Toward a Geocentric Theory of Multinational

a r X i v :h e p -t h /9705178v 1 23 M a y 1997Generalized Chiral QED 2:Anomaly and Exotic StatisticsFuad M.SaradzhevInstitute of Physics,Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan,Huseyn Javid pr.33,370143Baku,AZERBAIJANABSTRACTWe study the influence of the anomaly on the physical quantum picture of the generalized chiral Schwinger model defined on S 1.We show that the anomaly i)results in the background linearly rising electric field and ii)makes the spectrum of the physical Hamiltonian nonrelativistic without a massive boson.The physical matter fields acquire exotic statistics.We construct explicitly the algebra of the Poincare generators and show that it differs from the Poincare one.We exhibit the role of the vacuum Berry phase in the failure of the Poincare algebra to close.We prove that,in spite of the background electric field,such phenomenon as the total screening of external charges characteristic for the standard Schwinger model takes place in the generalized chiral Schwinger model,too.PACS numbers:03.70+k ,11.10.Mn.1IntroductionThe two-dimensional QED with massless fermions,i.e.the Schwinger model(SM),demonstrates such phenomena as the dynamical mass generation and the total screening of the charge[1].Although the Lagrangian of the SM contains only masslessfields,a massive bosonfield emerges out of the interplay of the dynamics that govern the originalfields.This mass generation is due to the complete compensation of any external charge inserted into the vacuum.In the chiral Schwinger model(CSM)[2,3]the right and left chiral components of the fermionic field have different charges.The left-right asymmetric matter content leads to an anomaly.At the quantum level,the local gauge symmetry is not realized by a unitary action of the gauge symmetry group on Hilbert space.The Hilbert space furnishes a projective representation of the symmetry group[4,5,6].In this paper,we aim to study the influence of the anomaly on the physical quantum picture of the CSM.Do the dynamical mass generation and the total screening of charges take place also in the CSM?Are there any new physical effects caused just by the left-right asymmetry?These are the questions which we want to answer.To get the physical quantum picture of the CSM we needfirst to construct a self-consistent quantum theory of the model and then solve all the quantum constraints.In the quantization procedure,the anomaly manifests itself through a special Schwinger term in the commutator algebra of the Gauss law generators.This term changes the nature of the Gauss law constraint:instead of beingfirst-class constraint,it turns into second-class one.As a consequence,the physical quantum states cannot be defined as annihilated by the Gauss law generator.There are different approaches to overcome this problem and to consistently quantize the CSM. The fact that the second class constraint appears only after quantization means that the number of degrees of freedom of the quantum theory is larger than that of the classical theory.To keep the Gauss law constraintfirst-class,Faddeev and Shatashvili proposed adding an auxiliaryfield in such a way that the dynamical content of the model does not change[7].At the same time,after quantization it is the auxiliaryfield that furnishes the additional”irrelevant”quantum degrees of freedom.The auxiliaryfield is described by the Wess-Zumino term.When this term is added to the Lagrangian of the original model,a new,anomaly-free model is obtained.Subsequent canonical quantization of the new model is achieved by the Dirac procedure.For the CSM,the correspondig WZ-term is not defined uniquely.It contains the so called Jackiw-Rajaraman parameter a>1.This parameter reflects an ambiguity in the bosonization procedure and in the construction of the WZ-term.The spectrum of the new,anomaly-free model turns out to be relativistic and contains a relativistic boson.However,the mass of the boson also depends on the Jackiw-Rajaraman parameter[2,3].This mass corresponds therefore to the”irrelevant”quantum degrees of freedom.The quantum theory with such a parameter in the spectrum is not physical,i.e. thatfinal version of the quantum theory which we would like to get.The latter should not contain any nonphysical parameters,otherwise one can not say anything about a physical quantum picture.In another approach also formulated by Faddeev[8],the auxiliaryfield is not added,so the quantum Gauss law constraint remains second-class.The standard Gauss law is assumed to be regained as a statement valid in matrix elements between some states of the total Hilbert space,and it is the states that are called physical.The theory is regularized in such a way that the quantum Hamiltonian commutes with the nonmodified,i.e.second-class quantum Gauss law constraint.The spectrum turns out to be non-relativistic[9,10].Here,we follow the approach given in our previous work[11].The pecularity of the CSM is that its anomalous behaviour is trivial in the sense that the second class constraint which appears afterquantization can be turned intofirst class by a simple redefinition of the canonical variables.This allows us to formulate a modified Gauss law to constrain physical states.The physical states are gauge-invariant up to a phase,the phase being1-cocycle of the gauge symmetry group algebra.In [12,13,14],the modification of the Gauss law constraint is obtained by making use of the adiabatic approach.Contrary to[11]where the CSM is defined on R1,we suppose here that space is a circle of lengthL,−L2,so space-time manifold is a cylinder S1×R1.The gaugefield then acquires aglobal physical degree of freedom represented by the non-integrable phase of the Wilson integral on S1.We show that this brings in the physical quantum picture new features of principle.Another way of making two-dimensional gaugefield dynamics nontrivial is byfixing the spatial asymptotics of the gaugefield[15,16].If we assume that the gaugefield defined on R1diminishes rather rapidly at spatial infinities,then it again acquires a global physical degree of freedom.We will see that the physical quantum picture for the model defined on S1is equivalent to that obtained in[15,16].We consider the general version of the CSM with a U(1)gaugefield coupled with different charges to both chiral components of a fermionicfield.We show that the charges are not arbitrary,but satisfy a quantization condition.The SM where these charges are equal is a special case of the generalized CSM.This will allow us at each step of our consideration to see the distinction between the two models.We work in the temporal gauge A0=0in the framework of the canonical quantization scheme and the Dirac’s quantization method for the constrained systems[17].We use the system of units where c=1.In Section2,we quantize our model in two steps.First,the matterfields are quantized, while A1is handled as a classical backgroundfield.The gaugefield A1is quantized afterwords,using the functional Schrodinger representation.We derive the anomalous commutators with nonvanishing Schwinger terms which indicate that our model is anomalous.In Section3,we show that the Schwinger term in the commutator of the Gauss law generators is removed by a redefinition of these generators and formulate the modified quantum Gauss law constraint.We prove that this constraint can be also obtained by using the adiabatic approximation and the notion of quantum holonomy.In Section4,we construct the physical quantum Hamiltonian consistent with the modified quan-tum Gauss law constraint,i.e.invariant under the modified gauge transformations both topologically trivial and non-trivial.We introduce the modified topologically non-trivial gauge transformation op-erator and defineθ–states which are its eigenstates.We consider in detail the case of the SM and demonstrate its equivalence to the freefield theory of a massive scalarfield.For the generalized CSM,we define the exotic statistics matterfield and reformulate the quantum theory in terms of thisfield.In Section5,we construct two other Poincare generators,i.e.the momentum and the boost.We act in the same way as before with the Hamiltonian,namely we define the physical generators as those which are invariant under both topologically trivial and non-trivial gauge transformations.We show that the algebra of the constructed generators is not a Poincare one and that the failure of the Poincare algebra to close is connected to the nonvanishing vacuum Berry curvature.In Section6,we study the charge screening.We introduce external charges and calculate(i)the energy of the ground state of the physical Hamiltonian with the external charges and(ii)the current density induced by these charges.Section7contains our conclusions and discussion.2Quantization Procedure2.1Classical TheoryThe Lagrangian density of the generalized CSM isL=−10,1,γ0=σ1,γ1=−iσ2,γ0γ1=γ5=σ3,σi(i=2(1±γ5)ψ.In the temporal gauge A0=0,the Hamiltonian density isH=H EM+H F,(2) where H EM=12)=A1(L2)=ψ±(L¯he±λ}ψ±,generated byG=∂1E+e+j++e−j−,λbeing a gauge function,as well as under global gauge transformations of the right-handed and left-handed Diracfields which are generated byQ±=e± L/2−L/2dxj±(x).Due to the gauge invariance,the Hamiltonian density is not uniquely determined.On the con-strained submanifold G≈0of the full phase space,the Hamiltonian density˜H=H+v H·G,(4) where v H is an arbitrary Lagrange multiplier which can be any function of thefield variables and their momenta,reduces to the Hamiltonian density H.In this sense,our theory cannot distinguish between H and˜H,and so both Hamiltonian densities are physically equivalent to each other.For arbitrary e+,e−the gauge transformations do not respect the boundary conditions 3.The gauge transformations compatible with the boundary conditions must be either of the formλ(L2)+¯h2πe+=N,N∈Z,(6)or of the formλ(L2)+¯h2πe−=N∈Z.(7)Eqs.6or7imply the charge quantization condition for our system.Without loss of generality, we choose the condition 6.For N=1,e−=e+and we have the standard Schwinger model.For N=0,we get the model in which only the right-handed component of the Diracfield is coupled to the gaugefield.From Eq.5we see that the gauge transformations under consideration are divided into topo-logical classes characterized by the integer n.Ifλ(L2),then the gauge transformation istopologically trivial and belongs to the n=0class.If n=0it is nontrivial and has winding number n.Given Eq.5,the nonintegrable phaseΓ(A)=exp{i¯he+L b(t)}.In contrast toΓ(A),the line integralb(t)=1e+Ln.By a non-trivial gauge transformation of the formg n=exp{i2πe+L].The configurations b=0and b=¯h2πe+L.2.2Quantization and AnomalyThe eigenfunctions and the eigenvalues of thefirst quantized fermionic Hamiltonians ared± x|n;± =±εn,± x|n;± ,wherex|n;± =1L exp{i¯hεn,±·x},εn,±=2π2π).We see that the spectrum of the eigenvalues depends on b.For e+b Le+L,the energies ofεn,+decrease by¯h2πL N.Some of energy levels change sign.However,the spectrum atthe configurations b=0and b=¯h2π2π¯h (and e−b L2π¯h]and{e±b L2π¯h],a†n|vac;A;+ =0for n≤[e+b Landb n |vac;A ;− =0for n ≤[e −b L2π¯h ].(11)Excited states are constructed by operating creation operators on the Fock vacuum.In the ζ–function regularization scheme,we define the action of the functional derivative on first quantized fermionic kets and bras byδδA 1(x )|n ;± ·|λεm,±|−s/2,n ;±|←δδA 1(x )|m ;± m ;±|·|λεm,±|−s/2.From 8we get the action ofδδA 1(x )a n =−lim s →0m ∈Zn ;+|δδA 1(x )a †n=lims →0m ∈Zm ;+|δδA 1(x )on b n ,b †n can be written analogously.Next we define the quantum fermionic currents and fermionic parts of the second-quantized Hamiltonian asˆj s ±(x )=12L /2−L /2dx (ψ†s ±d ±ψs ±−ψs ±d ⋆±ψ†s±).Substituting 8into these expressions,we obtainˆj s ±(x )=n ∈Z1Lnx }ρs ±(n ),whereρs +(n )≡k ∈Z12[b †k ,b k +n ]−·|λεk,−|−s/2|λεk +n,−|−s/2are momentum space charge density (or current)operators,andˆH s ±(x )=n ∈Z1Lnx }H s±(n ),H s ±(n )≡H s 0,±(n )∓e ±bρs±(n ),(12)whereH s0,+(n)≡¯hπ2[a†k,a k+n]−·|λεk,+|−s/2|λεk+n,+|−s/2,H s0,−(n)≡¯hπ2[b k+n,b†k]−·|λεk,−|−s/2|λεk+n,−|−s/2. The charges corresponding to the currentsˆj s±(x)areˆQ s±=e± L/2−L/2dxˆj s±(x)=e±ρs±(0).With Eqs.10and11,we have for the vacuum expectation values:vac;A;±|ˆj±(x)|vac;A;± =−12(ξ++ξ−),whereη±≡±lim s→01λ k∈Z|λεk,±|−s+1.Taking the sums,we obtainη±=±22π¯h}−1L(({e±b L2)2−12η±,ˆQ ±=e±:ρ±(0):−L2ξ±,where double dots indicate normal ordering with respect to|vac,A ,ˆH 0,+=¯h2π2π¯h]ka†k a k|λεk,+|−s− k≤[e+b LLlims→0{k>[e−b L2π¯h]kb†k b k|λεk,−|−s}and:ρ+(0):=lims→0{ k>[e+b L2π¯h]a k a†k|λεk,+|−s},:ρ−(0):=lims→0{ k≤[e−b L2π¯h]b k b†k|λεk,−|−s}.The operators:ˆj±(x):and:ˆH±:are well defined when acting onfinitely excited states which have only afinite number of excitations relative to the Fock vacuum.To construct the quantum electromagnetic Hamiltonian,we quantize the gaugefield using the functional Schrodinger representation.In this representation,when the vacuum and excited fermionic Fock states are functionals of A1,the gaugefield operators are represented asˆA1(x)→A1(x),ˆE(x)→−i¯hδL pxαp.Since A1(x)is a real function,αp satisfiesαp=α⋆−p.The Fourier expansion for the canonical momentum conjugate to A1(x)is thenˆE(x)=1L¯h p∈Z p=0e−i2πdαp, whereˆπb≡−i¯h dL exp{i2πL ¯h2ddb−1dα−p+qd2Lˆπ2b−1dαqd2(ξ++ξ−).If we multiply two operators that arefinite linear combinations of the fermionic creation and annihilation operators,theζ–function regulated operator product agrees with the naive product. However,if the operators involve infinite summations their naive product is not generally well defined. We then define the operator product by mutiplying the regulated operators with s large and positive and analytically continue the result to s=0.In this way we obtain the following relations[ρ±(m),ρ±(n)]−=±mδm,−n,(15) [H0,±(n),H0,±(m)]−=±¯h2π[ˆH0,±,ρ±(m)]−=∓¯h2πdbρ±(m)=0,d2π¯hδp,±m,d2π¯hδp,±m,(p>0).(16) The quantum Gauss operator isˆG=ˆG0+2πLpx−ˆG−(p)e−i2πLe+ρN(0),ˆG ±(p)≡¯h pd2πρN(±p)andρN=ρ++Nρ−is momentum space total charge density operator.Using15and16,we easily get thatρ+(±p)(andρ−(±p))are gauge invariant.For example, forρ+(±p)we have:[ˆG+(p),ρ+(±q)]−=0,[ˆG−(p),ρ+(±q)]−=0,(p>0,q>0).The operatorsˆG±(p)don’t commute with themselves,[ˆG+(p),ˆG−(q)]−=(1−N2)e2+L24π2d3Quantum Constraints3.1Quantum SymmetryIn non-anomalous gauge theories,Gauss law is considered to be valid for physical states only.This identifies physical states as those which are gauge-invariant.The problem with the anomalous be-haviour of the generalized CSM,in terms of states in Hilbert space,is apparent:owing to theSchwinger terms we cannot require that states be annihilated by the Gauss law generators ˆG±(p ).Let us represent the action of the topologically trivial gauge transformations by the operatorsU 0(τ)=exp {i¯hp>0(ˆG+τ++ˆG −τ−)}(17)with τ0,τ±(p )smooth,thenU −10(τ)α±p U 0(τ)=α±−ipτ∓(p ),U −1(τ)d dα±p∓i 2π)2τ±(p ),(p >0).The composition law for the operators U 0isU 0(τ(1))U 0(τ(2))=exp {2πiω2(τ(1),τ(2))}U 0(τ(1)+τ(2)),whereω2(τ(1),τ(2))≡−i2π¯h )2p>0p (τ(1)−τ(2)+−τ(1)+τ(2)−)is a 2-cocycle of the gauge group algebra.Thus for N =±1we are dealing with a projectiverepresentation.The 2-cocycle ω2(τ(1),τ(2))is trivial,since it can be removed by a simple redefinition of U 0(τ).Indeed,the modified operators˜U0(τ)=exp {i 2πα1(γ;τ)}·U 0(τ),(18)whereα1(γ,τ)≡−12π¯h )2p>0(α−p τ−−αp τ+)is a 1-cocycle,satisfy the ordinary composition law˜U0(τ(1))˜U 0(τ(2))=˜U 0(τ(1)+τ(2)),i.e.the action of the topologically trivial gauge transformations represented by 18is unitary.The modified Gauss law generators corresponding to 18areˆ˜G±(p )=ˆG ±(p )±18π2α±p .(19)The generators ˆ˜G±(p )commute:[ˆ˜G+(p ),ˆ˜G −(q )]−=0.This means that Gauss law can be maintained at the quantum level for N=±1,too.We define physical states as those which are annihilated byˆ˜G±(p)[11]:ˆ˜G(p)|phys;A =0.(20)±The zero componentˆG0is a sum of quantum generators of the global gauge transformations of the right-handed and left-handed fermionicfields,so the other quantum constraints are:ρ±(0):|phys;A =0.(21) It follows from20that the physical states|phys;A respond to a gauge transformation from the zero topological class with a phase:U0(τ)|phys;A =exp{−i2πα1(γ;τ)}|phys;A .(22) Only for models without anomaly,i.e.for N=±1,this equation translates into the statement that physical states are gauge invariant.Equation22expresses in an exact form the nature of anomaly in the CSM.At the quantum level the gauge invariance is not broken,but realized projectively.The1-cocycleα1occuring in the projective representation contributes to the commutator of the Gauss law generators by a Schwinger term and produces therefore the anomaly.3.2Adiabatic ApproachLet us show now that we can come to the quantum constraints20and21in a different way,using the adiabatic approximation[23,24].In the adiabatic approach,the dynamical variables are divided into two sets,one which we call fast variables and the other which we call slow variables.In our case, we treat the fermions as fast variables and the gaugefields as slow variables.Let A1be a manifold of all static gaugefield configurations A1(x).On A1a time-dependent gaugefield A1(x,t)corresponds to a path and a periodic gaugefield to a closed loop.We consider the fermionic part of the second-quantized Hamiltonian:ˆH F:which depends on t through the background gaugefield A1and so changes very slowly with time.We consider next the periodic gaugefield A1(x,t)(0≤t<T).After a time T the periodicfield A1(x,t)returns to its original value:A1(x,0)=A1(x,T),so that:ˆH F:(0)=:ˆH F:(T).At each instant t we define eigenstates for:ˆH F:(t)by:ˆH F:(t)|F,A(t) =εF(t)|F,A(t) .The state|F=0,A(t) ≡|vac,A(t) is a ground state of:ˆH F:(t),:ˆH F:(t)|vac,A(t) =0.The Fock states|F,A(t) depend on t only through their implicit dependence on A1.They are assumed to be periodic in time,|F,A(T) =|F,A(0) ,orthonormalized,F′,A(t)|F,A(t) =δF,F′,and nondegenerate.The time evolution of the wave function of our system(fermions in a background gaugefield)is clearly governed by the Schrodinger equation:∂ψ(t)i¯h¯h T0dt·εF(t),whileT0dt L/2−L/2dx˙A1(x,t) F,A(t)|iδγBerryF≡δA1(x,t)|F,A(t) ,(24) then= T0dt L/2−L/2dx˙A1(x,t)A F(x,t).γBerryFWe see that upon parallel transport around a closed loop on A1the Fock state|F,A(t) acquiresan additional phase which is integrated exponential of A F(x,t).Whereas the dynamical phaseγdynF provides information about the duration of the evolution,the Berry’s phase reflects the nontrivial holonomy of the Fock states on A1.However,a direct computation of the diagonal matrix elements ofδδδA1(x,t)A F(y,t)−2π2¯h2 n>01L n(x−y))=(1−N2)e2+2ǫ(x−y)−1The corresponding U(1)connection is easily deduced asA F=0(x,t)=−12 T0dt L/2−L/2dx L/2−L/2dy˙A1(x,t)F F=0(x,y,t)A1(y,t).In terms of the Fourier components,the connection A F=0is rewritten as vac,A(t)|ddα±p(t)|vac,A(t) ≡A±(p,t)=±(1−N2)e2+L2pα∓p,so the nonvanishing curvature isF+−(p)≡d dαpA−=(1−N2)e2+L2p.A parallel transportation of the vacuum|vac,A(t) around a closed loop in(αp,α−p)–space(p>0) yields back the same vacuum state multiplied by the phaseγBerry F=0=(1−N2)e2+L2piαp˙α−p.This phase is associated with the projective representation of the gauge group.For N=±1,when the representation is unitary,the curvature F+−and the Berry phase vanish.As mentioned in the beginning of this Section,the projective representation is trivial and the2-cocycle in the composition law of the gauge transformation operators can be removed by a redefinition of these operators.Analogously,if we redefine the momentum operators asddα±p≡d8π2¯h21 dα±p|vac,A(t) =0,˜F+−=˜ddαp˜A−=0.However,the nonvanishing curvature F+−(p)shows itself in the algebra of the modified momentum operators which are noncommuting:[˜ddα−q]−=F+−(p)δp,q.Following27,we modify the Gauss law generators asˆG ±(p)−→ˆ˜G±(p)=¯h p˜d2πρN(±p)that coincides with19.The modified Gauss law generators have vanishing vacuum expectation values,vac,A(t)|ˆ˜G±(p,t)|vac,A(t) =0.This justifies the definition20.For the zero componentˆG0,the vacuum expectation valuevac,A(t)|ˆG0|vac,A(t) =−12(e+η++e−η−)=1The quantum theory consistently describing the dynamics of the CSM should be definitely compatible with20.The corresponding quantum Hamiltonian is then defined by the conditions[ˆ˜H,ˆ˜G±(p)]−=0(p>0)(29)which specify thatˆ˜H must be invariant under the modified topologically trivial gauge transformations generated byˆ˜G±(p).We have in29a system of non-homogeneous equations in the Lagrange multipliersˆv H,±which become operators at the quantum level.The solution of these equations isˆv H,±(p)=¯hp2{pd4π¯h)2α∓p}.Substituting this expression forˆv H,±(p)into the quantum counterpart of28,on the physical states |phys;A we obtain1L2¯h2 p>0(d dα−p−1dαp,˜ddα±by˜d2L ˆπ2b−1dαp,˜d2Lˆπ2b+V(ρN;ρN),whereV(ρN;ρN)≡e2+Lp2ρN(−p)ρN(p)is the energy of the Coulomb current-current interaction.In order to make the dependence on N for the Hamiltonian more obvious,let us representρN asρN=12(1−N)σ,whereρ≡ρ1=ρ++ρ−,σ≡ρ−1=ρ+−ρ−,and[ρ(p),ρ(q)]−=[σ(p),σ(q)]−=0,[σ(p),ρ(q)]−=2pδp,−q.Then the Coulomb interaction energy takes the formV(ρN;ρN)=14(1−N)2V(σ;σ)+12Lˆπ2b+V(ρ;ρ).For N=−1,the momentum space electric charge density operator isσ(p)andˆ˜H EM =12π¯h:[e+b L2π¯h]+n,ˆψ+→exp{i2πn2π¯h ]→[e−b LLx}ˆψ−.The action of the topologically nontrivial gauge transformations on the states can be represented by the operatorsU n=exp{−i2π¯h ]−2πd[e+b L nρN(n)and U0is given by17.To identify the gauge transformation as belonging to the n th topological class we use the index n in31.The case n=0corresponds to the topologically trivial gauge transformations.The topologically nontrivial gauge transformation operators satisfy the same composition law as the topologically trivial ones.The modified operators are˜U n =exp{−i¯hˆTb})n|phys;A .Among all states|phys;A one may identify the eigenstates of the operators of the physical variables.The action of the topologically nontrivial gauge transformations on such states may, generally speaking,change only the phase of these states by a C–number,since with any gauge transformations both topologically trivial and nontrivial,the operators of the physical variables and the observables cannot be ing|phys;θ to designate these physical states,we haveexp{∓i¯h ˆTb})n|phys;A(so calledθ–states[26,27]),where|phys;A is an arbitrary physical state from20.In one dimension the parameterθis related to a constant background electricfield.To show this, let us introduce states which are invariant even against the topologically nontrivial gauge transfor-mations.Recalling that[e+b L2π¯h]θ}|phys;θ .(32)The new states|phys continue to be annihilated byˆ˜G±(p),and are also invariant under the topo-logically nontrivial gauge transformations.The electromagnetic part of the Hamiltonian transforms asˆHEM→exp{i[e+b L2π¯h]θ}=12L¯h2 p>0[˜d dα−p]+,i.e.in the new Hamiltonian the momentumˆπb is supplemented by the electricfield strength Eθ≡e+The condition34can be then rewritten as a system of linear equations in(β0,β±).We can easilyfind a solution of these equations,which gives us(β0,β±)as functions of[e+b L2π¯h}.However,these constants are irrelevant for our consideration and we neglect them.Finding(β0,β±)from34and substituting them into the expression33,on the physical states we obtainˆ˜H|phys;A =ˆHphys|phys;AwhereˆH phys =ˆH physF+ˆH physEM,ˆH physF=ˆH0,++ˆH0,−−1L¯h(1+N2)([e+b LL ¯h[e+b L2L ˆπ2b+V(ρN;ρN)+e2+L2π¯h] p∈Z p=0(−1)p 24(1−N2)2([e+b LL¯h p>0|λεp,±|−sρs±(−p)ρs±(p).Eqs.35and36give us a physical Hamiltonian invariant under both topologically trivial andnontrivial gauge transformations,ˆH physF andˆH physEMbeing invariant separately.The last two terms in35make invariant the free fermionic part of the Hamiltonian,while the ones in36the electromagnetic part.For N=±1,the last two terms in36vanish.These terms are therefore caused by the anomaly and represent new types of interaction which are absent in the nonanomalous models.The new interactions admit the following interpretation.Let us combine the last term in36with the kinetic part of the electromagnetic Hamiltonian,then124(1−N2)2([e+b L2L2 L/2−L/2dx(ˆπb−L E(x))2,i.e.the momentumˆπb is supplemented by the linearly rising electricfield strengthE(x)≡−e+2π¯h].As in four-dimensional models of a relativistic particle moving in an externalfield,we may define a generalized momentum operator in the formˆ˜πb(x)≡ˆπb−L E(x).The commutation relations for ˆ˜πb are[ˆ˜πb (x ),ˆ˜πb (y )]−=i (1−N 2)e 2+LL(1−N 2)[e +b L2L 2ˆ˜π2b→14π2(1−N 2)[e +b Lp 2ρN (p )=−e 2+L2p 2ρbgrd ·ρN (p ).It is just the background linearly rising electric field that couples b to the fermionic physical degreesof freedom in the Coulomb interaction.As a consequence,the eigenstates of the physical Hamiltonian are not a direct product of the purely fermionic Fock states and wave functionals of b .This is a common feature of gauge theories with anomaly.That the Hilbert space in such theories is not a tensor product of the Hilbert space for a gauge field and the fixed Hilbert space for fermions was shown in [6],[7].The background charge interpretation is related to the definition of the Fock vacuum.The definition given in Eqs.10-11depends on [e +b L2π¯h]is fixed.The values of the gauge field in regions of different [e +b L2π¯h]changes,then there is a nontrivial spectral flow,i.e.some of energy levels of the first quantized fermionic Hamiltonians cross zero and change sign.This means that the definition of the Fock vacuum changes.The charge operators ˆQ ±also change.Let :ˆQ (0)±:be charge operators defined in the region where[e +b L 2π¯h]the charge operators become :ˆQ (0)±:∓e ±[e ±b L。

