个人资产负债表损益表及建议

1.主营业务收入利润表反映的主营业务收入在一般情况下会≦企业所得税纳税申报表中的销售收入。

其小于部分企业应作纳税调整处理。

利润表中反映的主营业务收入尚不包括视同销售货物的收入，因此企业视同销售货物在会计上无需通过销售账户处理，这部分收入亦属于企业所得税的纳税调整项目。

对该项目应分析销售成本率或毛利率。

结合成本一起分析。

案例：（1）低价开票，少计收入；（2）挂靠企业开发，不申报纳税；（3）收取价外费用，不申报纳税。

案例：中国税务报2006.12.11“销售滞后”应被认为偷税行为所谓销售滞后，是指按税法规定应当在当期确认并进行纳税申报的应税销售收入，拖延至后期确认并进行纳税申报的行为。

三类滞后现象：一是直销收入滞后：指销售方直接向购货方销售商品或劳务（指按税法规定应当确认收入）后，若购货方不急于取得发票，销售方当期不确认收入，也不进行纳税申报，从而形成销售滞后；二是代销收入滞后：供货方将货物发往异地代理商，代理商销售货物并将货款汇给供货方后，不提供或延缓提供“代销售清单”（或代理商提供“代销售清单”后，供货方不及时确认收入），从而形成销售滞后。

三是经销收入滞后：供货方将货物发往经销商后，经销商从供货方取得货物时暂不索取销售发票，并将发票直接开往购货方，这样经销商不仅达到了不缴或少缴流通环节税款之目的，也同样造成了供货方销售滞后。

例：某企业于5月以托收承付方式销售商品一批，产品成本为60000元，增值税专用发票上注明价款100000元，税金17000元。

该商品已发出，并办妥托收手续。

此时得知购买方资金周转困难。

经与购买方交涉，确认此项收入目前收回的可能性不大，暂不确认收入。

借：发出商品 60000 借：应收账款 17000贷：库存商品 60000 贷：应交税金-增（销）17000税法：若当年仍未确认收入，作纳税调增40000，以后年度确认收入时，作纳税调减。

