intravascular interventional diagnosis and treatment2

・论著・经皮腘静脉穿刺诊治下肢深静脉血栓39例临床分析顾晔　成忠　胡立群　曾昆　胡勇钧　李论　彭定凤　王丹 [中图分类号]R543 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]100129057(2006)0520328203[摘要]　目的　探讨经皮腘静脉血流顺向性介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓的可行性。

方法　对39例下肢深静脉血栓患者经健侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器后,穿刺患侧腘静脉,以腘静脉为入路,行血管内溶栓、血栓消融器消融和(或)球囊成形及腔内支架置人术等治疗。

结果　经皮腘静脉穿刺均获成功,无严重并发症发生。

结论　以患侧腘静脉为入路,血流顺行性介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓操作简便,是一种安全有效的方法。

[关键词]　静脉血栓;　介入治疗;　腘静脉Percut aneous poplitea l ve i n puncture for d i a gnosis and trea t m en t of lower extrem ity deep venousthro m bosis G U Ye,CHEN G Zhong,HU L iqun,et al.D epart m ent of Cardiology,Puai Hospital,W uhan430030,China[Abstract]　O bjecti ve　To evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous pop liteal vein bl ood antegradeinterventi onal treat m ent f or l ower extre m ity deep venous thr ombosis(LE DVT).M ethods　I nferi or venacava filters(I V CF)were p laced in39cases of LE DVT via the nor mal fe moral veins.Puncture was carriedout thr ough the pop liteal veins in the thr ombotic side.Therap ies were accomp lished via the pop liteal vein,including intravascular thr ombolysis,thr ombosis a mp lificati on with Amp latz Thr ombect omy Device(AT D),angi op lasty,and/or stent i m p lantati on.Results　Puncture of percutaneous pop liteal vein in allcases was accomp lished successfully and no seri ous comp licati on occurred.Conclusi on　B l ood antegradeinterventi on via the pop liteal vein in the thr ombotic side is a safe and effective therapy f or l ower extre m itydeep venous thr ombosis.[Key words]　Venous thr o mbosis;　I nterventi ona1therapy;　Pop liteal vein 下肢深静脉血栓形成(LEDVT)可并发肺动脉栓塞,是严重危害人类健康的一种血管性疾病。

ICU患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的危险因素及耐药性分析张燕;何新飙【摘要】目的:探讨重症监护病房(ICU)鲍曼不动杆菌(AB)医院感染的危险因素和耐药情况.方法:收集2012年ICU住院患者363例,分离培养AB并进行药敏试验.收集所有患者住院信息分析其发生AB的危险因素.结果:AB医院感染患者51例.经多因素Logistic分析,ICU入住时间＞7 d、机械通气、深静脉置管、抗生素使用≥3种、激素、糖尿病、白蛋白＜25 g/L是ICU患者感染AB的独立危险因素.该院ICU患者感染的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率高,其中多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDRAB)占39.2％,广泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(XDRAB)占37.3％,全耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(PDRAB)占2％,敏感茵占21.6％.对多粘菌素B、美满霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性较高,敏感率依次为92.2％、45.1％、58.8％.结论:AB耐药率逐年升高,合理使用抗生素、缩短有创机械通气时间有助于控制AB的感染.【期刊名称】《天津医科大学学报》【年(卷),期】2016(022)004【总页数】4页(P318-321)【关键词】鲍曼不动杆菌;医院感染;耐药性;危险因素【作者】张燕;何新飙【作者单位】天津医科大学第二医院重症监护病房,天津300211;天津医科大学第二医院重症监护病房,天津300211【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R515鲍曼不动杆菌（Acinetobacter baumanii,AB）是革兰阴性、氧化酶阳性、过氧化物酶阴性、严格需氧非发酵菌，广泛存在于人体和外界环境中，对湿热、紫外线、化学消毒剂具有较强的抵抗能力，常规消毒剂只能抑制其生长，不能将其杀灭，是院内获得性肺炎最常见的致病菌[1]。

随着近年来抗生素的广泛使用，细菌耐药情况日益严峻，而AB具有快速获得和传播耐药性的能力，多重耐药、广泛耐药、全耐药鲍曼不动杆菌已呈世界性流行，更是目前我国最重要的“超级细菌”之一。

经血管介入治疗复杂医源性血管腔内异物的临床效果杜松1,杨州1,孙龙1,张彬1,李超1,李中会2,肖航1,胡春芳1,牟玮1,郝迎学1　（1.陆军军医大学第一附属医院血管外科，重庆 400038；2.陆军军医大学第一附属医院放射科，重庆 400038）［摘要］　目的　探讨经血管介入手术在治疗复杂医源性血管腔内异物中的临床效果。

方法　回顾性分析2019年3月至2022年3月在我院接受介入治疗的3例复杂医源性血管腔内异物患者的临床资料，其中导丝碎裂、刺破血管及穿透周围脏器、局部血栓机化包裹导丝并血管闭塞1例，植入性导管周围血栓形成、粘连血管及心脏瓣膜1例，导丝脱入血管并发静脉血栓形成伴血管狭窄、局部血栓机化包裹导丝1例。

经静脉采用钳夹、圈套、绞缠、拖拽、套取等血管腔内介入技术治疗，观察异物取出率及手术相关并发症。

结果　3例患者的异物取出率为100%，其中完全取出2例，部分取出1例（残留约5%）。

出现血管损伤1例，其余2例无其他严重并发症。

结论　介入术创伤小，并发症少，异物取出率高，效果显著，可作为复杂医源性血管腔内异物取出的治疗方式。

［关键词］介入；医源性；血管腔内异物［中图分类号］R459.9 ［文献标识码］A ［收稿日期］2023-01-28Clinical outcome of transvascular intervention for complex iatrogenic intravascular foreign bodiesDU Song1，YANG Zhou1，SUN Long1，ZHANG Bin1，LI Chao1，LI Zhong-hui2，XIAO Hang1，HU Chun-fang1，MOU Wei1，HAO Ying-xue1　（1. Department of Vascular Surgery， First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University，Chongqing 400038，China；2. Department of Radiology， First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University，Chongqing 400038，China）Abstract: Objective　To investigate the clinical outcome of transvascular interventional surgery in the treatment of complex iatrogenic intravascular foreign bodies.Methods　The clinical data of 3 patients with complex iatrogenic intravascular foreign bodies who received interventional treatment in our hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed，including 1 case of guide wire breaking，puncturing blood vessels and penetrating surrounding organs，local thrombus wrapped guide wire and blood vessel occlusion，1 case of pericatheter thrombosis，adhesion to blood vessels and heart valves，and 1 case of guide wire slipped into blood vessel lead to venous thrombosis complicated by vascular stenosis and local thrombus wrapped guide wire.The intravascular interventional techniques such as clamping，trapping，entangling，dragging and extracting through the transjugular approach were used for the treatment，and the foreign body removal rate and related complications were observed.Results　The foreign body removal rate of 3 patients was 100%，of which 2 cases were completely removed and 1 case was partially removed （residual about 5%）.Vascular injury occurred in 1 case，and the remaining 2 cases had no other serious complications.Conclusion　Interventional surgery has the characteristics of less trauma，fewer complications， high extraction rate of foreign body，and remarkable effect，which can be used as the preferred treatment for the removal of complex iatrogenic endovascular foreign bodies.Keywords: intervention；iatrogenic；intravascular foreign body随着临床上血管腔内置入性操作越来越多，医源性异物脱入血管的现象日渐频繁[1-3]，临床常在短时间内即取出的异物脱落，多无严重并发症[4-5]，然而偶见合并严重并发症者，此类异物对患者身心造成巨大损害，却常常难以取出，容易导致医患纠纷[6]。