李幼蒸《纯粹现象学通论》用语对照表（1995商务版）德、法、英、中abbilden depeindre,/copier depict 映像，描绘（动词）Abbildung copie depiction 映像，描绘（名词）Abgehobenheit relief saliency 突出abgeschlossen clos self-contained 封闭的，完结的Ablehnung refus refusal 拒绝Ableitung dérivation derivation 派生(项)，偏离abschatten s’esquisser adumbrate 侧显Abschattung esquisse adumbration 侧显（物）Abstraktum abstrait abstractum 抽象物Abstufung gradation different levels 层次组Abwandlung mutation variation 变异、变体、派生项Abweisen (sich) (se) démentir reject 中断achten observe heed 注意、注视achtung observation respect,attention 注意、注视Adäquatheit adéquation adequateness 充分（性）Affirmation affirmation affirmation 肯定Akt acte act 行为、作用Aktivität activitéactivity 活动性Aktualität actualitéactuality 实显性Aktualisierung actualisation actualization实显化Allgemeinheit géréralitéuniversality 普遍性、一般性Animalia être animés psychophysical being生命存在、有生命物Anknüpfung liason connexion联结anmuten supputer deem possible推测Anmutung supputation deeming possible推测Annahme supposition assumption假定annehmen admettre assume假定Ansatz supposition supposed statement, starting 假定、开端Anschaulichkeit intuitivite intuitiveness直观性Anschaung intuition intuition 直观ansetzen supposer suppose,start假定、开端Apodiktizität apodicitéapodicticity确真性Apophansistik apophansistique apophantics命题逻辑、命题学Apperzeption apperception apperception 统觉apriopri 先天的Art espèce,sorte,maniere/ sort,species,manner,character 种、方式、特性Artikulation articulation articulation （分节）连结Attention attention attention 注意Attribution attribution attribution属性归与、赋与Auffassung apprehension, conception apprehension, conception统握、理解Aufhebung suspension suspension, abolition中止Aufmerksamkeit attention attention注意Ausbreitung étendue spread 扩大Ausdehnung extension extension扩展、广袤Ausdruck expresion expresion词语、表达ausdrücklich expressive expressive表达的、明确的Ausfüllung remplissement filling充实（化）Aussagesatz énoncé,proposition enonciative/ statement, predicative sentence 陈述ausschalten mettre hors circuit suspend, exclude排除、中断Ausweisung légitimation showing, demostration证明、明示Bau structure structure 结构Beachten vermarquer heed 审视bedeuten signifier signify 意指、意谓Bedeutung signification significance, meaning意义、意谓Begehrung desir desire 欲望Begründung fondation grounding基础Behauptung assertion assertion断言、主张Bejahung affirmation affirmation 肯定bekraftigen confirmer confirm断言、证实、加强bekunden(sich) s’annoncer evince显示bemerken remarquer notice 注意、指出Beschaffenheit propriétéquality 性质Beschreibung description description描述beseelen animer animate使活跃、赋予活力Besonderung particularisation particularity, particularization特殊化、特殊性(das) besondere le particulier the particular特殊项、特殊物Bestand composition composition组成（成分）、性质Bestände composantes components组成成份Bestandstück composantes component组成成份bestätigen confirmer corroborate 证实Bestimmtheit détermination determination规定、规定性Bewährung vérification verification证实Bewusstsein conscience consciousness意识bewusst dont on a conscience conscious有意识的bewusstseinsmässig en rapport avecla conscience relative to consciousness 相关于意识的beziehen mettre en relation relate使相关Beziehung relation relation关系beziehend relationnel relating to （有）关系的Bezogenheit reference relatedness相关性Bezeichnung désignation designation, denotation标记、名称Bild portrait image, picture形象、图象bildlich en portrait pictorial 形象的bilden construire form形成Bildung construction formation形成Blick regard regard, glance目光Blickstrahl rayon du regard ray of regard目光射线bloss simple mere,bare 简单的、仅只、纯Bürgschaft garantie guarantee 保证Charakter caractere character特性Charakteisirung caracterisation characteristic（表明）特性Cogitatio(nes) 我思思维、我思行为．．．．．．．．．Cogitatum我思．．对象、被思者Cogito我思．．darstellen figurer present 呈现、描述Darstellung figuration presentation 呈现、描述Dasein existence factual existence 事实存在、定在decken(sich) coincider coincide 相符、一致Deckung coincidence coincidence相符、相互符合Denkstellungnahme position adoptee par la pensee cogitative position-taking 思想设定Description description description 描述Deutlichkeit distinction distinctness 清晰性Dies-da ceci-la this-there此处这个Diesheit eccéitéthisness此物性Differenz difference difference差异(niederste)Differenz difference ultime ultimate difference种差Ding chose thing物、事物Dinggegebenheit donne de chose physical thing data所与物、物所与性Dinglichkeit chose physical affairs, thingness物性、物质事物Dingwelt monde des choses world of physical things物质世界disjunkt disjonctif disjunctive,mutually exclusive相互排斥的、析取的Doxa 信念doxisch doxique doxi c信念的durchstreichen biffer cancel抹消echt authentique genunine真正的Echtheit authenticitégenuineness真正（性）Eidos 艾多斯、本质eidetisch eidétique eidetic 本质的Eidetik eidetique eidetics本质学eigen propre own特有的、自己的Eigenheit spécificitéownness特殊性Eigenschaft proprietéproperty特性Eigentumlichkeit trait caracteristique peculiarity特性Einbilden feindre imagine虚构，想象Einbildung fiction imagination 虚构，想象eindeutig univoque univocal单义的Einfühlung intropathie empathy 移情作用Einheit unitéunity统一（体）einheitlich unitaire unitary统一的Einklammerung mise entre parentheses parenthesizing置入括号einsehen voir avec evidence have insight into洞见，领会einseitig unilateral one-sidedly单面的Einsicht évidence intellectuelle insight洞见，领会Einstellung attitude attitude态度，观点Einstimmigkeit concordance accordance 一致（性）Einzelheit cas individuel single case, singleness单一（体）Empfindungsdata data de sensation data of sensation感觉材料Entkräftigung infirmation refutation使无效Entrechnung invalidation invalidation（使）无效Entschluss decision decision决定、决断Entstehung genèse origin产生Epoché悬置erblicken regarder regard 注视Erfahrung expérience experience经验erfassen saisir grasp把握Erfassung saisie grasping把握Erfüllung remplissement fulfilling,fulfillment 充实（化），履行，实现Erinnerung souvenir memory记忆Erkenntnis connaissance cognition认识，知识erkenntnismassig cognitif cognitional认识的erkenntnis-theoretisch epistemologique epistemological认识论的Erlebnis le vécu lived experience, mental process体验，心理经验Erlebnis-strom flux du vécu stream of experience体验流erscheinen apparaitre appear显现Erscheinung apparence appearance显现，显相erschauen voir see 看erzeugen produire produce产生Erzeugung production production产生Essenz essence essence本质Evidenz évidence evidence明证（性）Exakt exact exact精确的Extention extension extension广延faktisch de fait de facto事实性Faktizität facticitéfactualness事实性，事实因素Faktum fait fact事实fern remote distant离远的Fiktion fiction fiction 虚构，假想Fiktum fictum figment虚构fingieren feindre phantasy虚构，想象fingiert fictif phantasied虚构的fingierende Phantasie imagination creatrice inventive figment 虚构的想象Folge consequence consequence后果Folgerung consecution deduction推论Form forme form形式Formalisierung passage au formal formalization形式化Formung formation forming形成Formenlehre morphologie theory of forms形式理论fortdauern perdurer last持续fraglich problematique questionable成问题的Fülle le plein fullness充实（性）fundierend fondatrice founding根基性的fundierte Akt actes fondés founded act有根基的行为funktionellen Problemen problems fonctionnels functional problems 功能的问题Gattung genre genus属gebende Akt acte donateur giving(presentive) act给与的行为(originar) gebende Anschauung intuition donatrice originaire original giving intuition（原初）给与的直观Gebiet domaine province（领）域Gebilde formation formation,structure 形成、构成、构造Gefallen plaisir pleasure喜悦Gefühl sentiment feeling感情、情绪Gegebenheit donnée giveness,something given,data 给与性、给与物Gegennoema contre-noéme conter-noema对应意向对象Gegenstand object object对象Gegenstand schlechtin objet per se object pure and simple对象本身、纯对象gegenständlich objectif objective对象的Gegenstandlichkeit objectivitéobjectivity,something objective 对象（性）Gegenwärt présence present现在，现前gegenwärtig present present现在的Gegenwärtigung presentation presentation呈现Gegenwesen contre-essence conter-essence对应本质gegliedert articuléarticulated有分段的、分节的Gehalt contenu content内容，内包Geltung(Gultigkeit) validitélegitimacy有效（性），妥当Gemüt affectivitéemotion情绪Generalthese thèse general general thesis总设定Generalität généralisation generality 一般（性）Generalisierung généralisation generalization 一般化Gerichtetsein(auf) dirigé sur directedness to 指向Gestalt forme,figure formation,structure构形，形态Gestaltung configuration configuration构成（形成）物，构成gewahren s’apercevoir perceive attentively觉察gewährleisten garantir guarantee 保证Gewicht poids weight重（量）Gewissheit certitude certaity确定性Glaubensmodalität modalité de la croyance doxic modality 信念样态gleichsam quasi quasi准（的）Glied membre member组成项，肢Gliederung articulation articulation分节，分段Grenze limite limit界限Grenzepunkt point limite limit限制Grund fondement ground根基，基础gültig valable valid有效的Habitulität(Habitus) habitus habitus习性，习态handeln agir act行动Handelung action action行动Hintergrund arriere-plan background背景hinweisen renvoyer a point to 指示，指出Hof aire halo光晕，场地Horizont horizon horizon边缘域，视界（野），界域Hyle 质素Hyletik hyletique hyletic质素学Ich je(moi) I, ego我，自我Ichsubjekt sujet personnel Ego subject主体我Ideal 理想，观念Idee idee idea观念ideal ideal ideal观念的ideel ideel ideal观念的Ideation ideation ideation观念化，观念化作用Identifikationssynthesen syntheses d’identification identifying synthesis同一综合Immanenz immanence immanence内在（性），内在物Impression impression impression印象Inaktualität inactualiténon-actionality非实显性，非活动性individuel individuel individuel个体的Individuum individu individual个体Inhalt contenu content内容Intention intention intention意向intentional intentionnel intentional意向的Intentionalität intentionalitéintentionality意向性，意向关系Intersubjektivität intersubjectivitéintersubjectivity主体间性，主体间共同体Intuition intuition intuition直观，直觉Iteration redoublement reiteration 重复jetzt present present现在Kategorie catégorie category范畴Kern noyau core核（心）Klarheit clartéclarity明晰（性）Klärung clarification clarification阐明，澄清Kollektion collection collection集合，集聚Kolligation colligation collecting汇集kolligieren colliger collect汇集Komponent composante component组成成分Konkretum concret concretum具体项Konkretion concretion concretion具体化Konstitution constitution constitution构成Körper corps body身体，物体Körperlichkeit corporeitécorporeity身体性，物体性Korrelat correlat correlat相关项Korrelation correlation correlation相关（关系）lebendig vivant living活生生的，生动性的Leerform forme vide empty form 空形式Leervorstellung representation vide empty objectivation空表象leibhalf(ig) corporel in person机体的、身体的Mannigfaltigkeit/le divers,multiplicite/multiplicity,manifoldness多样性，复合体，集合，复多体Materie matiere material,matter质料meinen viser mean意指，意欲Meinung la visée meaning意指Menge groupe set集合Mengenlehre theorie des groupes theory of set集合论Modalität modalitémodality样态，模态Modifikation modification modification变样，改变Modus mode mode样式Möglichkeit possibilitépossibility可能性Moment moment moment因素，机因，要素monothetisch monothetique monothetic单设定的Morphe 形态Motivation motivation motivation动机Nähe proximiténearness靠近Neutralisation neutralisation neutralization中性化Neutralität neutraliténeutrality中性（体）Neutralitatsmodifikation modification de neutralite neutral modification 中性变样nichtig nul null无效的，极微的Noema noéme noema意向对象noematisch noematique noematic意向对象的Noesis noèse noesis意向作用，意向行为，意向过程Noetik noetique noetics意向行为学noetisch noetique noetics意向行为的Nominalisierung nominalisation nominalization 名词化Objekt objet object客体Objektivität objectivitéobjectivity客体（性）Objektivation objectivation objectivation客体化，对象化ontisch ontique ontic存在的Ontologie ontologie ontology本体论Operation operation operation实行，运作，程序Ordnung ordre order秩序，级次originär originaire original原初的originär gebende Erfahrung experience donatrice originaire original giving experience 原初给与的（呈现的）经验Parallelism parallelisme parallelism平行关系，类似性Passivität passivitépassivity被动性Phänomen phenomeno phenomenon现象Phantasie image phantasy想象phantasierend imageant phantasying想象着的phantasiert imaginaire phantasied想象的phantasma phantasme phantasma幻影Plural plural plural多数的polythetisch polythetique polythetic多设定的Position position position设定Positionalität positionalitépositionality设定性positionnal positionnel positional设定的potential potentiel potential潜在的Potentialität potentialitépotentiality 潜在性Prädikat prédicate predicate谓词Prädikation predication predication 述谓（作用）prädizieren prediquer predicate述谓化，论断prinzipiell de principe essential本质的、必然的、原则的Production production production产生、实行Protention protention protention预存Qualität qualitéquality性质Rationalisierung rationalisation rationalization 理性化、合理化Rationalität rationalitérationality 合理性real réel real实在的Realität realitéreality实在（性），现实Rechtsprechung juridiction legitimation判定Reduktion réduction reduction还原reell réel real,genuine 真实的Referent objet de reference referent所指者Reflexion rélexion reflection反思Regel régle rule规则Regellung regulation regulation调节Regung amorce stirring引动（者）Representation représentation representation表象，代表，再现Reproduktion reproduction reproduction再生，复现Retention rétention retention持存richten(sich) se diriger direct to指向Richtung direction direction方向Rückbeziechung rétro-reférence backward relation自反关涉Rückerinnerung rétro-souvenir reminiscence回忆Sache chose matter,matter in question事物，有关问题，真正问题sachhaltig ayant un contenu having material content 实质的Sachlage situation state of affairs状态，事况，所谈事项sachlich objective,concret material有关的，事物的，事实上的Sachlichkeit ensemble de choses materiality 全体事情，事物性Sachverhalt état de chose state of affairs事态Satz proposition proposition命题Schachtelung emboitement encasement套接Schatten ombre shadow影子Schauen voir see看、注视Schein simulacre illusion假象Schichte couche stratum层Schichtungen stratification stratification分层sehen voir see看Sein être being存在Seinscharakter caractere d’etre character of being存在特性Selbst soi-meme it itself自身selbständig independant independent独立的Selbstbeobachtung introspection self-observation 自省Setzung position position,positing设定Sichtighaben avoir un apercu sighting察看Singularität singularite singularity单个性、单个体Sinn sens sense意义Sinnesdaten data sensuels sense-data感觉材料Sinngebung donnation de sens sense-bestowing 意义给与Sinnlichkeit sensibilitésensuality感性Spezialität specification specificity 特殊性Spezies espéce species种Spontanetät spontanéitéspontaneite自发性Steigerung accroissement enhancement增加Stellungnahme prise de position position-taking采取设定Stoff matiére material质料，素材Strahl rayon ray射线Struktur structure structure结构Stück fragment piece片断，部分Stufe niveau level,degree 层阶，段，度Stufenbildung hierarchie hierarchical formation层阶系统Subjekt sujet subject主体Subjektivität subjectivitésubjectivity主体（性）Substrat substrat substrat基底Synkategorematika syncategorematique syncategorems互依词，非独立词Syntax syntaxe syntax句法Synthesis synthese synthesis综合（设定）Tatsache fait fact事实Teil partie component部分Thema thème theme主题，论题Thematisierung thematisation thematization主题化Thesis these thesis设定，论题thetisch thetique theti c设定的Transzendenz transcendance transcendence超验（者），超越transzendental transcendantal transcendental先验的treu fidel true忠实的Triebe impulsion impulse冲动triftig valide valid有效的Triftigkeit validite validity有效性tun agir do 做，行动Typik typologie set of types类型分化Umfang extension sphere,extention范围，外延Umformung transformation transformation变形，转换unselbständig dependant dependant从属的，非独立的Unterschicht intrastructure lower stratrum基层，基础结构Unverträglichkeit incompatibilitéincompatibility不相容性Ur-aktualität proto-actualitéproto-autuality原现实Urdoxa croyance-mere proto-doxa原信念Urform forme-mere primitive mode原形式Urmodus mode-primitif primitive mode原样式Ursprung origine origin起始，始源，根源Urteil jugement judgment判断V erallgemeinerung generalisation universalization普遍化V erdunkelung obscurcissement darkening暗化V ereinzelung individuation singularzation单一化V erflechtung entrelacement combination联结体，介入，交织V ergegenständlichung objectivation objectification再现，对象化V ergegenwärtigung presentification presentiation,re-presentation再现，现前化V erhalt état de chose state of affairs事态V erknüpfung liasion connexion联结（体）vermeinen viser mean意志，意念vermuteng conjecture deeming likely 推测V ernichtung aneantissement annihilation消除V ernunft raison reason理性V ernunftigkeit rationalitérationality理性，合理性V erworrenheit confusion confusion含混V orerinnerung pro-souvenir anticipation预期记忆V orfindlichkeit faits decouverts facts呈现物，事物V ollständig integral complete完全的vorschwebend flotte en suspens hover before us 浮动的V orstellung représentation objectivation,representation观念，表象，呈现vorzeichnen prescrire prescribe指示vollziehen opérer effect实行，运行V ollzug opération operation实行，运行waches Ich moi vigilant waking ego醒觉自我wahr vrai true真的wahrnehmbar perceptible perceivable可知觉的Wahrnehmung perception perception知觉Wandlung mutation change改变Weise mode manner方式Wert(sach)verhalt etat de valeur value-complex 价值事态Wertung evaluation evaluation评价Wesen essence essence本质Wesensbestand fonds eidetique essential composition本质构成因素Wesenserschauung intuition de l’essence seeing essence本质看Wesensverhalt relation essentielle eidetic relationship本质事态Widersinn absurditéabsurdity悖谬Wiedererinnerung resouvenir recollection重忆wirklich reel actual现实的，真实的，实在的Wirklichkeit realitéactuality现实，真实，实在wissen savoir know知道wollen vouloir will意愿Wortlaut mot prononcésound of words字音Wunsch souhait wish愿望Zeichen signe sign记号Zeit temts time时间Zeitbewusstsein conscience de temps consciousness of time时间意识zufällig contingent accidental偶然的Zusammengehörigkeit appartennance belongingness together关联性，相关Zusammenhang connexion connexion,interconnexion关联体，关联域zusammenhängend coherent coherent一致的Zusammenschliessen(sich) s’agréger join together聚合Zustand etat state状态Zustimmung assentiment assent同意zuwenden(sich) se tourner turn to 朝向Zuwendung conversion turning towards朝向Zweifel doute doubt 怀疑。

