floor split open. A surge of oily yellow water gushed up foaming the edges like old face. Then it seems as if the air were filled with flying objects. Trunks whirled by, wicked-looking boards splintered with nails, showers or broken glass winged a thousand tiny arrows, linens flapped like white birds, chairs with the legs torn off went whistling by.Everything in the attic seemed to be whirling through the air.Megan ducked he head and shielded her body with her arms against the debris. The floor beneath her feet heaved mightily and then suddenly dropped. Megan reached up , her hands grasping for anything for to cling to. She found herself swinging form a rough board, the lower half of her body submerged in water. How long she clung there in the heaving darkness she would never know. She was choking and spitting as the evil water surged about her, splashing over her face. After that seemed a lifetime in the thunderous blackness. Megan lifted her head. Far above her she could see a glimmer of dirty gray light.She wasn’t even thinking now. painfully she began to crawl toward the light with a kind of blind animal instinct. Cling with one hand, she would reach out with the other until she found some new thing to grasp. Inch by inch she worked her way through tangled, shattered wood toward a tiny wedge of light.31.The action of the story takes place in _______A. EnglandB. JohnstownC. New York CityD. Not mentioned32. What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon?A. HappyB. UninterestingC. DepressingD. Frightening33. How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water?A. BraveB. CuriousC. HorrifiedD. Disappointed34. What do you think the people around Megan began to pray?A. because they felt thankfulB. because they wanted to impress MeganC. because they were very afraidD. because they asked for others’ help35. What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan?A. That there might be a way outB. That she could see well enough to readC. That someone was searching for herD. That there was no danger at allPart IV TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him no to say2.In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of maternal defense is the best guarantee of a nation’svital interests.3.The ancient waters that brought soil to these mountain valley had not been reaching the sea, so they spread outin shallow take.4.While there are literally thounds of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on theNew York Stoke Exchange.5.Spanish missionaries who brought their knowledge and their seedlings here from their native country were thefirst to grow vines here.6.You’re got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you turn you inside outura wished that she was not holding that piece of bread and butter, but there was nowhere to put it and shecouldn't possibly throw it away.8.The U.S environmental protection agency was established in control and abate pollution in the basic areas ofair, water, solid waste, pesticides, noise, and radiation9.When one individual inflicts bodily injury upon another, such injury that death result, we call the deed manslaughter, when the assassinate knew in advance that the injury would be fatal, we call his deed murder.ernment provides tax write-offs for corporate philanthropy out of the belief that many centers of supportfor socially needed programs help contribute to a dynamic solution to the human problems of society.Part V Writing (10%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a compositions on the topic “Thrift is Always a Virtue”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。

urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。

只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。

2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。

prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。

maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。

independence n.独立，自主。

3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Recent research into aging suggests that the body’s defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题) A．insaneB．infectiousC．foreignD．poisonous正确答案：C解析：本题中，alien的意思是“外来的，不同的”。

四个选项中，foreign的意思是“外国的，异质的”，如：a foreign object in the eye．(眼睛中的异物)。

insane 的意思是“患精神病的，极度愚蠢的”；infectious的意思是“有传染性的，易感染的”。

只有C项符合题意。

2．It is impossible to ______ whether she’ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．foreseeB．inferC．fabricateD．inhibit正确答案：A解析：本题意为“很难预见她是否能在下个月出院回家”。

A项的“foresee 预见”符合题意。

其他三项“infer推论、推断；fabricate制作、装配，伪造；inhibit 禁止、约束”都不正确。

3．She said some bad things about me, but I have______her for that.A．releasedB．freedC．forgivenD．regretted正确答案：C解析：forgive vt．原谅，饶恕，宽恕。

2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。

山东大学历年经济学博士入学试题2001年经济学博士入学试题一、计算题1、设要素X2和X1之间的技术替代率为－4，如果要使产量保持不变，但X1的使用量又减少了3个单位，请问需要增加多少单位的X2。

（5分）2、垄断厂商有一条用D（P）＝10P-3表示的需求曲线，它的成本函数为C（y）=2y，它的最优产量水平和价格是多少？（5分）3、设法定准备率r＝20％。

某商业银行自愿保存5％的超额准备金。

若这个商业银行接收100万存款，由此创造的银行货币和存款乘数各是多少？（5分）二、论述你所知道的西方学者提出的各种消费函数理论，并给予评析。

（30分）三、论述福利经济学的第一原理和第二原理，给出帕累托最优的条件，并加以评论。

（25分）四、论国有企业产权改革与制度创新的不同模式及其利弊。

（15分）五、论当前中国工业化所处的阶段及其面对的主要矛盾。

（15分）2002年经济学博士入学试题一、消费者最初遇到的预算线P1X1+P2X2=m,随后商品1的价格提高了一倍，商品2的价格提高了7倍，收入增加了3倍，根据原来的价格和收入写出新预算线的方程。

（5分）二、设一个厂商使用几种投入n>2，对于一个既定的产出水平，关于要素价格变化△W i和要素变化△X i，显示的成本最小化原理导出什么不等式？（5分）三、假定有两家厂商，他们面临的是线性需求曲线P（Y）＝a-bY，每家厂商的边际成本不变为C，是求古诺均衡情况下的产量。

（5分）四、根据经济学原理，简明扼要讨论解决我国商品房交易中由于信息不对称造成的问题。

（10分）五、试说明委托－代理理论分析的基本框架（10分）六、试论述浮动汇率下，货币政策对本国经济的作用。

（15分）七、试分析采用扩张性财政政策增加就业的机制和条件。

（20分）八、论述非公有制经济在我国社会主义市场经济中的地位和作用。

（15分）九、论述我国实现经济增长方式转变的必要性与途径。

（15分）2003年经济学博士入学试题1、芒代尔－弗莱明模型（固定汇率情形）2、委托－代理理论。

中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。