1998年考研英语真题(张剑)

1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C],and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man.But they insisted that its3results during the period from1750to1850were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population.5 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a6agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists8history and economics,have9two things:that the period from1650to1750was10by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［C］mean［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed［C］labeled［D］markedSectionⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40points)Text1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves.Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left--all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists.This week,in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper, or scientific.It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.You don’t need a dam to be saved.11.The third sentence of Paragraph1implies that________.[A]people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B]the blind could be happier than the sighted[C]over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D]fascination makes people lose their eyesight12.In Paragraph5,“the powerless”probably refers to________.[A]areas short of electricity[B]dams without power stations[C]poor countries around India[D]common people in the Narmada Dam area13.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A]They bring in more fertile soil.[B]They help defend the country.[C]They strengthen international ties.[D]They have universal control of the waters.14.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A]“It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B]“More haste,less speed”[C]“Look before you leap”[D]“He who laughs last laughs best”Text2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about 2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-87average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done.Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague, Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish--“the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author,the American economic situation is________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems[D]near to complete recovery16.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy17.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --but no longer.As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘anti-science’can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)in the context probably means________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt20.Paragraphs2and3are written to________.[A]discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B]show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C]explain the way in which science develops[D]exemplify the division of science and the humanities21.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A]Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B]Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C]The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as anti-science.[D]Tagging environmentalists as“anti-science”is justifiable.22.The author’s attitude toward the issue of“science vs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development--and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states--Florida,Texas and California--together had nearly10million more people in1980than a decade earlier.Among large cities,San Diego moved from14th to8th and San Antonio from15th to10th--with Cleveland and Washington.D.C.,dropping out of the top10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon:More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too.Some instances—■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate--37.1percent since1970in a vast area with only5percent of the US population.■Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5and53.1percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people--about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent--little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText5Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface;on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes.The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past30million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome.As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).27.The author believes that________.[A]the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B]the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C]the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D]the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A]the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B]they have been found to share certain geological features[C]the African plate has been stable for30million years[D]over100hot spots are scattered all around the globe29.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining________.[A]the structure of the African plates[B]the revival of dead volcanoes[C]the mobility of the continents[D]the formation of new oceans30.The passage is mainly about________.[A]the features of volcanic activities[B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D]the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some15billion light-years from earth.31)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed15billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite--Cobe--had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars, plants and eventually,even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldn’t have long to wait.33)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.34)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity.35)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31.________32.________33.________34.________35.________Section V WritingDirections:[A]Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than150words.[B]Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2.Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.B3.D4.A5.D6.D7.A8.B9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.C12.D13.D14.CPassage215.A16.B17.B18.APassage319.C20.D21.A22.APassage423.B24.C25.D26.CPassage527.B28.B29.C30.CPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

1998年Part Ⅰ Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not be Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caughta ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in returnfor certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart Ⅱ Gloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42)man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points )Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigationare possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mererubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whetherone continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart Ⅳ English - Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese . four translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. ( 15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip at enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71 But even more important, it was farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the。

1998年Part Ⅰ Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caughta ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in returnfor certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart Ⅱ Gloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42)man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points )Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigationare possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by % since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mererubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: and percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whetherone continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart Ⅳ English - Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese . four translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. ( 15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip at enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71 But even more important, it was farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the。

考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。

同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。

1998年Part ⅠStructure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much ininternational political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart ⅡGloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42) man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points ) Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart ⅣEnglish - Chinese TranslationDirections:。

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close Test一、文章结构分析本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。

第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。

二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。

二、试题具体分析1. ［A］so这么，那么［B］more更多［C］else其他的，别的［D］another另外一个本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配+副词用法。

［快速解题］空格所在部分For an hour or 1 是句子的时间状语，考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。

…or so 是固定搭配，用在数字之后，表示“…左右，…上下”，for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”，说明了时间，符合文意。

因此选［A］so。

［篇章分析］文章第①句总说，交待人物（Annie）、时间（每周三下午）、地点（城镇）、活动内容（购物）。

②③具体讲述活动内容：首先购买所需物品（②句），然后到家具店“橱窗购物”（③句）。

句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour 时间链条，in the market—up and down between the stalls—（leave the market）for the streets—furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。

［空格设置］此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so，表示约指，例句：There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。

［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的副词。

else用于疑问句或nothing，something，everybody等之后，如：What else did he say?他还说了些什么？or else意为“要不然，否则”，是连词词组，引导句子，如：Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快点，否则你就要迟到了。

(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.CPart Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。

【答案】B【考核知识点】非谓语动词【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般容易”。

故应该选B。

2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。

【答案】D【考核知识点】情态动词【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做；“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词；“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了；根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对；B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressedup”。

1998年考研英语真题精解精析1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。

1998年试题题型与1997年相比难度保持一致，但总体难度较往年略有上升。

翻译部分的文章难度加大。

所要求翻译的五个句子难度相当高，如果不仔细阅读原文，结合原文进行翻译将很难获得哪怕是一分的分值。

这也是1998年考题的一个显著特点。

SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。

第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。

第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。

【英汉对照】41.[A]admitted(承认)[B]believed(相信，认为)[C]claimed(宣称，声称)[D]predicted(预测)42.[A]plain(平凡的)[B]average(普通的)[C]mean(平均的，卑鄙的)[D]normal(正常的)43.[A]momentary(片刻的，瞬息的)[B]prompt(及时的，迅速的)[C]instant(效果快速的，瞬即产生的)[D]immediate(直接的，立刻的)44.[A]bulk(绝大多数)[B]host(一大群，许多)[C]gross(总额，总量)[D]magnitude(大小)45.[A]On(关于)[B]With(随着)[C]For(为了)[D]By(通过……方式)46.[A]broadly(大体上，概括地，广泛地)[B]thoroughly(彻底地)[C]generally(广泛地，通常)[D]completely(完全地，全部地)47.[A]however(然而)[B]meanwhile(同时)[C]therefore(于是)[D]moreover(进而)48.[A]at(在……点)[B]in(在……方面)[C]about(关于)[D]for(为了)49.[A]manifested(表现，证明)[B]approved(同意，批准，赞同)[C]shown(指出，显示，说明)[D]speculated(指出，显示，说明)50.[A]noted(因……而著名)[B]impressed(被……留下深刻印象)[C]labeled(被视为……)[D]marked(具有……的特征)【核心词汇】abundance[E5bQndEns]n.丰富，充裕，大量critical[5kritikE]a.批评的,评论的;危急,紧要的;临界的,吹毛求疵的，批评严厉的；判断谨慎的（crit+ical形容词后缀→批判的）historian[his5tC:riEn]n.历史学家；史学工作者（history历史+ian→历史学家）majority[mE5dVCriti]n.多数,大多数,成年,法定年龄（major主要的+ity名词后缀→多数）misery[5mizEri]n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸，悲惨的境遇，贫苦（miser+y名词后缀→可怜）industrialization[in7dQstriElai5zeiFn]n.工业化（industrial工业的+ization）poverty[5pCvEti]n.贫穷,贫困；缺少,缺乏preceding[pri(:)5si:diN]a.在前的,在先的（preced+ing形容词后缀）prosperity[prCs5periti]n.繁荣,兴旺，发达，昌盛（prosper+ity名词后缀→繁荣）specialist[5speFElIst]n.专家；专科医生（special+ist人）【超纲词汇】populace[5pCpjulEs]n.百姓,平民【常用词组】in the long run从长远来看,终究speak of谈到,讲到;显示出……【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→上下文语义+动词词义辨析解题技巧→文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。