电子科技大学研究生模式识别试题 2014.04 (附答案)(优.选)

电子科技大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：241法语（二外）注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

一、用括号中动词的正确形式填空。

（每空1分，共10分）1. Plusieurs éléments (rendre) ____________ maintenant la situation grave.2. Je vais vous inscrire. (donner) ____________ -moi votre passeport.3. Au début du 20e siècle, la télévision (être) ____________ en noir et blanc.4. Hier après-midi, je (dormir) ____________ pendant trois heures.5. Ne dépassez pas les limites de vitesse ou vous (avoir) ___________ une amende.6. Je voudrais simplement que la vous (savoir) ___________ la réalité.7. Si le voyage n’était pas si long, nous (aller) __________ plus souvent en Bretagne.8. Si tu (réviser) _______________ tes cours, tu aurais réussi ton examen.9. Il est furieux de (rater) __________________ son train.10. Il écoute France Inter à la radio (préparer) __________________ le repas.二、选择填空。

大学模式识别考试题及答案详解Document number：PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998一、填空与选择填空（本题答案写在此试卷上，30分）1、模式识别系统的基本构成单元包括：模式采集、特征提取与选择和模式分类。

2、统计模式识别中描述模式的方法一般使用特真矢量；句法模式识别中模式描述方法一般有串、树、网。

3、聚类分析算法属于（1）；判别域代数界面方程法属于（3）。

（1）无监督分类 (2)有监督分类（3）统计模式识别方法（4）句法模式识别方法4、若描述模式的特征量为0-1二值特征量，则一般采用（4）进行相似性度量。

（1）距离测度（2）模糊测度（3）相似测度（4）匹配测度5、下列函数可以作为聚类分析中的准则函数的有（1）（3）（4）。

（1）（2） (3)(4)6、Fisher线性判别函数的求解过程是将N维特征矢量投影在（2）中进行。

（1）二维空间（2）一维空间（3）N-1维空间7、下列判别域界面方程法中只适用于线性可分情况的算法有（1）；线性可分、不可分都适用的有（3）。

（1）感知器算法（2）H-K算法（3）积累位势函数法8、下列四元组中满足文法定义的有（1）（2）（4）。

（1）({A, B}, {0, 1}, {A?01, A? 0A1 , A? 1A0 , B?BA , B? 0}, A)（2）({A}, {0, 1}, {A?0, A? 0A}, A)（3）({S}, {a, b}, {S ? 00S, S ? 11S, S ? 00, S ? 11}, S)（4）({A}, {0, 1}, {A?01, A? 0A1, A? 1A0}, A)二、(15分)简答及证明题（1）影响聚类结果的主要因素有那些？（2）证明马氏距离是平移不变的、非奇异线性变换不变的。

答：（1）分类准则，模式相似性测度，特征量的选择，量纲。

（2）证明：(2分)(2分)(1分)设，有非奇异线性变换：(1分)(4分)三、(8分)说明线性判别函数的正负和数值大小在分类中的意义并证明之。

模式识别期末试题及答案正文：模式识别期末试题及答案1. 选择题1.1 下列关于机器学习的说法中，正确的是：A. 机器学习是一种人工智能的应用领域B. 机器学习只能应用于结构化数据C. 机器学习不需要预先定义规则D. 机器学习只能处理监督学习问题答案：A1.2 在监督学习中，以下哪个选项描述了正确的训练过程？A. 通过输入特征和预期输出，训练一个模型来进行预测B. 通过输入特征和可能的输出，训练一个模型来进行预测C. 通过输入特征和无标签的数据，训练一个模型来进行预测D. 通过输入特征和已有标签的数据，训练一个模型来进行分类答案：D2. 简答题2.1 请解释什么是模式识别？模式识别是指在给定一组输入数据的情况下，通过学习和建模，识别和分类输入数据中的模式或规律。

通过模式识别算法，我们可以从数据中提取重要的特征，并根据这些特征进行分类、聚类或预测等任务。

2.2 请解释监督学习和无监督学习的区别。

监督学习是一种机器学习方法，其中训练数据包含了输入特征和对应的标签或输出。

通过给算法提供已知输入和输出的训练样本，监督学习的目标是学习一个函数，将新的输入映射到正确的输出。

而无监督学习则没有标签或输出信息。

无监督学习的目标是从未标记的数据中找到模式和结构。

这种学习方法通常用于聚类、降维和异常检测等任务。

3. 计算题3.1 请计算以下数据集的平均值：[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]答案：63.2 请计算以下数据集的标准差：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]答案：2.834. 综合题4.1 对于一个二分类问题，我们可以使用逻辑回归模型进行预测。

请简要解释逻辑回归模型的原理，并说明它适用的场景。

逻辑回归模型是一种用于解决二分类问题的监督学习算法。

其基本原理是通过将特征的线性组合传递给一个非线性函数（称为sigmoid函数），将实数值映射到[0,1]之间的概率。

这个映射的概率可以被解释为某个样本属于正类的概率。

逻辑回归适用于需要估计二分类问题的概率的场景，例如垃圾邮件分类、欺诈检测等。

大学模式识别考试题及答案详解Last revision on 21 December 2020一、填空与选择填空（本题答案写在此试卷上，30分）1、模式识别系统的基本构成单元包括：模式采集、特征提取与选择和模式分类。