International Human Resource Management IntroductionHuman resource management (HRM):the activities an organization carries out to utilize its human resources effectively.Profitability requires a strong fit between their HR practices and strategy.-The right strategy also needs the support of the right organization architecture.People are the linchpin of a firm’s organization architecture. For the firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings.-The HRM function has a critical impact upon the people, culture, incentive and control system elements of a firm’s organization architecture.→Superior HRM can be a sustained source of high productivity and competitive advantage in the global economy.Staffing Policies1.Definition:the selection of employees for particular jobs.At one level, this involves selecting individuals who have the skills required to doparticular jobs.At another level, it can be a tool for developing and promoting the desired corporate culture of the firm.A strong corporate culture (norms and value system of the organization) can helpa firm implement its strategy.2.Types1)Ethnocentric Approach– International Strategya)Definition: All key management positions are filled by parent countrynationals.e.g. Historically, in many Japanese and South Korean firms, such as Toyota,Matsushita and Samsung, key positions in international operations have often been held by home-country nationals.b)Advantages•The host country is believed to lack qualified individuals to fill senior management positions (especially those in developing countries) •It is believed to be the best way to maintain a unified corporate culturee.g. P&G until recently preferred to staff important managementpositions in foreign subsidiaries with US nationals who had beensocialized into P&G’s culture.•Value can be created by transferring core competencies to a foreign operation viatransfer of parent-country nationals (←the knowledgethat underlies firm’s core competency resides in the heads of itsdomestic managers and was acquired through years of experience)c)Reasons of being on the wane now•Limits advancement opportunities for host country nationals (→resentment, lower productivity and increased turnover)•Can lead to "cultural myopia" (the firm’s failure to understand host-country cultural differences that require different approaches tomarketing and management)2)Polycentric Approach– Localization Strategya)Definition: Host-country nationals are recruited to manage subsidiaries,while parent-country nationals occupy key positions at corporate headquarters. A response to the shortcomings of an ethnocentric approachb)Advantages•Alleviates cultural myopia (host-country managers are unlikely to make mistakes arising from cultural misunderstandings)•Inexpensive to implement, reducing the costs of value creation (expatriate managers can be expensive to maintain)c)Drawbacks•Host-country nationals have limited opportunities to gain experience outside their own country → cannot progress beyond senior positionsin their own subsidiary (which may cause resentment)•Exacerbate the gap that can form between host-countrymanagers and parent-country managers (due to language barriers, nationalloyalties, cultural differences) →“federation”of largely independentnational units with only nominal links to the corporate headquarters(→inertia within the firm, e.g. Unilever found that shifting from alocalization posture using a polycentric staffing policy to atransnational posture was very difficult due to the quasi-autonomousforeign subsidiaries that became “little kingdoms”)3)Geocentric Approach– Globalization & Transnationala)Definition: seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization,regardless of nationalityb)Advantages•Uses HR efficiently•Helps build strong unifying corporate culture & informal management networks (both of which are required for global standardization andtransnational strategies)•Reduce cultural myopia & enhance local responsivenesse.g. Japan’s Sony broke 60 years of tradition in 2005 when it installed itsfirst non-Japanese chairman and CEO, Howard Stringer.c)Limiting Problems•Many countries’immigration policies require firms to employ host-country nationals if they are in adequate numbers and have theskills. Documentation needed to hire a foreign national is timeconsuming, expensive and at times futile.•Expensive to implement✧Criticsa)The typology is too simplistic: Within some international businesses,staffing policies vary significantly from national subsidiary to nationalsubsidiary; some are managed on ethnocentric basis, others onpolycentric or geocentric mannerb)The staffing policy a firm adopts is primarily driven by its geographicscope, as opposed to its strategic orientation. Firms that have a broadgeographic scope are the most likely to have a geocentric mind-set.1.Training & Management Development1)Traininga)Training, including cultural training, language training, and practicaltraining, are the next step to prepare the expatriate manager for theforeign posting.b)Repatriation of expatriates(a largely overlooked but critical issue in thetraining)•Definition:Preparing expatriate managers for reentry into their home country organizationWhen they return home after a stint abroad, where they have been abig fish in a little pond•Solution: HRM needs to develop good programs for re-integrating expatriates back into work life within their home country-organization,and for utilizing the knowledge they acquired while abroad, (e.g.reintegration workshops, career counseling, mentor programs)e.g. Monsanto not only focus its repatriation program on just business,it also attends to the family’s reentry by holding debriefing sessions.Since the introduction of the program, the attrition rate amongreturning expatriates has dropped sharply.2)Management Developmenta)Definition: Designed to increase the overall skill levels of managersthrough a mix of ongoing management education and rotations ofmanagers through a number of jobs to give them varied experience.b)Strategic tool: also reinforce the desired culture of the firm & facilitate aninformal network for sharing knowledge within the firme.g.L.M.Ericsson transfers large numbers of people back and forth betweenheadquarters and subsidiaries to establish a network of interpersonalcontactsRecently, the shift toward greater global competition & transnational firms have make management development programs increasingly common.2.Performance Appraisal (an important element of its control system)1)Problems: Unintentional bias makes it difficult to evaluate the performance ofexpatriate managers objectively. 2 groups (host-nation managers & home-office managers) evaluate the expatriate manager s’performance, and both are subject to bias.a)Home country managers are biased by distance and their lack ofexperience working abroad →tend to rely on hard data, which might reflectfactors outside the expatriate manager’s controlb)Host country managers can be biased towards their own frame ofreference and expectations (e.g. Indian managers might see expatriatemanagers as experts who should not ask subordinates for help).2)Guidelines (to reduce bias)a)More weight should be given to an on-site manager's appraisal than toan off-site manager's appraisalb) A former expatriate who has served in the same location could beinvolvedc)When foreign on-site mangers write performance evaluations, homeoffice managers should be consulted before a formal terminationevaluation is completedpensation1)Objective: reward managers for taking actions that are consistent with thestrategy of the enterprise2) 2 issuesa)National Differences in CompensationShould the firm pay executives in different countries according to theprevailing standards in each country, or equalize pay on a global basis?•Especially challenging in firms with geocentric staffing policies•Over the past 10 years, many firms have recently moved toward a compensation structure that is based on global standards, (withemployees being evaluated by the same grading system and havingaccess to some pay and benefits irrespective of where they work).e.g. McDonald’s began to roll out its global compensation programsince 2004, by providing principles and guidance, and yet allowing localmanagers to customize their compensation programs to meet localmarket demands.b)Expatriate Pay–Balance Sheet Approach (most common approach)This approach equalizes purchasing power across countries so employeeshave the same living standard in their foreign posting as at home&providesfinancial incentives to offset qualitative differences between assignmentlocations.An expatriate’s compensation package is usually made up of fivecomponents:•Base Salary: a n expatriate’s base salary is normally in the same range as the base salary for a similar position in the home country.•Foreign Service Premium: extra pay the expatriate receives for working outside his or her country of origin. It is generally offered as anincentive to accept foreign assignments.•Allowances: 4 types –hardship allowance (difficult location), housing allowance (same quality of housing at home), cost-of-living allowance(same standard of living at home), education allowance (childrenreceive adequate schooling)•Taxation: pay income tax to both the home country and the host-country governments if the host country does not have areciprocal tax treaty with the expatriate’s home country•Benefits:many firms provide the same level of medical and pensionbenefits abroad that they received at home4.International Labor Relations1)Key Issue:the degree to which organized labor can limit the choices availableto an international business. A firm’s ability to pursue a transnational or global standardization strategy can be significantly constrained by the actions of labor unions.2)Pricipal Concern of Organized Labor:the multinational can counter unionbargaining power with threats to move production to another country3)Strategy of Organized Labor:forming international labor organizations;lobbying for national legislationto restrict multinationals; achieving international regulations through organization such as UN.These efforts have not been successful.。