2.主营业务成本企业在正常核算情况下，利润表中反映的主营业务收入与主营业务成本存在着一定的配比性。

财务表三张——损益表财务三张表——损益表创业者如果不能跟踪记录收益和支出的话，即使是一个小企业，其财务状况也会很快变得十分复杂。

这就是为什么创业者使用三张财务报表来管理他们业务的原因：（1）损益表，（2）现金流量表，（3）资产负债表。

你不要因为觉得学习制作财务报表是一件麻烦事就略去本章不读。

我的一些特殊学生都已学会制作它们！你肯定也行。

一、财务三张表1、损益表创业者每月制作“损益表”跟踪收益和支出，来看业务是否赚了钱。

月份的“损益表”就像计分卡一样，显示出每月底公司的财务状况，它们也显示出本月你记载的销售额（收入）和成本（费用）。

若你的销售额大于成本，你的收益余额则是正的，你就能获得利润；若你的销售额小于成本，你的收益余额将是负的，这个月就会亏损。

“损益表”也被称为“收益表”。

2、现金流量表尽管每月的“损益表”会给你提供很多指导，但你不能只使用它来指导日常业务，你还必须准备每月的“现金流量表”来记录现金流入流出公司的情况。

“现金流量表”记载了现金的流出流入情况。

比如，6月份完成销售，但顾客直到8月份才付款，“损益表”会显示出销售发生在6月，但“现金流量表”直到8月份才显示出这笔销售情况，即现金实际流进公司。

即使你的损益表显示出你有利润，但由于你缺乏现金不能支付电话账单，结果也会倒闭。

3、资产负债表典型“资产负债表”是每年制作一次。

它显示出每个公司的资产、负债（债务）和净资产。

净资产是资产和债务之间的差别，也被称为物主权益。

月度的“损益表”通常反映公司一年间的业务表现，“资产负债表”则更像是对每年末公司业务状况的一种总结。

二、损益表的七个部分*“损益表”是创业者的计分卡，它回答了这个问题：“我该如何做？”若你的业务不赢利，检查一下损益表状况，它可以告诉你是什么造成了亏损。

你就可以在净亏损拖垮公司前采取步骤来修正问题。

制作每月度的“损益表”可以促使你保持总账的准确和更新。

你可以在每个月末使用总账中的信息来制作你的“损益表”。

资产负债表和损益表分析上一章所描述的所有者权益表提出了综合收益概念，也就是对普通所有者权益整体回报的度量。

这一指标，与成长能力一起，引发了剩余收益和价值两个概念。

资产负债表和损益表能够详细揭示盈利能力和成长能力的来源。

这一章对这两张报表的分析有助于为第11章和第12章分析盈利能力和成长能力奠定基础。

能够产生价值的收益来自于企业的经营活动。

因此我们首先分析报表结构。

分析中我们遵循第7章提出的模式，也就是把经营活动与金融活动区分开来对待。

这样做是基于一个原则，那就是我们不能在不了解一个企业经营业务的情况下去评价一个企业，而把经营活动与金融活动区分开来能够用于辨认企业的主要经营业务。

而且，这样做也有助于了解财务报表中的每个项目在企业中的作用，以及对收益率的贡献。

另外，这种编制报表结构的方式也能将附注等揭示的信息加入报表中，从而使这种报表比公开呈示的报表更能对一个企业做出详尽的描述。

然而，调整资产负债表和损益表的主要目的不在于这些,而在于揭示普通股权益回报率和成长率的来源，以便为预测和定价做好准备。

这一目的可以通过对报表项目的比率分析以及对企业经营业务的了解来达到。

这一章主要介绍根据报表项目计算出来的各种比率。

这些比率是第11章和第12章分析盈利能力和成长能力的一部分。

调整资产负债表传统的资产负债表通常将资产和负债划分为流动和非流动(即长期)两大类。

对于资产来说，这种划分是根据其流动性而定的,而对负债来说，这种划分是根据其到期日而定的。

这样做，有助于衡量企业偿还债权人债务的能力。

第21章中有关信用风险的分析将会运用这种划分方式。

但在第7章中，我们用另一种方式替代了这种方式。

企业的盈利有两个来源，一是来自经营性活动，二是来自金融性活动。

为了揭示企业产生利润的能力，我们需要重建资产负债表的结构，将资产和负债划分为经营性的和金融性的两部分。

表9.1是一张传统的资产负债表。

它列示了我们在公开披露的资产负债表中所能看到的标准的表内项目。

完整资产负债表和损益表负债表：1 资产assets11~ 12 流动资产current assets111 现金及约当现金cash and cash equivalents1111 库存现金cash on hand1112 零用金/周转金petty cash/revolving funds1113 银行存款cash in banks1116 在途现金cash in transit1117 约当现金cash equivalents1118 其它现金及约当现金other cash and cash equivalents112 短期投资short-term investment1121 短期投资-股票short-term investments - stock1122 短期投资-短期票券short-term investments - short-term notes and bills1123 短期投资-政府债券short-term investments - government bonds1124 短期投资-受益凭证short-term investments - beneficiary certificates1125 短期投资-公司债short-term investments - corporate bonds1128 短期投资-其它short-term investments - other1129 备抵短期投资跌价损失allowance for reduction of short-term investment to market113 应收票据notes receivable1131 应收票据notes receivable1132 应收票据贴现discounted notes receivable1137 应收票据-关系人notes receivable - related parties1138 其它应收票据other notes receivable1139 备抵呆帐－应收票据allowance for uncollectible accounts- notes receivable114 应收账款accounts receivable1141 应收账款accounts receivable1142 应收分期账款installment accounts receivable1147 应收账款-关系人accounts receivable - related parties 1149 备抵呆帐－应收账款allowance for uncollectible accounts - accounts receivable118 其它应收款other receivables1181 应收出售远汇款forward exchange contract receivable1182 应收远汇款-外币forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies1183 买卖远汇折价discount on forward exchange contract1184 应收收益earned revenue receivable1185 应收退税款income tax refund receivable1187 其它应收款- 关系人other receivables - related parties 1188 其它应收款- 其它other receivables - other1189 备抵呆帐- 其它应收款allowance for uncollectible accounts - other receivables121~122 存货inventories1211 商品存货merchandise inventory1212 寄销商品consigned goods1213 在途商品goods in transit1219 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market1221 制成品finished goods1222 寄销制成品consigned finished goods1223 副产品by-products1224 在制品work in process1225 委外加工work in process - outsourced1226 原料raw materials1227 物料supplies1228 在途原物料materials and supplies in transit1229 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market125 预付费用prepaid expenses1251 预付薪资prepaid payroll1252 预付租金prepaid rents1253 预付保险费prepaid insurance1254 用品盘存office supplies1255 预付所得税prepaid income tax1258 其它预付费用other prepaid expenses126 预付款项prepayments1261 预付货款prepayment for purchases1268 其它预付款项other prepayments128~129 其它流动资产other current assets1281 进项税额VAT paid ( or input tax)1282 留抵税额excess VAT paid (or overpaid VAT)1283 暂付款temporary payments1284 代付款payment on behalf of others1285 员工借支advances to employees1286 存出保证金refundable deposits1287 受限制存款certificate of deposit-restricted1291 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets1292 递延兑换损失deferred foreign exchange losses 1293 业主(股东)往来owners(stockholders) current account 1294 同业往来current account with others1298 其它流动资产-其它other current assets - other13 基金及长期投资funds and long-term investments131 基金funds1311 偿债基金redemption fund (or sinking fund)1312 改良及扩充基金fund for improvement and expansion1313 意外损失准备基金contingency fund1314 退休基金pension fund1318 其它基金other funds132 长期投资long-term investments1321 长期股权投资long-term equity investments1322 长期债券投资long-term bond investments1323 长期不动产投资long-term real estate investments1324 人寿保险现金解约价值cash surrender value of life insurance1328 其它长期投资other long-term investments1329 备抵长期投资跌价损失allowance for excess of cost over market value of long-term investments14~ 15 固定资产property , plant, and equipment141 土地land1411 土地land1418 土地-重估增值land - revaluation increments142 土地改良物land improvements1421 土地改良物land improvements1428 土地改良物-重估增值land improvements - revaluation increments1429 累积折旧-土地改良物accumulated depreciation - land improvements143 房屋及建物buildings1431 房屋及建物buildings1438 房屋及建物-重估增值buildings -revaluation increments 1439 累积折旧-房屋及建物accumulated depreciation - buildings 144~146 机(器)具及设备machinery and equipment1441 机(器)具machinery1448 机(器)具-重估增值machinery - revaluation increments 1449 累积折旧-机(器)具accumulated depreciation - machinery 151 租赁资产leased assets1511 租赁资产leased assets1519 累积折旧-租赁资产accumulated depreciation - leased assets152 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1521 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1529 累积折旧- 租赁权益改良accumulated depreciation - leasehold improvements156 未完工程及预付购置设备款construction in progress and prepayments for equipment1561 未完工程construction in progress1562 预付购置设备款prepayment for equipment158 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment 1581 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment 1588 杂项固定资产-重估增值miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment - revaluation increments1589 累积折旧- 杂项固定资产accumulated depreciation - miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment16 递耗资产depletable assets161 递耗资产depletable assets1611 天然资源natural resources1618 天然资源-重估增值natural resources -revaluation increments1619 累积折耗-天然资源accumulated depletion - natural resources17 无形资产intangible assets171 商标权trademarks1711 商标权trademarks172 专利权patents1721 专利权patents173 特许权franchise1731 特许权franchise174 著作权copyright1741 著作权copyright175 计算机软件computer software1751 计算机软件computer software cost176 商誉goodwill1761 商誉goodwill177 开办费organization costs1771 开办费organization costs178 其它无形资产other intangibles1781 递延退休金成本deferred pension costs1782 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1788 其它无形资产-其它other intangible assets - other 18 其它资产other assets181 递延资产deferred assets1811 债券发行成本deferred bond issuance costs 1812 长期预付租金long-term prepaid rent1813 长期预付保险费long-term prepaid insurance 1814 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets 1815 预付退休金prepaid pension cost1818 其它递延资产other deferred assets182 闲置资产idle assets1821 闲置资产idle assets184 长期应收票据及款项与催收账款long-term notes , accounts and overdue receivables1841 长期应收票据long-term notes receivable1842 长期应收账款long-term accounts receivable1843 催收账款overdue receivables1847 长期应收票据及款项与催收账款-关系人long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables- related parties1848 其它长期应收款项other long-term receivables1849 备抵呆帐-长期应收票据及款项与催收账款allowance for uncollectible accounts - long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables185 出租资产assets leased to others1851 出租资产assets leased to others1858 出租资产-重估增值assets leased to others - incremental value from revaluation1859 累积折旧-出租资产accumulated depreciation - assets leased to others186 存出保证金refundable deposit1861 存出保证金refundable deposits188 杂项资产miscellaneous assets1881 受限制存款certificate of deposit - restricted1888 杂项资产-其它miscellaneous assets - other2 负债liabilities21~ 22 流动负债current liabilities211 短期借款short-term borrowings(debt)2111 银行透支bank overdraft2112 银行借款bank loan2114 短期借款-业主short-term borrowings - owners2115 短期借款-员工short-term borrowings - employees2117 短期借款-关系人short-term borrowings- related parties 2118 短期借款-其它short-term borrowings - other212 应付短期票券short-term notes and bills payable2121 应付商业本票commercial paper payable2122 银行承兑汇票bank acceptance2128 其它应付短期票券other short-term notes and bills payable 2129 应付短期票券折价discount on short-term notes and bills payable213 应付票据notes payable2131 应付票据notes payable2137 应付票据-关系人notes payable - related parties2138 其它应付票据other notes payable214 应付账款accounts payable2141 应付账款accounts payable2147 应付账款-关系人accounts payable - related parties216 应付所得税income taxes payable2161 应付所得税income tax payable217 应付费用accrued expenses2171 应付薪工accrued payroll2172 应付租金accrued rent payable2173 应付利息accrued interest payable2174 应付营业税accrued VAT payable2175 应付税捐-其它accrued taxes payable- other2178 其它应付费用other accrued expenses payable218~219 其它应付款other payables2181 应付购入远汇款forward exchange contract payable2182 应付远汇款-外币forward exchange contract payable - foreign currencies2183 买卖远汇溢价premium on forward exchange contract2184 应付土地房屋款payables on