2、统计模式识别中描述模式的方法一般使用特真矢量；句法模式识别中模式描述方法一般有串、树、网。

3、聚类分析算法属于（1）；判别域代数界面方程法属于（3）。

（1）无监督分类 (2)有监督分类（3）统计模式识别方法（4）句法模式识别方法4、若描述模式的特征量为0-1二值特征量，则一般采用（4）进行相似性度量。

（1）距离测度（2）模糊测度（3）相似测度（4）匹配测度5、下列函数可以作为聚类分析中的准则函数的有（1）（3）（4）。

（1）（2） (3)(4)6、Fisher线性判别函数的求解过程是将N维特征矢量投影在（2）中进行。

（1）二维空间（2）一维空间（3）N-1维空间7、下列判别域界面方程法中只适用于线性可分情况的算法有（1）；线性可分、不可分都适用的有（3）。

（1）感知器算法（2）H-K算法（3）积累位势函数法8、下列四元组中满足文法定义的有（1）（2）（4）。

（1）({A, B}, {0, 1}, {A01, A 0A1 , A 1A0 , B BA , B 0}, A)（2）({A}, {0, 1}, {A0, A 0A}, A)（3）({S}, {a, b}, {S 00S, S 11S, S 00, S 11}, S)（4）({A}, {0, 1}, {A01, A 0A1, A 1A0}, A)二、(15分)简答及证明题（1）影响聚类结果的主要因素有那些（2）证明马氏距离是平移不变的、非奇异线性变换不变的。

答：（1）分类准则，模式相似性测度，特征量的选择，量纲。

（2）证明：(2分)(2分)(1分)设，有非奇异线性变换：(1分)(4分)三、(8分)说明线性判别函数的正负和数值大小在分类中的意义并证明之。

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大学模式识别考试题及答案详解HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】一、填空与选择填空（本题答案写在此试卷上，30分）1、模式识别系统的基本构成单元包括：模式采集、特征提取与选择和模式分类。

2、统计模式识别中描述模式的方法一般使用特真矢量；句法模式识别中模式描述方法一般有串、树、网。

3、聚类分析算法属于（1）；判别域代数界面方程法属于（3）。

（1）无监督分类 (2)有监督分类（3）统计模式识别方法（4）句法模式识别方法4、若描述模式的特征量为0-1二值特征量，则一般采用（4）进行相似性度量。

（1）距离测度（2）模糊测度（3）相似测度（4）匹配测度5、下列函数可以作为聚类分析中的准则函数的有（1）（3）（4）。

（1）（2） (3)(4)6、Fisher线性判别函数的求解过程是将N维特征矢量投影在（2）中进行。

（1）二维空间（2）一维空间（3）N-1维空间7、下列判别域界面方程法中只适用于线性可分情况的算法有（1）；线性可分、不可分都适用的有（3）。

（1）感知器算法（2）H-K算法（3）积累位势函数法8、下列四元组中满足文法定义的有（1）（2）（4）。

（1）({A, B}, {0, 1}, {A01, A 0A1 , A 1A0 , B BA , B 0}, A)（2）({A}, {0, 1}, {A0, A 0A}, A)（3）({S}, {a, b}, {S 00S, S 11S, S 00, S 11}, S)（4）({A}, {0, 1}, {A01, A 0A1, A 1A0}, A)二、(15分)简答及证明题（1）影响聚类结果的主要因素有那些？（2）证明马氏距离是平移不变的、非奇异线性变换不变的。

答：（1）分类准则，模式相似性测度，特征量的选择，量纲。

（2）证明：(2分)(2分)(1分)设，有非奇异线性变换：(1分)(4分)三、(8分)说明线性判别函数的正负和数值大小在分类中的意义并证明之。

《模式识别》试题库一、基本概念题1.1 模式识别的三大核心问题:是：、、。

1.2、模式分布为团状时，选用聚类算法较好。

1.3欧式距离具有o 马式距离具有o（1）平移不变性（2）旋转不变性（3）尺度缩放不变性（4）不受量纲影响的特性1.4描述模式相似的测度有：=（1）距离测度（2）模糊测度（3）相似测度（4）匹配测度1.5利用两类方法处理多类问题的技术途径有：（1）；（2）；（3） o其中最常用的是第个技术途径。

1.6判别函数的正负和数值大小在分类中的意义是：，__________________________________________________________________________________1.7感知器算法=（1）只适用于线性可分的情况；（2）线性可分、不可分都适用。

1.8积累位势函数法的判别界面一般为o（1）线性界面；（2）非线性界面。

1.9基于距离的类别可分性判据有：oS B S B（1）『「［，”咒］（2）（3）1.10作为统计判别问题的模式分类，在（）情况下，可使用聂曼-皮尔逊判决准则。

1.11确定性模式非线形分类的势函数法中，位势函数K（x,xQ与积累位势函数K（x）的关系为（）O1.12用作确定性模式非线形分类的势函数法，通常，两个n维向量X和Xk的函数K（x,xD若同时满足下列三个条件，都可作为势函数。