Geometric Measure Theory∗Toby C.O’NeilGeometric measure theory is an area of analysis concerned with solving geo-metric problems via measure theoretic techniques.The canonical motivating physical problem is probably that investigated experimentally by Plateau in the nineteenth century[3]:given a boundary wire,how does onefind the(minimal) soapfilm which spans it?Slightly more mathematically,given a boundary curve,find the surface of minimal area spanning it.The many different approaches to solving this problem have found utility in most areas of modern mathematics and geometric measure theory is no exception:techniques and ideas from geo-metric measure theory have been found useful in the study of partial differential equations,the calculus of variations,harmonic analysis,and fractals.Successes in thefield include:classifying the structure of singularities in soapfilms(see[18],together with thefine descriptive article[4]);showing that the standard‘double bubble’is the optimal shape for enclosing two prescribed volumes in space[13],and developing powerful computer software for modelling the evolution of surfaces under the action of physical forces[7].The main reference text for the subject is still Federer’s comprehensive book[11].It is very densely written and Morgan’s book[15]serves as a use-ful guide through it.Federer’s colloquium lectures[10]provide a comprehen-sive overview of the subject and contain a summary of the main results in his book[11].More recent books include Simon[17],which contains an introduc-tion to the theory of varifolds and Allard’s regularity theorem,and Mattila’s book[14]which includes information about tangent measures and their uses. Both of these books are also suitable as introductions to the area.For a slightly different slant,the book by Evans and Gariepy[9],discusses applications of some of the ideas of geometric measure theory in the theory of Sobolev Spaces and functions of bounded variation.Many variational problems are solved by enlarging the allowed class of so-lutions,showing that in this enlarged class a solution exists,and then showing that the solution possesses more regularity than an arbitrary element of the en-larged class.Much of the work in geometric measure theory has been directed towards placing this informal description on a formal footing appropriate for the study of surfaces.The key concept underlying the whole theory is that of rectifiability:this is a measure theoretic notion of smoothness.A set E in Euclidean n-space,R n,is∗An edited version of this articlefirst appeared in Supplement III of the Encyclopedia of Mathematics published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in2002.1(countably)m-rectifiable if there is a sequence of C1maps,f i:R m→R n,suchthatH mE\∞i=1f i(R m)=0.It is purely m-unrectifiable,if for all C1maps f:R m→R n,H m(E∩f(R m))=0.(Here,H m denotes the m-dimensional Hausdorff(outer)measure defined byH m(E)=supδ>0infc mi|E i|m:E⊂∪i E i,|E i|<δfor all i,where|·|denotes the diameter and the constant,c m,is chosen so that,when m=n,Hausdorffmeasure is just the usual Lebesgue measure.)A basic decomposition result states that any set E⊂R n offinite m-dimensional Hausdorffmeasure may be written as the union of an m-rectifiable set and a purely m-unrectifiable set,with the intersection necessarily having H m-measure zero.In practice,the definition of rectifiability is usually used with Lipschitz maps replacing C1maps:it may be shown that this doesn’t change anything,see[14, Theorem15.21].A standard example of a1-rectifiable set in the plane is a countable union of circles whose centres are dense in the unit square and with radii having a finite sum;the closure of the resulting set contains the unit square,and yet,as indicated below,the set itself still has‘tangents’at H1-almost every point.An example of a purely1-unrectifiable set is given by taking the cross-product of the1/4-Cantor set with itself.(The1/4-Cantor set is formed by removing2k intervals of diameter4−k(rather than3−k)at each stage of its construction.) The main importance of the class of rectifiable sets is that it possesses many of the nice properties of the smooth surfaces which we are seeking to generalise. For example,although,in general,classical tangents may not exist(consider the circle example above),an m-rectifiable set will possess a unique approximate tangent at H m-almost every point:an m-dimensional linear subspace,V,of R n is an approximate m-tangent plane for E at x iflim sup r→0H m(E∩B(x,r))>0and for all0<s<1lim r→0H m({y∈E∩B(x,r):dist(y−x,V)>s|y−x|})r m=0.Conversely,if E⊂R n hasfinite H m-measure and for H m-almost every x∈E, it has an approximate m-tangent plane,then E is m-rectifiable.2Often one is faced with the task of showing that some set,which is a solu-tion to the problem under investigation,is in fact rectifiable,and hence possesses some smoothness.A major concern in geometric measure theory,isfinding cri-teria which guarantee rectifiability.One of the most striking results in this direction is the Besicovitch-Federer projection theorem which illustrates the stark difference between rectifiable and unrectifiable sets.A basic version of it states that if E⊂R n is a purely m-unrectifiable set offinite m-dimensional Hausdorffmeasure,then for almost every orthogonal projection P of R n onto an m-dimensional linear subspace,H m(P(E))=0.(It is not particularly diffi-cult to show that in contrast,m-rectifiable sets will have projections of positive measure for almost every projection.)This deep result wasfirst proved for 1-unrectifiable sets in the plane by Besicovitch,and later extended to higher dimensions by Federer.Recently,White[19]has shown how the higher dimen-sional version of this theorem follows via an inductive argument from the planar version.It is also possible(and useful)to define a notion of rectifiability for Radon (outer)measures:a Radon measureµis said to be m-rectifiable if it is absolutely continuous with respect to m-dimensional Hausdorffmeasure and there is an m-rectifiable set E for whichµ(R n\E)=0.The complementary notion of a measureµbeing purely m-unrectifiable is defined by requiring thatµis singular with respect to all m-rectifiable measures.Thus,in particular,a set E is m-rectifiable if and only if H m E(the restriction of H m to E)is m-rectifiable:this allows us to study rectifiable sets through m-rectifiable measures.It is common in analysis to construct measures as solutions to equations, and we would like to be able to deduce something about the structure of these measures(for example,that they are rectifiable).Often the only a priori infor-mation we have is some limited metric information about the measure,perhaps we know how the mass of small balls grows with radius.Probably the strongest known result in this direction is Preiss’density theorem[16](see also[14]for a lucid sketch of the proof).This states that ifµis a Radon measure on R nfor which lim r→0µ(B(x,r))r m exists and is positive andfinite forµ-almost every x,thenµis m-rectifiable.A natural approach to solving a minimal surface problem would be to take a sequence of approximating sets whose areas are decreasing andfinally extract a convergent subsequence with the hope that the limit would possess the re-quired properties.Unfortunately,the usual notions of convergence for sets in Euclidean spaces are not suited to this.The theory of currents,introduced by de Rham and extensively developed by Federer and Fleming in[12](see[10] for a comprehensive outline of the theory and[11]for details),was developed as a way around this obstacle for oriented surfaces.In essence,currents are generalised surfaces,obtained by viewing an m-dimensional(oriented)surface as defining a continuous linear functional on the space of differential forms with compact support of degree ing the duality with differential forms,it is then possible to define many natural operations on currents.For example the boundary of an m-current can be defined to be the(m−1)-current,∂S,which3is given via the exterior derivative for differential forms by setting∂S (φ)=S (dφ)for a differential form φof degree (m −1).Of particular importance is the class of m -rectifiable currents :this consists of those currents which can be written asS (φ)= ξ(x ),φ(x ) θ(x )d H m R (x )where R is an m -rectifiable set with H m (R )<∞,θ(x )is a positive integer-valued function with θd H m R <∞and ξ(x )can be written as v 1∧···∧v m with v 1,...,v m forming an orthonormal basis for the approximate tangent space of R at x for H m -almost every x ∈R .(That is,ξ(x )is a unit simple m -vector whose associated m -dimensional vectorspace is the approximate tangent space of R at x for H m -almost every x ∈R .)The mass of a current given in this way is defined by M (S )= θ(x )d H m R (x ).If the boundary of an m -rectifiablecurrent is itself an (m −1)-rectifiable current,then the m -current is said to be an integral current .These are the class of currents suitable for investigating Plateau’s problem.Federer and Fleming’s celebrated closure theorem says that on a not too wild compact domain (it should be a Lipschitz retract of some open neighbourhood of itself),those integral currents S on the domain which all have the same boundary T ,an (m −1)-current with finite mass,and for which M (S )is bounded above by some constant c ,forms a compact set.(The topology is that generated by the integral flat distance defined for m -integral currents S 1,S 2byF K (S 1,S 2)=inf {M (U )+M (V ):U +∂V =S 1−S 2}where the infimum is over U and V such that U is an m -rectifiable current on K and V is an (m +1)-rectifiable current on K .)In particular,if the constant c is chosen large enough so that this set is non-empty,then we can deduce the existence of a mass-minimising current with the given boundary T .The theory of currents is ideally suited for investigating oriented surfaces but for unoriented surfaces,problems arise.The theory of varifolds was initiated by Almgren and extensively developed by Allard [1](see also [2]for a nice survey)as an alternative notion of surface which didn’t require an orientation.An m -varifold on an open subset of R n ,Ω,is a Radon measure on Ω×G (n,m ).(G (n,m )denotes the Grassmanian manifold consisting of m -dimensional linear subspaces of R n .)The space of m -varifolds is equipped with the weak topology given by saying that νi →νif and only if fdνi → fdνfor all compactly supported,continuous real-valued functions on Ω×G (n,m ).Given an m -varifold ν,we associate a Radon measure on Ω, ν ,by setting ν (A )=ν(A ×G (n,m ))for A ⊂Ω.As a partial converse,given an m -rectifiable measure µ ,we can associate an m -rectifiable varifold µby defining for B ⊂Ω×G (n,m )µ(B )= µ {x :(x,T x )∈B }4where T x is the approximate tangent plane at x.Thefirst variation of an m-varifold,ν,is a map from the space of smooth compactly supported vectorfields onΩto R defined byδν(X)=X(x),V dν(x,V).Ifδν=0,then the varifold is said to be stationary.The idea is that the variation measures the rate of change in the‘size’of the varifold if it is perturbed slightly.A key result in the theory of varifolds is Allard’s regularity theorem which states that stationary varifolds which satisfy a growth condition(detailed below)are supported on a smooth manifold.More precisely:For all ∈(0,1),there are constantsδ>0,C>0such that whenever a∈R n,0<R<∞andνis anm-dimensional stationary varifold on the open ball U(a,R)with1.a∈sptν;2.lim r→0 ν (B(a,r))c m r mexisting and at least one for ν -almost every x;and3. ν (B(a,R))≤c m(1+δ)R m,then spt( ν )∩B(a,(1− )R)is a continuously diffentiable embedded m-submanifold of R n,and dist(T x,T y)≤C(r|x−y|)1− for points in this submanifold.(The distance between the tangent spaces is given by the distance between their cor-responding orthogonal projections.)This is a theorem which gives much more than just rectifiability;it gives information about the degree of smoothness as well.See Simon[17]for some variants and a proof of this result.Given the success of the theory in Euclidean spaces,it is natural to ask whether a similar theory holds in more general spaces[8].There are manydifficulties to be overcome but recent papers of Ambrosio and Kircheim[5,6] suggest that it may be possible.Despite the many successes of the subject, there are many problems yet to be resolved and geometric measure theory willbe a major subdiscipline of analysis for the foreseeable future.References[1]Allard,William K.:On thefirst variation of a varifold.Annals of Mathe-matics95(1972),417–491.[2]Allard,William K.:Notes on the theory of varifolds.Th´e orie des vari´e t´e sminimales et applications.Ast´e risque154-155,(1987),73–93.[3]Almgren,Frederick J.,Jr.:Plateau’s problem:An invitation to varifoldgeometry.W.A.Benjamin,Inc.,New York-Amsterdam1966xii+74pp. [4]Almgren,Frederick J.,Jr.;Taylor,Jean E.:The Geometry of Soap Bubblesand Soap Films.Scientific American July1976,82–93.5[5]Ambrosio,Luigi;Kirchheim,Bernd:Rectifiable sets in metric and Banachspaces,to appear in Mathematische Annalen.[6]Ambrosio,Luigi;Kirchheim,Bernd:Currents in metric spaces,to appearin Acta Mathematica.[7]Brakke,Kenneth:The Surface Evolver V2.14,Available from/facstaff/b/brakke/evolver/evolver.html[8]David,Guy;Semmes,Stephen:Fractured fractals and broken dreams.Self-similar geometry through metric and measure.Oxford Lecture Series in Ma-thematics and its Applications,7.The Clarendon Press,Oxford University Press,New York,1997.x+212pp.[9]Evans,Lawrence C.;Gariepy,Ronald F.:Measure theory andfine pro-perties of functions.Studies in Advanced Mathematics.CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL,1992.viii+268pp.[10]Federer,Herbert:Colloquium lectures on geometric measure theory.Bull.Amer.Math.Soc.84(1978),no.3,291–338.[11]Federer,Herbert:Geometric measure theory.Die Grundlehren der mathe-matischen Wissenschaften,Band153Springer-Verlag New York Inc.,New York1969xiv+676pp.[12]Federer,Herbert;Fleming,Wendell H.:Normal and integral currents.Ann.of Math.(2)721960458–520.[13]Hutchings,Michael;Morgan,Frank;Ritor´e,Manuel;Ros,Antonio:Proofof the double bubble conjecture.Preprint2000.[14]Mattila,Pertti:Geometry of sets and measures in Euclidean spaces.Frac-tals and rectifiability.Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics,44.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1995.xii+343pp.[15]Morgan,Frank:Geometric measure theory.A beginner’s guide.Secondedition.Academic Press,Inc.,San Diego,CA,1995.x+175pp.[16]Preiss,David:Geometry of measures in R n:distribution,rectifiability,anddensities.Ann.of Math.(2)125(1987),no.3,537–643.[17]Simon,Leon:Lectures on geometric measure theory.Proceedings of theCentre for Mathematical Analysis,Australian National University,3.Aus-tralian National University,Centre for Mathematical Analysis,Canberra, 1983.vii+272pp.[18]Taylor,Jean E.:The structure of singularities in soap-bubble-like and soap-film-like minimal surfaces.Ann.of Math.(2)103(1976),no.3,489–539.[19]White,Brian:A new proof of Federer’s structure theorem for k-dimensionalsubsets of R N.J.Amer.Math.Soc.11(1998),no.3,693–701.6。

