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试题三第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for “advertisement”B. dish for “food"C. fond for “affectionate”D. an editorial for “an editorial article"3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader’s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the word4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi-5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal VerbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms6.Which of the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( )A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponym9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification11.An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analyzableC. structurally fixedD. easily understood12.We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to ( )A. morphological structureB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context13.What causes the ambiguity of the sentence ”I like Mary better than Janet"? ( )A. VocabularyB. SituationC. StructureD. None of the above14.Early Modern English refers to the language spoken ( )A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 180015.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16._________________ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17.The word __________ has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________.19.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.20.Almost all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations; 3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and 5)motivation.(10%)A B21.reiteration ( ) A. high and low22.repetition ( ) B. pick and choose23.juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face24.perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.25.personification ( ) E. hiss26.portus ( ) F. bear; beare ( ) G. twitter28.heart ( ) H. cat29.birds ( ) I. port30.snakes ( ) J. heart and soulⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of context clues; 2) typesof word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( )32.sitcom ( )33.the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )34.form cradle to grave ( )35.might and main ( )36.fax ( )37.disobey,impolite, ( )38.hussy:"housewife"→"a woman of low morals"( )39.disease:"discomfort"→"illness"( )40.fond:"foolish"→"affectionate"( )Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)41.dictionary42.pejoration43.idioms nominal in nature44.Germanic45.allomorphⅥ.Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46.What are the stylistic features of idioms?47.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.50.Analyes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner试题参考答案Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.D2.B3.B4.C5.B6.D7.C8.C9.A 10.B11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.CⅡ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundⅢ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. (10%)21.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25.D26.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30.EⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.explanation32.head+head blending33.hyponymy/hyponym34.figure of speech; metonymy35.phonetic manipulation/alliteration36.back clipping37.affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes38.degradation39.narrowing40.elevationⅤ.Define the following terms.(10%)41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows asnoun idioms.44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.45.one of the variants that realize a morphemeⅥ.Answer the following questions.(12%)46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.47.A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.48.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.要点：Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week Monday50.1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.。
C9 Test-2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one thatwould best complete the statement.1. The fixity of idioms depends on .A. idiomaticityB. structureC. grammaticalityD. style2. Idioms are generally felt to be .A. formalB. informalC. casualD. intimate3. In the idiom “ move heaven and earth ”, is used.A. simileB. metonymyC. personificationD. juxtaposition4. A large proportion of idioms were first created by .A. linguistsB. poetsC. working peopleD. ruling class5. Forms and functions of idioms are .A. differentB. identicalC. not necessarily identicalD. not identical at all6. Slang expressions are often peculiar to and varieties.A. stylistic, affectiveB. social, regionalC. professional, culturalD. cultural, social7. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the relationship between the literalmeaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom.A. illogicalB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. logical8. Idioms nominal in nature function as .A. adverbsB. modifiersC. nounsD. adjectives9. In “Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters ”, figure of speech is .A. simileB. personificationC. metonymyD. euphemism10. The tone implied byA. positiveC. neutral “a big cheeseB. interestingD. derogatory”is .II.Decide whether the following are true or false.( )1. Idioms are generally felt to be informal; therefore they are usually inappropriate for formal settings.( )2. The stylistic features of idioms are fixed and unchangeable.( )3. Idioms are peculiar to native culture and language.( )4. The fixity of idioms is absolute.( )5. The idiomaticity is gradable and may best be thought in terms of a scale.( )6. Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.( )7. Idioms are usually difficult to understand because the meanings of idioms are not in many cases the total of individual words.( )8. All idioms are used in their figurative senses.( )9. Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word. ( )10. Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms, but there are many exceptions.III.Match the words and expressions in Column A with their rhetorical features in ColumnB.Column A Column B1. by hook and crook A. reiteration2. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl B. synecdoche3. play fast and loose C. rhyme4. like a rat in a hole D. personification5. fall into good hands E. hyperbole6. cut the ground from under sb. F. alliteration7. powder one ’s nose G. juxtaposition8. from cradle to grave H. repetition9.push and shove10. year in year out11. The pot calls the kettle black.12. a flood of tears I. euphemism J. metaphorK. simile L. metonymyIV. Identify the types of idiomatic variations in the following expressions.1.talk thirteen to the dozen2.It ’s an ill wind.3.fortune ’s wheel4. “The leopard! But he did change them, Dinny. ”“He did not, Auntie: he had no spots to change. ”5. Thank one’s starsV.Define the following terms.1.semi-idioms2.true idioms3.regular combinations4.sentence idioms5.phrase idiomsVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unities2. How to understand “structural stability ” o f idioms3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functionsVII. Analyze and comment on the following.1.Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be knownthat he spoke any Eastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.2.The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and rhetorical features.答案：I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the onethat would best complete the statement.1.AII. Decide whether the following are true or false.2.FIII. Match the words and expression in Column A with their rhetorical features in Column B.1. C2. F 4. K8. L 9. A 10. H 11. DIV. Identify the variation types about idioms involved in the following words and expressions.1.replacement2.shortening3.position-shifting4.dismembering5.deletionV. Define the following terms.1. semi-idiomsSemi-idioms are the idioms whose meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but are not themselves explicit.2. true idiomsTrue idioms are those whose meaning cannot be deduced from their individual constituents.3. regular combinationsRegular combinations are idioms whose meanings are understood from the literal meaningsof the constituents.4. sentence idiomsSentence idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.Each functions as a sentence.5. phrase idiomsPhrase idioms are lexemic idioms, each of which is identical with a part of speechas noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. and functions as such.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unitiesPhraseological unities refer to idioms, whose meanings are not the sum of meanings oftheir components but based on them, and thus may be understood from the components.Phraseological fusions are idioms, the meanings of which can never be deduced from the meanings of their constituents.2. What is meant by“structural stability” of idiomsThe structure of an idiom is to a large extent invariable, unlike free phrases. First, theconstituents of idioms cannot be replaced. Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted orchanged. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functionsAccording to grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups: idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.1.Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be knownthat he spoke any Eastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.“be a useful card up his sleeve” is a personal variant of“have a card up one’s sleeve”.The variation belongs to the type of dismembering. It is well used here to indicate that Conway is a person of wisdom, knowing how to take the advantage of the situation and manipulate people.2. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structureand functions, and rhetorical features.(1) The idiom is“a bolt from the blue.”(2)The idiom means a sudden unexpected incident, esp. a catastrophic one.(3)Its effect is to make the sentence concise and forcible.(4) Its grammatical structure is “n + prep + n ”, and it is nominal in nature and servesas the predicative.(5) It is a metaphor.。
Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents, we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖, ―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。
智慧树知到《医学英语词汇学》章节测试答案第一章1、The symbol of medicine is called ____.A:the rod of AaronB:the Rod of AsclepiusC:the Rod of JesseD:the Rod of Iron正确答案：the Rod of Asclepius2、The first bone of the spine is known as ____.A:AtlasB:AxisC:SacrumD:Coccyx正确答案：Atlas3、The heel cord, i.e. the largest and strongest tendon in the human body, is called _.A:Patella tendonB:Deltoid tendonC:Achilles tendonD:Trapezius tendon正确答案：Achilles tendon4、A 18-year-old man has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and always believes that he is better than others. This man may be diagnosed with having a(n) _.A:Oedipus complexB:Cain complexC:Electra complexD:Narcissistic personality disorder正确答案：Narcissistic personality disorder5、A senior woman always repeats statements and questions over and over, not realizing that she has asked the question before. She tends to forget conversations, appointments or events. This woman may be diagnosed with _.A:Parkinson’s diseaseB:Alzheimer’s diseaseC:Down’s syndromeD:Crohn’s disease正确答案：Alzheimer’s disease6、A boy always feels tired. Blood test shows that he is not iron deficient, but his MCV（平均红细胞体积）is very low. The name of this condition derives from the Greek Thalassa sea. What may be the possible diagnosis of him?A:Aplastic anemiaB:SyphilisC:Mediterranean anemiaD:Cataract正确答案：Mediterranean anemia7、In the brain, there is a region involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing, which is called the ___ because it has a shape of a seahorse.A:Pineal glandB:Pituitary glandC:ThalamusD:Hippocampus正确答案：Hippocampus8、A newborn baby is with reddish purple marks on the face, which is caused by a localized area of abnormal blood vessels. This condition is called __.A:Butterfly diseaseB:AcneC:Port-wine stainD:Pimple正确答案：Port-wine stain第二章1、Which of the following word parts is a combining form?A:hyper-B:ot/o-C:-iatricsD:penta-正确答案：ot/o-2、Which of the following words is spelled correctly ?A:enterogastritisB:enterogastroitisC:gastroenteritisD:gastrenteritis正确答案：gastroenteritis3、The correct pronunciation of “pt” in the word “gastroptosis” and “ptosis” is __. A:[t] and [t]B:[pt] and [pt]C:[t] and [pt]D:[pt] and [t]正确答案：[pt] and [t]4、Words ending with __are stressed on the next to last syllable.A:-tomyB:-omaC:-ectomyD:-rrhea正确答案：-oma5、The word “rhinoplasty” is pronounced_______.A:[‘rainəu,plæsti]B:[rai’nəuplæsti]C:[rainəuplæs’ti]D:[,rainəu’plæsti]正确答案：[‘rainəu,plæsti]第三章1、fibrous adhesionA:纤维组织B:纤维结构C:纤维固定D:纤维性粘连正确答案：D2、afferent neuronsA:传入神经元B:传出神经元C:传入神经递质D:传出神经递质正确答案：A3、回顾性研究A:a prospective studyB:a retrospective studyC:an extrovert studyD:an introvert study正确答案：A4、小脑下静脉A:inferior veins of cerebrum B:Superior veins of cerebrum C:inferior veins of cerebellum D:superior veins of cerebellum 正确答案：C5、glaucomaA:灰发病B:青光眼C:紫癜病D:发绀正确答案：B第四章1、Cardiopathy means ___.A:heart failureB:heart diseaseC:brain diseaseD:skeletal disease正确答案：B2、The suffix “-centesis” in the word arthrocentesis means __. A:destruction ofB:puncture ofC:pertaining toD:originating in正确答案：B3、The suffix “-malacia” in the word chondromalacia means __. A:flowingB:hardeningC:softeningD:producing正确答案：C4、Downward displacement of the stomach is termed ___.A:gastritisB:gastroptosisC:mammoplasiaD:sternoschisis正确答案：B5、Which of the following physicians specializes in treating patients with diseases of the liver?A:hepatologistB:hematologistC:nephrologistD:rheumatologist正确答案：hepatologist6、___ means surgical repair of an organ.A:phag/o-B:-plasmC:-plastyD:-pathy正确答案：C7、A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called ___.A:electroencephogramB:electromyogramC:electrocardiogramD:electroencephalogram正确答案：electroencephalogram8、Which of the following suffix es does not mean “pertaining to”?A:-icB:-alC:-arD:-our正确答案：-our9、The suffix “-megaly” in the word hepatosplenomegaly means ___.A:swellingB:softeningC:hardeningD:enlargement正确答案：enlargement10、The instrument for viewing is -scope whereas the instrument for cutting is______. A:-tomeB:-scopyC:-meterD:-graph正确答案：-tome第五章1、Surgical reconstruction or cosmetic alteration of the nose is termed______.A:rhinopexyB:rhinoplastyC:rhinotomyD:rhinoscopy正确答案：rhinoplasty2、A faster than normal respiratory rate of breathing is termed _.A:dyspneaB:apneaC:tachypneaD:bradypnea正确答案：tachypnea3、Hemoptysis is a term describing_______.A:a bloody noseB:bleeding from the gumsC:a clot in a pulmonary arteryD:coughing up blood from the lungs正确答案：coughing up blood from the lungs4、A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes is termed_______, which is a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished (as in carbon monoxide poisoning).A:cyanosisB:cyanideC:albinismD:erythematosus正确答案：cyanosis5、_is an instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs.A:pneumographB:spirographC:spirometerD:spirometry正确答案：spirometer6、A special procedure to examine the blood vessels of the lungs by X-ray is called A:a lung scanB:bronchoscopyC:thoracocentesisD:pulmonary angiography正确答案：pulmonary angiography第六章1、aortaA:capn/oB:aort/oC:spir/oD:ventricul/o正确答案：aort/o 2、heartA:coron/oB:ton/oC:chrom/oD:cardi/o正确答案：cardi/o 3、arteryA:arteri/oB:cephal/oC:cerebr/oD:encephal/o正确答案：4、veinA:phon/oB:dent/oC:astr/oD:ven/o正确答案：5、bloodA:plasm/oB:ser/oC:hem/oD:femor/o正确答案：angi/o 6、atriumA:atri/oB:melan/oC:chrom/oD:erythr/o正确答案：7、blood vessle A:duoden/oB:col/oC:angi/oD:jejun/o正确答案：angi/o 8、valveA:hepat/oB:valvul/oC:ren/oD:adren/o正确答案：valvul/o9、inflammationA:-itisB:-aseC:-lysisD:-ide正确答案：-itis10、incisionA:-tomyB:-stomyC:-ectomyD:-scopy正确答案：-tomy第七章1、medullar oblongataA:脑干B:海马C:延髓D:杏仁体正确答案：延髓2、somatic nervous system A:肠神经系统B:躯体神经系统C:自主神经系统D:网状神经系统正确答案：躯体神经系统3、脑皮层运动区A:cerebellar motor cortexB:trabecular motor cortexC:limbic motor cortexD:cerebral motor cortex正确答案：cerebral motor cortex 4、顶叶A:frontal lobeB:parietal lobeC:occipital lobeD:temporal lobe正确答案：occipital lobe5、基底神经节A:the basal gangliaB:the basal microgliaC:the oligodendrocyteD:the glial cells正确答案：the basal ganglia第八章1、An enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and it is usually secreted by salivary glands and by the pancreas is ___A:amylaseB:pepsinC:lipaseD:trypsin正确答案：amylase2、The term gastrectomy refers to the excision or removal of _A:liverB:gallbladderC:stomachD:pancreas正确答案：stomach3、Which of the following word parts indicates the first part of a small intestine?A:col/oB:ile/oC:duoden/oD:jejun/o正确答案：duoden/o4、gastroenteritis is an inflammation on ___(parts of the body).A:stomach and liverB:entrance of the stomachC:pylorus and cardiaD:bottom stomach & small intestines正确答案：bottom stomach & small intestines5、Gastrojejunostomy describes a procedure that____A:surgically creates an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunumB:surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wallC:surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestineD:surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen.正确答案：surgically creates an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum第九章1、_ is a hormone secreted by the thymus that can stimulate the immunological activity of lymphoid tissue.A:ThymineB:SomatotropinC:AdrenalinD:Thymosin正确答案：Thymosin2、The term “phagocytosis” means_______A:the process by which a cell, such as a white blood cell, is producedB:a cell that can ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particlesC:the process by which a cell, such as a white blood cell, ingests microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particlesD:the death of a phagocyte正确答案：the process by which a cell, such as a white blood cell, ingests microorganisms,other cells, and foreign particles3、The movement of a microorganism or cell in response to a chemical stimulus is termed _.A:chemokineB:chemotaxisC:cytokineD:chemotherapy正确答案：chemotaxis4、The word part “-phylaxis” denotes______.A:protectionB:allergyC:preventionD:diagnosis正确答案：protection5、Grafts used for transplantation from a different species are ____.A:autograftsB:isograftsC:homograftsD:heterografts正确答案：heterografts第十章1、Inflammation of joints is termed as __.A:arthrodesisB:arthroplastyC:arthriticD:arthritis正确答案：arthritis2、A sheet or band of fibrous tissue which lies deep to the skin or forms an investment for muscles and various organs of the body is __.A:faciesB:faceC:facetD:fascia正确答案：fascia3、Pick out the one which aids cartilaginous activity and thus promote the growth of new cartilage.A:chondroblastB:synchondrosisC:perichondriumD:chondroma正确答案：chondroblast4、The medical apparatus used to invest patella is __.A:patellarB:patellapexyC:patellectomyD:patellometer正确答案：patellometer5、Which of the following combining forms means “bone”? A:ren/o-B:myel/o-C:oste/o-D:gastr/o-正确答案：oste/o-6、The stem “chondro- ”in the word chondritis me ans________ . A:tendonB:cartilageC:jointD:rib正确答案：cartilage7、Radius means ___ lower arm bone.A:superiorB:lateralC:medialD:handful正确答案：superior8、The flesh is expressed in the combining form of ___.A:top/o-B:ten/o-C:thym/o-D:sarc/o-正确答案：sarc/o-9、Which of the following has the meaning of the joint?A:athr/o-B:arthr/o-C:articul/o-D:both B and C正确答案：both B and C10、Abnormal condition of being hard is referred to as __.A:sclerosisB:sclirosisC:barometerD:thermometer正确答案：sclerosis第十一章1、The term for scanty or less than normal urine formation is___ A:anuriaB:oliguriaC:polyuriaD:nocturia正确答案：oliguria2、Presence