①（）；②()；③K(x, x k)是光滑函数，且是x和珏之间距离的单调下降函数。

1.13散度J”越大，说明。

类模式与①」类模式的分布( )。

当。

类模式与®类模式的分布相同时，Jij=()。

1.14若用Parzen窗法估计模式的类概率密度函数，窗口尺寸hl过小可能产生的问题是( ),hl过大可能产生的问题是( )01.15信息炳可以作为一种可分性判据的原因是：。

1.16作为统计判别问题的模式分类，在( )条件下，最小损失判决规则与最小错误判决规则是等价的。

模式识别习题及答案模式识别习题及答案模式识别是人类智能的重要组成部分，也是机器学习和人工智能领域的核心内容。

通过模式识别，我们可以从大量的数据中发现规律和趋势，进而做出预测和判断。

本文将介绍一些模式识别的习题，并给出相应的答案，帮助读者更好地理解和应用模式识别。

习题一：给定一组数字序列，如何判断其中的模式？答案：判断数字序列中的模式可以通过观察数字之间的关系和规律来实现。

首先，我们可以计算相邻数字之间的差值或比值，看是否存在一定的规律。

其次，我们可以将数字序列进行分组，观察每组数字之间的关系，看是否存在某种模式。

最后，我们还可以利用统计学方法，如频率分析、自相关分析等，来发现数字序列中的模式。

习题二：如何利用模式识别进行图像分类？答案：图像分类是模式识别的一个重要应用领域。

在图像分类中，我们需要将输入的图像分为不同的类别。

为了实现图像分类，我们可以采用以下步骤：首先，将图像转换为数字表示，如灰度图像或彩色图像的像素矩阵。

然后，利用特征提取算法，提取图像中的关键特征。

接下来，选择合适的分类算法，如支持向量机、神经网络等，训练模型并进行分类。

最后，评估分类结果的准确性和性能。

习题三：如何利用模式识别进行语音识别？答案：语音识别是模式识别在语音信号处理中的应用。

为了实现语音识别，我们可以采用以下步骤：首先，将语音信号进行预处理，包括去除噪声、降低维度等。

然后，利用特征提取算法，提取语音信号中的关键特征，如梅尔频率倒谱系数（MFCC）。

接下来，选择合适的分类算法，如隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）、深度神经网络（DNN）等，训练模型并进行语音识别。

最后，评估识别结果的准确性和性能。

习题四：如何利用模式识别进行时间序列预测？答案：时间序列预测是模式识别在时间序列分析中的应用。

为了实现时间序列预测，我们可以采用以下步骤：首先，对时间序列进行平稳性检验，确保序列的均值和方差不随时间变化。

然后，利用滑动窗口或滚动平均等方法，将时间序列划分为训练集和测试集。

电子科技大学研究生算法设计与分析拟考题及答案评分细则（3）一、Please answer T or F for each of the following statements to indicate whether the statement is true or false1. The knapsack problem can be solved in polynomial time by using dynamic programming.( F )2. Some problems in NP can be solved in polynomial time.( T )3. To show a problem is NP-hard, we can reduce it to a well-known NP-Complete problem.( F )4. In an undirected graph, the value of the maximum flow between two vertices is equivalent to the value of the minimum cut between them. ( T )5. . ( F )二、Arrange the following functions in ascending asymptotic order of growth rate:，，，，.参考答案：f2，f3，f1，f4，f5三、Please answer the following questions:(a) What are the main steps of designing a dynamic programming algorithm?参考答案：1.定义子问题；2根据子问题建立递归关系式；3用自底而上的方式求解（建立储存表）。

(b) What are the main steps of proving the NP-Completeness of a problem?参考答案：1.证明该问题属于NP；2.选一个已知的NPC问题B；3.将问题B归约到该问题上。

电子科技大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：809管理学原理注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1．概念技能2．管理绿色化3．学习型组织4．平衡记分卡5．信度与效度二、判断题（每小题1分，共20分。

