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Unit 5Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGObectivesI. What is nonverbal communication II. Nonverbal communication and culture III. Functions of nonverbal communication IV. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication V. Nonverbal communication: guidelines andlimitations VI. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGI. Defining nonverbal communication• 1. Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.• 2. Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGII. Nonverbal communication and culture • 1. Much of our nonverbal behavior, likeculture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequently beyond our awareness.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 2. Culture is all-pervasive, multidimensional, and boundless; it is everywhere and in everything. The same is true of nonverbal behavior.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 3. Another parallel between culture and nonverbal behavior is that both need to be learned.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 4. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture's underlying attitudes and values. It can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIII. Functions of nonverbal communication • To repeat, complement, substitute for averbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIV. The importance of nonverbal communication• 1.We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their non-verbal behavior.• 2. We use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.• 3. Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.• 4. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGV. Nonverbal communication: guidelines and limitations1.It is important to remember that we are all more than our culture.2. In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.3. Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.IBC COURSEWARE OFVI. Categories of Nonverbal Communication•1. Those primarily produced by the body: appearance, movements (kinesics), facial expressions, eye contact, touch.•2. Those the individual combines with the setting: space, time, and silence.IBC COURSEWARE OF2. Body movement (kinesics)•posture•gesturesIBC COURSEWARE OF3. Facial Expressions4. Eye contact and gaze5. TouchIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFhe/she is ready to move at any time. his/her feelings, trying to calm down.•How Body Communicates, from head to toesIBC COURSEWARE OFHEAD-Nodding the head-“Yes”in most societies-“No”in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey•Tossing the head backward–“yes”in Thailand, the Philippines, India, LaosIBC COURSEWARE OFFACE IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFEYES*Eye contacts-Encouraged in America, Canada, Europe-Rude in most Asian countries and in Africa*Winking eye-Sharing secret in America and Europe-flirtatious gesture in other countries*Closed eyes-bored or sleepy in America-“I’m listening and concentrating.”in Japan, Thailand, ChinaIBC COURSEWARE OFEars*Ear grasp-“I’m sorry.”in parts of India*Cupping the ear-“I can’t hear you.”in all societies*Pulling ear-“You are in my heart”for Navajo IndiansIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLIPS AND MOUTHCheeks*Cheek screw-gesture of praise -Italy-“That’s crazy.”Germany*Cheek stroke-“pretty, attractive, success”most EuropeIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Kiss. In parts of Asia, kissing is considered an intimate sexual act and not permissible in public, even as a social greeting.IBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING •Finger tip kiss. In France, it conveys several messages, “That’s good!”“That’s great!”“That’s beautiful!.”IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Open mouth. Any display of the open mouth is considered very rude in mostcountries.Fingers*The “O.K.”signal. (the thumb and forefinger form a circle) means*“fine,”or “O.K.”in most cultures,*“zero”or “worthless”in some parts ofEurope*“money”in Japan*an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey,Russia and some other countriesIBC COURSEWARE OFFingers*Pointing.*Pointing with the index finger iscommon in North America andEurope.*But it is considered impolite inJapan and China where theyfavor using the whole open hand.*Malaysians prefer pointing withthe thumb.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Of all the body parts, thehands are probably used most for communicating non-verbally.*Hand waves are used for greetings, beckoning, orfarewells.Hands*The Italian“good-bye”wave can be interpreted by Americans as the gesture of “come here.”*The American “good-bye”wave can be interpreted in many parts of Europe and Latin America as the signal for “no.”IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Handshaking is a form of greeting in most Western cultures.*In the Middle East, a gentlegrip is appropriate.