land and building purchased 2185 应付设备款Payables on equipment2187 其它应付款-关系人other payables - related parties2191 应付股利dividend payable2192 应付红利bonus payable2193 应付董监事酬劳compensation payable to directors and supervisors2198 其它应付款-其它other payables - other226 预收款项advance receipts2261 预收货款sales revenue received in advance2262 预收收入revenue received in advance2268 其它预收款other advance receipts227 一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债long-term liabilities -current portion2271 一年或一营业周期内到期公司债corporate bonds payable - current portion2272 一年或一营业周期内到期长期借款long-term loans payable - current portion2273 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payable due within one year or one operating cycle2277 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项-关系人long-term notes and accounts payables to related parties - current portion2278 其它一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债other long-term liabilities - current portion228~229 其它流动负债other current liabilities2281 销项税额VAT received(or output tax)2283 暂收款temporary receipts2284 代收款receipts under custody2285 估计售后服务/保固负债estimated warranty liabilities2291 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2292 递延兑换利益deferred foreign exchange gain2293 业主(股东)往来owners current account2294 同业往来current account with others2298 其它流动负债-其它other current liabilities - others23 长期负债long-term liabilities231 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2311 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2319 应付公司债溢(折)价premium(discount) on corporate bonds payable232 长期借款long-term loans payable2321 长期银行借款long-term loans payable - bank2324 长期借款-业主long-term loans payable - owners2325 长期借款-员工long-term loans payable - employees2327 长期借款-关系人long-term loans payable - related parties 2328 长期借款-其它long-term loans payable - other233 长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payable 2331 长期应付票据long-term notes payable2332 长期应付账款long-term accounts pay-able2333 长期应付租赁负债long-term capital lease liabilities2337 长期应付票据及款项-关系人Long-term notes and accounts payable - related parties2338 其它长期应付款项other long-term payables234 估计应付土地增值税accrued liabilities for land value increment tax2341 估计应付土地增值税estimated accrued land value incremental tax pay-able235 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities2351 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities238 其它长期负债other long-term liabilities2388 其它长期负债-其它other long-term liabilities - other28 其它负债other liabilities281 递延负债deferred liabilities2811 递延收入deferred revenue2814 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2818 其它递延负债other deferred liabilities286 存入保证金deposits received2861 存入保证金guarantee deposit received288 杂项负债miscellaneous liabilities2888 杂项负债-其它miscellaneous liabilities损益表：项目ITEMS产品销售收入Sales其中：出口产品销售收入Including：Export sales减：销售折扣与折让Less：Sales discounts and allowances产品销售净额Net sales减：产品销售税金Less：Sales tax产品销售成本Cost of sales其中：出口产品销售成本Including：Cost of export sales产品销售毛利Gross profit减：销售费用Less：Selling expense管理费用General and administrative expense财务费用Financial expense其中：利息支出(减利息收入) Including：Interest expense ( less interest income )汇兑损失(减汇兑收益) Exchange loss ( less exchange gain )产品销售利润Income from main operation加：其他业务利润Add：Income from other operations营业利润Operating income加：投资收益Add：Investment income营业外收入Non-operating income减：营业外支出Less：Non-operating expense加：以前年度损益调整Add：Adjustment to prior year\'s income and expense利润总额Income before tax减：所得税Less：Income tax净利润NET INCOME 资金量资产负债表Balance Sheet资产ASSETS流动资产：Current asset货币资金Cash（currency fund）Bank短期投资Short-term investment应收票据Notes receivable应收股利Dividends receivable应收利息Interests receivable应收账款Accounts receivable其他应收款Other receivable预付账款Advances to suppliers应收补贴款Subsidies receivable存货Inventories待摊费用Prepaid expenses一年内到期的长期债券投资Long-term investments maturing withinone year其他流动资产Other current assets流动资产合计Total current assets长期投资：LONG TERM INVESTMENTS长期股权投资Long-term equity investment长期债权投资Long-term debt investment长期投资合计Total long term investment固定资产：FIXED ASSETS：固定资产原值Fixed assets-cost减：累计折旧Less：Accumulated depreciation固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value减：固定资产减值准备Less: Impairment of fixed assets固定资产净额Fixed assets-book value工程物资Materials for projects在建工程Construction in progress固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets固定资产合计Total Fixed Assets无形资产及其它资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS:无形资产Intangible assets长期待摊费用Long-term deferred expenses其他长期资产Other long-term assets无形资产及其他资产合计Total intangible assets and other assets 递延税项Deferred tax递延税款借项Deferred tax debit资产总计TOTAL ASSETS负债及所有者权益（或股东权益）LIABILITIES AND OWNER`S EQUITY流动负债：CURRENT LIABILITIES短期借款Short-term loans应付票据Notes payable应付账款Accounts payable预收账款Advances from customers应付工资Accrued payroll应付福利费Accrued Employee’s welfare e xpenses应付股利Dividends payable未交税金Taxes payable其他应交款Other taxes and expenses payable其他应付款Other payables预提费用Accrued expenses预提负债Provisions一年内到期的长期负债Long-term liabilities due within one year其他流动负债Other current liabilities流动负债合计Total current liabilities长期负债：LONG-TERM LIABILITIES：长期借款Long-term loans应付债券Bonds payable长期应付款Long-term accounts payable专项应付款Specific accounts payable其他长期负债Other long-term liabilities长期负债合计Total long-term liabilities递延税项：Deferred tax递延税款贷项Deferred tax credit负债合计Total other liabilities所有者权益：（或股东权益）OWNER`S EQUITY实收资本（或股本）Paid-in capital减：已归还投资Less：Investments returned实收资本（或股本）净额Paid-in capital-net资本公积Capital surplus盈余公积Surplus from profits其中：法定公益金Including：statutory public welfare fund未分配利润Undistributed profit所有者权益（或股东权益）合计Total owner`s equity负债及所有者权益（或股东权益）合计TOTAL LIABILITIES ANDOWNER`S EQUITY损益表Profit and Loss Statement项目ITEMS一、营业收入Income from main operation减：营业成本Less：Cost of main operation营业税金及附加Tax and additional expense二、经营利润Income from main operation加：其他业务利润Add：Income from other operation 减：营业费用Less：Operating expense管理费用General and administrative expense财务费用Financial expense三、营业利润Operating Income加：投资收益Add：Investment income补贴收入Income from subsidies营业外收入Non-operating income减：营业外支出Less：Non-operating expense四、利润总额Income before tax减：所得税Less：Income tax五、净利润NET INCOME会计科目中英文对照表一、资产类Assets流动资产Current assets货币资金Cash and cash equivalents1001现金Cash1002 银行存款Cash in bank1009 其他货币资金Other cash and cash equivalents100901 外埠存款Other city Cash in bank100902 银行本票Cashier's cheque100903 银行汇票Bank draft100904 信用卡Credit card100905 信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits100906 存出投资款Refundable deposits1101 短期投资Short-term investments110101 股票Short-term investments - stock110102 债券Short-term investments - corporate bonds110103 基金Short-term investments - corporate funds110110 其他Short-term investments - other1102 短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves应收款Account receivable1111 应收票据Note receivable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance1121 应收股利Dividend receivable1122 应收利息Interest receivable1131 应收账款Account receivable1133 其他应收款Other notes receivable1141 坏账准备Bad debt reserves1151 预付账款Advance money1161 应收补贴款Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable库存资产Inventories1201 物资采购Supplies purchasing1211 原材料Raw materials1221 包装物Wrappage1231 低值易耗品Low-value consumption goods1232 材料成本差异Materials cost variance1241 自制半成品Semi-Finished goods1243 库存商品Finished goods1244 商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price1251 委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced1261 委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis1271 受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis1281 存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves1291 分期收款发出商品Collect money and send out the goods by stages1301 待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses长期投资Long-term investment1401 长期股权投资Long-term investment on stocks140101 股票投资Investment on stocks140102 其他股权投资Other investment on stocks1402 长期债权投资Long-term investment on bonds140201 债券投资Investment on bonds140202 其他债权投资Other investment on bonds1421 长期投资减值准备Long-term investments depreciation reserves股权投资减值准备Stock rights investment depreciation reserves 债权投资减值准备Bcreditor's rights investment depreciation reserves1431 委托贷款Entrust loans143101 本金Principal143102 利息Interest143103 减值准备Depreciation reserves1501 固定资产Fixed assets房屋Building建筑物Structure机器设备Machinery equipment运输设备Transportation facilities工具器具Instruments and implement1502 累计折旧Accumulated depreciation1505 固定资产减值准备Fixed assets depreciation reserves房屋、建筑物减值准备Building/structure depreciation reserves机器设备减值准备Machinery equipment depreciation reserves 1601 工程物资Project goods and material160101 专用材料Special-purpose material160102 专用设备Special-purpose equipment160103 预付大型设备款Prepayments for equipment160104 为生产准备的工具及器具Preparative instruments and implement for fabricate1603 在建工程Construction-in-process安装工程Erection works在安装设备Erecting equipment-in-process技术改造工程Technical innovation project大修理工程General overhaul project1605 在建工程减值准备Construction-in-process depreciation reserves1701 固定资产清理Liquidation of fixed assets1801 无形资产Intangible assets专利权Patents非专利技术Non-Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights土地使用权Tenure商誉Goodwill1805 无形资产减值准备Intangible Assets depreciation reserves 专利权减值准备Patent rights depreciation reserves商标权减值准备trademark rights depreciation reserves1815 未确认融资费用Unacknowledged financial charges待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income1901 长期待摊费用Long-term deferred and prepaid expenses 1911 待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income191101待处理流动资产损溢Wait