在正确说法后面写T，在不正确说法后面写F）1.管理学反映了管理过程的客观规律性，具有显著的科学性。

但是，管理过程中的诸多不确定因素使管理本身无法完全量化，因而它是一种不精确的科学。

2.效率与效果之间的差别可表述为：效果是使组织资源的利用成本达到最小化，而效率则是使组织活动实现预定的目标。

3.主张通过与管理者职能相联系的办法把有关管理知识汇集起来，力图把用于管理实践的概念、原则、理论和方法揉合在一起以形成管理学科的学派是管理过程学派。

4.按决策的作用（所处地位）可以把决策分为战略决策、管理决策和专业决策。

5.行为决策学派认为决策是一个选优过程，所以决策结果是基于已有资源背景下寻求利润或收益的尽可能大。

6.群体决策理论的三个前提是自主性、共存性、差异性。

7.组织变革的阻力是直接的、公开的、消极的，应予以杜绝。

8.“理解，执行；不理解，执行中理解”，这是在管理活动中具有分权化倾向的管理者的表述。

9.管理者能力越强，管理者的管理幅度越大；被管理者能力越强，管理者的管理幅度越小。

10.分工是社会化大生产的要求，所以分工越细，效率就越高。

11.参谋职权是指参谋人员或职能部门主管所拥有的原属于直线主管的那部分权力。

12.领导工作是组织结构中一种特殊的人与人的关系，其实质是影响。

《管理学原理》试题共4页，第1页13.费德勒模型认为，某一领导方式的有效性与他是否和其所处的环境相适应无关。

14.领导采用的领导方式应与下属的“成熟”程度一致。

15.马斯洛认为，任何人对各层次的需要满足都是相对的，如自我实现的需要只要满足40%就算相对满足了。

16.弗鲁姆的期望理论是建立在组织内的个体对自己行为有选择权的假设基础之上的。

出发点是使期望泛化风险尽可能小。
第 5 页 共 5页
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At the end, Xiao Bian gives you a passage. Minand once said, "people who learn to learn are very happy people.". In every wonderful life, learning is an eternal theme. As a professional clerical and teaching position, I understand the importance of continuous learning, "life is diligent, nothing can be gained", only continuous learning can achieve better self. Only by constantly learning and mastering the latest relevant knowledge, can employees from all walks of life keep up with the pace of enterprise development and innovate to meet the needs of the market. This document is also edited by my studio professionals, there may be errors in the document, if there are errors, please correct, thank you!
（1）无监督分类 (2)有监督分类 （3）统计模式识别方法（4）句法模式识别方法 4、若描述模式的特征量为 0-1 二值特征量，则一般采用 （4） 进行相似性度量。

共5页 第4页
x
k1
θ
z
o
θ
k2
(3) 若这两束自然光光强不相等，设 I1=2I2, 也考虑光束夹角对光矢量振动方向的影响，求干 涉条纹的可见度。（10 分）
3. 用白色平行光正入射到透射式夫琅禾费衍射光栅上，在 300 衍射角上方向上观测到 600nm 的第 2 级主极大，但在该方向上 400nm 的主极大缺级。若该光栅刚好能分辨第 2 级光谱中在 600nm 附近波长差为 0.005nm 的两条谱线。求(1) 光栅常数; (2) 光栅的总宽度; (3) 狭缝的可 能最小宽度。（10 分）
A. 光源的横向宽度限制双缝的最大距离。
B. 光源的谱宽限制观察屏上干涉条纹的横向范围。
C. 条纹可见度整体随光源谱宽增大而降低。
D. 在光源临界宽度范围内，条纹可见度整体随光源宽度增大而降低。
13. 迈克耳逊干涉仪中补偿板的作用是
。
A. 消除两光路的不对称性
B. 补偿两光路的光程差
C. 在使用白色光源时补偿分光板的色散
B. 当 k 沿光轴时，S 与 k 的方向一致。
C. 当 k 沿光轴时，D 的方向无限制。
D. 当 k 沿主轴时，S 与 k 的方向一致。
22. 为使光正入射到单轴晶体内能获得最大的离散角，光轴与通光面的夹角β应满足
。
A. tgβ = ne / no
B. tgβ = no / ne
( ) C. tgβ = ne2 − no2 2neno
D．散射
25. 关于色散，下列说法中不正确的是
。
A. 正常色散发生在介质的透明区。
B. 反常色散发生在介质固有频率附近。
C. 正常色散是折射率随波长增加而减小的色散。 D. 反常色散是色散率为负的色散。

电子科技大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：211 翻译硕士英语注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