多点民族志张..多.[中图分类号] K890 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-7214（2019）03-0125-04民族志（ethnography）作为民俗学和人类学的一种基础性方法论，是反馈研究所得的主要手段。

尽管20世纪90年代以来中国民俗学者希望通过对本土方法论概念“民俗志”的阐发，来树立一种与民族志对标的方法论，但至今为止学界尚未就“民俗志”的内涵与外延达成共识。

从国际民俗学的实践来看，民俗学者对其田野调查过程与所得的学术性呈现方式中，“民族志”依旧是基本手段之一。

20世纪下半叶以来，人类学者与民俗学者对单个社区的聚焦式民族志多有反思，尤其是面对当代世界剧烈的社会变迁，所谓传统的、场所的、科学的、聚焦的民族志已经不能满足多元学术呈现的要求，而多点民族志（multi-sited ethnography）正是反思经典民族志浪潮中的一种重要方法论。

正如涂炯指出的：多点民族志的出现与1970 年代后世界体系宏大视角的变化及后现代理论的影响有关，更与现实的变化有关。

随着世界的紧密联系和流动性增强，新的社会过程（比如全球化等）不能被之前的资本主义世界体系的宏观模式所解释。

研究主体的生活世界与世界体系变得不能分离。

当前的社会条件要求研究者把地理流动、跨文化接触、变动的身份作为人类经验的组成部分，而质疑任何关于文化真实性和静态身份的幼稚观念。

a多点民族志主要由美国人类学家乔治•马库斯（George E. Marcus）首倡。

早在他与詹姆斯•克利福德（James Clifford）合编的《写文化——民族志的诗学与政治学》一书中，已经显示出对以往民族志研究局限性的反思。

b在汤加的田野调查经历，使马库斯意识到全球化时代文化的流动超乎过往，一时一[作者简介] 张多，云南大学文学院教师、中国社会科学院民族文学研究所博士后。

《中国社会科学报》，2015年12月2日。

a 涂炯：《多点民族志：全球化时代的人类学研究方法》，b G eorge Marcus, “Contemporary Problems of Ethnography in the Modern World System”, in James Clifford and George Marcus editors, Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley:University of California Press, 1986. 汉译本见[美]乔治•马库斯：《现代世界体系中民族志的当代问题》，[美]詹姆斯•克利福德、[美]乔治•马库斯编：《写文化——民族志的诗学与政治学》，高丙中、吴晓黎、李霞等译，北京：商务印书馆，2006年。

Chapter 1 Introduction1. 衡量跨国经营程度的指标：（管理层国际化情况&跨国度指数）1) 管理层国际化情况Top TNCs originating in Europe have a much higher representation of non-home-country nationals among their directors than do top TNCs from the United States and Japan. The percentages are 33 for the EU, 47 for Switzerland, 18 for the United States and 2 for Japan.2) TNI (Transnationality Index) 跨国经营指数根据一家企业的国外资产比重、对外销售比重和国外雇员比重这几个参数所计算的算术平均值。