deal intangible assets loss or income191102待处理固定资产损溢Wait deal fixed assets loss or income 二、负债类Liability短期负债Current liability2101 短期借款Short-term borrowing2111 应付票据Notes payable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance2121 应付账款Account payable2131 预收账款Deposit received2141 代销商品款Proxy sale goods revenue2151 应付工资Accrued wages2153 应付福利费Accrued welfarism2161 应付股利Dividends payable2171 应交税金Tax payable217101 应交增值税value added tax payable21710101 进项税额Withholdings on VAT21710102 已交税金Paying tax21710103 转出未交增值税Unpaid VAT changeover21710104 减免税款Tax deduction21710105 销项税额Substituted money on VAT21710106 出口退税Tax reimbursement for export21710107 进项税额转出Changeover withnoldings on VAT 21710108 出口抵减内销产品应纳税额Export deduct domestic sales goods tax21710109 转出多交增值税Overpaid VAT changeover21710110 未交增值税Unpaid VAT217102 应交营业税Business tax payable217103 应交消费税Consumption tax payable217104 应交资源税Resources tax payable217105 应交所得税Income tax payable217106 应交土地增值税Increment tax on land value payable 217107 应交城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities payable217108 应交房产税Housing property tax payable217109 应交土地使用税Tenure tax payable217110 应交车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) payable217111 应交个人所得税Personal income tax payable2176 其他应交款Other fund in conformity with paying2181 其他应付款Other payables2191 预提费用Drawing expense in advance其他负债Other liabilities2201 待转资产价值Pending changerover assets value2211 预计负债Anticipation liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities2301 长期借款Long-term loans一年内到期的长期借款Long-term loans due within one year一年后到期的长期借款Long-term loans due over one year2311 应付债券Bonds payable231101 债券面值Face value, Par value231102 债券溢价Premium on bonds231103 债券折价Discount on bonds231104 应计利息Accrued interest2321 长期应付款Long-term account payable应付融资租赁款Accrued financial lease outlay一年内到期的长期应付Long-term account payable due within one year一年后到期的长期应付Long-term account payable over one year 2331 专项应付款Special payable一年内到期的专项应付Long-term special payable due within one year一年后到期的专项应付Long-term special payable over one year 2341 递延税款Deferral taxes三、所有者权益类OWNERS' EQUITY资本Capital3101 实收资本(或股本) Paid-up capital(or stock)实收资本Paicl-up capital实收股本Paid-up stock3103 已归还投资Investment Returned公积3111 资本公积Capital reserve311101 资本(或股本)溢价Cpital(or Stock) premium311102 接受捐赠非现金资产准备Receive non-cash donate reserve311103 股权投资准备Stock right investment reserves311105 拨款转入Allocate sums changeover in311106 外币资本折算差额Foreign currency capital311107 其他资本公积Other capital reserve3121 盈余公积Surplus reserves312101 法定盈余公积Legal surplus312102 任意盈余公积Free surplus reserves312103 法定公益金Legal public welfare fund312104 储备基金Reserve fund312105 企业发展基金Enterprise expension fund312106 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment 利润Profits3131 本年利润Current year profits3141 利润分配Profit distribution314101 其他转入Other chengeover in314102 提取法定盈余公积Withdrawal legal surplus314103 提取法定公益金Withdrawal legal public welfare funds 314104 提取储备基金Withdrawal reserve fund314105 提取企业发展基金Withdrawal reserve for business expansion314106 提取职工奖励及福利基金Withdrawal staff and workers' bonus and welfare fund314107 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment 314108 应付优先股股利Preferred Stock dividends payable 314109 提取任意盈余公积Withdrawal other common accumulation fund314110 应付普通股股利Common Stock dividends payable 314111 转作资本(或股本)的普通股股利Common Stock dividends change to assets(or stock)314115 未分配利润Undistributed profit四、成本类Cost4101 生产成本Cost of manufacture410101 基本生产成本Base cost of manufacture410102 辅助生产成本Auxiliary cost of manufacture4105 制造费用Manufacturing overhead材料费Materials管理人员工资Executive Salaries奖金Wages退职金Retirement allowance补贴Bonus外保劳务费Outsourcing fee福利费Employee benefits/welfare会议费Coferemce加班餐费Special duties市内交通费Business traveling通讯费Correspondence电话费Correspondence水电取暖费Water and Steam税费Taxes and dues租赁费Rent管理费Maintenance车辆维护费Vehicles maintenance油料费Vehicles maintenance培训费Education and training接待费Entertainment图书、印刷费Books and printing运费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium支付手续费Commission杂费Sundry charges折旧费Depreciation expense机物料消耗Article of consumption劳动保护费Labor protection fees季节性停工损失Loss on seasonality cessation4107 劳务成本Service costs五、损益类Profit and loss收入Income业务收入OPERATING INCOME5101 主营业务收入Prime operating revenue产品销售收入Sales revenue服务收入Service revenue5102 其他业务收入Other operating revenue材料销售Sales materials代购代售包装物出租Wrappage lease出让资产使用权收入Remise right of assets revenue返还所得税Reimbursement of income tax其他收入Other revenue5201 投资收益Investment income短期投资收益Current investment income长期投资收益Long-term investment income计提的委托贷款减值准备Withdrawal of entrust loans reserves 5203 补贴收入Subsidize revenue国家扶持补贴收入Subsidize revenue from country其他补贴收入Other subsidize revenue5301 营业外收入NON-OPERATING INCOME非货币性交易收益Non-cash deal income现金溢余Cash overage处置固定资产净收益Net income on disposal of fixed assets 出售无形资产收益Income on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘盈Fixed assets inventory profit罚款净收入Net amercement income支出Outlay业务支出Revenue charges5401 主营业务成本Operating costs产品销售成本Cost of goods sold服务成本Cost of service5402 主营业务税金及附加Tax and associate charge营业税Sales tax消费税Consumption tax城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities资源税Resources tax土地增值税Increment tax on land value5405 其他业务支出Other business expense销售其他材料成本Other cost of material sale其他劳务成本Other cost of service其他业务税金及附加费Other tax and associate charge费用Expenses5501 营业费用Operating expenses代销手续费Consignment commission charge运杂费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium展览费Exhibition fees广告费Advertising fees5502 管理费用Adminisstrative expenses职工工资Staff Salaries修理费Repair charge低值易耗摊销Article of consumption办公费Office allowance差旅费Travelling expense工会经费Labour union expenditure研究与开发费Research and development expense 福利费Employee benefits/welfare职工教育经费Personnel education待业保险费Unemployment insurance劳动保险费Labour insurance医疗保险费Medical insurance会议费Coferemce聘请中介机构费Intermediary organs咨询费Consult fees诉讼费Legal cost业务招待费Business entertainment技术转让费Technology transfer fees矿产资源补偿费Mineral resources compensation fees排污费Pollution discharge fees房产税Housing property tax车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) 土地使用税Tenure tax印花税Stamp tax5503 财务费用Finance charge利息支出Interest exchange汇兑损失Foreign exchange loss各项手续费Charge for trouble各项专门借款费用Special-borrowing cost5601 营业外支出Nonbusiness expenditure捐赠支出Donation outlay减值准备金Depreciation reserves非常损失Extraordinary loss处理固定资产净损失Net loss on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产损失Loss on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘亏Fixed assets inventory loss债务重组损失Loss on arrangement罚款支出Amercement outlay5701 所得税Income tax以前年度损益调整Prior year income adjustmentChart of AccountsChinese B.E.现金Cash on Hand银行存款Cash in Bank其他货币资金Other Monetary Funds短期投资Short-Term Investments短期投资跌价准备Reserve against Price Decline of Short-Term Investments应收票据Notes Receivable应收股利Dividends Receivable应收利息Interests Receivable应收帐款Accounts Receivable坏帐准备Provision for Bad Debts预付帐款Prepayments应收补贴款Grant-in-Aid Receivable其他应收款Other Receivables在途物资Materials in Transit原材料Materials and Supplies包装物Containers低值易耗品Low-Priced and Perishable Articles库存商品Goods in Stock委托加工物资Customers' Materials to Be Processed委托代销商品Consignment-out受托代销商品Consignment-in存货跌价准备Reserve for Inventory Price Decline分期收款发出商品Merchandise Shipped on Installment sales待摊费用Prepaid Expense长期股权投资Long-Term Investments in Stock Ownership 长期债权投资Long-Term Investments in Claimable Assets 长期投资减值准备Reserve for Depreciation of Long-Term Investments固定资产Fixed Assets累计折旧Accumulated Depreciation工程物资Engineering Material在建工程Construction in Progress固定资产清理Disposal of Fixed Assets无形资产Intangible Assets开办费Organization Expense长期待摊费用Long-Term Prepaid Expense待处理财产损益Property Losses and Gains in Suspense短期借款Short-Term Loans应付票据Notes Payable应付帐款Accounts Payable预收帐款Advance Received代销商品款Consignment-in应付工资Accrued Payroll应付福利费Welfare Expense Payable 应付股利Dividends Payable应交税金Taxes Payable其他应交款Other Payables其他应付款Other Accrued Payable预提费用Withdrawal in Advance长期借款Long-Term Loans应付债券Depentures Payable长期应付款Long-Term Payables递延税款Deferred Tax住房周转金Housing Revolving Fund 股本Capital Stock资本公积Capital Surplus盈余公积Surplus本年利润Current Year Net Income利润分配Profit Distribution生产成本Costs of Production制造费用Manufacturing Expenses主营业务收入Income from Main Operation主营业务成本Costs of Main Operation其他业务收入Income from Other Operations其他业务支出Other Business Expenditure营业外收入Non-Operating Income营业外支出Non-Operating Expenses投资收益Investment Income补贴收入Subsidies营业费用Operating Expenses管理费用General and Administrative Expense财务费用Financial Expenses主营业务税金及附加Main Operation Tax and Additional Expenses折扣与折让Discounts and Allowances所得税Income Tax存货跌价损失Loss on Decline in Price of Inventories以前年度损益调整Adjustment to Prior Year's Income and Expense税务专用词汇State Administration for Taxation 国家税务总局Local Taxation bureau 地方税务局Business Tax 营业税Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Income Tax for Enterprises企业所得税Income Tax for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises外商投资企业和外国企业所得税tax returns filing 纳税申报taxes payable 应交税金the assessable period for tax payment 纳税期限the timing of tax liability arising 纳税义务发生时间consolidate reporting 合并申报the local competent tax authority 当地主管税务机关the outbound business activity 外出经营活动Tax Inspection Report 纳税检查报告tax avoidance 逃税tax evasion 避税tax base 税基refund after collection 先征后退withhold and remit tax 代扣代缴collect and remit tax 代收代缴income from authors remuneration 稿酬所得income from remuneration for personal service 劳务报酬所得。