Part I Grammar & Vocabulary (1x30=30 points)There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A), B), C) and D). Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, which provide a secure _______tocarrying your money in cash.A) substitute B) selection C) preference D) alternative2. We should maintain our cultural _____, which represents the deep memory of our nation.A) legacy B) tendency C) agency D) fancy3. The mountain top was _____ visible in the misty summer morning.A) blankly B) dimly C) obscurely D) blurredly4. The two countries have __________ friendly relations for many years.A) retained B) sustained C) maintained D) remained5. Hard work can _____ your success in learning a foreign language.A) assure B) promise C) warrant D) guarantee6. Passengers have to pay __________ charges for their extra luggage.A) respective B) confidential C) additional D) sufficient7. The company expanded its business into Europe, hoping to _____ its market share.A) accelerate B) encourage C) urge D) boost8. The _____ from Africa’s booming oil sales rarely reaches the people who live where the oil isproduced.A)revenue B) currency C) tariff D) exchange共11页第1页9. Harnessing the wind to _____ electricity dates back to 1890.A) manufacture B) generate C) grow D) yield10. Luckily, there were no secondary infections and both of the patients_____.A) lived B) revived C) survived D) existed11. It made him uncomfortable to _____ his plan and think of something new.A) switch B) transfer C) shift D) alter12. Nuclear weapons are not the only explosive force _____ civilization.A) threatening B) frightening C) strengthening D) brightening13. Study can help us look into the future and _____ confused thinking.A) notify B) clarify C) simplify D) justify14. Those who _____ traffic regulations should be punished.A) abuse B) rotate C) violate D) degrade15. Computers are employed to process census data and to _____ such financial business ascollecting taxes.A) falsify B) fabricate C) fortify D)facilitate16. In order to boost morale, businesses try every effort to find ways to _____ both individual andteam performance.A) celebrate B) acclaim C) reward D) award17. Fertilizer, natural substance or mixture is used to _____ soil so as to promote plant growth.A) enact B) enlarge C) enclose D) enrich18. The president says that we are looking for ways to _____ our competitors.A) outperform B) outweigh C) outgrow D) outcry19. There is a strong _____ that the matter will soon be settled.A) livelihood B) likelihood C) singlehood D) manhood20. The _____ young hopefuls were pushed aside in the scramble for jobs.A) premature B) respected C) inexperienced D) distinguished21. ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D)Were they to arrive共11页第2页22. ____ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce theirradioactivity.A) As B) Whether C) While D) Now that23. ____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A) To be free B) To free C) Freeing D) Freed24. ____ the advances of the science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.A) As for B) Despite C) Except D) Besides25. ____ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively smallthe German economy actually is.A) To give B) Given C) Giving D) Having given26. ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a manwhose command of language is poor.A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal27. ____, he does not love her.A) As he likes her very much B) Though much he likes herC) Much although he likes her D) Much though he likes her28. The board deemed it’s urgent that these invitations ____ first thing tomorrow morning.A) had to be put in the mail B) must be put in the mailC) be put in the mail D) should have been put in the mail29. I ____ him the Christmas gift by mail because he came home during the Christmas holidays.A) ought to have sent B) couldn’t have sentC) must have sent D) needn’t have sent30. Physics is the present day equivalent of ____used to be called natural philosophy, from ____most of present day science arose.A) which, what B) that, whichC) what, which D) what, thatPart II Reading Comprehension (1.5x20+2x5=40 Points)In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Please read the passages and then write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.共11页第3页TEXT ATelevision —the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth — is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from distance. V ery simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photo-conductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have not only shaped television but our perception as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.31. With which topic is the passage primarily concerned?A) Recent changes in modern technology.B) The role of television in today’s society.C) The marriage of broadcasting giants.D) The content of broadcast television programs.32. What is the literal meaning of the word “television”?A) Sight from distance. B) Medium of the masses.C) Airwave transmission. D) V ehicle for communication.33. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics intelevision transmissions?A) The conversion of image into electronic impulses.B) The changing of one image into another image.C) The sending of impulses through a wire cable.共11页第4页D) The feeding of impulses into a receiver.34. What field of television is intended for specific groups?A) Broad-based B) Reconstituted C) Non-broadcast D) Traditional35. Which of the following statements about the relationship between the television and itsviewers can be inferred from the passage?A) Viewers have grown tired of television.B) Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.C) Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.D) Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.TEXT BAccording to some individuals, if your house is built in the right position, this may affect your success in life, which seems strange to many people. However, to believers in Feng-Shui, or the art of geomancy, not only the position but also the choice of decorations and even the color of your home can mean the difference between good fortune and disaster. This art has been practiced for centuries in China and is still used all over South East Asia. Even the huge Hong Kong banks call in a geomant if they are planning to build new offices. They have such faith in his knowledge that if he advises them to move, they will alter their plans for even their biggest buildings.Like many Oriental beliefs the geomant's skill depends on the idea of harmony in nature. If there is no imbalance between the opposing forces of Yin and Yang, the building will bring luck to its inhabitants. This means that the house must be built on the right spot as well as facing the right direction, and also be painted an auspicious color. For instance, if there are mountains to the north, this will protect them from evil influences. If the house is painted red, this will bring happiness to the occupants while green symbolizes youth and will bring long life. Other factors, such as the owner's time and date of birth, are taken into account, too. The geomant believes that unless all these are considered when choosing a site for construction, the fortune of the people using it will be at risk.Indeed, to ignore the geomant's advice can have fatal results. The death of the internationally famous Kung-Fu star, Brucee Lee, has been used as an example. It is said that when Lee found out that the house he was living in was an unlucky one, he followed a geomant's advice and installed an eight-sided mirror outside his front door to bring him luck. Unfortunately, a storm damaged the mirror and the house was left unprotected from harmful influences. Soon afterwards Lee died in mysterious circumstances.Not only is Feng-Shui still used in South East Asia, but it has also spread right across the world. Even in modern New York a successful commercial artist called Milton Glaser has found it useful. He was so desperate after his office was broken into six times that he consulted a geomant. He was told to install a fish tank with six black fish and fix a red clock to the ceiling. Since then he has not been burglarized once. It may seem an incredible story, but no other suitable explanation has been offered.共11页第5页36. From the passage we can infer that Feng-Shui is NOT used in ______.A) Hong KongB) the United StatesC) JapanD) Thailand37. Geomants believe that ______.A) houses must only be painted redB) houses must face mountainsC) nature and life should be in harmonyD) green is an unlucky color38. Geomants think that the reason for Bruce Lee's death is that ______.A) he didn't follow the geomants' adviceB) he installed an eight-sided mirrorC) he misunderstood the geomant's adviceD) a storm damaged the protection for his house39. The story of Milton Glaser shows that ______.A) colors are not important in geomancyB) geomancy is used by artistsC) geomancy is used in the WestD) the fight against crime is being won40. Which of the following best describes geomancy?A) It is a style of Oriental decoration.B) It is a type of painting.C) It is an ancient Chinese belief called Feng-Shui.D) It is an architectural design.TEXT CFor about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human inter-living, long enough to set back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.V oices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the共11页第6页nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets on the issue of nuclear energy. "Give it back," say some of the voices, "It doesn't really work, we've tried it and it doesn't work. Go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man."The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance of nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, and matters of absolute certainty-Newtonian mechanics, for example-have slipped through our fingers; and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, and ambiguities. Some of the laws of physics are amended every few years; some are canceled outright; some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear: the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today's imagining.