of a kidney “stone” is termed___.A:nephrosisB:hydronephrosisC:nephrolithiasisD:pyelonephrosis正确答案：nephrolithiasis3、The inflammation of the final pathway for urine in both sexes is termed___.A:nephritisB:urethritisC:nephrosisD:pyelonephrosis正确答案：urethritis4、A specialist in diseases of the lower urinary tract, bladder and urethra, is called a __.A:nephrologistB:urologistC:proctologistD:serologist正确答案：urologist5、A procedure that allows a physician to look into the bladder and examine its interior is termed a_.A:cystoscopyB:cystogramC:voiding cystourethrogram D:intravenous pyelogram 正确答案：cystoscopy第十二章1、glandA:chondr/oB:aden/oC:oste/oD:femor/o正确答案：aden/o2、secretionA:crin/oB:col/oC:ile/oD:prot/o正确答案：crin/o3、pituitary glandA:hemat/oB:encephal/o-C:hypophys/oD:choledoch/o正确答案：hypophys/o4、adrenal gland A:adren/oB:pneum/oC:immun/oD:ser/o正确答案：adren/o 5、thyroid gland A:pharyng/oB:thyr/oC:laryng/oD:bronch/o正确答案：thyr/o 6、pinealA:pineal/oB:lingu/oC:glomerul/oD:odont/o正确答案：pineal/o 7、thymus gland A:duoden/oB:thym/oC:nephr/o正确答案：thym/o8、thalamusA:capn/oB:pulm/oC:thalam/oD:scoli/o正确答案：thalam/o9、pancreasA:hepat/oB:gastr/oC:enter/oD:pancreat/o正确答案：pancreat/o10、glucoseA:muc/oB:gen/oC:gluc/oD:lip/o正确答案：gluc/o第十三章1、The word root “odonto-” denotes______.B:tongueC:mouthD:cheek正确答案：teeth2、The word root “cise-” denotes______. A:to exciseB:to cutC:to killD:to measure正确答案：to cut3、The word root “alveolo-” denotes______. A:tooth socketB:gumC:root canalD:lips正确答案：tooth socket4、Canines are also termed __.A:premolarsB:cuspidsC:bicuspidsD:baby teeth正确答案：cuspids5、A tender tooth is __.A:softB:aching all the timeC:a prosthesisD:sensitive and painful when touched正确答案：sensitive and painful when touched第十四章1、an instrument used to determine refractive errors of the eye iscalled _ A:otoscopeB:retinoscopeC:salpingoscopeD:osteoscope正确答案：retinoscope2、Inflammation of the middle eardrum is __A:tympanitisB:sclerosisC:conjunctivitisD:otitis正确答案：tympanitis3、Convulsion of the eyelid is called_____A:cochleoconstrictionB:corneodesisC:dacryotoniaD:blepharospasm正确答案：blepharospasm4、Surgical incision of the eardrum is called____ A:myringotomyB:lacrimationC:stapedectomyD:ophthalmostomy正确答案：myringotomy5、paralysis of the iris is called_____A:iridectomyB:iridodialysisC:iridoplegiaD:iridocyclitis。
英语词汇学课本习题答案Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It issometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、⼀、是、在、了、不、和、有、⼤、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,⼀), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖. ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /? memb??f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000⼗亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents,we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing. 3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such asemployment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1⽉January Jan 2⽉February Feb 3⽉March Mar. 4⽉April Apr. 5⽉May May 6⽉June Jun. 7⽉July Jul. 8⽉August Aug. 9⽉September Sept. 10⽉October Oct. 11⽉November Nov. 12⽉December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.⽆微不⾄－⽆胃不治；其乐⽆穷－棋乐⽆穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖,―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完⼀个笑话，那个⽼⼈都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. The prehistorical Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______ language.A. advancedB. developedC. analyticD. inflected ( )2. The word “prediction” contains no ______.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bund morphemeD. root ( )3. The most important of all features of words of the basic word stock is ______.A. productivityB. all national characterC. polysemyD. collocability ( )4. The word “port” from “portus” is regarded as a ______.A. semantic-loanB. neologismC. translation-loanD. denizen ( )5. Words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems are called ______.A. acronymsB. blendsC. derivativesD. compounds ( )6. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.A. popularityB. persistenceC. productivityD. priestess ( )7. The word “disunite” contains a ______ prefix.A. reversativeB. pejorativeC. negativeD. locative ( )8. Reference refers to the relationship between language and the ______.A. senseB. conceptC. worldD. context ( )9. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______.A. scope for “telescope”B. TV for “television”C. purse for “money”D. dorm for “dormitory”( )10. The words “same” and “different” are regarded as ______ terms.A. contradictoryB. relativeC. contraryD. graded ( )11. The word “copperhead” was used to refer to those northerners who were secretlyaiding the South because of the ______ reason.A. classB. historicalC. socialD. psychological ( )12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, whichis called ______ context.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. non-linguistic ( )13. The idiom “safe and sound” is an example of ______.A. reiterationB. repetitionC. alliterationD. juxtaposition ( )14. The ambiguity of the sentence, “The ball is attractive,” is caused by ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy ( )15. The main body of a dictionary is its ______ of words.A. notesB. usageC. spellingD. definitions ( ) II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _________________.2. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the _______________ element.3. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given _________________ and meaning and syntactic function.4. All the words in a language make up its __________________.5. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited ___________________ and collocability.6. Scottish and Irish belong to the Celtic family, but Danish and German belong to the ___________________ family.7. According to the ________________ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.8. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________, it can refer to something specific.9. The most common types of word-meaning changes are __________________ and narrowing.10. Of the three types of homonyms, __________________ constitute the largest number and are most common.11. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of _________________ inclusion.12. Idioms are generally felt to be __________________ and some are slang and colloquialisms.13. Synonyms may differ in the ________________ and intensity of meaning.14. So far as the language is concerned, a Chinese-English dictionary is regarded as a __________________ dictionary.15. Compared with American dictionaries, British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, include more ____________ information.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. The Germanic tribes were thought to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. ( )2. The chief function of prefixes is to change the meanings of stems. ( )3. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “internationalist”. ( )4. Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( )5. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ( )6. The words such as NATO, AIDS, BASIC and UFO are acronyms. ( )7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning. ( ) 8. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive. ( ) 9. The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different meanings. ( ) 10, The ambiguity of the sentence “The duck is too hot to eat,” is caused by inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 11. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically motivated words. ( ) 13. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is generally known as a specialized Dictionary. ( )14. In the idiom “sooner or later”, juxtaposition is used. ( )15. Linguistic context may include the whole cultural background. ( ) IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?2. What are the four major causes of the difference between sound and form?3. What is transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?5. What are specialized dictionaries? What are their characteristics?V. Analyze and comment on the following. (20%)1. Point out the formation of the following words.sitcom medicare pub quake NATO VOA2.Read the following sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explainthe reasons and then improve the sentence.Jackson is a very hard businessman.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）参考答案I. 选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. DII. 填空题1. affix2. first3. sound4. vocabulary5. productivity6. Germanic7. positions8. context9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal13. range 14. bilingual 15. grammaticalIII. 是非题1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题1.Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis forcommunication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.2.The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.3.Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change ofword-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.4.Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now wellassimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin.5.Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language orknowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms,pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, but each contains much more detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.V. 论述题1．1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”is an acronym, while VOA from “V oice of America” is an initialism.2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard”in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking”or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,”or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）I. 