10分钟看懂财务三张表（深度干货，建议收藏）1第一部分解读财务报表看透数字背后的真相，让财务数据成为管理依据1.含义财务报表是企业根据会计准则、会计制度的规定，对企业已经发生的交易或事项进行确认、计量、分类、加工、处理后编制的用以说明企业财务状况和经营成果的总结性书面文件。

2.“四表一注”一套完整的财务报表至少应当包括“四表一注”：资产负债表、损益表（利润表）、现金流量表、所有者权益变动表、附注。

（1）解读资产负债表•资产负债表含义：是一张反映公司在某一特定时点资本来源和资本使用状况的报表。

编表会计等式：资产=负债+所有者权益时点报表,静态报表报表内的项目按流动性大小排列•资产负债表提供的信息公司所掌握的经济资源公司所负担的债务公司的偿债能力公司所有者所享有的权益公司经营模式特点•资产负债表反映的财务管理内容（2）解读损益表•损益表含义：反映公司在过去一段时间销售收入、成本和盈利关系的报表编表会计等式：收入-费用＝利润•损益表提供的信息反映公司获利情况、反映公司利润的构成、反映税金交纳情况、预测公司未来发展趋势企业净利润来自三个方面：1、营业利润 2、投资收益3、营业外收支净额•损益表反映的财务管理内容（3）解读现金流量表•现金流量表含义：提供企业在某一特定期间内有关现金及现金等价物的流入和流出的信息。

编表会计等式：资产＝负债+所有者权益•现金流量表结构•现金流量表提供的信息反映净收益与现金余额的关系预测未来现金流量评价企业取得和运用现金的能力确定企业支付利息、股利及到期债务能力表明公司生产性资产组合的变化情况•各类现金流入与流出•现金流量表反映的财务管理内容•三大财务报表勾稽关系2第二部分预算管理用财务思维驱动业绩1、计划与预算管理普遍存在的问题（1）计划存在的问题•较弱的计划编制与汇报技巧•计划与指标与公司的战略和目标不符•主要关注财务指标•各部门编制的计划比较零散，部门内部和部门之间的计划缺乏协调性，容易发生公司资源分配的冲突•信息很难传达给员工并影响员工的行为•管理者“擦边”管理，没有集中于计划•员工的目标和评估与业务目标的关联性小•个人表现与奖惩结合不紧密（2）预算管理存在的问题•认为预算与公司的战略关系不大，缺乏明确手段对公司整体战略、发展目标和年度计划的进展状况进行细化•认为预算是财务部的事情•认为预算编制中基于的市场因素不断的变化，可能使预算流于形式•各部门的经营目标定的过低，没有达到本部门经过努力可以达到的目标•预算确定的目标与各负责人员的职责不相匹配•各部门的经营目标在执行过程中没有相应的工具进行监控和考察其进展状况2.预算管理的概念预算是一种公司整体规划和动态控制的管理方法，是对公司整体经营活动的一系列量化的计划安排。

