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1,water metabolism水分代谢：植物对水分的吸收、运输、利用和散失的过程。
2,bound water束缚水：靠近胶粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分。
3,free water自由水：距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分。
4,water potential水势：指每偏摩尔体积水的化学式（差）可判断水分的能态。
5,osmotic potential渗透势：渗透势亦称溶质势，是由于溶质颗粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水势低于纯水的水势。
6,matric potential衬质势：由于细胞胶体物质亲水性和毛细管对自由水的束缚而引起的水势降低值，恒为负值。
7,aquaporin水通道蛋白：生物膜上具有通透水分的功能的内在蛋白，亦称水乳蛋白。
8,transpiration pull蒸腾拉力：叶片蒸腾时，气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞因蒸腾失水而水势下降，所以从旁边细胞取得水分。
同理，旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分，如此下去，便从导管要水，最后根部就从环境吸收水分。
引起这种吸水的能力即是蒸腾拉力。
9,Photosynthetic unit光合单位：位于类囊体膜上，能进行光合作用的最小结构单位，包括聚光色素系统和光反应中心10,Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化：利用贮存在跨类囊体膜的质子梯度的光能把ADP和无机磷合成为ATP的过程，称为光合磷酸化。
11,Photorespiration光呼吸：植物的绿色细胞依赖光照，吸收氧气和放出二氧化碳的过程。
12,Photoinhibition光抑制：光能超过光合系统所能利用的数量时，光合功能下降，这个现象为光合作用的光抑制。
13,CO2 compensation point二氧化碳补偿点：当光合吸收的二氧化碳量等于呼吸放出的二氧化碳量时，外界的二氧化碳含量就叫二氧化碳补偿点。
14,Light saturation point光饱和点：在光照强度较低时，光合速率随光强增加而增加；光强进一步提高时，光合速率的增加逐步减小；当超过一定光强时，光合速率不再增加，此时的光照强度即为光饱和点。
植物生理学名词解释(双语)1,water metabolism水分代谢：植物对水分的吸收、运输、利用和散失的过程。
2,bound water束缚水：靠近胶粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分。
3,free water自由水：距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分。
4,water potential水势：指每偏摩尔体积水的化学式（差）可判断水分的能态。
5,osmotic potential渗透势：渗透势亦称溶质势，是由于溶质颗粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水势低于纯水的水势。
6,matric potential衬质势：由于细胞胶体物质亲水性和毛细管对自由水的束缚而引起的水势降低值，恒为负值。
7,aquaporin水通道蛋白：生物膜上具有通透水分的功能的内在蛋白，亦称水乳蛋白。
8,transpiration pull蒸腾拉力：叶片蒸腾时，气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞因蒸腾失水而水势下降，所以从旁边细胞取得水分。
同理，旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分，如此下去，便从导管要水，最后根部就从环境吸收水分。
引起这种吸水的能力即是蒸腾拉力。
9,Photosynthetic unit光合单位：位于类囊体膜上，能进行光合作用的最小结构单位，包括聚光色素系统和光反应中心10,Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化：利用贮存在跨类囊体膜的质子梯度的光能把ADP和无机磷合成为ATP的过程，称为光合磷酸化。
11,Photorespiration光呼吸：植物的绿色细胞依赖光照，吸收氧气和放出二氧化碳的过程。
12,Photoinhibition光抑制：光能超过光合系统所能利用的数量时，光合功能下降，这个现象为光合作用的光抑制。
13,CO2compensation point二氧化碳补偿点：当光合吸收的二氧化碳量等于呼吸放出的二氧化碳量时，外界的二氧化碳含量就叫二氧化碳补偿点。
14,Light saturation point光饱和点：在光照强度较低时，光合速率随光强增加而增加；光强进一步提高时，光合速率的增加逐步减小；当超过一定光强时，光合速率不再增加，此时的光照强度即为光饱和点。
Chapter 4 Respiration in plant •Disscussion:•1.Does plant has special respiration pathway? 3030721001段颖慧, 3040709043刘旖璇, 3040709045,陈秀珍•2.What are similarity and difference between dark respiration and photorespiration? 3040709037姚雷钧, 3040709038马宇光, 3040912018于喆•3. What are similarity and difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthetic phosphorylation? •3043023057袁迟, 3043023063段丽娜, 3043023087郗旺, 3040709067林明志•Section1. The concept and physiological role of respiration in plant• 1.1Concept of respiration• 1.1.1Aerobic respiration In the presence of molecular oxygen (O2), living cell makes respiratory substrates degrade (oxidize) thoroughly, companied with release of CO2 , formation of H2O and unlocking of energy.•Respiration substrates：sugar、fat or protein.•Normal substrate is glucose (G, C6H12O6)。
•C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+Energy(△G')•△G'=2870kJ(686kCal)/molFig 4-1The integration of aerobic respiration in plant including glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle ,TCA) , respiratory electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation.1.1.2Anaerobic respirationIn the absence of O2, living cell makes respiratory substrates degrade partly, companied with unlocking of less energy.Fermentation in microbes.C6H12O6→2C2H5OH+2CO2+Energy△G`=100kJ/molC6H12O6→2CH3CHOHCOOH+Energy△G`=100kJ/molAdaptation to flooding and anaerobic condition.• 1.2 Physiological role of respiration•(1)Provide the energy for life activity,36-38ATP.•(2)Provide the intermediate products (skeleton) for other biosynthesis, keto acid (酮酸)and NAD(P)H。
•Glucose as an example, EMP pathway can be summed up as following reaction equation:•C6H12O6+2NAD+2ADP+2Pi→2CH3COCOOH +2NADH2+2ATP+2H2O•Key mediates：Pyr→Ala•PEP→OAA•PEP+E4P→C7……shikimic acid pathway(莽草酸途径)……aromatic amino acid (芳香族氨基酸) and plant hormones。