指数值越高说明该跨国公司国际化经营的程度越高。

The average of the following three ratios:foreign assets to total assets国外资产比重foreign sales to total sales对外销售比重foreign employment to total employment国外雇员比重事实：The transnationality index of the top 100 from developing economies is lower than that of the top 100 TNCs worldwide.MNCs from small economies tend to have higher TNI. (due to the small home economic size) 小经济体TNI高 --- 面对较大的压力必须向海外扩张TNCs from Europe tend to have higher TNI. (due to the high regional economic integration within Europe) 欧洲TNI高 --- 经济一体化程度高，有利于在本国培养出竞争优势，再海外扩张2. Attitude toward international businessEthnocentric——母国中心主义，海外附属的管理模式与母国的管理模式类似Polycentric——多元中心主义，独立分支，遵循地方管理模式Geocentric——全球中心主义，分支机构是其全球协作网络中的重要部分，以便整合全球资源Conclusion：一开始是母国中心主义，发展到理想状态是全球中心主义3. 跨国公司的扩张模式有新的变化跨国并购技术合作与研究开发的全球化国际战略联盟等非股权合作模式4. 非股权合作模式Non-equity cooperationLicense 经营许可Franchise 特许经营Turnkey project 承包项目Strategic alliance 战略联盟Conclusion：MNEs tend to increasingly concentrate on core value-added activities, non-equity arrangements are increasingly important.5. Regionalize or globalize?（大多数跨国公司出于区域化阶段e.g.欧洲跨国公司在欧洲业务会更多，亚洲跨国公司在亚洲业务更多）A sizeable performance gap between a firms domestic and foreign activitiesTwo-thirds of European MNEs, the majority of their foreign assets were located else-where in EuropeNon-European MNEs increased the European share of their assets and sales; the opposite was the case for European firms.6. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)Company acquiring or merging with a firm (M&A)并购A firm creating a “Greenfield” operation新建A firm creating a subsidiaryResult：(Significant control & affect managerial decisions) of its foreign operation7. portfolio investment VS FDIPI：Investment by individuals, firms or public bodies in foreign financial instruments Key in distinction between FDI & PI ：直接投资者和企业之间存在一种长期的关系，直接投资者对企业的管理有重大影响间接投资的目的不在于参与企业日常经营管理，而是通过分红与股价上涨而获利8. Flow vs Stock of FDI概念区别Flow: Amount of FDI over a period of time (one year).Stock: Total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given point in time.9. 中国大致外资流入流出概况（中国流入多，流出增速快）2011年, 外商直接投资，1239.85亿美元流入存量？累计实际使用外资金额 12000亿存量：企业终止运营、资产折旧以及撤资 7118.02亿美元 (UNCTAD)2011年, 对外直接投资，651.17亿美元存量规模3659.81亿美元(UNCTAD)2011年全球对外直接投资（流入）流量15244.22亿美元, 中国外商直接投资占全球当年流量的8.133%2011年全球外国直接投资（流出）流量16943.96亿美元, 中国对外直接投资占全球当年流量的3.84%GDP, Export?〉10%2012年, 外商直接投资，1210.80亿美元2012年全球对外直接投资（流入）流量13509.26亿美元, 中国外商直接投资占全球当年流量的8.963%2012年, 对外直接投资，842.20亿美元2012年全球外国直接投资（流出）流量13909.56亿美元, 中国对外直接投资占全球当年流量的6.05%10. Two Forms of FDI（掌握基本概念）1) Horizontal Direct Investment水平投资：同行业&同水平；规模经济2) Vertical Direct Investment垂直投资：上游&下游；降低成本➢Backward 上游- investments into industry that provides inputs into a firm’s domestic production (typically extractive industries)➢Forward 下游- investment in an industry that utilizes the outputs from a firm’s domestic production (typically sales and distribution)3) Conglomeration混合投资11. 直接投资现状-Data and Facts区域分布：发达国家之间相互的投资占FDI的大多数，发展中国家亚太区FDI流出占较大比例最大投资国/地区排名前五：美国、日本、中国、香港、英国接收FDI东道国/地区排名：美国、中国、香港、巴西、英属维尔京群岛（避税）行业分布：服务业FDI占比例最大（特例：中国FDI流出以制造业为主）Chapter 2 FDI理论Outline：对外直接投资动机—市场、资源、效用、创造性资产寻求型+其他宏观资本流动—资本套利理论微观公司角度—垄断优势理论+寡头反应理论+内部化理论+折衷理论中观产业角度—产品生命周期理论+边际产业转移理论发展中国家FDI理论—竞争优势理论+小规模技术理论+局部技术创新理论+国际投资阶段论1. Motives for foreign production（概念+分辨投资动机）Push（推动因素-母国）VS. Pull （拉动因素-如何选择东道国）TNC可能会有多种动机，其动机也会随公司发展而改变1) Market - seeking 市场寻求-寻求新消费者&发展良好稳定的市场-国内市场竞争压力太大-绕过贸易壁垒或高运输成本-使产品或服务适应消费者需求-追踪核心消费者2) Efficiency - seeking 效用寻求-节约成本-大多集中在收入较低的发展中国家/有利的国际或国内政策-产业集群化带来外部规模经济3) Resource - seeking 资源寻求-自然资源寻求（油气矿木）-获得关键的投入要素，保证母国或其他市场的供应-大多集中于原材料丰富的国家e.g.中国、印度；日本70s-80s 能源外交4) Created asset - seeking 创造性资产（战略性资产）寻求-需要新技术、R&D设备、提升品牌竞争力——竞争优势-大多集中在发达国家-前提：有吸引力（联想收购IBM电脑部）5) Other motives 其他动机-母国政府战略和政治目标的需要：保证对母国经济体的垂直供应（中国与非洲拉美外交）；巩固国家发展和工业竞争力（鼓励本国跨国公司参与国际化竞争）2. 宏观资本流动——资本套利理论（Capital Arbitrage）Capital-abundant——>Capital-scare countries资本由利率低、资本充裕的国家流向利率高、资本稀缺的国家KEY：二战后由发达国家之间FDI的流动（为什么资本套利理论无法解释FDI：没有区分直接投资与间接投资）3. 微观公司角度1) Monopolistic Advantage 垄断优势-主要观点：相比较当地企业，TNCs面临附加成本：固定一次性沉没成本 & 经常性风险成本；因此TNC要存在某些优势克服以上附加成本-跨国公司垄断优势的主要表现：技术优势、先进的管理经验、雄厚的资金实力、相对全面且灵通的信息、规模经济优势、全球性的销售网络-影响垄断优势的市场结构因素：要素市场不完全（技术、管理、资本）；产品市场不完全（产品、营销、品牌）；规模经济导致的市场不完全；政府干预经济导致的市场不完全（国内经济政策，国际贸易政策）缺陷：发展中国家的FDI；FDI vs. 进口或授权经营；未解释区域选择2) Oligopolistic Reaction 寡头反应理论（多点竞争理论）进攻性投资：第一家去投资的企业 VS 防御性投资：跟随者的投资-跟随战略-交换威胁：侵入对方市场，投资互动-动态竞争：均衡打破，诱发动态竞争——新均衡-多点竞争，多市场维持3) Internalization Theory 内部化理论含义：内部化理论强调企业通过内部组织体系以较低成本，在内部转移该优势的能力，并把这种能力当作企业对外直接投资的真正动因。

广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。

the most well-known being the general theory 概述说明1. 引言1.1 概述在这篇长文中, 我们将详细探讨“the most well-known being the general theory”。

这个引人瞩目的理论是指泛化理论，是一个被广泛接受和使用的理论框架。

通过本文，我们将深入剖析该理论的实质并探讨其影响力。

1.2 文章结构本文分为五个主要部分：引言、正文一、正文二、正文三以及结论。

引言部分将提供对文章整体内容的概述，并简要介绍各个部分的目标与内容。

随后的三个正文部分将详细探讨该理论的不同层面和观点。

最后，结论部分将总结讨论结果，并提出关于该研究课题可进一步研究方向的建议。

1.3 目的本文旨在介绍和分析“the most well-known being the general theory”这一著名理论的核心思想以及它对相关领域产生的影响。

我们将重点关注该理论在实践中所起到的作用，并提取其中主要观点进行详细解析。

通过深入研究该理论，我们期望读者能够更好地了解其重要性，并认识到它对学术和实践的贡献。

此外，本文还将指出该理论可能存在的局限性，并探讨未来研究可能的拓展方向。

以上就是文章“1. 引言”部分的详细内容。

希望对您的长文撰写有所帮助！2. 正文一:2.1 主要观点一:One of the main points regarding the general theory is its application in the field of physics. The general theory, proposed by Albert Einstein, revolutionized our understanding of gravity and the structure of the universe. It introduced the concept of spacetime curvature caused by massive objects, explaining the force of gravity as a geometric effect rather than a conventional force.Additionally, the general theory also predicted the existence of black holes, which are incredibly dense objects with gravitational fields so strong that nothing can escape them, not even light. This prediction was later confirmed through various astronomical observations and experiments.2.2 主要观点二:Another important aspect to highlight is the impact of the general theory on cosmology - the study of the origin and evolution of the universe. According to this theory, the universe is not static but expanding. This insight led to groundbreaking discoveries such as the Big Bang theory, which suggests that our universe originated from an extremely hot and dense state billions of years ago.The general theory also provided a framework for understanding the distribution of matter in space and how it shapes cosmic structures like galaxies and galaxy clusters. Through its mathematical equations, scientists have been able to model and simulate these large-scale structures, further advancing our knowledge about the universe's composition and evolution.2.3 主要观点三:A third significant point pertains to technological applications stemming from the general theory. One notable example is GPS (Global Positioning System) technology. The accuracy of GPS relies on precise timing measurements using satellite signals traveling at high speeds relative to Earth's surface. However, without accounting for relativisticeffects predicted by Einstein's general theory, GPS calculations would yield errors exceeding several kilometers within just a day.By incorporating corrections based on relativistic principles into GPS algorithms, accurate positioning can be achieved. Therefore, it is evident that the general theory has real-world applications beyond scientific research, impacting everyday life and facilitating modern technologies.Overall, the general theory, with its profound implications in physics, cosmology, and technology, stands as one of the most well-known and influential concepts in scientific history. Its impact continues to shape our understanding of the universe and has broad applications that extend far beyond theoretical realms.3. 正文二3.1 主要观点一：在本部分中，我们将讨论关于"the most well-known being the general theory（最著名的是广义相对论）"的一些主要观点。

广义直觉模糊几何Bonferroni平均及其多属性决策马庆功;王峰【摘要】针对直觉模糊环境中的信息集成问题,基于阿基米德T-范数和S-范数,提出新的广义直觉模糊几何Bonferroni平均算子.该算予不仅能够考虑到每种属性的重要性,而且可以有效地捕获属性间的内在联系.首先,基于阿基米德T-范数和S-范数的直觉模糊运算法则,提出一种新的广义直觉模糊几何Bonferroni平均算子,并研究该算子的几种优良性质,包括幂等性、单调性、有界性和置换不变性;其次,探讨了广义直觉模糊几何Bonferroni平均算子的几类特殊形式;最后,基于提出的算子构建一种新的直觉模糊多属性决策方法,并结合区域经济发展研究实例.实验结果表明,提出的决策方法是可行的和有效的,并且使得决策者能够依据其态度进行决策.【期刊名称】《计算机应用》【年(卷),期】2015(035)012【总页数】7页(P3465-3471)【关键词】阿基米德T-范数;阿基米德S-范数;直觉模糊集;Bonferroni平均;几何平均;多属性决策【作者】马庆功;王峰【作者单位】常州大学怀德学院,江苏常州 213016;常州大学现代教育技术中心,江苏常州213016【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP18;C9340 引言随着社会的快速发展，由于人们思维存在一定的局限性以及事物本身的复杂性、模糊性和不确定性，导致决策者在决策过程中常常不能给出精确的决策信息。

自从Zadeh［1］于1965 年提出模糊集的概念之后，其逐渐成为处理模糊信息的有效工具。

之后，人们提出了模糊集的几种广义形式，包括:区间模糊集［2］、直觉模糊集［3］、区间直觉模糊集［4］、犹豫模糊集［5］、区间犹豫模糊集［6］等。

直觉模糊集(Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set，IFS)的概念由Atanassov［3］提出，其中的每个元素都由隶属度和非隶属度构成。

直觉模糊集自从被引入之后，已成功地应用于模式识别、风险投资、经济管理、医疗诊断等领域，并且广泛地用于处理多属性决策(Multi-Attribute Decision Making，MADM)问题。

文山学院学报Vol. 33 No. 4Aug. 202019第 33 卷第 4 期2020年 8 月JOURNAL OF WENSHAN UNIVERSITY收稿日期：2020 - 03 - 28作者简介：杨泽宇，男，安徽阜阳人，云南大学历史与档案学院硕士研究生，主要从事中国民族史研究。

刘义棠（1926—1998），字海如，号棣斋，早年入台湾国立政治大学边政系学习，毕业即任教于此，后担任该校边政研究所所长，专研中国边疆民族历史与文化，是台湾著名的中国边疆学、民族史学者。

他于20世纪60年代出版的《中国边疆民族史》在继承以林惠祥、吕思勉为代表“中国早期民族史学科体系”①的基础上，结合边疆学的学术训练和民族史的研究经验，将中国边疆与边疆民族作为研究对象，开辟出中国民族史研究中将历史学与边疆学相互结合的新范式，成为当时台湾学界边疆与民族研究的经典之一。

近年来，大陆学者对铸牢中华民族共同体的认同使上世纪诸多民族史著述重归大众视野，相关论著亦丰，但值得思考的是，作为中国民族史重要研究成果的《中国边疆民族史》却并未受到与之贡献相匹配的关注。

笔者浅见，当前以促进多民族共同发展为目标的族史溯源，其理论依据源自近代国族建构视野中国民民族意识的转变，而观察这种从粗拙渐向成熟的思维过程并在其中解密中国古代各民族发展、混化和融合的历史规律，不能局域于大陆范畴而忽视台湾学界的学术成就。

本文遂从“边缘”“一体”和“多源”三种视角出发，回顾与反思刘义棠的《中国边疆民族史》及其民族史研究的理论和方法，力图阐明台湾学者为探索中国古代边疆民族发展史所作之努力，以期引起足够重视。