*In most Asian cultures, a gentlegrip and an avoidance of directeye contact is appropriate.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Right hand. The right hand has special significance in many societies. In certain countries in the Middle East and in Asia, it is best to present business cards or gifts, or to pass dishes of food, to get an attention, using only the right hand or both. *Left hand is considered unclean in much of the Middle East and in parts of Indonesia.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Clapping hands.*Russians and Chinese may use applause to greet someone.*In many central and eastern Europe,audience frequently clap in rhythm.IBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Holding the nose-“Something smells bad.”universal *Nose tap-“It’s confidential.”England-“Watch out!”or "Be careful.”ItalyIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Pointing to nose-“It ’s me.”China*Blowing nose-In most Asian countries , blowing the nose at social gathering is ‘disgusting.’Arms*Some cultures, like the Italians, use thearms freely. Others, like the Japanese,are more reserved; it is considered impolite to gesticulate with broadmovements of the arms.*Folding arms are interpreted by somesocial observers as a form of excluding self, “I am taking a defensive posture,”or“I disagree with what I am hearing.”IBC COURSEWARE OF*Arms akimbo. In many cultures, thisstance signals aggression, resistance, impatience, or even anger.*Arms behind back, hands grasped is a sign of ease and control.*Arms in front, hands grasped, common practice in most Asian countries, is a sign of mutual respect for others.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLegs & Feet*In Asia, do not point with your toes.*In Asia and some European countries, putting feet up on a desk or any other piece of furniture is very disrespectful.*Sitting cross-legged, while common in North America and some European countries, is very impolite in other parts of the world.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study•Study the following three cases and explain what messages smiles and laughter usually convey.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study1. In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally fall over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.3. In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feelingIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter•Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment.•In case A, the girl smiled to cover her embarrassment resulting from not being able to answer the question.•In case B and C, the laughter is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he is aIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing’such things can happen to any of us.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance •Space includes the personal space and territoriality.•Animals and human beings both stake out to defend their territories.•The territorial invasion of a country may lead to the declaration of war. But people as individuals may not be so pugnacious (好斗的).• A more tangible form of communication between people is the use and control of space.IBC COURSEWARE OFNorth Americans’distance habit0~45cm:intimate lovers and family members45~80cm:friends (personal distance)130~300cm:acquaintances (social distance)>270cm:public space, not belong to oneself Behind:strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance•Personal spaceEdward T. Hall suggests that “each person has around him an invisible bubble of space which expands and contracts depending on his relationship to those around him, his emotional state, and the activity he is performing.”Based on his observations of North Americans, Hall developed four categories of distance in human interactions:IBC COURSEWARE OF•(1) Intimate distance: ranging from body contact to 18 inches, this distance is used for personal contact, comforting, and protecting.** 一英寸=2.54厘米IBC COURSEWARE OF•(2) Personal distance: from 18 inches to 4 feet, depending on the closeness of the relationship, in this distancing mode people have an visible “space bubble”separating themselves from others.** 1英尺(ft)=0.3048米(m)IBC COURSEWARE OF•(3) Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet, this distance is used by acquaintances and strangers in business meetings and classrooms.IBC COURSEWARE OF。