完整资产负债表和损益表负债表：1 资产assets11~ 12 流动资产current assets111 现金及约当现金cash and cash equivalents1111 库存现金cash on hand1112 零用金/周转金petty cash/revolving funds1113 银行存款cash in banks1116 在途现金cash in transit1117 约当现金cash equivalents1118 其它现金及约当现金other cash and cash equivalents112 短期投资short-term investment1121 短期投资-股票short-term investments - stock1122 短期投资-短期票券short-term investments - short-term notes and bills1123 短期投资-政府债券short-term investments - government bonds1124 短期投资-受益凭证short-term investments - beneficiary certificates1125 短期投资-公司债short-term investments - corporate bonds1128 短期投资-其它short-term investments - other1129 备抵短期投资跌价损失allowance for reduction of short-term investment to market113 应收票据notes receivable1131 应收票据notes receivable1132 应收票据贴现discounted notes receivable1137 应收票据-关系人notes receivable - related parties1138 其它应收票据other notes receivable1139 备抵呆帐－应收票据allowance for uncollectible accounts- notes receivable114 应收账款accounts receivable1141 应收账款accounts receivable1142 应收分期账款installment accounts receivable1147 应收账款-关系人accounts receivable - related parties 1149 备抵呆帐－应收账款allowance for uncollectible accounts - accounts receivable118 其它应收款other receivables1181 应收出售远汇款forward exchange contract receivable1182 应收远汇款-外币forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies1183 买卖远汇折价discount on forward exchange contract1184 应收收益earned revenue receivable1185 应收退税款income tax refund receivable1187 其它应收款- 关系人other receivables - related parties 1188 其它应收款- 其它other receivables - other1189 备抵呆帐- 其它应收款allowance for uncollectible accounts - other receivables121~122 存货inventories1211 商品存货merchandise inventory1212 寄销商品consigned goods1213 在途商品goods in transit1219 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market1221 制成品finished goods1222 寄销制成品consigned finished goods1223 副产品by-products1224 在制品work in process1225 委外加工work in process - outsourced1226 原料raw materials1227 物料supplies1228 在途原物料materials and supplies in transit1229 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market125 预付费用prepaid expenses1251 预付薪资prepaid payroll1252 预付租金prepaid rents1253 预付保险费prepaid insurance1254 用品盘存office supplies1255 预付所得税prepaid income tax1258 其它预付费用other prepaid expenses126 预付款项prepayments1261 预付货款prepayment for purchases1268 其它预付款项other prepayments128~129 其它流动资产other current assets1281 进项税额VAT paid ( or input tax)1282 留抵税额excess VAT paid (or overpaid VAT)1283 暂付款temporary payments1284 代付款payment on behalf of others1285 员工借支advances to employees1286 存出保证金refundable deposits1287 受限制存款certificate of deposit-restricted1291 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets1292 递延兑换损失deferred foreign exchange losses 1293 业主(股东)往来owners(stockholders) current account 1294 同业往来current account with others1298 其它流动资产-其它other current assets - other13 基金及长期投资funds and long-term investments131 基金funds1311 偿债基金redemption fund (or sinking fund)1312 改良及扩充基金fund for improvement and expansion1313 意外损失准备基金contingency fund1314 退休基金pension fund1318 其它基金other funds132 长期投资long-term investments1321 长期股权投资long-term equity investments1322 长期债券投资long-term bond investments1323 长期不动产投资long-term real estate investments1324 人寿保险现金解约价值cash surrender value of life insurance1328 其它长期投资other long-term investments1329 备抵长期投资跌价损失allowance for excess of cost over market value of long-term investments14~ 15 固定资产property , plant, and equipment141 土地land1411 土地land1418 土地-重估增值land - revaluation increments142 土地改良物land improvements1421 土地改良物land improvements1428 土地改良物-重估增值land improvements - revaluation increments1429 累积折旧-土地改良物accumulated depreciation - land improvements143 房屋及建物buildings1431 房屋及建物buildings1438 房屋及建物-重估增值buildings -revaluation increments 1439 累积折旧-房屋及建物accumulated depreciation - buildings 144~146 机(器)具及设备machinery and equipment1441 机(器)具machinery1448 机(器)具-重估增值machinery - revaluation increments 1449 累积折旧-机(器)具accumulated depreciation - machinery 151 租赁资产leased assets1511 租赁资产leased assets1519 累积折旧-租赁资产accumulated depreciation - leased assets152 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1521 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1529 累积折旧- 租赁权益改良accumulated depreciation - leasehold improvements156 未完工程及预付购置设备款construction in progress and prepayments for equipment1561 未完工程construction in progress1562 预付购置设备款prepayment for equipment158 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment 1581 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment 1588 杂项固定资产-重估增值miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment - revaluation increments1589 累积折旧- 杂项固定资产accumulated depreciation - miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment16 递耗资产depletable assets161 递耗资产depletable assets1611 天然资源natural resources1618 天然资源-重估增值natural resources -revaluation increments1619 累积折耗-天然资源accumulated depletion - natural resources17 无形资产intangible assets171 商标权trademarks1711 商标权trademarks172 专利权patents1721 专利权patents173 特许权franchise1731 特许权franchise174 著作权copyright1741 著作权copyright175 计算机软件computer software1751 计算机软件computer software cost176 商誉goodwill1761 商誉goodwill177 开办费organization costs1771 开办费organization costs178 其它无形资产other intangibles1781 递延退休金成本deferred pension costs1782 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1788 其它无形资产-其它other intangible assets - other 18 其它资产other assets181 递延资产deferred assets1811 债券发行成本deferred bond issuance costs 1812 长期预付租金long-term prepaid rent1813 长期预付保险费long-term prepaid insurance 1814 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets 1815 预付退休金prepaid pension cost1818 其它递延资产other deferred assets182 闲置资产idle assets1821 闲置资产idle assets184 长期应收票据及款项与催收账款long-term notes , accounts and overdue receivables1841 长期应收票据long-term notes receivable1842 长期应收账款long-term accounts receivable1843 催收账款overdue receivables1847 长期应收票据及款项与催收账款-关系人long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables- related parties1848 其它长期应收款项other long-term receivables1849 备抵呆帐-长期应收票据及款项与催收账款allowance for uncollectible accounts - long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables185 出租资产assets leased to others1851 出租资产assets leased to others1858 出租资产-重估增值assets leased to others - incremental value from revaluation1859 累积折旧-出租资产accumulated depreciation - assets leased to others186 存出保证金refundable deposit1861 存出保证金refundable deposits188 杂项资产miscellaneous assets1881 受限制存款certificate of deposit - restricted1888 杂项资产-其它miscellaneous assets - other2 负债liabilities21~ 22 流动负债current liabilities211 短期借款short-term borrowings(debt)2111 银行透支bank overdraft2112 银行借款bank loan2114 短期借款-业主short-term borrowings - owners2115 短期借款-员工short-term borrowings - employees2117 短期借款-关系人short-term borrowings- related parties 2118 短期借款-其它short-term borrowings - other212 应付短期票券short-term notes and bills payable2121 应付商业本票commercial paper payable2122 银行承兑汇票bank acceptance2128 其它应付短期票券other short-term notes and bills payable 2129 应付短期票券折价discount on short-term notes and bills payable213 应付票据notes payable2131 应付票据notes payable2137 应付票据-关系人notes payable - related parties2138 其它应付票据other notes payable214 应付账款accounts payable2141 应付账款accounts payable2147 应付账款-关系人accounts payable - related parties216 应付所得税income taxes payable2161 应付所得税income tax payable217 应付费用accrued expenses2171 应付薪工accrued payroll2172 应付租金accrued rent payable2173 应付利息accrued interest payable2174 应付营业税accrued VAT payable2175 应付税捐-其它accrued taxes payable- other2178 其它应付费用other accrued expenses payable218~219 其它应付款other payables2181 应付购入远汇款forward exchange contract payable2182 应付远汇款-外币forward exchange contract payable - foreign currencies2183 买卖远汇溢价premium on forward exchange contract2184 应付土地房屋款payables on land and building purchased 2185 应付设备款Payables on equipment2187 其它应付款-关系人other payables - related parties2191 应付股利dividend payable2192 应付红利bonus payable2193 应付董监事酬劳compensation payable to directors and supervisors2198 其它应付款-其它other payables - other226 预收款项advance receipts2261 预收货款sales revenue received in advance2262 预收收入revenue received in advance2268 其它预收款other advance receipts227 一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债long-term liabilities -current portion2271 一年或一营业周期内到期公司债corporate bonds payable - current portion2272 一年或一营业周期内到期长期借款long-term loans payable - current portion2273 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payable due within one year or one operating cycle2277 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项-关系人long-term notes and accounts payables to related parties - current portion2278 其它一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债other long-term liabilities - current portion228~229 其它流动负债other current liabilities2281 销项税额VAT received(or output tax)2283 暂收款temporary receipts2284 代收款receipts under custody2285 估计售后服务/保固负债estimated warranty liabilities2291 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2292 递延兑换利益deferred foreign exchange gain2293 业主(股东)往来owners current account2294 同业往来current account with others2298 其它流动负债-其它other current liabilities - others23 长期负债long-term liabilities231 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2311 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2319 应付公司债溢(折)价premium(discount) on corporate bonds payable232 长期借款long-term loans payable2321 长期银行借款long-term loans payable - bank2324 长期借款-业主long-term loans payable - owners2325 长期借款-员工long-term loans payable - employees2327 长期借款-关系人long-term loans payable - related parties 2328 长期借款-其它long-term loans payable - other233 长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payable 2331 长期应付票据long-term notes payable2332 长期应付账款long-term accounts pay-able2333 长期应付租赁负债long-term capital lease liabilities2337 长期应付票据及款项-关系人Long-term notes and accounts payable - related parties2338 其它长期应付款项other long-term payables234 估计应付土地增值税accrued liabilities for land value increment tax2341 估计应付土地增值税estimated accrued land value incremental tax pay-able235 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities2351 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities238 其它长期负债other long-term liabilities2388 其它长期负债-其它other long-term liabilities - other28 其它负债other liabilities281 递延负债deferred liabilities2811 递延收入deferred revenue2814 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2818 其它递延负债other deferred liabilities286 存入保证金deposits received2861 存入保证金guarantee deposit received288 杂项负债miscellaneous liabilities2888 杂项负债-其它miscellaneous liabilities损益表：项目ITEMS产品销售收入Sales其中：出口产品销售收入Including：Export sales减：销售折扣与折让Less：Sales discounts and allowances产品销售净额Net sales减：产品销售税金Less：Sales tax产品销售成本Cost of sales其中：出口产品销售成本Including：Cost of export sales产品销售毛利Gross profit减：销售费用Less：Selling expense管理费用General and administrative expense财务费用Financial expense其中：利息支出(减利息收入) Including：Interest expense ( less interest income )汇兑损失(减汇兑收益) Exchange loss ( less exchange gain )产品销售利润Income from main operation加：其他业务利润Add：Income from other operations营业利润Operating income加：投资收益Add：Investment income营业外收入Non-operating income减：营业外支出Less：Non-operating expense加：以前年度损益调整Add：Adjustment to prior year\'s income and expense利润总额Income before tax减：所得税Less：Income tax净利润NET INCOME 资金量资产负债表Balance Sheet资产ASSETS流动资产：Current asset货币资金Cash（currency fund）Bank短期投资Short-term investment应收票据Notes receivable应收股利Dividends receivable应收利息Interests receivable应收账款Accounts receivable其他应收款Other receivable预付账款Advances to suppliers应收补贴款Subsidies receivable存货Inventories待摊费用Prepaid expenses一年内到期的长期债券投资Long-term investments maturing withinone year其他流动资产Other current assets流动资产合计Total current assets长期投资：LONG TERM INVESTMENTS长期股权投资Long-term equity investment长期债权投资Long-term debt investment长期投资合计Total long term investment固定资产：FIXED ASSETS：固定资产原值Fixed assets-cost减：累计折旧Less：Accumulated depreciation固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value减：固定资产减值准备Less: Impairment of fixed assets固定资产净额Fixed assets-book value工程物资Materials for projects在建工程Construction in progress固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets固定资产合计Total Fixed Assets无形资产及其它资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS:无形资产Intangible assets长期待摊费用Long-term deferred expenses其他长期资产Other long-term assets无形资产及其他资产合计Total intangible assets and other assets 递延税项Deferred tax递延税款借项Deferred tax debit资产总计TOTAL ASSETS负债及所有者权益（或股东权益）LIABILITIES AND OWNER`S EQUITY流动负债：CURRENT LIABILITIES短期借款Short-term loans应付票据Notes payable应付账款Accounts payable预收账款Advances from customers应付工资Accrued payroll应付福利费Accrued Employee’s welfare e xpenses应付股利Dividends payable未交税金Taxes payable其他应交款Other taxes and expenses payable其他应付款Other payables预提费用Accrued expenses预提负债Provisions一年内到期的长期负债Long-term liabilities due within one year其他流动负债Other current liabilities流动负债合计Total current liabilities长期负债：LONG-TERM LIABILITIES：长期借款Long-term loans应付债券Bonds payable长期应付款Long-term accounts payable专项应付款Specific accounts payable其他长期负债Other long-term liabilities长期负债合计Total long-term liabilities递延税项：Deferred tax递延税款贷项Deferred tax credit负债合计Total other liabilities所有者权益：（或股东权益）OWNER`S EQUITY实收资本（或股本）Paid-in capital减：已归还投资Less：Investments returned实收资本（或股本）净额Paid-in capital-net资本公积Capital surplus盈余公积Surplus from profits其中：法定公益金Including：statutory public welfare fund未分配利润Undistributed profit所有者权益（或股东权益）合计Total owner`s equity负债及所有者权益（或股东权益）合计TOTAL LIABILITIES ANDOWNER`S