不当之处，敬请方家批评、指正。

边缘视角·一体思维·多元格局——刘义棠《中国边疆民族史》的基本内容与学术贡献杨泽宇（云南大学 历史与档案学院，云南 昆明 650000）摘要：台湾民族史学者刘义棠在《中国边疆民族史》一书中，以游离于汉家王朝之外的边境民族为视角，阐释了中国民族“中央到边疆”的地缘政治、“历史与现实”的时间衔接和“多源至一体”的空间格局，以此形成的学术思维并代入于中国古代边疆民族的具体研究中，对中国民族史和边疆史地研究进行了有益的理论尝试与方法探索，亦襄助于边疆社会以及族群文化的学术拓展。

a feature-integration theory of attentionThe feature-integration theory of attention proposes that visual information is processed in two stages: pre-attentive and attentive processing. Pre-attentive processing involves the automatic and rapid detection of basic visual features such as color, shape, orientation, and size. This process occurs unconsciously and in parallel across the visual field, allowing the brain to quickly identify simple features in a cluttered environment.According to the feature-integration theory, attention is necessary for binding different features of an object together into a coherent representation. This process occurs in a "master map" in the brain that integrates information about the location and features of different objects in the visual field. The theory proposes that attention acts as a "glue" that binds together information from different parts of the brain, allowing us to perceive a unified and coherent world.Overall, the feature-integration theory of attention provides a useful framework for understanding how visual information is processed and integrated in the brain. It suggests that attention plays a crucial role in binding together different features into a unified whole, and highlights the importance of both pre-attentive and attentive processing in visual perception.。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：熟悉阻碍你理解熟悉的事物英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Familiarity Hindering Your Understanding of Familiar ThingsWe often take the things and concepts that are most familiar to us for granted. It's human nature to become complacent and stop questioning the world around us once we feel we have adecent grasp of how things work. However, this attitude of complacency actually hinders our ability to fully understand even the most rudimentary aspects of our lives. The more familiar something is, the less we tend to scrutinize it and the more assumptions we make about it. This paradoxically leads to impeding our comprehension of things that should be well within our understanding.Take language for example - most of us use our native tongue every single day without a second thought. We've been speaking and writing in that language for as long as we can remember. It has become so deeply ingrained and intuitive that we rarely pause to consider the complexities and nuances involved. How many of us could accurately explain lingua franca weird spelling rules, bizarre grammatical exceptions, or the etymological roots of common words? These are all elements of a language system that we utilize constantly, yet few can elucidate the intricacies due to over-familiarity.We fall into the same trap when it comes to understanding our own thought processes and behaviours. Self-awareness and introspection require making the familiar unfamiliar - scrutinizing the day-to-day subconscious habits and mental patterns that govern our lives. Why do we instinctively react acertain way in particular situations? What core beliefs and assumptions shape our worldview and decision making? These are not easy questions to grapple with because they require distancing ourselves from the intimately familiar.On a broader scale, we often struggle to gain a clear understanding of societal conventions, cultural norms, and institutionalized systems that have been woven into the fabric of our reality. The education system, legal system, economic models, and political structures have become such entrenched and ubiquitous parts of our world that we rarely step back and examine them with a critical lens. We simply accept them as objective realities rather than constructed paradigms shaped by human agents operating within a particular historical/cultural context. The familiar looms so large in our personal experiences that it's difficult to recognize its contrived, subjective nature.In the sciences, over-familiarity and presuppositions have stunted the advancement of knowledge throughout history. For centuries, the geocentric model of the universe went unquestioned because the idea that the Earth was the centre of everything aligned with common sense and familiar observations. It took revolutionary thinkers like Copernicus to shake people out of their complacent mindset and transform thecosmological understanding. Even in modern times, we must constantly guard against being lulled into intellectual complacency by the status quo in order to facilitate new insights and paradigm shifts.So how can we overcome the formidable barriers imposed by the paradox of familiarity? The first step is to consciously recognize when our thinking has become superficial or assumption-laden due to over-exposure. Anytime we catch ourselves handwaving away an explanation with "it's just how it is" or "that's the way things are," we need to pause andre-examine the thing we've taken for granted. Adopting a sense of curiosity about the world around us, even for the seemingly mundane, can serve as an antidote to complacency.It also helps to consciously make the familiar unfamiliar from time to time. Immersing ourselves in different cultural environments can shake us out of our intrinsic assumptions and biases. Travelling to foreign lands and being exposed to alternative worldviews and ways of life illuminates how much of our perceived reality is merely socially constructed. Thought experiments that force us to question deeply held beliefs about identity, ethics, politics or knowledge itself can achieve a similarjarring effect that disrupts our cozy relationship with the status quo.In understanding complex systems, it's useful to peel back the layers of abstraction and minutely examine the foundational components. In technology for example, we often treat our digital tools and services as seamless black boxes without comprehending the nitty gritty code and hardware that powers them. By exposing ourselves to that低level implementation, we can gain a deeper respect for the intricacies under the hood.Ultimately, combating the deleterious effects ofover-familiarity requires maintaining a self-critical mindset and sense of humility. The moment we become convinced of our comprehensive understanding is usually the point where our learning stalls. Preserving a growth mindset and being willing to question our most deeply rooted assumptions, even about Things we think we understand better than anything, is key to acquiring profound insights. The more familiar a concept becomes, the more vigorously we need to scrutinize it anew lest we succumb to the pitfalls of complacency and oversimplification.篇2The Familiarity that Hinders Your Understanding of Familiar ThingsWe often think we understand the things around us simply because we encounter them regularly. However, this perceived familiarity can actually be a major obstacle to truly comprehending the world we live in. The more we take something for granted, the less we question it, and the more likely we are to overlook crucial details and nuances. This tendency to make assumptions based on shallow familiarity plagues many aspects of our lives, from our relationships to our education to our understanding of complex systems and phenomena.Let's start with something as basic as our relationships with friends and family members. How well do we really know the people closest to us? We might spend hours every day in their company, but that doesn't necessarily mean we understand their deepest thoughts, fears, and motivations. In fact, the very fact that we are so comfortable around them can cause us to stop making an effort to truly connect and communicate. We fall into patterns, make assumptions about what they're thinking or feeling, and fail to ask the probing questions that could give us deeper insight. It's only when a major life event or conflict arisesthat we realize how little we truly understood about the people we thought we knew better than anyone.This same principle applies to our educational experiences as well. As students, we often find ourselves struggling with subjects or concepts that should be second nature to us based on years of exposure. From a young age, we are taught fundamental ideas in math, science, language, and other domains. However, instead of building a solid conceptual foundation, many of us simply memorize facts, formulas, and definitions. We become "familiar" with the surface-level components without ever grappling with the underlying principles and logic. It's no wonder, then, that we feel lost when asked to apply this knowledge in novel situations or think critically about the material. Our familiarity has bred complacency rather than true understanding.The consequences of this phenomenon become even more dire when we consider our comprehension of complex systems and phenomena that shape the world around us. Take the example of the global economy. Most of us interact with economic forces on a daily basis through our jobs, purchases, investments, and so on. We are familiar with concepts like supply and demand, inflation, interest rates, and market fluctuations.However, how many of us can honestly say we understand the intricate mechanisms that drive these phenomena? How many of us can explain the ripple effects of a change in monetary policy or the potential impacts of new technological disruptions? Too often, we rely on surface-level familiarity and struggle to see the bigger picture.This problem extends to virtually every domain, from politics and social issues to emerging technologies and scientific discoveries. We are inundated with information and have unprecedented access to knowledge, yet our ability to truly comprehend the world around us is stunted by our tendency to take things at face value. We become so accustomed to the status quo that we fail to question fundamental assumptions or seek deeper understanding.Overcoming this obstacle requires a concerted effort to combat our natural inclination toward complacency and actively challenge our perceived familiarity. We must approach the world with a sense of curiosity and humility, recognizing that there is always more to learn and understand, no matter how "familiar" something may seem.In our personal relationships, this means making a conscious effort to communicate openly, ask questions, and avoid makingassumptions based on past experiences. It means being willing to have difficult conversations and challenge our preconceptions about the people closest to us.In our educational pursuits, it means going beyond rote memorization and actively engaging with the material. It means asking "why" and "how" instead of simply accepting facts and formulas at face value. It means seeking out opportunities to apply our knowledge in novel situations and embracing intellectual challenges that push us beyond our comfort zones.And when it comes to understanding complex systems and phenomena, it means cultivating a lifelong commitment to learning and staying informed. It means seeking out diverse perspectives, questioning our biases and assumptions, and constantly re-evaluating our understanding in light of new information and developments.Ultimately, overcoming the familiarity that hinders our understanding requires a shift in mindset – a willingness to embrace uncertainty, to ask questions, and to approach the world with a sense of wonder and curiosity. It means recognizing that true understanding is a never-ending journey, and that the more we think we know, the more we have yet to learn.As students, we have a unique opportunity to embark on this journey and develop the habits and mindsets that will serve us well throughout our lives. By actively challenging our perceived familiarity and seeking deeper understanding, we can unlock the true potential of our education and better prepare ourselves for the complex challenges that lie ahead.So let us embrace the unfamiliar, even in the things we think we know best. Let us ask questions, seek out new perspectives, and never stop learning. For it is only by overcoming the complacency bred by familiarity that we can truly understand the world around us and unlock our full potential as individuals and as a society.篇3Familiarity Hinders Understanding of the FamiliarWe've all heard the saying "familiarity breeds contempt." But what about how familiarity can hinder our true understanding of the things most familiar to us? As a student, I've come to realize that the things I feel like I know inside and out are often the things I struggle to grasp on a deeper level.Take language learning for example. I'm a native English speaker, so in many ways, English is the most familiar thing in theworld to me. I've been speaking it since before I can remember. But when it comes to really understanding the mechanics of the language - the grammar rules, linguistic roots, idioms and nuances - I'm often at a loss. The better I understand the core building blocks, the more I realize how much complexity is baked into even the most basic English expressions and turns of phrase.My teachers are constantly telling me not to take shortcuts or assume I already know everything just because it's my native tongue. Mastering subjects like English literature or rhetoric requires examining the familiar with new eyes. I have to step back and look at English almost like it's a foreign language, paying close attention to details I'd otherwise gloss over out of ingrained familiarity.The same goes for other longtime familiars like my hometown, my family's culture and traditions, even the path I walk to school each day. I could go on autopilot and tune these things out because I feel like I already know them so well. But whenever I make the effort to look at them with fresh curiosity, I discover new layers of richness and meaning that my jaded familiarity had blinded me to.In math and science classes, I've learned that truly understanding a concept often requires unlearning your initialsurface-level assumptions and misconceptions about it first. As the old saying goes, "It's impossible to fill a cup that's already full." It's only when I empty my mind of what I think I know that I can start reevaluating and rebuilding my understanding from the ground up.Speaking of science, the greatest minds in scientific history often achieved breakthroughs by re-examining some of the most everyday, familiar phenomena we take for granted - like Newton closely observing the humble falling apple that sparked his insights into gravity. Or Einstein upending ourcommon-sense notions about the space and time around us. Great thinkers don't grow complacent with familiarity; they're endlessly re-examining it for new truths.Even the youngest students know the frustration of having something you think you know like the back of your hand explained in a way that makes you question your familiarity with it. Like when a teacher breaks down the fundamentals of tying your shoes or using a pencil properly - activities you've been doing so automatically for years that you've stopped truly thinking about the mechanisms behind them.Psychology tells us that the human brain is wired to take mental shortcuts and make assumptions to shorten familiarroutines and conserve energy. But as students, it's imperative that we fight those inertial tendencies that come so naturally to us. We have to push ourselves to temporarily become "unfamiliar" with the familiar. To step outside our comfort zones andalen mindsets. To revive that childlike sense of wonder at the things we think we have all figured out.Socrates was proof that being educated didn't mean accumulating knowledge but rather cultivating a passion for questioning what you think you already know. The wisest philosophers dare to look at life's most mundane realities and ask "But why?" They challenge their most basic beliefs and assumptions, even about the air they breathe.As for me, I've found the life of a student immensely rewarding but undeniably humbling. With each new subject I study, each new book or idea I explore, I'm reminded how little I actually understand about the world immediately around me.I've come to cherish those disorienting moments when the familiar abruptly becomes unfamiliar. When the floor drops out beneath what I thought was solid, settled knowledge in my mind.Those are the moments of breakthrough learning. Of paradigm shifts and epiphanies that fundamentally reshape how I see and experience the most everyday stuff in my life. It'salmost like un-learning is just as vital to my education as learning itself. Because it creates fertile spaces for genuine growth in understanding to take root.So these days, instead of dismissing the things that are overly familiar to me, I try to approach them with the curiosity and open-mindedness of an outsider. To observe them with fresh, beginner eyes. To hold myself back from projecting my preconceived notions onto them. In a way, I'm getting more comfortable with being uncomfortable with the familiar. With using unfamiliarity as a tool for deeper understanding.It's not easy. Our human brains will always prefer the path of least resistance - defaulting to assumptions and comfortable familiarities. But the life of a passionate lifelong learner demands repeatedly shattering our illusions of full understanding. It means perpetually reframing our perspectives, as difficult as that mental flexibility can be.True mastery is not just becoming overly familiar with a subject - it's retaining enough humility and inquisitiveness to realize how much deeper our understanding can keep going. How many blindspots our certainties still contain. That's what I aspire to as a student.Because in order to transform the familiar into something transcendent and life-changing, we must first embrace our profound unfamiliarity with it. Only once we shed the arrogant complacency of faux-mastery can we reacquire the insatiable curiosity needed to really delve deeper, ask bigger questions, and gain authentic insights. That's wisdom in a nutshell - the humility of realizing how unfamiliar we still are with the things we're most familiar with in this world.。