选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. C10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. DII. 填空题1. affix2. first3. sound4. vocabulary5. productivity6. Germanic7. positions8. context9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal13. range 14. bilingual 15. grammaticalIII. 是非题1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题6.Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Beingconstant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis forcommunication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all thespeakers of the same language.7.The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences werecreated by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.8.Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change ofword-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changedto mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transferbetween subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.9.Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now wellassimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which haveretained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin.10.Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language orknowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms,pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and avariety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, buteach contains much more detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.V. 论述题1．1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”is an acronym, while VOA from “V oice of America” is an initialism.2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard”in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking”or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,”or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”。
英语词汇学英语词汇学习题2及答案试题二第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％）1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following exampleA. lewd → ignoran tB. silly → foolishC. last → pleasureD. knave → boy2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of:A. humourB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____.A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____.A. adjectivesB. attributesC. modifiersD. words6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used.A. vocabularyB. grammarC. semantic patternD. syntactic structure7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ .A. additionB. replacementC. position-shiftingD. variation8. The word "laconic" is _____.A. onomatopoeically motivatedB. morphologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. etymologically motivated9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____.A. clear grammar codesB. language notesC. usage notesD. extra columns10.Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping?A. DormB. motelC. GentD. Zoo11.Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,00012. _____ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds13. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of _____ in the Middle English period.A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin14. A word is a symbol that _____ .A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD.shows different ideas in different sounds15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____.A. are complex words.B. are technical wordsC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book（10％）16. The same idiom may show _____ differences when it is used in different meanings including affective meaning.17. LDCE is a _____ dictionary.18. Antonyms are classified on the basis of _____.19. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called _____.20. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited _____.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1）types of meaning changes;2）types of meaning;3）language branches and 4）features of idioms （10％）A B21. grammatical meaning ( ) A. Scottish22. reading-lamp ( ) B. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl23. pen ( ) C. morphologically motivated24. alliteration ( ) D. head of a state25. difference in connotation ( ) E. answer/ respond26. elevation ( ) F. etymologically motivated27. degradation ( ) G. garage ( a place for storing cars)28. narrowing ( ) H. thing (any object or event)29. extension ( ) I. part of speech30. Celtic ( ) J. knave (a dishonest person)IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined;2）types of word formations;3）types of meaning and 4）types of meaning of idioms.（10％）31. heart and soul ( )32. father—male parent ( )33. mother—female parent ( )34. city-bred ( )35. lip-reading to lip-read ( )36. headache ( )37. antecedent ( )38. preview ( )39. receive ( )40. called ( )V. Define the following terms（10％）41. specialized dictionary42. collocative meaning43. transfer44. morpheme45. old EnglishVI. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.（12％）46.What's the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation? Illustrate your points.47. What is dismembering?48. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18％）49. The 'pen' is mightier than the 'sword'.Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' mean respectively using the theory of motivation.50. Study the following sentence, paying special attention tothe words in italics. If you find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.(100 words)The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.参考答案第一部分选择题I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. B2. D3. A4. B5. A6. D7. B8. D9. D10. B11. B12. C13. A14. B15. C第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16. stylistic17.monolingual18.semantic opposition19. degradation 或pejoration20.productivity and collocabilityIII. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4) features of idioms. (10%)21. I22. C23. F24. B25. E26. D27. J28. G29. H30. AIV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined;2) types of word formation；3）types of meaning and 4) types of meaning of idioms.(10%)31. adverb idiom/ idiom adverbial in nature32. conceptual meaning33. conceptual meaning34. n+v-ed35. backformation36. n+v37. bound root38. prefix39. bound root40. inflectional affix/morphemeV. Define the following terms.(10%)41. Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary whichconcentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)42. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)43. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.44. the minimal meaningful unit of a language.45. the language used in England from 450 to 1150.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46. 要点：Radiation Concatenationi) primary meaning i) first senseii）次要意义由主要意义辐射ii）由此意义连续转换；特点为链接iii）名词语义互不依赖iii）最后意义与第一意义失去联系的迹象47. 要点：（1）break up an idiom into pieces（2分）（2）an unusual case of using idioms（1分）（3）in literature or popular press for special effect（1分）注：语言扣分不得超过1分（语法扣1分，拼写扣0.5分）48. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with:pretty handsomeVII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write youranswers in the space given below. (18%)49. 答案要点1）Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.（2分）2）Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(3分)3）In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.(4分)50.要点：（1）it is ambiguous（2分）（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（2分）（3）stop drinking can be understood as1）police stop drinking by themselves (1分)2）police stop people drinking (1分)（4）improvement（3分）1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.。
（完整版）英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案试题三第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for “advertisement”B. dish for “food"C. fond for “affectionate”D. an editorial for “an editorial article"3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader’s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the word4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi-5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal VerbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms6.Which of the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( )A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponym9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historicalperiodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification11.An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analyzableC. structurally fixedD. easily understood12.We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to ( )A. morphological structureB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context13.What causes the a mbiguity of the sentence ”I like Mary better than Janet"? ( )A. VocabularyB. SituationC. StructureD. None of the above14.Early Modern English refers to the language spoken ( )A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 180015.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16._________________ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17.The word __________ has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________.19.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.20.Almost all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations;3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and 5)motivation.