复合手术治疗颅内动脉瘤王汉东【摘要】颅内动脉瘤是颅内动脉由于先天发育异常或后天损伤等因素导致局部的血管壁损害,其破裂导致的病残率和病死率极高.开颅显微手术夹闭及血管内介入技术是目前治疗颅内动脉瘤的两大主要方法,且各有利弊.复合手术将两种技术的优势相结合,解决了一些单一外科手术或介入治疗均无法满意解决的问题.文章阐述了复合手术在治疗颅内动脉瘤中的优势,尤其是对于复杂动脉瘤或高级别自发性蛛网膜下腔出血,复合手术可以做到早期诊断、为抢救赢得时间、减少对脑组织的牵拉损伤.但该技术也存在硬件设备成本较高、操作流程规范性不足、介入治疗的抗凝药物使用与开颅手术相矛盾等不足之处.总之,复合手术为颅内动脉瘤的治疗提供了一个创新的平台,不断改善颅内动脉瘤的诊疗效果.%Intracranial aneurysm is a focal lesion of the intracranial arterial wall induced by congenital abnormalities or trau-ma,and its rupture leads to an extremely high mortality. Microsurgical clipping and intravascular intervention are the two main treat-ment options for intracranial aneurysms,and each has its advantages and disadvantages. Hybrid surgery combines the advantages of the two strategies to solve some of the problems that defy a single surgical technique or interventional therapy. This article introduces the concept of hybrid surgery,the history of its development,and its advantages,disadvantages and prospects in the treatment of intracra-nial aneurysm.【期刊名称】《医学研究生学报》【年(卷),期】2018(031)003【总页数】4页(P225-228)【关键词】颅内动脉瘤;复合手术;脑血管外科手术;介入治疗【作者】王汉东【作者单位】210002南京,南京军区南京总医院神经外科【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R739.40 引言技术的进步和理念的更新使得以颅内动脉瘤为代表的脑血管疾病严重危害着人类的健康。

血管外科常用英语词汇-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1血管外科常用英语词汇1.Vascular Surgery 血管外科学2.vessel 血管3.atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化4.intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生5.ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再关注6.arteriogenesis 动脉生成7.angiogenesis 血管生成8.arterial aneurysms 动脉瘤9.physiology 生理学10.venous 静脉的11.pathology 病理学12.lymphatic 淋巴的13.pathophysiology 病理生理学14.duplex scanning 双功能超声扫描15.arteriography 动脉造影16.venography 静脉造影puted tomography （CT）计算机断层扫描18.magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像19.intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声20.general considerations 总论21.atherosclerotic 动脉粥样硬化的22.diabetes 糖尿病23.hyperlipidemia 高血脂24.hypertension 高血压25.normal coagulation 正常凝血26.antithrombotic therapy 抗凝治疗27.thrombolytic agents 溶栓剂28.coagulopathy 凝血障碍29.hemorrhage 出血30.hypercoagulable states 高凝状态31.systemic complications 全身并发症32.cardiac 心脏33.respiratory 呼吸系统34.renal 肾脏35.graft infection 移植物感染36.local complications 局部并发症37.aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠瘘38.anastomotic aneurysms 吻合口动脉瘤39.thrombosis 血栓形成40.endovascular 腔内治疗41.acute deep venous thrombosis 急性深静脉血栓形成42.natural history 自然病程43.clinical and diagnostic evaluation 临床表现和诊断性评估44．Prevention and medical treatment 预防和治疗45.surgical and interventional treatment 外科治疗和介入治疗46.vena cava interruption 腔静脉隔断术47.pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞48.superficial thrombophlebitis 血栓性浅静脉炎49.chronic venous disorders 慢性静脉功能失调50.varicose veins 静脉曲张51.epidemiology 流行病学52.pathogenesis 发病机制53.clinical manifestation 临床表现54.treatment selection 治疗现状55.reference 参考文献56.ablation 消融57.sclerotherapy 硬化剂治疗58.insufficiency 功能不全59.incompetence 功能不全60.perforator vein 穿支静脉61.valve 瓣膜62.deep vein valve reconstruction 深静脉瓣膜重建术63.iliocaval venous 下腔及髂静脉64.obstruction 阻塞65.superior vena cava 上腔静脉66.occlusion 阻塞67.lymphedema 淋巴水肿68.classification and natural history of vascular anomalies 血管病变的分类和自然病程69.vascular malformation 血管畸形70.hemodialysis access 透析通路71.dialysis catheters 透析导管plex 复杂型73.vasculitis 血管炎74.arteriopathy 动脉疾病75.thromboangiitis 血栓静脉炎76.obliterans 闭塞性77.Buerger’s disease血管闭塞性脉管炎78.takayasu’s disease takayasu 动脉炎79.erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍80.wound care 伤口护理81.operative exposure for spinal reconstructive surgery82.syndrome 综合症83.acquired 后天性、获得性84.arteriovenous fistulae 动静脉瘘85.open surgical86.endovascular therapeutic 腔内治疗87.endovascular aneurysms repair 动脉瘤腔内修复术88.aortic 主动脉89.managing branches during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair 主动脉瘤腔内修复术中其分支血管的管理。