EQUITY损益表Profit and Loss Statement项目ITEMS一、营业收入Income from main operation减：营业成本Less：Cost of main operation营业税金及附加Tax and additional expense二、经营利润Income from main operation加：其他业务利润Add：Income from other operation 减：营业费用Less：Operating expense管理费用General and administrative expense财务费用Financial expense三、营业利润Operating Income加：投资收益Add：Investment income补贴收入Income from subsidies营业外收入Non-operating income减：营业外支出Less：Non-operating expense四、利润总额Income before tax减：所得税Less：Income tax五、净利润NET INCOME会计科目中英文对照表一、资产类Assets流动资产Current assets货币资金Cash and cash equivalents1001现金Cash1002 银行存款Cash in bank1009 其他货币资金Other cash and cash equivalents100901 外埠存款Other city Cash in bank100902 银行本票Cashier's cheque100903 银行汇票Bank draft100904 信用卡Credit card100905 信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits100906 存出投资款Refundable deposits1101 短期投资Short-term investments110101 股票Short-term investments - stock110102 债券Short-term investments - corporate bonds110103 基金Short-term investments - corporate funds110110 其他Short-term investments - other1102 短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves应收款Account receivable1111 应收票据Note receivable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance1121 应收股利Dividend receivable1122 应收利息Interest receivable1131 应收账款Account receivable1133 其他应收款Other notes receivable1141 坏账准备Bad debt reserves1151 预付账款Advance money1161 应收补贴款Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable库存资产Inventories1201 物资采购Supplies purchasing1211 原材料Raw materials1221 包装物Wrappage1231 低值易耗品Low-value consumption goods1232 材料成本差异Materials cost variance1241 自制半成品Semi-Finished goods1243 库存商品Finished goods1244 商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price1251 委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced1261 委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis1271 受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis1281 存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves1291 分期收款发出商品Collect money and send out the goods by stages1301 待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses长期投资Long-term investment1401 长期股权投资Long-term investment on stocks140101 股票投资Investment on stocks140102 其他股权投资Other investment on stocks1402 长期债权投资Long-term investment on bonds140201 债券投资Investment on bonds140202 其他债权投资Other investment on bonds1421 长期投资减值准备Long-term investments depreciation reserves股权投资减值准备Stock rights investment depreciation reserves 债权投资减值准备Bcreditor's rights investment depreciation reserves1431 委托贷款Entrust loans143101 本金Principal143102 利息Interest143103 减值准备Depreciation reserves1501 固定资产Fixed assets房屋Building建筑物Structure机器设备Machinery equipment运输设备Transportation facilities工具器具Instruments and implement1502 累计折旧Accumulated depreciation1505 固定资产减值准备Fixed assets depreciation reserves房屋、建筑物减值准备Building/structure depreciation reserves机器设备减值准备Machinery equipment depreciation reserves 1601 工程物资Project goods and material160101 专用材料Special-purpose material160102 专用设备Special-purpose equipment160103 预付大型设备款Prepayments for equipment160104 为生产准备的工具及器具Preparative instruments and implement for fabricate1603 在建工程Construction-in-process安装工程Erection works在安装设备Erecting equipment-in-process技术改造工程Technical innovation project大修理工程General overhaul project1605 在建工程减值准备Construction-in-process depreciation reserves1701 固定资产清理Liquidation of fixed assets1801 无形资产Intangible assets专利权Patents非专利技术Non-Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights土地使用权Tenure商誉Goodwill1805 无形资产减值准备Intangible Assets depreciation reserves 专利权减值准备Patent rights depreciation reserves商标权减值准备trademark rights depreciation reserves1815 未确认融资费用Unacknowledged financial charges待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income1901 长期待摊费用Long-term deferred and prepaid expenses 1911 待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income191101待处理流动资产损溢Wait deal intangible assets loss or income191102待处理固定资产损溢Wait deal fixed assets loss or income 二、负债类Liability短期负债Current liability2101 短期借款Short-term borrowing2111 应付票据Notes payable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance2121 应付账款Account payable2131 预收账款Deposit received2141 代销商品款Proxy sale goods revenue2151 应付工资Accrued wages2153 应付福利费Accrued welfarism2161 应付股利Dividends payable2171 应交税金Tax payable217101 应交增值税value added tax payable21710101 进项税额Withholdings on VAT21710102 已交税金Paying tax21710103 转出未交增值税Unpaid VAT changeover21710104 减免税款Tax deduction21710105 销项税额Substituted money on VAT21710106 出口退税Tax reimbursement for export21710107 进项税额转出Changeover withnoldings on VAT 21710108 出口抵减内销产品应纳税额Export deduct domestic sales goods tax21710109 转出多交增值税Overpaid VAT changeover21710110 未交增值税Unpaid VAT217102 应交营业税Business tax payable217103 应交消费税Consumption tax payable217104 应交资源税Resources tax payable217105 应交所得税Income tax payable217106 应交土地增值税Increment tax on land value payable 217107 应交城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities payable217108 应交房产税Housing property tax payable217109 应交土地使用税Tenure tax payable217110 应交车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) payable217111 应交个人所得税Personal income tax payable2176 其他应交款Other fund in conformity with paying2181 其他应付款Other payables2191 预提费用Drawing expense in advance其他负债Other liabilities2201 待转资产价值Pending changerover assets value2211 预计负债Anticipation liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities2301 长期借款Long-term loans一年内到期的长期借款Long-term loans due within one year一年后到期的长期借款Long-term loans due over one year2311 应付债券Bonds payable231101 债券面值Face value, Par value231102 债券溢价Premium on bonds231103 债券折价Discount on bonds231104 应计利息Accrued interest2321 长期应付款Long-term account payable应付融资租赁款Accrued financial lease outlay一年内到期的长期应付Long-term account payable due within one year一年后到期的长期应付Long-term account payable over one year 2331 专项应付款Special payable一年内到期的专项应付Long-term special payable due within one year一年后到期的专项应付Long-term special payable over one year 2341 递延税款Deferral taxes三、所有者权益类OWNERS' EQUITY资本Capital3101 实收资本(或股本) Paid-up capital(or stock)实收资本Paicl-up capital实收股本Paid-up stock3103 已归还投资Investment Returned公积3111 资本公积Capital reserve311101 资本(或股本)溢价Cpital(or Stock) premium311102 接受捐赠非现金资产准备Receive non-cash donate reserve311103 股权投资准备Stock right investment reserves311105 拨款转入Allocate sums changeover in311106 外币资本折算差额Foreign currency capital311107 其他资本公积Other capital reserve3121 盈余公积Surplus reserves312101 法定盈余公积Legal surplus312102 任意盈余公积Free surplus reserves312103 法定公益金Legal public welfare fund312104 储备基金Reserve fund312105 企业发展基金Enterprise expension fund312106 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment 利润Profits3131 本年利润Current year profits3141 利润分配Profit distribution314101 其他转入Other chengeover in314102 提取法定盈余公积Withdrawal legal surplus314103 提取法定公益金Withdrawal legal public welfare funds 314104 提取储备基金Withdrawal reserve fund314105 提取企业发展基金Withdrawal reserve for business expansion314106 提取职工奖励及福利基金Withdrawal staff and workers' bonus and welfare fund314107 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment 314108 应付优先股股利Preferred Stock dividends payable 314109 提取任意盈余公积Withdrawal other common accumulation fund314110 应付普通股股利Common Stock dividends payable 314111 转作资本(或股本)的普通股股利Common Stock dividends change to assets(or stock)314115 未分配利润Undistributed profit四、成本类Cost4101 生产成本Cost of manufacture410101 基本生产成本Base cost of manufacture410102 辅助生产成本Auxiliary cost of manufacture4105 制造费用Manufacturing overhead材料费Materials管理人员工资Executive Salaries奖金Wages退职金Retirement allowance补贴Bonus外保劳务费Outsourcing fee福利费Employee benefits/welfare会议费Coferemce加班餐费Special duties市内交通费Business traveling通讯费Correspondence电话费Correspondence水电取暖费Water and Steam税费Taxes and dues租赁费Rent管理费Maintenance车辆维护费Vehicles maintenance油料费Vehicles maintenance培训费Education and training接待费Entertainment图书、印刷费Books and printing运费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium支付手续费Commission杂费Sundry charges折旧费Depreciation expense机物料消耗Article of consumption劳动保护费Labor protection fees季节性停工损失Loss on seasonality cessation4107 劳务成本Service costs五、损益类Profit and loss收入Income业务收入OPERATING INCOME5101 主营业务收入Prime operating revenue产品销售收入Sales revenue服务收入Service revenue5102 其他业务收入Other operating revenue材料销售Sales materials代购代售包装物出租Wrappage lease出让资产使用权收入Remise right of assets revenue返还所得税Reimbursement of income tax其他收入Other revenue5201 投资收益Investment income短期投资收益Current investment income长期投资收益Long-term investment income计提的委托贷款减值准备Withdrawal of entrust loans reserves 5203 补贴收入Subsidize revenue国家扶持补贴收入Subsidize revenue from country其他补贴收入Other subsidize revenue5301 营业外收入NON-OPERATING INCOME非货币性交易收益Non-cash deal income现金溢余Cash overage处置固定资产净收益Net income on disposal of fixed assets 出售无形资产收益Income on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘盈Fixed assets inventory profit罚款净收入Net amercement income支出Outlay业务支出Revenue charges5401 主营业务成本Operating costs产品销售成本Cost of goods sold服务成本Cost of service5402 主营业务税金及附加Tax and associate charge营业税Sales tax消费税Consumption tax城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities资源税Resources tax土地增值税Increment tax on land value5405 其他业务支出Other business expense销售其他材料成本Other cost of material sale其他劳务成本Other cost of service其他业务税金及附加费Other tax and associate charge费用Expenses5501 营业费用Operating expenses代销手续费Consignment commission charge运杂费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium展览费Exhibition fees广告费Advertising fees5502 管理费用Adminisstrative expenses职工工资Staff Salaries修理费Repair charge低值易耗摊销Article of consumption办公费Office allowance差旅费Travelling expense工会经费Labour union expenditure研究与开发费Research and development expense 福利费Employee benefits/welfare职工教育经费Personnel education待业保险费Unemployment insurance劳动保险费Labour insurance医疗保险费Medical insurance会议费Coferemce聘请中介机构费Intermediary organs咨询费Consult fees诉讼费Legal cost业务招待费Business entertainment技术转让费Technology transfer fees矿产资源补偿费Mineral resources compensation fees排污费Pollution discharge fees房产税Housing property tax车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) 土地使用税Tenure tax印花税Stamp tax5503 财务费用Finance charge利息支出Interest exchange汇兑损失Foreign exchange loss各项手续费Charge for trouble各项专门借款费用Special-borrowing cost5601 营业外支出Nonbusiness expenditure捐赠支出Donation outlay减值准备金Depreciation reserves非常损失Extraordinary loss处理固定资产净损失Net loss on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产损失Loss on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘亏Fixed assets inventory loss债务重组损失Loss on arrangement罚款支出Amercement outlay5701 所得税Income tax以前年度损益调整Prior year income adjustmentChart of AccountsChinese B.E.现金Cash on Hand银行存款Cash in Bank其他货币资金Other Monetary Funds短期投资Short-Term Investments短期投资跌价准备Reserve against Price Decline of Short-Term Investments应收票据Notes Receivable应收股利Dividends Receivable应收利息Interests Receivable应收帐款Accounts Receivable坏帐准备Provision for Bad Debts预付帐款Prepayments应收补贴款Grant-in-Aid Receivable其他应收款Other Receivables在途物资Materials in Transit原材料Materials and Supplies包装物Containers低值易耗品Low-Priced and Perishable Articles库存商品Goods in Stock委托加工物资Customers' Materials to Be Processed委托代销商品Consignment-out受托代销商品Consignment-in存货跌价准备Reserve for Inventory Price Decline分期收款发出商品Merchandise Shipped on Installment sales待摊费用Prepaid Expense长期股权投资Long-Term Investments in Stock Ownership 长期债权投资Long-Term Investments in Claimable Assets 长期投资减值准备Reserve for Depreciation of Long-Term Investments固定资产Fixed Assets累计折旧Accumulated Depreciation工程物资Engineering Material在建工程Construction in Progress固定资产清理Disposal of Fixed Assets无形资产Intangible Assets开办费Organization Expense长期待摊费用Long-Term Prepaid Expense待处理财产损益Property Losses and Gains in Suspense短期借款Short-Term Loans应付票据Notes Payable应付帐款Accounts Payable预收帐款Advance Received代销商品款Consignment-in应付工资Accrued Payroll应付福利费Welfare Expense Payable 应付股利Dividends Payable应交税金Taxes Payable其他应交款Other Payables其他应付款Other Accrued Payable预提费用Withdrawal in Advance长期借款Long-Term Loans应付债券Depentures Payable长期应付款Long-Term Payables递延税款Deferred Tax住房周转金Housing Revolving Fund 股本Capital Stock资本公积Capital Surplus盈余公积Surplus本年利润Current Year Net Income利润分配Profit Distribution生产成本Costs of Production制造费用Manufacturing Expenses主营业务收入Income from Main Operation主营业务成本Costs of Main Operation其他业务收入Income from Other Operations其他业务支出Other Business Expenditure营业外收入Non-Operating Income营业外支出Non-Operating Expenses投资收益Investment Income补贴收入Subsidies营业费用Operating Expenses管理费用General and Administrative Expense财务费用Financial Expenses主营业务税金及附加Main Operation Tax and Additional Expenses折扣与折让Discounts and Allowances所得税Income Tax存货跌价损失Loss on Decline in Price of Inventories以前年度损益调整Adjustment to Prior Year's Income and Expense税务专用词汇State Administration for Taxation 国家税务总局Local Taxation bureau 地方税务局Business Tax 营业税Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Income Tax for Enterprises企业所得税Income Tax for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises外商投资企业和外国企业所得税tax returns filing 纳税申报taxes payable 应交税金the assessable period for tax payment 纳税期限the timing of tax liability arising 纳税义务发生时间consolidate reporting 合并申报the local competent tax authority 当地主管税务机关the outbound business activity 外出经营活动Tax Inspection Report 纳税检查报告tax avoidance 逃税tax evasion 避税tax base 税基refund after collection 先征后退withhold and remit tax 代扣代缴collect and remit tax 代收代缴income from authors remuneration 稿酬所得income from remuneration for personal service 劳务报酬所得。