2.2、TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)TCA cycle is a program carried out inmitochondrial matrix under available O2, inwhich pyruvate is , step by step, degraded byoxidation into H2O and CO2--------------------Krebs cycle.•Sum of TCA cycle•In mitochondrial matrix.•Decarboxylation of 3 CO 2.•Removing 5 couple of hydrogen (4NADH 2, 1FADH 2 ).•Total equation:•2Pyr+8NAD +2FAD+2ADP+2Pi +4H 2O •→6 CO 2+2ATP+8NADH 2+2FADH 2•Key mediate products:•α-KG →Glu, Chl ，OAA →Asp , CH 3CO-CoA →Fatty acid ，NADH 2for other reduction or synthesis2.2Pentose phosphate pathway（PPP, HMP）•PPP is a process in which G6P is directly decarboxylated and dehydrogenated, and CO2 releases in the cytosol.•2 steps•Step1.6 G6P is dehydrogenated two times and decarboxylated one time, and forms 6 Ru5P.•Step2.6 Ru5P are recombined into 5 G6P.Role：1.Producing reduction power (NADPH2 ),2.Providing mediate products,R-5-P→dR5P……nuclear acid.E4P+ PEP→C7……shikimic acid pathway ……aromatic amino acid, plant hormones,phenols、quinones.3.Producing ATP,too?•PPP↑,upon flowering, oil seed developing, infection of plant diseases or insect.•Judging form：initial ratio, C6/ C1;if onlyPPP, the C6/ C1is 0；if only EMP-TCA, C6/C1is 1。
If the ratio is >0<1，both happen。
Section3. Biological oxidation •Biological oxidation——intensive definition: The process in living cell, under normal temperature and pressure, catalyzed by enzyme and releasing stored energy step by step, includes organic substrate degradation by oxygenation, O2 consumption, CO2and H2O production and release of stored energy to form ATP.•Special definition: respiratory electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation and O2uptake and H2O formation.2.1Structure and function of mitochondriabar ball shape: 1～2μm ×0.5～1.0 μm, 500～2000/cell。
Fig 4-4 Mitochondrial structure3.1Structure and function of mitochondriaFig 4-5 Mitochondrial structure shows respiratory chain3.2 Respiratory chainFig 4-6Complaxes of respiratory chain in mitochondrial cristaeFig 4-7Structure of alternate oxidase• 3.4 Oxidative phosphorylationA process in which ATP is synthesized with ADP and Pi, while the respiratory electron is transferred along respiratory chain to O.2•Mechanism：Mitchell’s chemical osmotic theory.•P/O is referred to number of ATP formation, while each one of atom of oxygen is consumed during respiration.•NADH2……→P/O=3（or 2）•FADH2……→P/O=2ATP formationSection 4 Regulation and organic substance synthesis associated with respiration• 4.1 Regulation of respiration• 4.1.1 Energy charge (EC) regulation: Adenyl acid levels regulate the respiratory metabolism.•EC reflects the energy levels in cell, and the following formula is often represented:•[ATP]+1/2[ADP]•EC= ——————————•[ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP]Section 5. Respiratory indexes and factors affecting respiration•5.1 Respiratory index5.1.1 Respiratory rate:•The quantity of release of CO2 (or uptake of O2 ) per unit weight (FW, DW, protoplast weight) per time (O2μmol/gDW.h, O2μmol /gFW.h).•Depends on species, ages, organs or tissues.• 5.1.2Respiratory Quotient(R.Q.)•or Respiratory coefficient:•Referred as the ratio of moles (or volumes) of released CO2to absorbed O2 by plant tissue at the same time.••moles (or volumes) of released CO2•R.Q.＝———————————————•moles (or volumes) of absorbed O2•Sugar as a substrate: R.Q.=1，•C6H12O6+6 O2→6CO2+6H2O•RQ=6molCO2/6mol O2=1.0•Sugar as a substrate: R.Q.=1，•C6H12O6+6 O2→6CO2+6H2O•RQ=6molCO2/6mol O2=1.0•Fatty acid as a substrate: RQ<1，•C6H12O2+8 O2=6CO2+6H2O•RQ=6/8=0.75•Sugar as a substrate: R.Q.=1，•C6H12O6+6 O2→6CO2+6H2O•RQ=6molCO2/6mol O2=1.0•Fatty acid as a substrate: RQ<1，•C6H12O2+8 O2=6CO2+6H2O•RQ=6/8=0.75•Organic acid as a substrate: RQ>1,•2C6H8O7+9O2→12CO2+8H2O•RQ.=12/9=4/3=1.33•R.Q. also depends on environmental O2，orother metabolism•.•Anaerobic respiration,------RQ>1•Conversion of fat acid to sugar----RQ<1，Conversion of sugar to fat acid ----RQ>1.。