1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr Procedure[操作，手术]·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗]Suspected site and organism[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] 72hr Cultures ordered[是否做培养]·Documented infection[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌] 5days·Other[其他]Explanation required [解释理由] 24hr·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]No known allergy [无已知的过敏]·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]·Resident [住院医师] Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]·Acitivity [活动]·Vital signs[测生命体征]·I / O [记进出量]·Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history]·Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄]Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话] Race[民族]I.D.No.[身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者]Reliability of history[可靠程度]Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话]Home address and phone No.[家庭住地及电话] ·Chief complaint[主诉]·History of present illness[现病史]·Past History[过去史]Surgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social History[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]General[概况]Eyes,Ears,Nose and throat[五官] Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]Musculoskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统] ·Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]General[概况]HEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]Heart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界]Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]Extremities[四肢]Neurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]*Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况]*Radiographic Findings[放射]*Laboratory Findings[化验]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]*Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]*>20% blood volume lost [>20%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]▲全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]▲血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or surgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with oct ive bleeding[心肺分流术伴血小板<10万，活动性出血者]*Platelet count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patient had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号]Attending Physician[主治医生]Date of Admission[入院日期]Date of Discharge[出院日期]Pirncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]Complications[并发症]Operation[手术名称]Reason for Admission[入院理由]Physical Findings[阳性体征]Lab/X-ray Findings[化验及放射报告]Hospital Course[住院诊治经过]Condition[出院状况]Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, physical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]Follow-up Care[随随访]6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]·Patient name[病人姓名]·race[种族]·address[地址]·religion[宗教]·medical service[科别]·admit (discharge) date[入院（出院）日期]·Length of stay [住院天数]·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系]·previous admit date[上次住院日期]·admitting physician [入院医生]·attending phgsician[主治医生]·admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]·final (principal) diagnosis[最终（主要）诊断]·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用（合并症）]·incision type[切口类型]·healing course[愈合等级]·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术（非手术）操作] ·nosocomial infection[院内感染]·consutants[会诊]·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]·recovered-No. of times[成功次数]·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]OP.adm.and discharge Dx concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时（3 天）内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况]recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]·Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]transferred to[转院到]医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无，缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acumeter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis[乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-ad[……侧] ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidism[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] adrenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病] ·-albi (albino)-[白色] albumin[白蛋白] albinism[白化病] ·-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ·-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲cephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ·alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ·alveo-[牙槽，小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎] ·ambi-[复，双] ambiopia[复视] ambivert[双重性格] ·ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ·amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ·angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术]▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ·ante-[前]▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ·antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁]▲anteroventral[前腹侧] ·anti-[抗，反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲anticoagulant[抗凝剂] ·rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ·archo-[肛门，直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ·arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ·arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺]▲arthrotomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ·-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶]▲proteinase[蛋白酶] ·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力] ▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己]▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲auto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿] ·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲barometer [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝]▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusia[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞]▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypnea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸形] ·brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradypsychia[精神不振] ·broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis[支气管痉挛] ▲bronchitis[支气管炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张] ·calci-[钙] ▲calcification[钙化] ▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症] ·carbo-[碳] ▲carbohydrate[碳水化合物]▲carbohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌] ▲carcinogen[致癌物] ·cardio-[心，贲门]▲cardiotonics[强心剂] ▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术] ·-cele[疝，肿物] ▲omphalocele[脐疝] ▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ·celio-[腹] ▲celialgia[腹痛]▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查] ·-centesis[穿刺] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺术]▲abdominocentesis[腹穿] 3 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎]▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂]▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的]▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证]▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊]▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞]▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学]▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学]▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠]▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑]▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外]▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫]▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的]▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体]▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的]▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgram[微克]▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲ 4 回复：医学英语常用前后缀hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝]▲hepatitis[肝炎] ▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学]▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高]▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病]▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫]▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石]▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲terminology[术语学]▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛]▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmolytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良]▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎]▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法]▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-]▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的]▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜]▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾]▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤]▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养]▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼] 5 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少] ▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全]▲oliguria[少尿] ·-oma[肿瘤] ▲adenoma[腺瘤] ▲osteoma[骨瘤] ·onco-[肿瘤]▲oncology[肿瘤学] ▲oncogene[癌基因] ·ophthalmo-[眼] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出]▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹] ·-osis[病] ▲cirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲mycosis[霉菌病] ·osteo-[骨] ▲osteomalacia[骨软化] ▲osteoarthritis[骨关节炎] ·oto-[耳] ▲otolith[耳石]▲otoplasty[耳成形术] ▲otopyosis[耳化脓] ·pan-[全] ▲panimmunity[多种免疫]▲pantalgia[全身痛] ▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良] ·-para[产妇] ▲primipara[初产妇]▲nullipara[未产妇] ·-pathy[病] ▲dermatopathy[皮肤病] ▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌病] ·pedia-[儿童] ▲pediatrician[儿科医师] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ·-penia[减少]▲leucopenia[白细胞减少] ▲thrombopenia[血小板减少] ·per-[经] ▲percutaneous[经皮肤的] ·peri-[周围] ▲pericarditis[心包炎] ▲perianal[肛周的] ·pharmaco-[药]▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理▲physiotheraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术] ·-pnea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气，肺]▲pneumothorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿]▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前]▲premenopause[绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假]▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神，心理]▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂] ▲nephroptosis[肾下垂]▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ptysis[咯] ▲pyoptysis[咯脓] ▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓]▲pyorrhea[溢脓] ▲pyosis[化脓] ·radio-[放射] ▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射学] ·recto-[直肠] ▲rectitis[直肠炎] ▲rectectomy[直肠切除术] ·retino-[视网膜]▲retinitis[视网膜炎] ▲retinodialysis[视网膜分离] ·rhino-[鼻] ▲rhinitis[鼻炎]▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏] ·-rrhagia[出血] ▲gastorrhagia[胃出血] ▲hemorrhage[出血]▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血] ·-rrhaphy[缝合术] ▲neurorrhaphy[神经缝合术]▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术] ·-rrhea[流出] ▲diarrhea[腹泻] ▲menorrhea[月经] ·schisto-[裂] ▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病] ▲schistoglossia[舌裂] ·scirrho-[硬]▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病] ▲scirrhoma[硬癌] ·sclero-[硬] ▲scleroderma[硬皮病]▲sclerometer[硬度计] ·-scope(y)[镜，检查] ▲stethoscope[听诊器] ▲otoscope[耳镜]▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法] ·semi-[半] ▲semicoma[半昏迷] ▲semiliquid[半流汁] ·spondylo-[脊椎] ▲spondylopathy[脊椎病] ▲spondylitis[脊椎炎] ·-stomy[造口术]▲colostomy[结肠造口术] ▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术] ·sub-[下，亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲subabdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化物] ·supra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲tachycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗] ▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计]▲thermatology[热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓，血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓]▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜]▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经，转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[超过] ▲ultraviolet[紫外线] ▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫] ▲uteroscope[子宫镜] ▲uterotonic[宫缩剂] ·vaso-[血管] ▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂] 6 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑]▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆]▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲colotomy[结肠切开术]▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠]▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑]▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外]▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫]▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] 7 回复：医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状]▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂]▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原]▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性]▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白]▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgram[微克] ▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半]▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗]▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学]▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高]▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病]▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫]▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石]▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲terminology[术语学]▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛]▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmolytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良]▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎]▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法]▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的]▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜]▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾]▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤]▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]医学英语缩写一览表医学英语缩写一览表·aa.-of each[各] ·Ab.-antibody[抗体] ·abd.-abdomen[腹部] ·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·abn.-abnormal[异常] ·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压] ·Abs.-absent[无] ·abstr.-abstract[摘要] ·a.c.-before meals[饭前] ·Ach.-actylcholine[乙酰胆碱] ·ACH.-adrenal cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激素] ·ACT.-active coagulative time[活化凝血时间] ·ACTH.-adrenocorticotripic[促肾上腺皮质激素] ·ad.(add.)-adde[加] ·ad effect.-ad effectum [直到有效] ·ADH.-antidiuretic hormone[抗利尿激素] ·ad lib-at liesure[随意] ·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us est.-for external use[外用] ·af.-atrial fibrillation[房颤] ·aF.-atrial flutter[房扑] ·A/G ratio.-albumin-globulin ratio[白-球蛋白比] ·AIDS.-acquired immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] ·al.-left ear[左耳] ·alb.-albumin[白蛋白] ·AM.-before noon[上午] ·amb.-ambulance[救护车] ·amp.(ampul)-ampoule[安瓿] ·ANA.-anesthesia[麻醉] ·anal.-analgesic[镇痛药] ·ap.-before dinner[饭前] ·appr.(approx.)-approximately [大约] ·AR.-aortic regurgitation[主闭] ·AS.-aortic stenosis[主狭] ·ASA.-aspirin[阿斯匹林] ·ASD.-atrial septal defect[房缺] ·AST.-aspartate transaminase[谷草转氨酶] ·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] ·ATS.-antitetanic serum[抗破伤风血清] ·av.-average[平均] ·Ba.-Barium[钡] ·BBT.-basal body temperature[基础体温] ·BCG.-bacille Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗] ·biblio.-biliography[参考文献] ·bid.-twice a day[每日二次] ·b.m.-basal metabolism[基础代谢] ·Bp.-blood pressure[血压] ·bpm-baets per minute[次/分] ·BS.-blood sugar[血糖] ·BW.-body weight[体重] ·C.- centigrade[摄氏温度计] ·CA.-carcinoma[癌] ·Cal.-cancer[癌] ·Cal. – calorie[卡] ·Cap. –capsule[囊] ·C.B.C-complete blood count[血常规] ·CC.-chief complaint[主诉] ·CC.list.-critical condition list[病危通知单] ·CCU.- Coronary care unit[冠心病监护室] ·CD.-caesarean delivered[剖腹产] ·CDC.-calculated date of confinement[预产期] ·CEA.-carcinoembryonic antigen[癌胚抗原] ·CG.-control group[对照组] ·CK.-creatine kinase[肌酸激酶] ·Cl.-centilitre[毫开] ·cm.-centimetre[毫米] ·CNS.-central nervous system[中枢神经系统] ·Co.-compound[复方] ·contra.-contraindicated[禁忌] ·CT.- computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描] ·C.V-curriculum vitae[简历] ·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] ·DD.- differential diagnosis[鉴别诊断] ·dept.-department[科] ·diag.-diagonsis[诊断] ·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血] ·dl.-deciliter[分升] ·DM.-diabetic mellitus[糖尿病] ·DM.-diastolic murmur[舒张期杂音] ·D.O.A-dead on arrival[到达时已死亡] ·DOB.-date of birth[出生日期] ·Dr.-doctor[医生] ·DIW.-dextrose in water[葡萄糖液] ·D-5-W,-5% dextrose in water[5%葡萄糖液] ·DU-duodenal ulcer[十二指肠溃疡] ·ECG.(EKG.)- electrocardiograph[心电图] ·ECHO .-echogram[超声] ·EDD.(EDC)-expected date of delivery (confinement)[预产期] ·ENT. – ears, nose and throat[五官科] ·EMG. –electromyogram[肌电图] ·ER. – emergency room[急诊室] ·et al.-and elsewhere[等等] ·etc. – and so forth[等等] ·F.(Fahr.)-Fahrenheit [华氏] ·F- Female[女性] ·F.B.S.- fasting blood sugar[空腹血糖] ·FDP.-fibrinogen degradation products[纤维蛋白原降解产物] ·FFA. – free fatty acid[游离脂肪酸] ·FUO. – fever of unknown origin[不明原因发热] ·FX. – fracture [骨折] ·GH. – growth hormone[生长素] ·GI.- gastrointestinal[消化] ·GITS. – gastrointestinal therapy system[胃肠治疗系统] ·gtt. – drops[滴] ·GU.- gastric ulcer[胃溃疡] ·Hb. –hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ·HBp.-high blood pressure[高血压] ·HCG. – human choroionic gonadotropic hormone[人绒毛膜促性腺激素] ·HDL.- high density lipoprotein[高密度脂蛋白] ·HR.-heart rate[心率] ·ht.-height[身高] ·HTN.-hypertension[高血压] ·Hx.-history [病历] ·Hypo.-hypodermic injection[皮下注射] ·IABP.-intra – aortic balloon pacing[主动脉内囊反搏] ·I/O.-intake and output [进出量] ·ICU. – intensive care unit[重症监护病房] ·ie. –that is [即] ·Ig. – immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ·Im. – iutramuscular[肌内的] ·INH.- inhalation[吸入] ·INH.- isoniazid[异烟肼] ·Inj.- injection[注射] ·Int.- intern[实习生] ·IP.- in-patient[住院病入] ·Iu.- international unit[国防单位] ·IV.-intravenously[静脉内] ·J.- joule[焦耳] ·K.U.B- Kidney,ureter and bladder[肾、输尿管和膀胱] ·LBp.-low blood pressure [低血压] ·LC. – laparoscopic cholecystectomy[腹腔镜胆囊切除术] ·LDL.-Low density lipoprotein[低密度脂蛋白] ·Liq. – liquid[液体] ·LMP.- last menstrual period[未次月经] ·LP. –lumbar puncture[腰穿] ·M. –male[男性] ·MCD.-mean corpuscular diameter[平均红细胞直径] ·MCH.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin[平均红细胞血红蛋白量] ·MCHC.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration[平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度] ·MCV.-mean corpuscular volume[平均红细胞体积] ·MI.-myocardial infarction[心梗] ·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。

