高中英语 完成体
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Lesson 3 完成体完成体：侧重于动作的影响或造成的结果细分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时现在完成时现在完成时的构成: have(has)+ done构成。
现在完成时的用法:其用法主要有三种1）表示过去发生并完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 也叫作“已完成”用法 :表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never,three times, before等。
如：这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。
1）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。
常和just，now，already，yet，not…yet 等不确定的时间状语连用。
Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。
（说明现在灯关上了）I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。
（说明可以交作业或做别的了）2）表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着。
一般不用时间状语。
I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。
（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没找到这支笔） He has gone to England.(他刚去英国)I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)2）表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态。
也叫“未完成”用法。
表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。
常常与for;since连用。
常和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如lately，recently，these days，in the past few days，during the last two weeks，since，since yesterday，since 2 days ago，since 1991，for a long time，for a month，so far，up to now，till（until）now ；ever since; since then; over the years（这些年来”“经过这么多年之后”“最近几年）等。
如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了) He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。
（现在还住在这儿）They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。
（现在还在往来） How long have you studied English？你学英语多久了？（现在仍在学）三.现在完成时的时间状语I现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。
如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。
但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a.用副词already和yet。
already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever和never.多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
如： -Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past fewyears等。
例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几天他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。
例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗？我没有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？II短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。
如：come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up等。
但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词。
现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换如：fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill)get to know→ know begin,(start)→ be onopen →be open buy→ haveget up→ be up die→ be deadgo out→ be out come→ be inclose→be closed arrive→be herejoin→be in, be a +名词finish( end )→be overleave, move →be away, borrow →keepgo to school→be a student catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)begin to study→study come back→be backput on→wear 或be on如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for 5 minutes.电影已开始五分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
四.几点注意事项1. have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。
如： They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
2.短暂性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如： I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.3.在this/that is the+最高级+n或者it/this/that is the first/second…time修饰先行词的定语从句用现在完成时态This is the first time that I have come here. This is the best tea that I have ever drunk.4. it is/has been+一段时间+since 句型It is/has been many years since we met last time.5. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，用has/have done来代替将来完成时态(will have done)If you’ve learned English, you’ll find it a bridge to knowledge.I will surf the Internet when I have finished all the housework.二、过去完成时态构成: had done定义：1)表过去的过去发生或完成的动作对过去造成的影响或结果。
或一件事情发生在过去，另外一件事情先于它发生并且对发生过去的事情有影响，那么先发生的动作要用过去完成时态：过去的过去注意：过去完成时候只针对于过去来说，与现在无关。
因此解题需要找到动词的过去时态作为参照点，先发生的用had doneShe had learned some English before she came to the institute.时间状语标志：by/until/before/by the end of+过去的时间: by then; until then; by the end of last year By then he had learned English for 3 years.2) 过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一个时间，还可以持续下去。
常与for; since引导的时间状语连用It was the fastest I had seen him move since 1964.It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days.特殊用法：1.在“一….就”hardly/scarcely/barely…when 和no sooner..than 句子中：从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时态。
否定词句首要部分倒装I had no sooner entered the classroom than the bell rang. 刚刚一…就Hardly had we got there when it began to rain.2. had+hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected/supposed表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、计划。