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.41. What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?A) Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuableitems.B) For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude towardscience.C) Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progressunanimously.D) Some people think three hundred years is not long enough to set back for criticalappraisal of scientific method.42. The principle discovery in this century shows ________.A) man has overthrown Newton's laws of physicsB) man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzlesC) man has lost many scientific discoveriesD) man has given up some of the once accepted theories43. Now scientists have found in the past few years ________.A) the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessaryB) the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machineC) man knows nothing about DNA共11页第7页D) man has much to learn about DNA44. The writer's main purpose in writing the passage is to say that ________.A) science is just at its beginningB) science has greatly improved man's lifeC) science has made profound progressD) science has done too little to human beings45. The writer's attitude towards science is ________.A) critical B) approving C) neutral D) regretfulTEXT DAll societies have distinct role expectations for men and for women. In the United States these expectations have been undergoing change for many decades. Today Americans live in a world of diverse family patterns and conflicting images of ideal life styles for men and women. The conventional norms of the first half century defined a successful woman as a wife and mother who stayed home to carry out a full array of household duties. The husband and father was expected to stay away from the home most of the day, earning enough money to pay the bills. Many adults still live by these expectations, but the traditional pattern is no longer held up as an ideal to be followed by everyone.Times have changed; there is no return to yesterday. Although the women’s movement and political controversies about such issues and the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual harassment suggest that changing sex roles is a recent issue, this is far from the case. Broad trends can be identified over the past hundred years. Women have increased their participation in the labor force from 18% in 1900 to over 50% today, and they give birth to fewer children than women did in the past.These two trends –increasing participation in the labor force and decreasing family size –suggest that major long-term changes have restructured the role expectations of men and women. These changes are complex. The fact that more women are joining the labor force as full-time workers does not mean that a single sex role pattern is emerging.On the contrary, we are living in a period of diverse family patterns. According to Kathleen Gerson,“the domestic woman who builds her life around children and homemaking persists, but she now co-exists with a growing number of working mothers and permanently childless women.”Women today face hard choices as they make decisions about work, career, and motherhood. Despite women’s liberation, women still earn less than men in the work place and are still expected to do most of the work in the home. Women work substantially more hours each week in the home and at the workplace than men do. Women are working harder than ever, yet many do not enjoy the benefits of full equality.共11页第8页46. The traditional roles for men and women ___.A) are diverseB) are conflictingC) have been changingD) are no longer followed47. Changing sex roles is not a recent issue because ___.A) women have increased their participation in the labor force over the past hundredyearsB) more and more women are becoming working mothers or childless womenC) the conventional image of women has changed beyond recognitionD) people have changed their expectations of women in modern society48. The fact that more women are joining the labor force as full time workers mean that ___.A) women are becoming more independentB) the family patterns are becoming diverseC) a single-role pattern is emergingD) women are eager to work49. It’s stated in the last paragraph that ___.A) women today still suffer from inequality in work and lifeB) women’s liberation has promoted their social statusC) the society expects more from women than from menD) women are more capable and diligent than men50. According to this passage, the statement which is NOT true is ___.A) many people still follow the conventional norms of life styleB) women today give birth to fewer children than women in the pastC) more and more women choose to work rather than to be housewivesD) men do as much domestic work as women do at homeTEXT EConsumers are to be presented with two rival new year advertising campaigns as the Food Standards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain's obesity epidemic.The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers and retailers, including Kellogg's and Tesco, to derail the system. The industry fears that traffic lights would demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those that are共11页第9页fatty, salty or high in sugar.The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth￡1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt and/or sugar.The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of “guideline daily amounts”(GDAs) of fat, salt and sugar contained in their products.The battle for the nation’s diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar adverts for unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children. Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industry and have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as “the most ferocious we've ever experienced”.Ofcom's chief executive, Ed Richards, said: “We are prepared to face up to any legal action from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary.” The FSA said it was expecting an onslaught from the industry in January. Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers' efforts to undermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency's credibility.Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were not based on science. “We have some of the most respected scientists in Europe, both within the FSA and in our independent advisory committees. It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA’s scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.”The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency, United, before Christmas, and will aim to air ads that are "non-confrontational, humorous and factual" as a counterweight to industry’s efforts about the same time. The agency, however, will have a tiny fraction of the budget available to the industry.Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on its food.Alastair Sykes, chief executive of NestléUK, said that under the FSA proposals all his company’s confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red. “Are we saying people shouldn’t eat confectionery? We're driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what we do has been to make our products healthier,” he said.Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg's, said: “In principle we could never accept traffic light labelling.”The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg’s, Danone, Unilever, Nestlé, Kraft and Tesco and now favoured by 21 manufacturers, uses an industry-devised system based on identifying GDAs of key nutrients. Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores and that the latter increased sales of healthier foods.But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was “not scientific”or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.共11页第10页51. When will instructions be given on reading the color-coded labels?52. Where can customers find the red light labels?53. What problem is the FSA trying to handle with the labeling system?54. What information, according to the manufacturers, can be labeled on products?55. What can not be advertised during children’ programmes?PART III Writing (30 Points)Write an essay about 400 words to state your view on the following topic:Good MannersIn the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.共11页第11页电子科技大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：448 汉语写作与百科知识注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