血管内介入治疗英语Intravascular interventional therapy is a medical procedure that involves treating conditions or diseases within the blood vessels using minimally invasive techniques. This procedure is performed by skilled interventional radiologists or cardiologists. It typically involves accessing the blood vessels through a small incision or needle puncture and threading a catheter into the affected area.During the procedure, various treatments can be performed depending on the specific condition being treated. Some common intravascular interventional therapies include:1. Angioplasty: This procedure involves inflating a small balloon inside a narrowed or blocked blood vessel to widen it and improve blood flow.2. Stent Placement: In this procedure, a small wire mesh tube known as a stent is placed in a narrowed or weakened blood vessel to reinforce it and keep it open.3. Embolization: This technique involves injecting small particles or a special glue-like substance into blood vessels to block or reduce blood flow to abnormal areas such as tumors or aneurysms.4. Thrombolysis: This therapy is performed to break up blood clots that have formed within blood vessels, using medication delivered directly to the clot through a catheter.5. Atherectomy: This procedure involves removing plaque buildup from the inside of blood vessels using specialized devices such as a rotating blade or laser.Intravascular interventional therapy is a less invasive alternative to traditional open surgery and offers numerous advantages, including faster recovery times, reduced risks of complications, and minimal scarring. However, it is important to note that this procedure may not be suitable for all individuals and is typically determined on a case-by-case basis.。