资产负债表分析与调整技巧资产负债表是反映企业财务状况的重要工具之一。

通过分析资产负债表，可以了解企业的资产、负债和所有者权益的组成及其相互关系，为制定财务决策提供依据。

本文将介绍资产负债表的基本概念，分析资产负债表的重要性以及如何进行合理调整。

一、资产负债表的基本概念资产负债表是一份对企业财务状况的快照，它按照一定格式列出了企业的资产、负债和所有者权益。

资产包括流动资产和非流动资产，负债包括流动负债和非流动负债，所有者权益则是资产减去负债后剩余的部分。

二、分析资产负债表的重要性1.评估企业的偿债能力资产负债表可以用来评估企业的偿债能力。

通过分析负债项，尤其是流动负债项与流动资产的比较，可以评估企业是否有能力按时偿还债务。

同时，通过分析负债的种类和规模，可以判断企业是否具有足够的资本结构，以应对不同风险。

2.评估企业的盈利能力通过分析资产负债表中的收入和成本项目，可以评估企业的盈利能力。

其中，净资产和所有者权益反映了企业的净利润水平，而各项费用和成本的比例则可以帮助判断企业的经营效益。

3.揭示企业的流动性状况资产负债表可以揭示企业的流动性状况。

通过分析资产负债表中的流动资产和流动负债，可以判断企业是否能够及时偿付短期债务，避免流动性风险。

4.支持财务决策资产负债表提供了财务数据，为企业的财务决策提供了支持。

通过分析资产负债表中的各项数据，可以判断企业的财务健康状况，为投资、融资和分红等决策提供依据。

三、资产负债表的调整技巧1.调整资产负债表的时间范围在分析资产负债表时，可以根据需要调整时间范围。

可以比较多个期间的资产负债表，了解企业财务状况的变化趋势。

此外，可以选择特定的时间点，如季度末、年末等进行分析，以获取特定时点下的财务信息。

2.调整资产负债表的格式根据不同的需求，可以对资产负债表的格式进行调整。

例如，可以按照行业标准或特定要求重新分类资产和负债项，使其更符合分析的需要。

3.调整资产负债表的项目根据具体情况，可以对资产负债表进行适当的调整。

一、编制资产负债表的方法：（一）资产负债表的平衡公式：资产=负债+所有者权益（二）资产负债表是根据总账账户期末余额分析填列的。

（三）根据有关二级账户或明细账户的期末余额直接填列。

1、资产类项目有：待处理流动资产净损失和待处理固定资产净损失，分别根据“待处理财产损溢”账户所属“待处理流动资产损溢”和“待处理固定资产损溢”二级账户的期末借方余额填列，如为贷方余额应以负数填列。

2、负债类项目有：公益金，根据“盈余公积”账户所属“公益金”(或“法定公益金”)二级账户的期末贷方余额填列。

（四）根据同类的几个总账账户的期末余额合并或抵减填列。

1、资产类的货币资金项目，根据“现金”、“银行存款”、“其他货币资金”等账户的期末余额合并填列。

2、资产类的存货项目，根据“材料采购”(或“在途材料”)、“原材料”、“包装物”、“低值易耗品”、“材料成本差异”、“委托加工材料”、“自制半成品”、“产成品”、“分期收款发出商品”、“生产成本”等账户的期末余额合并填列(“材料成本差异”账户如出现贷方余额应予抵减)。

3、资产类的固定资产净值项目，根据“固定资产”账户借方余额减去“累计折旧”账户贷方余额后的净额填列。

4、所有者权益类的未分配利润项目，在月(季)报中，根据“本年利润”账户期末余额和“利润分配”账户期末余额合并或相减后的数额填列(如果采用表结法，则实现净利润额应根据损益类账户的期末余额计算确定)；在年报中，则可根据“利润分配”账户的年末余额直接填列，如为未弥补亏损，应以负数填列。

（五）根据总账账户或明细账户的期末余额分析计算填列1、资产类待摊费用项目和负债类预提费用项目，一般分别根据“待摊费用”账户期末借方余额和“预提费用”账户期末贷方余额填列。

但“预提费用”账户如有借方余额，应并人待摊费用项目。

2、资产类的应收账款项目和负债类的预收账款项目，分别根据“应收账款”账户所属有关明细账户的借方余额合计和“预收账款”账户所属有关明细账户的贷方余额合计填列。

资产负债表编制单位：年月日单位：元资产行次年初数期末数负债及所有者权益行次年初数期末数流动资产：流动负债：货币资金 1 短期借款46短期投资 2 应付票据47应收票据 3 应付帐款48应收帐款 4 预收帐款49 减：坏帐准备 5 其他应付款50 应收帐款净额 6 应付工资51 预付帐款7 应付福利费52 其他应收款10 未交税金53存货11 未付利润54 待转其他业务支出12 其他未交款55 待摊费用13 预提费用56 待处理流动资产净损失14 一年内到期的长期负债57 一年内到期的长期债券投资15 其他流动负债58 其他流动资产16 59 流动资产合计20 流动负债合计65 长期投资：长期负债：长期投资21 长期借款66 长期投资合计23 应付债券67 固定资产长期应付款68 固定资产原价24 其他长期负债69 减：累计折旧25 其中：住房周转金70 固定资产净值26 长期负债合计76 固定资产清理27 递延税项：在建工程28 递延税款贷项77 待处理固定资产净损失29 78 固定资产合计35 负债合计80 无形资产及递延资产：所有者权益：无形资产36 实收资本81 递延资产37 资本公积82 无形资产及递延资产合计40 盈余公积83 其他长期资产：其中：公益金84 其他长期资产41 未分配利润85 递延税项：86 递延税款借项4344 所有者权益合计89资产总计45 负债及所有者权益总计90补充资料1 已贴现的商业承兑汇票元 3. 库存商品期末金额元2 融资租入固定资产原价元 4. 商品削价准备期末金额元5 实收资本元7. 法人资本金元6 平均营运资金元8. 集体资本金元单位负责人：财务负责：复核：制表：损益表编制单位：年月日单位：元补充资料：1、企业自有外汇额度美元2、其中留或外汇额度美元。

1流动比率＝流动资产/流动负债(下限为1，适当为2)a、流动比率高低反映企业承受流动资产贬值能力和偿还中、短期债务能力的强弱；b、流动比率越高，表明企业流动资产占用资金来源于结构性负债的越多，企业投入生产经营的营运资本越多，企业偿还债务的能力就越强；c、一般认为比率值为2时比较合理，但要求中国企业流动比率达到2对大多数不实际；d、正常情况下，部分行业的流动比率参考如下：汽车1.1房地产1.2制药1.25建材1.25化工1.2家电1.5啤酒1.75计算机2电子1.45商业1.65机械1.8玻璃1.3食品>2饭店>22速动比率＝速动资产/流动负债（适当为1）注：速动资产＝货币资金＋短期投资＋应收账款＋应收票据＝流动资产－存货－预付账款－待摊费用－待处理流动资产损失保守速动比率＝（现金＋证券＋应收账款）/流动负债a、一般认为，企业速动比率为1时比较安全；b、部分行业的速动比率参考如下：汽车0.85房地产0.65制药0.90建材0.90化工0.90啤酒0.90计算机1.25电子0.95商业0.45机械0.90玻璃0.45餐饮>2使用流（速）动比率的几点不足：a、各行业的存货流动性和变现性有较大差别，流动比率指标不能反映由于流动资产中存货不等造成的偿债能力差别，因此需要用存货周转天数指标补充说明；b、在计算流动比率时包括了变现能力较差的存货和无法变现的待摊费用，影响了该指标评价短期偿债能力的可靠性，需要用速动比率指标作补充；c、流（速）动比率不能反映企业的日现金流量；d、流（速）动比率只反映报告日期的静态状况，企业很容易通过一些临时措施或账面处理，形成账面指标不实，如通过虚列应收账款，少提准备，提前确认销售或将下一年度赊销提前列账，少转销售成本增加存款金额等；e、流（速）比率不能量化地反映潜在的变现能力因素和短期债务。

具体讲，增加企业变现能力的因素主要有：Ⅰ、可动用的银行贷款指标；Ⅱ、准备很快变现的长期资产；Ⅲ、偿债能力的信誉。

资产负债表和损益表评估分析（案例材料1）资产负债表和损益表评估分析一、基本情况通过对武宁某有限公司2007年1-12月纳税申报和年度资产负债表和损益表与上年度比对分析，发现疑点较多，分局纳税评估小组研究确定该公司2007年度纳税情况为评估对象之一。

该公司属于一般增值税纳税人，注册类型：有限责任，企业所得税归属地税机关管理，占地5150.7M2，房屋原值1053160元，主要产品：机械制品及人造革，《2007年12月份损益表》示：产品销售收入：6636840元，产品销售成本5879626元，销售费用及其他725654元，利润总额31560元。

二、案例分析（一）地方各税评析：通过1-12月申报资料分析，经实地核查比对，房产税、土地使用税、城建税、教育费附加、车船税、印花税申报无差异。

（二）企业所得税评析：1、2007年申报企业所得税8521.2元。

按照国家税务总局《税评估通用分析指标及其使用方法》，通过2007年12月该公司《资产负责表》、《损益表》相关疑点指标，列出《部分评估涉税指标数据对照表》，经评估分析，有以下疑点：其一，2007年主营业务收入变动率=（本期收入-基期收入）/基期收入= -13.18%，同期减少1008202元，可能存在少计收入；其二，2007年主营业务成本变动率=-13.5%，2007年主营业务成本率=5879626/6636840=88.59%，2006年主营业务成本率=6797264/7645042=88.91%，同期上长0.32%，2007年主营业务收入变动率大于主营业务成本变动率，两者比值-13.5%/-13.18%=1.02，大于1，两者同步增长，可能存在多计成本费用；其三，2007年主营业务费用变动率-11.47%，大于主营业务收入变动率（-13.18%），可能存在多列费用；其四，2007年度应付帐款变动率-12.93%，其他应付款变动率34.45%，可能存在应税收入计往来帐，以及三年以上呆帐未转入以前年度损益；其五，2007年度应付工资变动率为8.63%，可能存在多提成本费用。