一、计算题或者简答题1. 有一些区间段(0,3), (1,4), (3,5), (6,8),(7,9)，给出个数最多的一组相容的区间段（两个区间相容当且仅当两个区间的交集为空）。

2. 如下可满足问题（SAT）是否有解，若有解该如何给变量赋值：3. 求如下有向图中的一个最长路径，要求给出路径和路径长度的值。

4.智能计算，并行计算概念二、将下列函数按照渐进增长率由大到小进行排列，并给出你的判断依据：三、有一堆货物需要被运走，现在有三种运货车：推车的容量最小，小货车的容量是推车容量的2倍，大货车的容量是两辆小货车的容量加上一辆推车的容量。

假设以上三种车的数量都非常多。

现在要求你设计一种方案派出最少辆车将货物全搬走，其中除了推车以外其它三种车都必须装满才能发车。

为这个问题设计一个算法，并证明该算法的正确性。

提示：贪心算法四、求如下图中s和t间的最小割。

五、对某个输入为n的问题有如下四个分而治之算法：算法1将该问题分成2个子问题，子问题大小为n/3，将子问题的解合并得到上一级问题的解需要O(n)时间；算法2将该问题分成3个子问题，子问题大小为n/2，将子问题的解合并得到上一级问题的解需要O(n)时间；算法3第 1 页共2 页六、为最大独立集问题建立一个整数规划模型。

七、一个图中的一组边集A满足如下性质则称A为一个独立匹配：A中任何两条边都没有公共顶点，任意两个来自A中两条不同边的顶点之间都不存在一条边。

证明求一个图中最大独立匹配（含有最多条边的独立匹配）是NP 难的。

（提示：可以考虑利用最大独立集问题来构造归约）八、子集和问题定义如下：输入为一个有n个正整数的集合A和一个正整数k，问是否存在A的一个子集合其中所有元素之和正好等于k。

为子集和问题设计一个动态规划算法，并用你的算法对如下实例进行求解（要求画出表格）：A={2,3,7,8,9}，k=18.九、叙述带权重的点覆盖问题（Weighted Vertex Cover Problem）的竞价法（PricingMethod），并证明这个算法是个2倍近似算法。

第一章绪论1 •什么是模式？具体事物所具有的信息。

模式所指的不是事物本身，而是我们从事物中获得的—信息__。

2. 模式识别的定义？ 让计算机来判断事物。

3. 模式识别系统主要由哪些部分组成？ 数据获取一预处理一特征提取与选择一分类器设计/分类决策。

第二章贝叶斯决策理论P ( W 2 ) / p ( w 1 ) _,贝V X1. 最小错误率贝叶斯决策过程？答：已知先验概率，类条件概率。

利用贝叶斯公式 得到后验概率。

根据后验概率大小进行决策分析。

2 .最小错误率贝叶斯分类器设计过程？答：根据训练数据求出先验概率P ( W i ), i类条件概率分布p ( x | W i ), i 1 , 2 利用贝叶斯公式得到后验概率P (W i | x)P(X | W j )P(W j )j 1如果输入待测样本 X ,计算X 的后验概率根据后验概率大小进行分类决策分析。

3. 最小错误率贝叶斯决策规则有哪几种常用的表示形式?决策规则的不同形式(董点)C1^ 如vr, | JV ) = max 戶(vr ] WJ A * U vtvEQ 如杲尹a H ; )2^(ir, ) = max |沪0輕』),则x e HpCx |=尸4 "J"匕< 4) 如!4i= — 1IL | /( JV )] = — 111 戸(兀 | w”. ) -+- 11111r a4. 贝叶斯决策为什么称为最小错误率贝叶斯决策？答：最小错误率Bayes 决策使得每个观测值下的条件错误率最小因而保证了 (平均)错误率最小。