May-Thurner综合征摘要：May-Thurner综合征（MTS）于1957年由May 和 Thurner两位学者提出，指左侧髂总静脉受到右侧髂总动脉慢性持续性压迫，导致静脉内皮损伤、管腔渐进性狭窄，最终可导致深静脉血栓形成（DVT）。

MTS是一种先天解剖变异，好发于年轻女性，尤其在怀孕或产后、长期固定、术后等危险因素作用下可诱发DVT。

MTS主要依靠影像学方法进行评估和诊断。

诸多文献认为MTS占有DVT人群更大的比例，故熟悉掌握MTS的发病率、病因、病理生理、诊断方法及治疗原则对临床工作有重要意义。

关键词：May-Thurner综合征 Cockett综合征髂静脉压迫综合征深静脉血栓形成MTS是在1957年由May和Thurner两位学者提出，他们总结了430例尸检报告后发现左侧髂总静脉血栓形成的发生率显著高于右侧，并认为是左髂总静脉受到右髂总动脉压迫所致，将其称之为MTS[1]。

随之，Cockett 发现在血管造影及手术中也存在此情况，并提出了髂静脉压迫综合征（iliac compression syndrome，IVCS）的概念[2]。

故MTS又称为Cockett综合征、髂静脉压迫综合征。

但是笔者认为，髂静脉压迫综合征这一概念的范围应包括由于解剖变异（如MTS）及局部病变（如肿瘤、炎症等）压迫所导致髂静脉管腔狭窄而出现的一系列临床症状及体征的疾病。

临床上，MTS并不是导致DVT的常见原因，但在尸检和放射学成像的研究报告中，右髂总动脉压迫左髂总静脉的发生率很高。

故熟悉掌握MTS的发病率和病理生理学，以及如何诊断和治疗至关重要。

流行病学MTS约占所有深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）病因的2%-5%[3, 4]。

然而在尸检报告和放射学研究数据显示，MTS患病率要高得多。

多项随机研究数据显示，MTS的患病率约在14%到32%之间。

在放射学数据统计中，左下肢DVT患者MTS的发生率在22%-76%之间[4]。

超声基本术语解释B模式:是用亮度（Brightness）调制方式来显示回波强弱的方式，也称作"断层图像”，即二维灰阶图像。

M模式:是记录在某一固定的采样线上，组织器官随时间变化而发生纵向运动的方法。

B/M模式:是显示器上同时显示一幅二维图像和一幅M模式图像的操作模式。

体位标志：是为标志当前超声所探测的身体部位而设的身体部位的图形标志。

字符:一组数字和字母及其它符号，用来对超声图像加入注释。

探头:是电声换能片，在超声扫描时，它将电发射脉冲信号转换成超声脉冲信号，也将超声回波信号转换成电信号。

DSC:是"数字扫描转换器"的缩写，是一个数字集成存贮器，它能存贮超声信号并把它们转化为TV扫描信号。

电子聚焦:适当安排换能器各阵元的激励信号，实现声束聚焦的技术。

多段聚焦:在不同探测深度进行电子聚焦，聚焦数的增加可使图像更加清晰。

增强:是一种增强图像边缘以使图像组织边界更清晰的功能。

Far Gain（远场增益）:是补偿超声波随探测点深度增加而衰减用的增益。

Near Gain（近场增益）:是一种控制在距换能片不超过3cm的区域内的回波强度的功能。

扫描速度:指M模式图像每秒内的水平移动的距离，在这里指的是一幅图像从左边扫至右边所需的时间。

ZOOM（倍率）:是一种放大图像的功能。

冻结:是使实时显示的超声图像静止不动的功能。

全数字化超声诊断仪:采用数字声束形成技术，在接收模拟人体信号的过程中，探头将信号进行数字化编码，使信号完全数字化，进一步提高图像的质量。

通常理解，凡具有4个聚焦点的超声诊断仪则应是数字化超声。

通道:可等同于物理通道。

对接收通道而言，通道即指具有接收隔离、前置放大、TGC控制等具体电路的硬件。

在多声束形成技术中，每一物理通道（对应一个阵元）将分为多个虚拟通道（或称逻辑通道），产生不同的延迟时间后与相邻的阵元信号相加，形成不同的声束成像帧率:成像帧率取决于成像设备的性能、是否使用多声束形成技术和探测深度，其中探测深度对成像帧率起决定性的作用。

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变解剖结构及pilot200指引导丝在knuckle技术中的运用体会摘要】冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变（chronic total occlusion，CTO）是指正向TIMI 血流0级，且冠状动脉闭塞≥3个月的病变,是目前冠状动脉介入治疗领域中仍未被攻破的最后“阵地”。

CTO病理解剖结构包括近端纤维帽、远端纤维帽、微通道、坚硬的粥样斑块及钙化区域、坏死区域，深入了解CTO病理解剖是介入成功的基础。

knuckle导丝技术既经济又可快速、高效的开通CTO病变已是当前常用技术，尤其是pilot200导丝行knuckle技术成功率较高，本文结合CTO组织病理结构探讨pilot200导丝运用于knuckle导丝技术如何快速高效开通CTO病变。

【关键词】冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞；pilot；knuckle技术【中图分类号】R543.3 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752（2019）12-0104-02冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（chronic total occlusion，CTO）病变是指正向TIMI血流0级且闭塞时间≥ 3 个月的冠状动脉阻塞性病变，如果存在同侧桥侧支或同侧侧支血管，尽管闭塞远端血管TIMI血流＞ 0级，仍视为完全闭塞病变[1]。

CTO病变是冠状动脉介入治疗中仍未被攻破的最后“阵地”。

国内外研究显示：在常规冠状动脉造影检查中，有25%～30%的患者可以看到CTO病变。

开通CTO病变血管具有恢复存活冬眠心肌的血供和功能、减少心肌细胞慢性丢失改善临床症状、增加运动耐力、减少缺血总负荷及血管事件，同时可减少CABG需要，提高生活质量、降低死亡率[2]。

对心血管介入专业影响力而言，CTO-PCI是衡量医院和术者冠脉介入技术水平、术者的技术与耐力的指标。

但CTO病变行PCI对技术、术者介入水平及器械要求之高，开通CTO病变仍是冠脉介入治疗的热点和难点。

全球慢性闭塞性病变介入治疗前瞻性注册研究（PROGRESS-CTO）数据显示，?PCI开通CTO的成功率近90%，个别大型医学中心的成功率已达到90%以上[3-5]，随着介入技术的发展，目前成功率仍不断提高。