(10%)A B21.reiteration ( ) A. high and low22.repetition ( ) B. pick and choose23.juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face24.perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.25.personification ( ) E. hiss26.portus ( ) F. bear; bear/doc/0511810664.html,e ( ) G. twitter28.heart ( ) H. cat29.birds ( ) I. port30.snakes ( ) J. heart and soulⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of context clues; 2) typesof word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( )32.sitcom ( )33.the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )34.form cradle to grave ( )35.might and main ( )36.fax ( )37.disobey,impolite, ( )38.hussy:"housewife"→"a woman of low morals"( )39.disease:"discomfort"→"illness"( )40.fond:"foolish"→"affectionate"( )Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)41.dictionary42.pejoration43.idioms nominal in nature44.Germanic45.allomorphⅥ.Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46.What are the stylistic features of idioms?47.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)/doc/0511810664.html,ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.50.Analyes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner试题参考答案Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.D2.B3.B4.C5.B6.D7.C8.C9.A 10.B11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.CⅡ.Complete the following statements with proper words orexpressions according to the course book.(10%)16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundⅢ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. (10%)21.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25.D26.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30.EⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.explanation32.head+head blending33.hyponymy/hyponym34.figure of speech; metonymy35.phonetic manipulation/alliteration36.back clipping37.affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes38.degradation39.narrowing40.elevationⅤ.Define the following terms.(10%)41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows asnoun idioms.44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.45.one of the variants that realize a morphemeⅥ.Answer the following questions.(12%)46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.47.A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.48.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.要点：Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week Monday50.1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemesunbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.。
英语词汇学第四版课后答案1、———Must I return the book you lent me to you now? ——No, you( ）. You can keep it for another few days. [单选题] *A.can’tB. shouldn'tC. mustn'tD. don, t have to(正确答案)2、1——May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.——_______ , thanks. Ithink I can manage. [单选题] *A. All rightB. No problemC. It’s all right(正确答案)D. There’s no way3、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to4、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big5、How lovely a day,（）? [单选题] *A. doesn't itB. isn't it(正确答案)C.shouldn't itD.hasn't it6、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you7、35．Everyone in China ______ Mid-Autumn Day. [单选题] *A．likes(正确答案)B．likeC．is likingD．are like8、The train is coming. Be ______! [单选题] *A. careful(正确答案)B. carefullyC. carelessD. care9、Study hard, ______ you won’t pass the exam. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. butD. if10、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth11、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] *A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take12、Boys and girls, please _______ your favorite book here and show it to us next class. [单选题] *A. bring(正确答案)B. sellC. buyD. take13、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you14、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.（）[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)15、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself16、The（)majority of the members were against the idea. [单选题] *A. substantialB. enormousC. considerable(正确答案)D. overwhelming17、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.（）[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read18、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told19、In winter, animals have a hard time_____anything to eat. [单选题] *A.to findB.finding(正确答案)C.foundD.to finding20、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which21、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.（）[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent22、During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ ameal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. [单选题] *A. shareB. to share(正确答案)C. having sharedD. shared23、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for24、Though the _____ drama is wonderful, I guess most audiences will be tired as it is too long. [单选题] *A. four-hour(正确答案)B. four hoursC. four-hoursD. four-hour's25、Although the story is written for children, it can be read by adult, _____. [单选题] *A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. too(正确答案)26、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off27、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions28、--Jimmy, you are supposed to?_______ your toys now.--Yes, mom. [单选题] *A. put upB. put onC. put away(正确答案)D. put down29、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising30、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off。
英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "university" is derived from the Latin word "universitas," which originally meant:A. A place of higher educationB. A legal entityC. A group of studentsD. A city2. In English, the term "neologism" refers to:A. An old word that has been revivedB. A new word or expressionC. A word that has fallen out of useD. A word that has been borrowed from another language3. Which of the following is an example of a compound word?A. BicycleB. TelephoneC. UnicycleD. Both A and B4. The word "breakfast" is a:A. Compound wordB. BlendC. AcronymD. Back-formation5. The word "mouse" when referring to a computer device is anexample of:A. HomonymyB. PolysemyC. SynonymyD. Hyponymy6. The term "morpheme" in linguistics refers to the:A. Smallest meaningful unit of languageB. Largest meaningful unit of languageC. Smallest grammatical unit of languageD. Largest grammatical unit of language7. Which of the following is an example of a prefix?A. -lyB. un-C. -nessD. re-8. The word "unhappy" is formed by adding the prefix "un-" to the root word "happy," which is an example of:A. AffixationB. ConversionC. CoinageD. Blending9. The word "edit" can be traced back to the Latin word "edere," which means:A. To eatB. To publishC. To give outD. To cut10. The process of creating a new word by shortening an existing one is known as:A. ClippingB. Back-formationC. BlendingD. Acronym formation二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The word "kindergarten" is a compound of two German words, "kind" meaning ______ and "garten" meaning garden.12. The term "semantic shift" refers to a change in the______ of a word over time.13. An example of a back-formation is the word "edit," which was derived from the noun "editor."14. The word "geek" originally had a negative connotation but has undergone ______ to become a term of endearment for tech enthusiasts.15. The process of creating a new word by combining parts of two or more words is known as ______.16. The prefix "auto-" in "autonomous" comes from the Greek word for ______.17. The suffix "-able" in "readable" is used to form ______ adjectives.18. The term "etymology" refers to the study of the ______ of words.19. A word that has the same form as another but a different meaning is an example of ______.20. The word "smog" is a blend of "smoke" and "fog," which is an example of a ______ word.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.22. Describe the process of semantic change known as amelioration.23. What is the role of borrowing in the development of a language's vocabulary?24. Discuss the concept of word class conversion and provide an example.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English lexicon.26. Analyze the factors that contribute to the creation of new words in English.答案：一、选择题1. B2. B3. D4. A5. A6. A7. D8. A9. C 10. A二、填空题11. child 12. meaning 13. back-formation 14. semantic shift 15. blending 16. self 17. adjective 18. history 19. homonym 20. portmanteau三、简答题21. A homograph is a word that is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning and possibly a different pronunciation, while a homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning andspelling.22. Amelioration refers to the。
第二单元基本构词方法一．派生法练习一例如：intervene，intervention，intervenor，intervenient练习二希腊语前缀拉丁语前缀half hemi- semi- demi- one mono- uni-two di- bi-three tri- tri-four tetra- quadri-five penta- quint-six hexa- sex- ,seven hepta- sept-eight oct- oct-nine ennea- nona-ten deca- deci-1. immature2. irregular3.inconsiderate4. ignoble5. noncontentious6. illegitimate7. nonmetal 8. impassive 9. nonferrous 10. inaccuracy 11. unendurable 12. invariance13. non-inductive 14. illegible 15. unreasonable16. irrational \ 17. unscrupulous 18. non-staple19. imbalance 20. illegalize练习四1. before2. near3. off4. in5. inside6. outside7. out 8. before 9. beneath 10. in 11. under 12. between 13. within 14. into 15. exceeding 16. beyond 17. after 18. before19. forward 20. back 21. below22. above 23. beyond 24. across 25. extreme练习五1. dispensable, convertible, tolerable, reversible2. assistant, resistant, consistent, persistent3. calculator, liar,subscriber, survivor4. confectionery, adversary, tributary, monastery5. capricious, presumptuous, momentous, spontaneous二．复合法A. 1. greenbelt 2. greengrocer3. greenhorn4. greenroomB. 1. handbag 2. handbook3. handbrake4. handrailC. 1. aftercare 2. aftereffect3. aftertaste4. afterthoughtD. 1. sleeping bag 2. sleeping car3. sleeping pill4. sleeping partnerE. 1. running mate 2. running hand3. running head4. running boardF. 1. washbasin 2. washboard3. washerwoman4. washclothG. 1. sunburn 2. sunburst3. sunset4. sunshineH. 1. breakdown 2. break-in3. breakthrough4. breakupI. 1. outbreak 2. outcry3. outlay4. outlet练习二A．1．火力2．火把3．燃烧弹4．消防队5．太平梯B．1．(空袭)紧急警报2．隆重的欢迎3．红色肉类4．官样文章5．鲑鱼C．1．流动资本2．工作负载3．工作状态4．计算5．工人D．1．(录音等的)播放2．花花公子3．(学校的)放假日4．操场5．剧作家练习三1. farfetched2. newborn3. heart-beat4. built-in5. clothes-washing6. dust-laden7. oncoming 8. fair-minded, good-hearted 9. self-evident 10. grown-up练习四1．修改，校订2．冷淡3，对……进行军法审判4．将……上手铐5. 骤然把……塞进6．用沙袋阻塞7．船只失事8’使短路9。