秉理性之清风,揽正道之明月英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Amidst the tumultuous currents of life, where temptations and distractions abound, it is all too easy to lose one's way, drifting aimlessly like a leaf caught in the wind. Yet, there exists a guiding light, a beacon that illuminates the path forward – the steadfast pursuit of reason and the righteous way. This essay serves as a clarion call, urging us to embrace these virtues and chart a course rooted in wisdom and moral rectitude.Reason, that hallmark of human intellect, is the cornerstone upon which we build understanding and derive meaning from the world around us. It is the clear wind that dispels the fog of ignorance and misconception, allowing us to perceive reality with clarity and discernment. Through the lens of reason, we scrutinize beliefs, challenge assumptions, and question the status quo, ever vigilant against the siren song of blind acceptance.In our pursuit of knowledge, reason acts as our compass, steering us away from the treacherous shoals of fallaciousthinking and unfounded claims. It compels us to seek evidence, to weigh arguments impartially, and to embrace conclusions that withstand the scrutiny of logic and empirical investigation. Armed with reason, we forge a path illuminated by truth, forever vigilant against the pitfalls of delusion and self-deception.Yet, reason alone is not enough to navigate the intricate tapestry of human existence. We must also embrace the righteous path, a moral compass that guides our actions and shapes our character. This path is paved with virtues such as integrity, compassion, and a steadfast commitment to justice and ethical conduct.The righteous path demands that we transcend mereself-interest and cultivate a sense of responsibility toward others and the world around us. It calls upon us to stand firm in the face of adversity, to defend the vulnerable, and to speak truth to power, even when it may incur personal cost. It is a journey that requires courage, resilience, and an unwavering dedication to principles that uplift and ennoble humanity.By walking the righteous path, we become beacons of hope and inspiration, dispelling the darkness of cynicism and apathy that too often shrouds our world. We inspire others to embracethese same virtues, creating a ripple effect that has the power to transform societies and shape the course of history itself.The symbiosis between reason and the righteous path is a potent force, a fusion of intellect and moral fortitude that propels us toward a higher plane of existence. Together, they form a metaphorical bright moon, casting its radiant light upon the landscape of human endeavor, illuminating the way forward and guiding us toward a more enlightened and just world.In this era of unprecedented challenges and opportunities, it is imperative that we heed the call to uphold reason's clear wind and embrace the bright moon of the righteous path. Whether in our academic pursuits, personal relationships, or civic engagements, these virtues must serve as our lodestar, steering us away from the treacherous shoals of ignorance, prejudice, and ethical compromise.Let us be the generation that rekindles the flame of reason, that upholds the sanctity of truth, and that walks steadfastly upon the righteous path. For it is through these noble pursuits that we will forge a better tomorrow, a world where knowledge and virtue reign supreme, and where the boundless potential of humanity can be fully realized.In the hallowed halls of learning, where minds are molded and futures are forged, let us embrace the ethos of reason and the righteous path. Let us engage in rigorous discourse, challenge prevailing orthodoxies, and fearlessly confront the boundaries of human understanding. Let us cultivate an environment where ideas are scrutinized, arguments are dissected, and conclusions are reached through a process of intellectual rigor and moral accountability.Beyond the ivory towers, in the vast expanse of human society, let us be agents of positive change, champions of justice and advocates for the disenfranchised. Let us wield the power of reason to expose injustice, to dismantle systemic oppression, and to empower those whose voices have been silenced. And let us walk the righteous path, embodying the virtues of compassion, integrity, and an unwavering commitment to the greater good.In our personal lives, let us strive to be exemplars of reason and moral rectitude, beacons of light that inspire those around us. Let us foster relationships built upon mutual understanding and respect, where open and honest dialogue reigns supreme. Let us cultivate a culture of critical thinking, where beliefs andassumptions are constantly challenged, and where intellectual growth is celebrated as a virtuous pursuit.And in the realm of civic engagement, let us be the architects of a more enlightened and just society, where reason governs our discourse and the righteous path guides our actions. Let us engage in informed and respectful debate, seeking common ground while remaining steadfast in our commitment to truth and ethical conduct. Let us hold our leaders accountable, demanding transparency, integrity, and a unwavering commitment to the principles that safeguard the rights and dignity of all.The clarion call has sounded, echoing through the corridors of time and resonating within the hearts and minds of those who dare to dream of a better world. Will we heed this call, embracing reason's clear wind and the bright moon of the righteous path? Or will we succumb to the seductive lure of complacency and moral ambiguity, consigning ourselves to a future shrouded in darkness and uncertainty?The choice is ours, and the weight of responsibility rests upon our shoulders. Let us be the generation that charts a new course, one that elevates humanity to greater heights of understanding and ethical conduct. Let us be the torchbearers ofreason and the righteous path, illuminating the way forward and inspiring generations yet to come.For it is through our unwavering commitment to these noble pursuits that we will forge a legacy that endures, a testament to the indomitable spirit of human potential and the boundless capacity for progress and enlightenment. So let us embrace this sacred charge, and together, we shall usher in a new era of wisdom, justice, and moral clarity – a world where reason's clear wind and the bright moon of the righteous path shine ever brighter, guiding us toward a future of unprecedented hope and possibility.篇2The pursuit of knowledge and understanding has been a driving force for humanity since the dawn of civilization. It is a journey that has taken us from the humble beginnings of cave dwellings to the heights of modern technological marvels. Throughout this odyssey, two guiding principles have illuminated our path: rationality and righteousness.Rationality, the clear breeze that carries the fragrance of logic and reason, has been our compass in navigating the vast expanse of the unknown. It is the very antithesis of blind faithand unfounded beliefs, instead demanding that we question, analyze, and scrutinize every assertion before accepting it as truth. This unwavering commitment to empiricism and critical thinking has been the bedrock upon which the edifices of science, philosophy, and intellectual discourse have been erected.Galileo Galilei, the father of modern science, exemplified this spirit of rationality when he challenged the long-held geocentric model of the universe. Armed with evidence from his telescopic observations, he dared to defy the dogmatic teachings of the time, ultimately ushering in a revolution in our understanding of the cosmos. His legacy serves as a testament to the power of rational inquiry and the importance of questioning established norms.Similarly, the Enlightenment thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as Voltaire, Diderot, and Hume, championed the cause of reason and skepticism. They fearlessly challenged the traditions and superstitions that had held sway over society for centuries, paving the way for the Age of Reason. Their writings and ideas sparked a intellectual renaissance that still resonates today, reminding us of the importance of subjecting all beliefs, no matter how deeply entrenched, to the scrutiny of rational discourse.Yet, rationality alone is not sufficient to guide us on our journey through life. It must be tempered and complemented by the bright moon of righteousness, a moral compass that imbues our actions with purpose and meaning. For what use is knowledge if it is not employed in the service of that which is just and ethical?The righteous way is anchored in the unwavering principles of integrity, compassion, and a commitment to the greater good. It is a path illuminated by the wisdom of sages and philosophers who have grappled with the profound questions of morality and virtue throughout the ages.Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, taught the importance of cultivating virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and filial piety. His teachings emphasized the pursuit of harmonious relationships and the cultivation of a moral character, reminding us that true wisdom lies not only in the acquisition of knowledge but also in the embodiment of ethical conduct.The Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece, too, espoused the virtues of reason, self-control, and a life lived in accordance with nature's laws. They believed that by embracing these principles, one could attain a state of tranquility and inner peace, even inthe face of adversity. Their teachings continue to inspire generations of thinkers and seekers of wisdom, reminding us that the righteous path is not always the easiest, but it is the one that leads to true fulfillment.In more recent times, figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. have exemplified the power of righteous non-violent resistance in the face of injustice and oppression. Their unwavering commitment to the principles of truth,non-violence, and civil disobedience inspired millions and catalyzed monumental social and political changes, reminding us that the pursuit of righteousness is not merely an abstract ideal, but a force capable of transforming the world.As students and inheritors of this rich intellectual and moral legacy, it is our sacred duty to embrace both the clear breeze of rationality and the bright moon of righteousness. We must cultivate a mind that is ever inquisitive, ever skeptical, and ever willing to subject our beliefs and assumptions to the rigors of reason and evidence. At the same time, we must nurture a heart that beats with compassion, integrity, and an unwavering commitment to doing what is right, even in the face of opposition or personal cost.In the classroom, this manifests itself in our willingness to challenge established theories, to question conventional wisdom, and to engage in robust intellectual discourse. We must not shy away from difficult or uncomfortable questions, for it is through the crucible of rigorous inquiry and debate that true understanding is forged.Beyond the confines of academia, we must strive to apply these principles in our daily lives, using our knowledge and reason to tackle the complex challenges that face our societies and our world. Whether it is addressing issues of poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, or human rights, we must approach these problems with a clear-eyed, rational analysis, while simultaneously adhering to the ethical imperatives of justice, empathy, and respect for human dignity.Moreover, we must recognize that the pursuit of rationality and righteousness is not a solitary endeavor, but a collective journey that requires collaboration, open-mindedness, and a willingness to learn from diverse perspectives. For it is in the symphony of voices, each contributing its unique insights and experiences, that we can hope to arrive at a more complete and nuanced understanding of the world and our place within it.As we stand on the shoulders of giants, those who have gone before us and illuminated the path with their wisdom and courage, we must resolve to carry the torch forward. We must be the ones to uphold the clear breeze of rationality, dispelling the clouds of ignorance and superstition that would seek to obscure our vision. And we must be the ones to embrace the bright moon of righteousness, letting its radiance guide us towards a world that is more just, more compassionate, and more conducive to the flourishing of all humanity.The road ahead is long and arduous, but it is a journey worth taking. For it is in the pursuit of knowledge and truth, tempered by moral virtue and ethical conduct, that we can hope to unlock the full potential of the human spirit and create a world that is a testament to the greatness of our rational and righteous endeavors.篇3Upholding Rationality's Clear Wind and Embracing the Bright Moon of the Right WayAs a student treading the path of knowledge, I find myself constantly pondering the principles that should guide my journey. In a world fraught with distractions and temptations,how does one remain steadfast in the pursuit of truth and virtue? The answer, I believe, lies in the harmonious union of reason and righteousness – a fusion that manifests as the clear wind of rationality and the bright moon of the right way.Rationality, the cornerstone of human progress, is a guiding light that illuminates the path towards understanding. It is the unwavering commitment to logic, evidence, and critical thinking that safeguards us from the pitfalls of ignorance and delusion. In the realm of academia, where knowledge is currency, rationality serves as the compass that steers us away from the treacherous waters of blind belief and unfounded assumptions.Yet, rationality alone is insufficient; it must be tempered by the moral compass that is the right way. For what is the value of knowledge if it is not harnessed for the betterment of humanity? The right way is the ethical framework that imbues our pursuits with purpose and meaning, ensuring that our actions align with principles of justice, compassion, and integrity.The symbiotic relationship between rationality and the right way is akin to the delicate dance between the sun and the moon, each complementing the other's role in illuminating our world. Rationality dispels the shadows of ignorance, while the right waycasts a warm glow upon the path of virtue, guiding us towards a life of honor and fulfillment.In my academic journey, I have witnessed the transformative power of this harmonious union. It manifests in the rigor of scientific inquiry, where hypotheses are tested, theories are scrutinized, and conclusions are drawn through the lens of empirical evidence and logical reasoning. It is embodied in the philosophical discourse that challenges our preconceptions, forcing us to confront our biases and embrace the discomfort of growth.Yet, the true essence of this union extends beyond the confines of the classroom. It permeates every aspect of our lives, shaping our interactions, our decisions, and our impact on the world around us. When we embrace rationality's clear wind, we become advocates for truth, unswayed by the siren call of falsehoods and misinformation that plague our society. We cultivate the courage to question, to challenge, and to reject that which cannot withstand the scrutiny of reason.Conversely, when we embrace the bright moon of the right way, we become beacons of moral fortitude, guided by an unwavering commitment to ethical principles. We reject the allure of expedience and self-interest, instead choosing to walkthe path of integrity, even when it demands sacrifice and perseverance.In the annals of history, we find countless examples of those who embodied this harmonious union, individuals whose legacy continues to inspire generations. From the scientific pioneers who challenged longstanding dogmas to the social reformers who fought against injustice, these luminaries understood that true progress lies in the intersection of reason and righteousness.Yet, the path is not without its challenges. The forces of irrationality and moral corruption are ever-present, seeking to undermine our resolve and sow the seeds of doubt and complacency. It is in these moments that we must remain steadfast, clinging to the principles that have guided us thus far.For me, the pursuit of this union is not merely an academic endeavor; it is a way of life, a guiding philosophy that shapes my interactions with the world around me. It is a commitment to seek truth, to uphold justice, and to leave a positive impact on the lives of others.In the classroom, I strive to cultivate an environment of intellectual curiosity and respectful discourse, where ideas are challenged and assumptions are scrutinized. I encourage mypeers to embrace the discomfort of growth, to question their beliefs, and to engage in dialogue that transcends the boundaries of personal biases.Beyond the walls of academia, I endeavor to be an agent of positive change, using the knowledge I have gained to address the challenges that plague our society. Whether it is advocating for environmental sustainability, promoting social equality, or contributing to scientific advancements, I am driven by the belief that our actions must be guided by reason and rooted in ethical principles.The path ahead is fraught with obstacles and uncertainties, but I take solace in the knowledge that I am not alone in this pursuit. Throughout history, countless individuals have walked this path before me, leaving behind a legacy of wisdom and resilience that serves as a beacon in the darkest of times.As I look towards the future, I am filled with a sense of optimism and determination. For in the harmonious union of rationality's clear wind and the bright moon of the right way lies the key to personal growth, societal progress, and the betterment of humanity as a whole.It is a path that demands unwavering commitment, intellectual rigor, and moral fortitude, but the rewards areimmeasurable. For those who embrace this union are not mere spectators in the grand tapestry of life; they are architects, weaving the threads of knowledge and virtue into a legacy that will inspire generations to come.So, let us raise our voices and our actions in unison, guided by the clear wind of rationality and illuminated by the bright moon of the right way. Together, we can forge a world where truth and justice reign supreme, where knowledge is a force for good, and where the pursuit of virtue is the highest calling.。

我最崇拜的人英语作文有关我最崇拜的人英语作文（精选15篇）在日常生活或是工作学习中，大家都写过作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。

那么一般作文是怎么写的呢？以下是小编收集整理的有关我最崇拜的人英语作文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

I worship my dad most. Not only is he a highly educated and successful businessman, heis also a caring family man.My dad was born and grew up in China. He is a highly educated professional who received his master's degree from University of Cambridge in Uk. My dad is a very successful financial expert in China. Being a caring family man, my dad loves me and my mom; he shows great respect toward his parents.Last and certainly not least, I worship my parents and love everybody in my family!Throughout the whole world, David Beckham is my most admire person. Not only because I like football, but also have I been moved by his spirit.We all know that in the year 1998, Beckham has become a sinner in the World Cup. The red card nearly ended his sports career. But his spirit is so strong that nothing can stop him.After his great effort, e has finally succeeded. He has become one of the most famous football players, which makes me admire him so much.From a sinner to a hero, he suffers from so much pain. I need to learn from him.When I was in high school, there was a teacher who taught me more than that in class.He was a very kind boy, 4 or 5 years older than us and taught us geography. We all liked to take his class, though geography was not our major course.What impressed me a lot was his grace.You could see him always smiling.He got angry only when we were too noisy in class.After class,he often played soccer with us.He used to be a very believable defender and never fouled on any of us.We all liked to call him "Teacher Miao" and he was just like a friend, not a teacher.His sonsy personality inspired me to be kind to everyone I met.That was my well-beloved "Teacher Miao" .The person I admire most in my lifeEveryone is different but ereryone will admire someone, and I am one of the every. the person I adimire is Barack Hussein Obama , why am I admire him?it is all because he is a The President of the United States of America.He is a miracle, he created more history, the American black leadersso after read this passage, I think you shall understand why I admire him or perheps you will admire him too.When I was in primary school, there was a teacher who taught me more than that in class.He was a very kind young man, more than ten years older than us and taught us English. We all liked to take his class.What impressed me a lot was his grace.You could see him always smiling.He got angry only when we were too noisy in class.After class,he often played soccer with us.He used to be a very believable defender and never fouled on any of us.We all liked tocall him "Teacher Miao" and he was just like a friend, not a teacher.His sonsy personality inspired me to be kind to everyone I met.That was my well-beloved "Teacher Miao" .我在小学的时候,有一位老师教我在课堂上比这更多.他是一个非常善良的年轻人,比我们十多岁教我们英语.我们都喜欢拿他的课.给我印象最深的是他的恩典.你可以看到他总是微笑.他很生气,只有当我们在教室太吵了.下课后,他经常和我们一起踢足球.他曾经是一个非常可信的后卫不污染对我们任何人.我们都喜欢叫他“苗老师”,他就像一个朋友,没有一个老师.他开朗的个性激励我要对每个人我见过.那是我的心爱的“苗教师”.When I was in high school, there was a teacher who taught me more than that in class.He was a very kind boy, 4 or 5 years older than us and taught us geography. We all liked to take his class, though geography was not our major course.What impressed me a lot was his grace.You could see him always smiling.He got angry only when we were too noisy in class.After class,he often played soccer with us.He used to be a very believable defender and never fouled on any of us.We all liked to call him "Teacher Miao" and he was just like a friend, not a teacher.His sonsy personality inspired me to be kind to everyone I met.That was my well-beloved "Teacher Miao" .我在高中的时候，有一位老师教我比课堂上多。