Bayes 决策是最优决策：即，能使决策错误率最小。

5 .贝叶斯决策是 由先验概率和(类条件概率)概率，推导(后验概率)概率，然后利用这 个概率进行决策。

6.利用乘法法则和全概率公式证明贝叶斯公式p(AB) p(A|B)p(B) p(B|A)p(A)P (A」B )答：m所以推出贝叶斯公式p(B) p(B|Aj)p(Aj)j 17. 朴素贝叶斯方法的条件独立D (1P (x | W i ) P(W i )i i入)2P(x | W j ) P (w j )j 11 ,2P (x | W i )P(W i )如果 I (x)P(B |A i )P(AJ P ( B ) P ( B | A i ) P ( A i ) 7MP ( B | A j ) P ( A j )2假设是( P(x| 3 i) =P(x1, x2, …,xn | co i)19.=P(x1|3 i) P(x2| 3 i)…P(xn| 3 i))8•怎样利用朴素贝叶斯方法获得各个属性的类条件概率分布？答：假设各属性独立，P(x| 3 i) =P(x1, x2, …,xn |3 i) = P(x1| 3 i) P(x2| 3 i)P(xn| 3 i)后验概率：P( 3 i|x) = P( 3 i) P(x1|3 i) P(x2| 3 i)…P(xn| 3 i)类别清晰的直接分类算，如果是数据连续的，假设属性服从正态分布，算出每个类的均值方 差，最后得到类条件概率分布。

1、PCA和LDA的区别？PCA是一种无监督的映射方法，LDA是一种有监督的映射方法。

PCA只是将整组数据映射到最方便表示这组数据的坐标轴上，映射时没有利用任何数据内部的分类信息。

因此，虽然做了PCA后，整组数据在表示上更加方便（降低了维数并将信息损失降到了最低），但在分类上也许会变得更加困难；LDA在增加了分类信息之后，将输入映射到了另外一个坐标轴上，有了这样一个映射，数据之间就变得更易区分了（在低纬上就可以区分，减少了很大的运算量），它的目标是使得类别内的点距离越近越好，类别间的点越远越好。

2、最大似然估计和贝叶斯方法的区别？p(x|X)是概率密度函数，X是给定的训练样本的集合，在哪种情况下，贝叶斯估计接近最大似然估计？最大似然估计把待估的参数看做是确定性的量，只是其取值未知。

利用已知的样本结果，反推最有可能（最大概率）导致这样结果的参数值(模型已知，参数未知）。

贝叶斯估计则是把待估计的参数看成是符合某种先验概率分布的随机变量。

对样本进行观测的过程，把先验概率密度转化为后验概率密度，利用样本的信息修正了对参数的初始估计值。

当训练样本数量趋于无穷的时候，贝叶斯方法将接近最大似然估计。

如果有非常多的训练样本，使得p(x|X)形成一个非常显著的尖峰，而先验概率p(x)又是均匀分布，此时两者的本质是相同的。

3、为什么模拟退火能够逃脱局部极小值？在解空间内随机搜索，遇到较优解就接受，遇到较差解就按一定的概率决定是否接受，这个概率随时间的变化而降低。

实际上模拟退火算法也是贪心算法，只不过它在这个基础上增加了随机因素。

这个随机因素就是：以一定的概率来接受一个比单前解要差的解。

通过这个随机因素使得算法有可能跳出这个局部最优解。

4、最小错误率和最小贝叶斯风险之间的关系？基于最小风险的贝叶斯决策就是基于最小错误率的贝叶斯决策，换言之，可以把基于最小错误率决策看做是基于最小风险决策的一个特例，基于最小风险决策本质上就是对基于最小错误率公式的加权处理。

2) 写出判别函数和决策面方程。 8、已知：ω1: X1 =(0,2)T , X3 =(2,0)T , X5 =(-1,-1)T
ω2: X2 =(1,1)T , X4 =(0,-2)T, X6 =(-2,0)T 给定初始增广权向量 w1=(1 1 1)T ， C=1。
要求：用感知器算法求模式分类的解向量w。 7-8 参考： 用多类感知器算法求下列模式的判别函数：
x4: 1, 1, 0, 2, 0
x5: 3, 2, 1, 2, 1 x6: 4, 1, 1, 1, 0
5、设有 5 个 6 维模式样本如下，按最小/大距离准则进行聚类分析（距离度量采用欧氏距离）
x1: 0, 1,3, 1, 3, 4
x2: 3, 3, 3, 1,2,1 x3: 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,1
ω1: (-1 -1)T，ω2: (0 0)T，ω3: (1 1)T 解：采用一般化的感知器算法，将模式样本写成增广形式，即
x1 =（-1,-1,1）T , x2 = (0, 0,1)T , x3 = (1,1,1)T
取初始值 w1 = w2 = w3 = (0, 0, 0)T ，取 C = 1，则有
第四步：若 z j (k + 1) ≠ z j (k) ，j=1,2,…,K，则返回第二步，将模式样本逐个重新分类，重复迭代
运算；
若 z j (k + 1) = z j (k) ，j=1,2,…,K，则算法收敛，计算结束。
（2）选 k = 2 ， z1(1) = x1, z2 (1) = x10 ，用 K-均值算法进行聚类分析
假设 i=j 时， D j (k) = min{ x − zi (k) ,i = 1,2,⋯K} ，则 x ∈ S j (k) ，其中 k 为迭代运算的次序号，