词汇学模拟试卷（参考答案）《英语词汇学》模拟试卷 (一)I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets. (30%) 1. English lexicology embraces morphology, semantics,______ stylistics and lexicography.A. etymologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax .D. phonology ( ) 2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______.A. stability .B. productivityC. polysemy .D. all national character ( ) 3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. Celtic .B. HellenicC. Italic .D. Germanic . ( ) 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. borrowingB. backformationC. creationD. semantic change ( ) 5. The words “motel” and “comsat” are called ______.A. blendsB. compoundsC. acronymsD. initialisms . ( ) 6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings” has______ morphemes.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five ( ) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. conceptB. worldC. context .D. sense ( ) 8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______.A. dorm for “dormitory”B. fond for “affectionate”C. dish for “food”D. TV for “television” ( )9. The word “mouth” in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. etymologicallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. semantically ( ) 10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the ______ of the word.A. pronunciationB. spellingC. functionD. meaning ( ) 11. Frogs croak, but elephants ______.A. neighB. squeakC. bleat .D. trumpet ( ) 12. The antonyms “present” and “absent” are ______ terms.A. relativeB. contraryC. contradictoryD. graded ( )113. The idiom “scream and shout” is a good example of ______.A. reiteratonB. alliterationC. repetitionD. juxtaposition ( ) 14. Ambiguity arises due to all the following except ______.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. structure ( ) 15. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words.A. grammaticalB. morphologicalC. semanticD. phonological ( ) II. Complete the sentences with the proper words from the course book. (15%) 1. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given __________________and meaning and syntactic function.2. English has evolved from a ____________________ language (Old English) to the present analytic language.3. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ___________________ morphemes.4. A ________________ is known as the smallest functioning unit in the compositionof words.5. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________it can refer to something specific.6. The second major language known in England was the_________________ of the Roman Legions.7. Conceptual meaning is also known as ____________________ meaning.8. The relationship between sound and meaning is _________________ andarbitrary. 9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of __________________ inclusion. 10. The same word may have different ___________________ meanings as shown in “do, does, did, done, doing.”11. Synonyms may differ in the ___________________ and intensity of meaning. 12. The word “famous” is ___________________, but the word “notorious” isderogatory.13. Characterized by semantic unity and ______________________ stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule.14. Linguistic context can be subdivided into ____________________ context and grammatical context.15. So far as the language is concerned, LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both _____________________ dictionaries.III(Decide whether the following statements are true or false andthen put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ( )2. English words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. ( )3. Danish, Icelandic, Flemish and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( )24. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns are thought to be content words, which are also known as notional words. ( )5. The word“miniskirt” is a semantically motivated word. ( ) 6. There is a reversative prefix in the word “unwrap”. ( )7. The words “AIDS” and “UFO” are regarded as acronyms. ( )8. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “shorter”. ( )9. Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical in sound and spelling. ( ) 10. In the idiom “chop and change”, alliteration is used. ( )11. The word “disease” originally meant “discomfort”, but now it means “illness”, soit has undergone degradation of meaning. . ( ) 12. Context may prove very valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. ( ) 13. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, only resulting in synonymous idioms. ( ) 14. One of the unique features of CCELD is language notes. ( ) 15. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs is a specialized dictionary. ( ) IV. .Answer the following questions. (20%)1. What are the characteristics of Old English?2. What are the differences between a root and a stem?33. What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?4. What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?5. How is context classified?4V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes, and then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.idealistic antecedent lighthouses2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer place.5《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一)参考答案I. 选择题1. A2. D3. D4. C5. A6. C7. B8. C9. D 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. CII. 填空题1. sound2. synthetic3. inflectional4. morpheme5, context 6. Latin 7. denotative 8. conventional9. semantic 10. grammatical 11. range 12. appreciative 13.structural 14. lexical 15. monolingualIII. 是非题1. T2. T3. F4. F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F 1o. T 11, F 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. TIV. 问答题1. Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes calledAngles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. Itwas a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a syntheticlanguage.2. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withouttotal loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. A stem may consist of a single root morphemeas in “cat” and “teach” or a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as in “foolish” and “unacceptable”. Therefore, a stem can be definedas a form to which affixes of any kind can be added, but a root is that part of aword form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have beenremoved.3. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining theinitial letters ofnames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technicalterms, Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending onthe pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter,but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words. 4. Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaninggiven in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaningis the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Conceptualmeaning, being constant and relatively stable, forms the basis for communicationas the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the samelanguage, but associative meaning, being open-ended and indeterminate, is liableto the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, and so on.65. Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words,clauses, sentence, in which a word appears. This is known aslinguistic contextwhich may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In abroad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is calledextra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place,and even thewhole cultural background.V. 论述题1. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes:idealistic (ideal + ist +ic), antecedent (ante + ced + ent), lighthouses (light + house + s).2) Of the nine morphemes, “ideal”, “light” and “house” arefree morphemes,but all the rest –ist, -ic, ante-, -ced-, -ent and –s are bound morphemes Of the sixbound morphemes, -ist, -ic, ante- and –ent are derivational morphemes and –s isan inflectional morpheme, while –ced- is a bound root.3) Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes have completemeanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences,but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are boundto othersto form new words.2. 1) The relationship between some words used in the two given sentences ishyponymy.2) In the first sentence, “trees”, “water” and “place” are all superordinateswhile “old elms”, “lake” and “cabin” in the second sentenceare all subordinatescompared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.3) The second sentence is clearer than the first one because subordinates arevivid, precise and concrete.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一)I. 选择题1. A2. D3. D4. C5. A6. C7. B8. C9. D 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. CII. 填空题1. sound2. synthetic3. inflectional4. morpheme5, context 6. Latin 7. denotative 8. conventional9. semantic 10. grammatical 11. range 12. appreciative 13.structural 14. lexical 15. monolingualIII. 是非题1. T2. T3. F4. F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F 1o. T 11, F 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. TIV. 问答题2. Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes called7Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. Itwas a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a syntheticlanguage.2. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withouttotal loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. A stem may consist of a single root morphemeas in “cat” and “teach” or a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as in “foolish” and “unacceptable”. Therefore, a stem can be definedas a form to which affixes of any kind can be added, but a root is that part of aword form that remains when all inflectional and derivationalaffixes have beenremoved.3. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining theinitial letters ofnames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technicalterms, Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending onthe pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter,but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words. 4. Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaninggiven in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaningis the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Conceptualmeaning, being constant and relatively stable, forms the basis for communicationas the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the samelanguage, but associative meaning, being open-ended and indeterminate, is liableto the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, and so on. 5. Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words,clauses, sentence, in which a word appears. This is known aslinguistic contextwhich may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In abroad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is calledextra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place,and even thewhole cultural background.V. 论述题1. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes:idealistic (ideal + ist +ic), antecedent (ante + ced + ent), lighthouses (light + house + s).2) Of the nine morphemes, “ideal”, “light” and “house” arefree morphemes,but all the rest –ist, -ic, ante-, -ced-, -ent and –s are bound morphemes Of the sixbound morphemes, -ist, -ic, ante- and –ent are derivational morphemes and –s isan inflectional morpheme, while –ced- is a bound root.3) Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes have completemeanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences,but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are boundto othersto form new words.2. 1) The relationship between some words used in the two given sentences ishyponymy.82) In the first sentence, “trees”, “water” and “place” are all superordinateswhile “old elms”, “lake” and “cabin” in the second sentenceare all subordinatescompared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.3) The second sentence is clearer than the first one because subordinates arevivid, precise and concrete.9。
英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "breakfast" is derived from:A. LatinB. Old EnglishC. GreekD. French答案：B2. Which of the following words is a compound word?A. TelephoneB. BicycleC. ComputerD. All of the above答案：D3. The word "kindergarten" is borrowed from:A. GermanB. ItalianC. SpanishD. French答案：A4. Which of the following is an example of a back-formation?A. EditB. TypewriteC. CatalogD. Interview答案：A5. The term "morpheme" refers to:A. A wordB. A syllableC. A meaningful unit of languageD. A sound答案：C6. The word "mouse" can be analyzed as:A. A single morphemeB. A compound wordC. A prefix and a rootD. A root and a suffix答案：A7. Which of the following words is a blend?A. MotelB. BrunchC. InfomercialD. All of the above答案：D8. The process of adding a suffix to a root to form a new word is called:A. DerivationB. InflectionC. ConversionD. Blending答案：A9. The word "unbelievable" is formed by:A. PrefixationB. SuffixationC. ConversionD. Blending答案：A10. The word "run" can have several meanings, which is an example of:A. HomonymyB. PolysemyC. SynonymyD. Antonymy答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The process of changing a word's form to express tense, mood, or number is called ________.答案：inflection2. A word that has the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings is called a ________.答案：homograph3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is known as a ________.答案：morpheme4. A word that is formed by combining two or more words is called a ________.答案：compound5. A word that is formed by adding a prefix to a root is called a ________.答案：prefixed word6. The study of the history of words and the way they change over time is known as ________.答案：etymology7. A word that is formed by adding a suffix to a root is called a ________.答案：suffixed word8. The process of creating a new word by shortening an existing word is called ________.答案：clipping9. A word that is formed by combining parts of two or more words is called a ________.答案：blend10. The process of creating a new word by changing the form of an existing word is called ________.答案：conversion三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a prefix and a suffix.答案：A prefix is an affix that is added to the beginning of a root to form a new word with a different meaning, such as "un-" in "unbelievable". A suffix is an affix that is added to the end of a root to form a new word, often changing thepart of speech or adding a specific meaning, such as "-ness"in "happiness".2. What is the role of a morpheme in the structure of a word? 答案：A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, and it can be a word by itself or part of a word.It can be a root, which carries the core meaning, or an affix, which modifies the meaning or function of the root.3. Describe the process of word formation through blending.答案：Word formation through blending involves combiningparts of two or more words to create a new word. This process results in a word that is shorter and often more convenientto use, such as "brunch" from "breakfast" and "lunch".。
C9 Test-2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.1. The fixity of idioms depe nds on _______ .A. idiomaticityB. structureC. grammaticalityD. style2. Idioms are gen erally felt to be ______ .A. formalB. i nformalC. casualD. in timate3. In the idiom move heaven and earth , ________ is used.A. simileB. metonymyC. pers on ificati onD. juxtapositi on4. A large proporti on of idioms were first created by ______ .A. li nguistsB. poetsC. work ing peopleD. ruli ng class5. Forms and functions of idioms are ______ .A. differe ntB. ide nticalC. not n ecessarily ide nticalD. not ide ntical at all6. Slang expressi ons are ofte n peculiar to _ and _______ varieties.A. stylistic, affectiveB. social, regi onalC. professi on al, culturalD. cultural, social7. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the ____ relationship between the literal meaning of eachword and the meaning of the idiom.A. illogicalB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. logical8. Idioms nominal in n ature fun cti on as ______ .A. adverbsB. modifiersC. nounsD. adjectives9. In “ Fire and water are good serva nts, but bad masters speech isfigure ofA. simileB. pers oni ficati onC. metonymyD. euphemism10. The tone implied by “ a big cheese . ” isA. positiveB. in terest ingC. n eutralD. derogatory11. Decide whether the following are true or false.( )1. Idioms are gen erally felt to be in formal; therefore they are usually in appropriate for formal setti ngs. ( )2. The stylistic features of idioms are fixed and unchangeable.( )3. Idioms are peculiar to native culture and Ianguage.( )4. The fixity of idioms is absolute.( )5. The idiomaticity is gradable and may best be thought in terms of a scale.( )6. Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.( )7. Idioms are usually difficult to understand because the meanings of idioms are not in many cases the total of in dividual words.( )8. All idioms are used in their figurative senses.( )9. Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word.( )10.Sema ntic un ity and structural stability are gen eral features of idioms, but there are many excepti ons.III. Match the words and expressions in Column A with their rhetorical features in Column B.Column A1. by hook and crook2. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl3. play fast and loose4. like a rat in a hole5. fall into good hands6. cut the ground from under sb.7. powder one 's nose8. from cradle to grave9. push and shove10. year in year out11. The pot calls the kettle black.12. a flood of tearsIV. Identify the types of idiomatic variationsin the following expressions.1. talk thirteen to the dozen2. It 's an ill wind.3. fortune 's wheel4. “The leopard! But he did change them, Dinny. ”“He did not, Auntie: he had no spots to change.” 5. Thank one 's starsV.Define the following terms. 1.semi-idioms 2.true idioms 3.regular combinations 4.sentence idioms 5. phrase idiomsVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unities?2. How to understand “ structural staboiliftyidioms? ”3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functions?VII. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be known that he spoke anyEastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.2. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and rhetorical features.Column B A. reiteration B. synecdoche C. rhyme D. personification E. hyperbole F. alliteration G. juxtaposition H. repetition I. euphemism J. metaphor K. simile L. metonymy答案：I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A2.B3.D4.C5.C6. B7.A8.C9.B 10.DII. Decide whether the following are true or false.1.T2. F3.T4.F5.T6. F7.T8.F9.F 10.TIII. Match the words and expression in Column A with their rhetorical features in Column B.1. C2. F3.G4. K5. B6. J7.I 8. L 9. A 10. H 11. D 12.EIV. Identify the variation types about idioms involved in the following words and expressions.1. replacement2. shortening3. position-shifting4. dismembering5. deletionV. Define the following terms.1. semi-idiomsSemi-idioms are the idioms whose meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but are not themselves explicit.2. true idiomsTrue idioms are those whose meaning cannot be deduced from their individual constituents.3. regular combinationsRegular combinations are idioms whose meanings are understood from the literal meanings of the constituents.4. sentence idiomsSentence idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each functions as a sentence.5. phrase idiomsPhrase idioms are lexemic idioms, each of which is identical with a part of speechas noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. and functions as such.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unities?Phraseological unities refer to idioms, whose meanings are not the sum of meanings of their components but based on them, and thus may be understood from the components.Phraseological fusions are idioms, the meanings of which can never be deduced from the meanings of their constituents.2. What is meant by“structural stability”of idioms?The structure of an idiom is to a large extent invariable, unlike free phrases. First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functions?According to grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups: idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be known that he spoke any Eastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.“be a useful card up his sleev”e is a personal variant of“have a card up one's sleeve”. The variation belongs to the type of dismembering. It is well used here to indicate that Conway is a person of wisdom, knowing how to take the advantage of the situation and manipulate people.2. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and rhetorical features.(1) The idiom is“a bolt from the blue.”(2) The idiom means a sudden unexpected incident, esp. a catastrophic one.(3) Its effect is to make the sentence concise and forcible.(4) Its grammatical structure is“n + prep + n”, and it is nominal in nature and serves as the predicative.(5) It is a metaphor.。
试题三第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the aboveas a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for “advertisement”B. dish for “food"C. fond for “affectionate”D. an editorial for “an editorial article"is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader’s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the wordof the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi-of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal VerbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonymsof the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponymterm "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or fieldidiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personificationidiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analyzableC. structurally fixedD. easily understoodcan work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to ( ) A. morphological structure B. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical contextcauses the ambiguity of the sentence ”I like Mary better than Janet"? ( ) A. Vocabulary B. SituationC. StructureD. None of the aboveModern English refers to the language spoken ( )A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 1800added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.word __________ has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________.a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations; 3)assimilation degree;4)characteristics of the basic word stock and 5)motivation.(10%)A B( ) A. high and low( ) B. pick and choose( ) C. face to facehomonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.( ) E. hiss( ) F. bear; bear( ) G. twitter( ) H. cat( ) I. port( ) J. heart and soulⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of context clues;2) types of word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( ) ( )usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( ) cradle to grave ( )and main ( )( ),impolite, ( ):"housewife"→"a woman of low morals"( ) :"discomfort"→"illness"( ):"foolish"→"affectionate"( )Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)nominal in natureⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)are the stylistic features of idioms?would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner试题参考答案Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in thebracket.(30%)Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundⅢ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. (10%)Ⅳ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of context clues;2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetoricalfeatures of idioms.(10%)+head blendinghyponymof speech; metonymymanipulation/alliterationclipping, prefixation or negative prefixesⅤ.Define the following terms.(10%)41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows asnoun idioms.term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.of the variants that realize a morphemeⅥ.Answer the following questions.(12%)46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes;(4) to create new words.Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.要点：Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week Monday50.1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.。
陕西理工学院成教院《英语词汇学》自测题 Self-Assessment Exx on English Lexicology 一. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1. Words fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______. （ ） A. use frequency B. notion C. productivity D. origin 2. Words like bear, nut, knocked out can be categorized as ______. （ ） A. terminology B. jargon C. slang D. neologisms 3. Identify the word that is of Scandinavian origin among the following. （ ） A. Skirt B. Dress C. Model D. Status 4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? （ ） A. Old English was a highly inflected language. B. Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary C. The word cloak is of French origin. D. Modern English is a synthetic language. 5. The root of the word ―antecedent‖ is ______. （ ） A. ante- B. -ced- C. -dent D. -ent 6.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called ____.（ ） A. blending B. clipping C. acronymy D. back-formation 7. Associative meaning of words comprises the following except ______. （ ） A. connotative meaning B. lexical meaning C. affective meaning D. collocative meaning 8. What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? （ ） A. Suffixation. B. Polysemy. C. Allomorph. D. Variation. 9. Which word that formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English?（ ） A. Deer. B. Cattle. C. Sheep. D. Bird. 10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, this word may create ______. （ ） A. semantic motivation B. degradation C. ambiguity D. extension 11. Without ______, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey. （ ） A. context B. semantic unity C. structural stability D. stylistic feature 12. Idioms manifest such rhetorical features as the following except______. （ ） A. phonetic manipulation B. lexical manipulation C. literary expressions D. figures of speech 13. According to its grammatical functions, idioms can be classified into five groups. The idiom ―heart and soul‖ belongs to ______. （ ） A. idioms nominal in nature B. idioms adjectival in nature C. idioms verbal in nature D. idioms adverbial in nature 14. The main body for a dictionary is ______ of words. （ ） A. spellings B. pronunciations C. definitions D. grammar 15. Readers can‘t find pronunciation or meaning in ______. （ ） A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation B. The Encyclopedia Americana C. Chambers Encyclopedic English Dictionary D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 二. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. Affixe attached to the end of word toindicate grammatical relationshipsare known as ________ morphemes. 17. The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning. 18. ―Pavement‖ in British English and ―sidewalk‖ in American English have the same ________. 19. Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the ________field of ‗colour. 20. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being ________ and the other opposite. 三. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1 ) types of meanings;2) types of motivations; 3) types of dictionaries; 4) origins of English and 5) types of sense relations. A B 21. queer, odd A. onomatopoetically motivated ( ) 22. surplus value B. subordinate hyponymy ( ) 23. miaow C. specialized dictionary ( ) 24. CED D. Greek ( ) 25. hard disk, CPU etc. — computer E. polysemy ( ) 26. technology F. semantically motivated ( ) 27. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs G relative synonym ( ) 28. The pen is mightier than the sword. H. conceptual meaning ( ) 29. gay-joyous, brilliant and homosexual I. bilingual dictionary ( ) 30. home/dwelling place J. German ( ) 四. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of context; 2) types of word formation; 3) causes of meaning change; 4 ) types of bound morphemes underlined. 31. boob-head-one who returns too often to jail ( ) 32. ascendant ( ) 33. look out/look out ( ) 34. descend ( ) 35. telequiz ( ) 36. landlord (in English vs. in Chinese) ( ) 37. a coloured nail/a copper nail ( ) 38. tolerance ( ) 39. churl-bad people ( ) 40. stockholder ( ) 五. Define the following terms. 41. creation (as a mode of vocabulary development) 42. free morphemes 43. collocative meaning 44. concatenation 45. grammatical context 六. Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short. (12%) 46. What is suffixation? Give an example to illustrate your point.