•综述•骼静脉压迫综合征的影像学诊断进展巩海文王克华2,高锋利2(1.宁夏医科大学，银川750004；2.宁夏医科大学心脑血管医院血管外科，银川750000)骼静脉压迫和下肢静脉疾病的发病密切相关,其并发症可严重影响患者的生活质量。

骼静脉压迫综合征(iliac compression syndrome,IVCS)患者可因静脉侧支的形成而不出现症状，因此容易导致漏诊和误诊⑴。

虽然目前临床将静脉造影作为IVCS诊断的“金标准”⑵,但由于有创性、技术性和经济性等原因，迫切需要在临床上寻找更为简便经济的诊断方式。

IVCS以往是通过病理特征来诊断，但动态成像技术对IVCS筛查、手术方案制定及预后评估等有不可或缺的作用⑶。

可用于诊断IVCS的有效成像工具包括超声、造影和内镜等。

本文就IVCS的临床影像学诊断及其对临床治疗方面指导的研究进展做一综述并报告如下。

1静脉超声早期，静脉双功超声被认为是IVCS的最可靠检测⑷，可对受累肢体的深静脉进行功能和动态评估,在下肢血管疾病中的应用价值相对较高。

静脉超声检查是一种无创的检查方式,能够较好地对患者血管管径、血流速度以及血管内压力梯度等血流动力学指标进行有效测量，为IVCS患者的临床诊断提供重要参考。

另外，超声检查不仅可检测血管内部的结构和血流动力学情况，还可以用来观测血管腔外的情况。

但是，双下肢静脉超声在IVCS的检查存在很大的局限性，不易准确辨别继发性血栓形成患者的骼静脉压迫范围及程度；而出现骼静脉位置较深、体型肥胖、存在腹水、腹腔胀气等情况时，则会影响骼静脉在超声的显示率『7〕。

据统计，至少20%的病例无法通过超声充分观察到受压的骼静脉⑶。

有文献对狭窄后段与狭窄前段的静脉血流峰值速度进行比较，当比值＞2.0时对诊断血管狭窄有显著意D01:10.3969/j.issn.l674-7429.2020.04.025基金项目庁夏回族自治区重点研发计划一般项目(2018BEG03027)通讯作者:高锋利，电子邮箱:***************义⑷。

超声心动图术语英文对照表：A 面积Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹主动脉AccT 血流加速时间ALS 主动脉瓣叶开放Angiography 血管显像Ann 瓣环Annotation 注释ASD 心房间隔缺损Automatic gain control 自动增益控制AV 主动脉瓣膜AV- A 连续性方程计算的主动脉瓣膜面积AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Di am) 主动脉瓣膜直径AVA 主动脉瓣膜面积Axill 腋下动脉Axillary Vein 腋静脉Ao 主动脉Ao Arch Diam 主动脉弓直径Ao Asc 升主动脉直径Ao Desc Diam 降主动脉直径Ao Diam 主动脉根部直径Ao Isthmus 主动脉峡部Ao st junct 主动脉ST 接合AR 主动脉返流Asc 上升BBA 基底动脉Basil V 基底静脉Brac V 臂静脉Brightness 辉度、亮度BSA 体表面积Buffer 阻尼器CCalcification (CAL) 钙化Calibration 定标、校正Catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头CCA 颈总动脉Ceph V V 头静脉CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板Character 字符CI 心脏指数Clear 消除CO 心脏输出量Color capture 彩色捕获Color cut 彩色消除Color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图Color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) 彩色多普勒血流显像Color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度Color edge 彩色边界Color enhance 彩色增强Color flow angiography 彩色血流造影Color lock 彩色锁定Color persistence 彩色余辉Color polarity 彩色极性Color power angio 彩色能量图Color scale display 彩阶显示Color steering 彩色转向Color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像Color video monitor 彩色视频监视器Color wall filter 彩色壁滤波Com Femoral 股总动脉Common Jugular Artery 颈总动脉Confocusing 全场连续聚焦Contrast resolution 对比分辨力Convex (CVX) 凸形、凸阵Convex array 凸阵Cornea 角膜Cross sectional Area (CSA) 切面面积DD 直径Dec 减速度DecT 减速时间Demodulator 解调器、检波器Depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿Desc 递减Detail resolution 细节分辨力Digital image 数字成像Doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力Doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力Doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力Doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积Dorsal Pedal Artery 足背动脉Duodenum (Du) 十二指肠Dur 持续时间Dynamic focusing 动态聚焦Dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描Dynamic imaging 动态影像Dynamic range 动态范围EECA 颈外动脉Echography sonography 声像图法Ed 心脏舒张EdV 舒张末期容量EF 射血分数Effusion (Eff) 积液Electric focusing 电子聚焦Embolism 栓塞Endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像EPSS E 点到室间隔分离Erase eliminate 消除EsV 收缩末期容量ET 射血时间External Iliac Artery 髂外动脉External Jugular Vein 颈外静脉FFast time constant 快速时间常数电路Femoral Artery 股动脉Femoral Vein 股静脉Fibrosis (Fib) 纤维化Focal distance 焦距Focus 聚焦Foreign Boby (FB）异物frame correlation 帧相关frame rate 帧率frame resolution 帧分辨力Freeze (FRZ) 冻结Freeze 冻结Frequency Spectrum 频谱FS 短轴缩短率FV 血流容量FVI 血流速度积分GGain 增益Gray scale display 灰阶显示Great Saphenous Vein 大隐静脉HHead circumference (HC) 头围Hematoma (HMA) 血肿HR 心率IICA 颈内动脉Image uniformity 图像均匀性Image-line resolution 图像线分辨力Imaging data 成像数据Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) 下腔静脉Internal Jugular Vein 颈内静脉Interventional ultrasound 介入性超声Intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像Intracavitary probe 腔内探头Intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像Intraoperative porbe 术中探头Intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视Intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像Intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声Invert 倒置、反转IVC 下腔静脉IVRT 等容舒张期IVS 室间隔IVSd 、IVSs 室间隔（收缩期，舒张期）厚度LL 长度LA 左心房LA Diam 左心房直径LA Major 左心房长度LA Minor 左心房宽度LA/Ao Ratio 左心房直径和主动脉根部直径比率LAA 左心房面积LAD 左心房直径Large Intestine 大肠Lateral Ventricle (LV) 侧脑室LV 左心室LVA 左心室面积LVI D 左心室内径LVIDd 舒张期左心室容积LVIDs 收缩期左心室容积LVL 左心室长度LVLd 舒张期左心室内径LVLs 收缩期左心室内径LVM 左心室心肌重量LVOT Diam 左心室流出道直径LVPW 左心室后壁LVPWd 左室后壁舒张期厚度LVPWs 左室后壁收缩期厚度MMagnification Magnify Zoom 放大Mass( M) 包块MCA 大脑中动脉Mcub V 中央静脉Mean Velocity (Mean Vel) 平均速度Menu selection 菜单选择metastasis (Met) 转移灶Minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力Motion discrimination 运动辨别力MPA 主肺动脉MPA 主肺动脉MR 二尖瓣返流ultipurpose scanner 多用途探头Multistage focusing 多段聚焦MVA By PHT 二尖瓣口面积根据压力降半时间MVcf 纤维圆周缩短平均速度MVO 二尖瓣口NNecrosis (Nec) 坏死Node (N) 结节OOT 流出道PP 乳头肌PA 肺动脉Pancreas (P;Pa) 胰腺PAP 肺动脉压力PDA 动脉导管末闭PEd 心包渗出舒张期Penetration depth 穿透深度PEP 射血前期Peripheral Vessel （PV）外周血管PFO 卵圆孔未闭PG 压力阶差Phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头PHT 压力降半时间PISA 最近等速线表面面积Popliteal Artery 腘动脉Popliteal Vein 腘静脉Post process 后处理Pre process 前处理Preset 预设置Prostate (Pro) 前列腺Ps 心脏收缩Pulmonic Diam 肺动脉瓣膜直径PV 肺动脉瓣PV Ann Diam 肺动脉瓣环面直径PV-A 连续性方程计算的肺动脉瓣口面积PVein 肺静脉PW 后壁QQp 肺循环血流量Qs 体循环血流量Quadrate Lobe (QL) 方叶RRA 右心房RAA 右心房面积Rad 半径RAD 右心房直径Real-time imaging 实时成像Record 记录Rejection reject suppression 抑制Rendering play back 回放Reset 重调、复原Reversed Flow (RF) 返流Right Ventricle (RV) 右心室RPA 右肺动脉RPA 右肺动脉RV 右心室RVA 右心室面积RVAW 右心室前壁RVD 右心室直径RVID 右心室内径RVL 右心室长度RVOT 右心室流出道SScan mode 扫描方式Scanner (SCNR) 扫描器、探头Sector Angle (Sec Ang) 扇扫角度Sector scanning 扇扫Sediment (Sed) 沉积物Segment focusing 分段聚焦Sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制Sensor 传感器Septum Pellucidum (SP) 透明隔;透明隔腔Sequential focusing 连续聚焦Shift 变换Short Saphenous Vein 小隐静脉SI 搏动指数Sliging focusing 滑动聚焦Sonogram echogram 声像图Spatial resolution 空间分辨力Spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力ST 缩短% STIVS 心室缩短百分比SUBC 锁骨下动脉Subclavian Vein (SCV) 锁骨下静脉Sup Femoral 股浅动脉SV 每搏量SVI 每搏量指数TT 时间TA 三尖瓣环TAML 三尖瓣环面中部到侧部Tar get_r(TAR) 靶团Temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力Thoracic cavity 胸腔Thoracic Circumference (Th C) 胸围Three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建Thrombus (Th) 血栓Time gain compensation 时间增益补偿Time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力Tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像TR 三尖瓣返流Trans AVA(d)、Trans AVA(s) 横向主动脉瓣膜面积Transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD) 经颅多普勒Transducer 换能器Transesophagel echocardiography probe （TEE）经食管超声心动图探头Transesophagel probe 食管探头Trigger 触发器Tumor (T) 肿瘤TV 三尖瓣膜TVA 三尖瓣口面积UUltrasonic imaging 超声成像Ultrasound catheter 超声导管Ultrasound guided percutaneous Ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸VVel 速度VERT 椎动脉VET 瓣膜射血时间Vmax 最大速度Vmean 平均速度VSD 室间隔缺损VTI 速度时间积分WWall (W) 壁Wide-band probe 宽频带探头Write 写入ZZero adjustment 零位调整Zone focusing 区域聚焦。

DOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1672-9463.2018.06.006不同方法动脉内灌注维拉帕米治疗脑血管痉挛的对比研究周新民　蒋剑锋　叶富华　徐裕【摘要】　目的　研究选择性和超选择性动脉内灌注维拉帕米治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)的方法及疗效对比。

方法　分别对两组脑血管痉挛患者进行动脉内选择性灌注（选择性组，24例）和超选择性灌注（超选择性组，27例）治疗，治疗过程中监测血压、心率，记录灌注前后经颅多普勒超声结果，随访6个月并进行GOS 评分。

结果　两组均无死亡和植物生存的情况，选择性组影像学改善率为87.5%（21/24），超选择性组为92.6%（25/27），差异无统计学意义（P =0.096）。

选择性组症状改善率为70.8%（17/24），超选择性组为88.9%（24/27），差异有统计学意义（P =0.035）。

选择性组预后良好者比例为83.3%（20/24），超选择性组为92.6%（25/27），差异无统计学意义（P =0.181）。

结论　动脉血管内选择性和超选择性灌注维拉帕米治疗脑血管痉挛均有一定的疗效，同时对全身血流动力学无显著影响，是血管内介入治疗脑血管痉挛的有效方法，但超选择性灌注是否优于选择性灌注还不明确，有待进一步研究。

【关键词】　维拉帕米　超选择性　脑血管痉挛　灌注Comparative study on different methods of intra-arterial infusion of verapamil in treating vasospasm Zhou Xinmin,Jiang Jianfeng , Ye Fuhua, et al.Department of Neurosurgery, the People 's Hospital of Jiangyin, Jiangyin 214422【Abstract 】　Objective To study and compare the efficacy and usage of verapamil by super selective and selective intra-arterial infusion for vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 51 patients with cerebral vasopasm symptom were selected, 24 cases used selective intra-arterial infusion (selective group), 27 cases used super selective intra-arterial infusion (super selective group). Monitored and recorded the blood pressure, heart rate, TCD, and followed up for 6 months. Results There were no death and persistent vegetative state in two groups. Radiographic improvement rate was 87.5% in selective group and 92.6% in super selective group without significantly statistical difference (P =0.096). There was statistical difference in symptoms improvement rate between selective group (70.8%) and super selective group (88.9%), P =0.035. The proportion of good prognosis was 83.3% in selective group and 92.6% in super selective group, the difference had no statistical significance (P =0.181). Conclusion Selective and super selective intra-arterial perfusion of verapamil in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm all have certain curative effect with no significant effect on systemic blood flow dynamic, it is an effective method of intravascular interventional treatment to treat cerebral vasospasm, but if the super selective infusion is better than selective infusion is not clear, it needs further researches.【Key words 】　Verapamil Super selective Cerebral vasospasm Infusion作者单位：214422　江苏省江阴市人民医院（敔山湾院区）神经外科脑血管痉挛是动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后常见的临床并发症，根据临床症状又分为无症状型脑血管痉挛和症状型脑血管痉挛，其中症状型脑血管痉挛可达30%左右，部分患者可造成永久的神经功能障碍。