跨文化交际的英文作文English:Cross-cultural communication is an essential aspect of our globalized world. It involves interactions between people from different cultural backgrounds, where language, customs, beliefs, and norms can vary significantly. Successfully navigating these interactions requires understanding, respect, and adaptability.One significant challenge in cross-cultural communication is language barriers. For instance, during my travels in China, I encountered a situation where Istruggled to convey my dietary restrictions to a local chef. In English, I requested a vegetarian dish, assuming itwould be understood. However, the chef seemed perplexed,and I realized my mistake. I then tried using basic Mandarin phrases I had learned, such as "wǒ bù chī ròu" (我不吃肉), meaning "I don't eat meat." This helped bridge the communication gap, and the chef was able to prepare asuitable meal.Another aspect to consider is non-verbal communication. In many cultures, gestures, facial expressions, and body language convey meanings as much as words do. For example, a firm handshake is often seen as a sign of confidence and respect in Western cultures. However, in some Asian cultures, a softer handshake may be more appropriate, as a firm grip can be perceived as aggressive. Understanding these nuances is crucial for building rapport and avoiding misunderstandings.Moreover, cultural differences in communication styles can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, in some cultures, direct communication is valued, while in others, indirect communication is preferred to maintain harmony. During a business negotiation in Japan, I found that my straightforward approach was met with silence and nods, which I initially interpreted as agreement. However, upon reflection, I realized that my Japanese counterparts were being polite and non-confrontational, and their silence indicated they were considering my proposal rather thanagreeing outright.In conclusion, effective cross-cultural communication requires patience, empathy, and an open mind. Byrecognizing and respecting cultural differences in language, non-verbal cues, and communication styles, we can foster mutual understanding and build stronger relationshipsacross borders.中文：跨文化交际是我们全球化世界中至关重要的一部分。
Unit 5Nonverbal communication课前谚语+名言：1、I’s not what he said, but the way he said it.——English saying2、There is a language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips.——William Shakespeare案例一：个人空间马克最近从丹麦搬到了悉尼，在一家澳大利亚公司当销售员。
他被邀请加入当地的一个俱乐部。
有一天在一个晚会上，一个女成员走近他，马克立即通过谈论展现出了他的兴趣。
起初聊天进行的很顺利，但随着谈话的进行，马克逐渐的向她靠近，而那位女士似乎离他越来越远，并显得很不自在。
当马克正要问她有关于澳大利亚习俗的问题时，站在旁边的一个男士往这边瞟了一眼，她找了个借口离开，去和那个男人说话。
留下马克傻傻的站在那里，他不知道为什么他们的交谈如此突然地停止了。
Question：Why did that women suddenly stop talking with mark and turned to another man?注释：这是一个对身体距离理解不同造成的误会。
在丹麦，正式场合中，个人空间大概在20厘米-30厘米之间。
而在澳大利亚，这样的场合需要40厘米-50厘米的身体距离。
所以丹麦人习惯近距离交谈，澳大利亚人习惯远距离交谈。
在这个情况下，马克尝试去建立自己正常的个人亲密空间，侵犯了澳大利亚女士的空间，正因如此，她感到了某种威胁，失去了舒适感。
就在那时，身旁的男人给了她一个离开的机会。
如果马克对于澳大利亚人所期待的个人空间有所了解的话，或许这个谈话会有所不同。
案例二：使用当地语言的问题。
弗兰克为了做研究的目的从澳大利亚来到中国，为此，他在大学里刻苦学习中文，并且能用中文很方便的和人交流。
而当他到达北京以后，他开始和当地人交谈，询问方向和建议。
尽管他几乎都是用中文和他们交流，但是他发现周围的人有时候会笑着用英语回答他，尽管他们对英语知之甚少。
跨文化交际NonverbalcommunicationinourlifeNonverbal communication in our lifeNonverbal communication is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and express specific meaning instinctively to the other communicator. It plays a very important role in our daily communication. The study of nonverbal communication covers three major parts: Kinesics or Body language, Space language, and paralanguage.Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate. For example, thumbs up means yes, very good, or well done, and thumbs down means the opposite. Keep our fingers crossed means that the person is hoping for good luck in the United States, England, and Sweden. But in Greece and Turkey it means the breaking of a friendship, and in parts of Italy it means “O.K.”, etc.Space language means body distance and body touch.Anthropologist Edward T. Hall described four levels of social distance that occur in different situations:Intimate distance - 6 to 18 inches.Personal distance - 1.5 to 4 feet.Social distance - 4 to 12 feet.Public distance - 12 to 25 feetWhen we have a closer relationship, we often make some intimate contact such as hugging, whispering, or touching. Between family members or close friends often have Personaldistance. The closer the people can comfortably stand while interacting can be an indicator of the intimacy of the relationship. In cases where you do not know the other person well, such as a postal delivery driver you only see once a month, a distance of 10 to 12 feet may feel more comfortable. Public distance is often used in public speaking situations. T alking in front of a class full of students or giving a presentation at work is good examples of such situations.Paralanguage studies speech qualities such as its pitch (highness or lowness of voice), pace (speed), volume (loudness) and, in some cases, enunciation. Potentially, your voice has the power to engage, charm, encourage, motivate, persuade, or gain people’s attention and trust. Just as, if used incorrectly, it can alter the meaning of your message and give people the wrong impression about your true personality, making you sound unprofessional, indecisive or, vice versa, pushy and demanding.The function of nonverbal communication is so great. It can reiterate verbal communication. Repeating is sequential not simultaneous. For instance, your significant other asks if you are having an affair. First you shake your head no. Then you say “No”。