法治疗癌痛疗效的Meta 分析[J].中国中医急症，2020，29（4）：608-612.[16]殷东风，高宏，周立江，等.中医药联合“WHO 三阶梯方案”对强阿片类药剂量、间隔与副作用影响回顾与展望[J].实用中医内科杂志，2019，33（11）：1-4.[17]王璐璐，王立森.中药外敷治疗癌性疼痛的研究进展[J].中国民族民间医药，2019，28（21）：57-59.[18]赵凯，薛培凤，屠鹏飞.肉桂的化学成分及其生物活性研究进展[J].内蒙古医科大学学报，2013，2（35）：63-74.[19]李莎莎，李凡，李芳，等.丁香的化学成分与药理作用研究进展[J].西北药学杂志，2021，44（3）：863-868.[20]田莎，田雪飞，黄晓蒂，等.蜈蚣药理作用、临床用量及毒性研究概况[J].湖南中医杂志，2018，34（5）：212-214.（收稿日期：2022-11-14）　（本文编辑：冯乐乐）①丹江口市第一医院　湖北　丹江口　442700通信作者：吴雪芹氯吡格雷联合血管内介入治疗对急性缺血性脑血管病的影响潘鑫①　吴雪芹①【摘要】　目的：探讨氯吡格雷联合血管内介入治疗对急性缺血性脑血管病的影响。

方法：选取2017年11月—2020年4月丹江口市第一医院收治的106例急性缺血性脑血管病患者。

随机将其分为对照组及研究组，各53例。

对照组给予血管内介入治疗，研究组在此基础上应用氯吡格雷治疗。

比较两组临床疗效，治疗前后凝血功能、神经功能、改良Rankin 评分、Barthel 指数。

结果：研究组总有效率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

治疗后，研究组凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）均长于对照组，纤维蛋白原（FIB）低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

治疗后，研究组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

血管外科常用英语词汇1.Vascular Surgery 血管外科学2.vessel 血管3.atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化4.intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生5.ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再关注6.arteriogenesis 动脉生成7.angiogenesis 血管生成8.arterial aneurysms 动脉瘤9.physiology 生理学10.venous 静脉的11.pathology 病理学12.lymphatic 淋巴的13.pathophysiology 病理生理学14.duplex scanning 双功能超声扫描15.arteriography 动脉造影16.venography 静脉造影puted tomography （CT）计算机断层扫描18.magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像19.intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声20.general considerations 总论21.atherosclerotic 动脉粥样硬化的22.diabetes 糖尿病23.hyperlipidemia 高血脂24.hypertension 高血压25.normal coagulation 正常凝血26.antithrombotic therapy 抗凝治疗27.thrombolytic agents 溶栓剂28.coagulopathy 凝血障碍29.hemorrhage 出血30.hypercoagulable states 高凝状态31.systemic complications 全身并发症32.cardiac 心脏33.respiratory 呼吸系统34.renal 肾脏35.graft infection 移植物感染36.local complications 局部并发症37.aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠瘘38.anastomotic aneurysms 吻合口动脉瘤39.thrombosis 血栓形成40.endovascular 腔内治疗41.acute deep venous thrombosis 急性深静脉血栓形成42.natural history 自然病程43.clinical and diagnostic evaluation 临床表现和诊断性评估44．Prevention and medical treatment 预防和治疗45.surgical and interventional treatment 外科治疗和介入治疗46.vena cava interruption 腔静脉隔断术47.pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞48.superficial thrombophlebitis 血栓性浅静脉炎49.chronic venous disorders 慢性静脉功能失调50.varicose veins 静脉曲张51.epidemiology 流行病学52.pathogenesis 发病机制53.clinical manifestation 临床表现54.treatment selection 治疗现状55.reference 参考文献56.ablation 消融57.sclerotherapy 硬化剂治疗58.insufficiency 功能不全59.incompetence 功能不全60.perforator vein 穿支静脉61.valve 瓣膜62.deep vein valve reconstruction 深静脉瓣膜重建术63.iliocaval venous 下腔及髂静脉64.obstruction 阻塞65.superior vena cava 上腔静脉66.occlusion 阻塞67.lymphedema 淋巴水肿68.classification and natural history of vascular anomalies 血管病变的分类和自然病程69.vascular malformation 血管畸形70.hemodialysis access 透析通路71.dialysis catheters 透析导管plex 复杂型73.vasculitis 血管炎74.arteriopathy 动脉疾病75.thromboangiitis 血栓静脉炎76.obliterans 闭塞性77.Buerger’s disease血管闭塞性脉管炎78.takayasu’s disease takayasu 动脉炎79.erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍80.wound care 伤口护理81.operative exposure for spinal reconstructive surgery82.syndrome 综合症83.acquired 后天性、获得性84.arteriovenous fistulae 动静脉瘘85.open surgical86.endovascular therapeutic 腔内治疗87.endovascular aneurysms repair 动脉瘤腔内修复术88.aortic 主动脉89.managing branches during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair 主动脉瘤腔内修复术中其分支血管的管理。

1例输液港相关血流感染成功保管的护理体会摘要: 总结1例输液港置管8月后出现导管相关血流感染,应用导管抗生素锁技术联合全身抗感染治疗后,患者输液港成功保留,并得以长期使用案例。

并对该患者输液港相关性血流感染的原因进行总结和分析，分享抗生素锁技术的应用方法和技巧，并探讨相应的预防措施。

关键词: 输液港导管相关血流感染抗生素锁植入式静脉输液港（Implantable Venous AccessPort，IVAP）简称输液港，是一种可以完全植入体内的闭合静脉输液系统，可用于各种高浓度化疗药物、完全肠外营养液的输注及输血、血样的采集等,可以减少反复静脉穿刺的痛苦和难度，防止刺激性药物对外周静脉的损伤[1]。

IVAP在留置期间常见的并发症有：囊袋感染、导管相关性血流感染、导管堵塞、夹闭综合征等, 其中导管相关性血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection, CRBSI)是最严重的并发症之一，不仅直接影响导管的留置和使用,甚至会危险到患者的生命安全,最新流行病学调查CRBSI的致死率为3.0%，输液港相关感染日发病率为0．21‰ ～ 1．96‰［2-4］。

对于需要长期输液的患者来说，输液港是不可或缺的输液途径，国内输液港CRBSI常规治疗手段为移除导管，但这将对患者造成生理创伤和经济负担，成功保留导管的案例鲜有报道。

2018年10月我院收治1例输液港相关血流感染患者，发现及时处理得当，经治疗后成功保留导管，治愈感染，现将病例报道如下。

1. 临床资料患者男,57岁,诊断为肝恶性肿瘤、肺继发恶性肿瘤。

于2018年2月5日行右锁骨下静脉输液港植入术，静脉化疗10次。

化疗期间，港体周围皮肤无红肿硬结，回血好输液畅，8月20日结束最后一次化疗，之后输液港每四周维护1次。

10月20日患者因消化道出血收住入院，入院时血红蛋白70g/L,大便隐血（++++），予禁食、止血、抑制腺体分泌、促红细胞生成素、静脉营养治疗。