英美文化-英国部分

英美文化概况之英国篇英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。

地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。

大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。

政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。

我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。

联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。

大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。

因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。

不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。

二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。

英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。

（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。

其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。

《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲
课程性质：选修
适用专业：非英语专业和英语专业
学时：32 学分：2
先修课程：大学英语基础英语
一、教学目的和任务：
《英美文化》是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一体的选修课，旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的历史、社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮助学生了解主要英美两国的历史、社会与文化概貌，使其从历史、文化和社会的角度更加深刻地理解和掌握所学语言知识和技能。

二、基本要求：
1、了解英美国家的社会与文化概况，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识；
2、培养学生跨文化交际能力；
3、培养学生的对文化差异的敏感性和容忍性；
4、为学生阅读英文报刊、英文原著打下基础。

三、教学内容：
第一讲国家历史—英国篇1第二讲国家历史—英国篇2
第三讲国家历史—美国篇1 第四讲国家历史—美国篇2
第五讲政治体制—英美篇第六讲经济体制—英美篇
第七讲文学艺术—英国篇第八讲文学艺术—美国篇
第九讲教育体制—英美篇第十讲社会习俗—英美篇
第十一讲流行文化—英美篇第十二讲宗教习俗—英美篇
第十三讲新闻媒体—英美篇1 第十四讲新闻媒体—英美篇2
第十五讲语言差异—美语、英语的差异第十六讲总结
四、学时分配：
五、主要参考书：
[1] 朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册）高等教育出版社2003
[2] 毛贵荣宗玉《问答美国》外文出版社2001.1
[3] 张奎武《英美概况》吉林科学技术出版社1998.2
教研室主任：
分院（系）领导：。

(判断题)Chapter 11. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F)2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T)3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F)5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F)6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T)7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T)3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F)4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F)8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T)Chapter 31. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T)2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T)Chapter 41. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T)3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)4. Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be a great success i n dealing with all the British economic and social problems.(F)5. The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservative Party.(T)6. Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics from economic policy.(T)7. Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)8. Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain.(T)Chapter 51. The British government has been responsible for education since the early1800s.(F)2. Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and15.(F)3. The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and theindependent system.(F)4. When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a nationalGCSE examination.(T)5. Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enterfamous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6. The Times is the world’s oldest Sunday newspapers.(F)7. The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)(选择题)Chapter 11. The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. NorthernIreland4. English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD.pronunciation8. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 21. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 41. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 51. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools wereended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.Over of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needA. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime(简答题)Chapter 11. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?A: because they like to enjoy the beautiful Scottishscenery, to drink the scotchwhisky and to see the Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?A:the development of English language be divided into three period :old English , middle English ,modern English .3. Why did English become more important after the Black Death?A: the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social important after the Black Death. So English also grew in importance compared to French .Chapter 21. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?A:the Queen Victoria’s major achievements in alm ost every aspect : she promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign , British had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.2. What were the two camps in Europe in world war I?A: The central powers which included Germany ,Austria-Hungary , the ottoman empire and Bulgaria and allied powers which were mainly comprised of France , the Russian empire ,and British empire , Italy and the united states.3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the united states after world war II?A: because they were allied during the war and share the same worries about the former soviet union.Chapter 31. What the three functions of the house of commons?A: the three functionsare : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the governmentpolicy.2. What kind of public image dose liberal democrats have in Britain?A:the liberal democrats is perceived as “middle” between the conservation and the labor party . it is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social . it emphasizes the need for a change in Britain’sconstitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.3. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election ?A; Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in parliament. Therefore , it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.Chapter 41. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s?A: its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment .in 1982,the unemployment rate reached the level of the great depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain’s agriculture?A:britain’s agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agriculture activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country’s labor force , it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid-1990s?A: Britain’s beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.Chapter 51. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university , whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?Britain comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom? Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. What role dose the media play in British leisure culture?The media play an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule or a government.。

英国与美国的文化差异 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT英国与美国的文化差异英美文化的差异表现在很多方面：一、英美语言差异尽管英美两个国家都是讲英语的，但是美国英语和英国英语是不相同的。

英国人与美国人虽然说的都叫英语，但这两种英语的差异还是很大的，学英语的人都知道，英语中有英式发音和美式发音两种。

英国人的英语，相对而言，发音比较清楚，连读的部分较少，一般听起来相对比较字正腔圆;而美国人说英语，则秉持这能省则省，能连就连的原则，因此，对于把英语作为第二语言的人来说，听英国人的发音相比较下会舒服得多，而如果要习惯美音，恐怕只有在美国生活过的人才真正做到了。

另外，两国在字词上的用法也有很多的不同二、英美生活习俗差异英国人和美国人在自己日常生活习俗上也有区别。

从服饰上看，英国2人非常讲究衣着，讲究绅士风度，西装革履，皮鞋锃亮。

美国人则比较随便，想穿什么就是什么，以自己舒适为主，不会去介意别人的评价，别人也不会去评价。

有的英国女士接待黄皮肤朋友时，专门涂抹上黄色面霜，以表示对朋友的亲近和尊重。

美国人可方便多了，近几年，美国流行大花裤衩，校内校外，老老少少，都少不了它的影子。

但这也并不是说，他们到处随意，在一些场合，他们也是西装革履，文质彬彬，很有些“绅士”的派头。

但如果一看到没有旁人，这些“绅士”就原形毕露，鞋也脱了，领带也松了，扣子也解了，脚也搭起来了。

从饮食上看两国的美食都像英语一样，是一个大杂烩，广泛吸收了世界各地不同文化的影响。

众所周知，英国是一个聚集了诸多绅士淑女的地方，而英国的饮食，也处处散发着英国上流社会应有的高贵气质，从选材到烹饪，再到餐桌上的一言一行，英国人无不将细致发挥到了极致。

特别在餐桌礼仪上，不能在餐桌上说话，不能有餐具敲击的声音，刀叉的握法……几乎所有我们所了解的法式西餐的规则都被英国人所遵守而同样是吃饭，到了美国人身上，则就显得随意了许多。

英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part )Unit Three大学英语第一教研室余非编2013年2月Unit 3 Politics and LawContents:1.Political Parties2.Elections3.Justice and Law Courts4.Legal Profession1.Political Parties✧In the United Kingdom, politics is under the control of political parties, and this is known asparty politics.✧There are two major political parties that contest the majority of seats of Parliament in thegeneral election.✧Britain normally holds a general election every five years for British people to elect Membersof Parliament.✧British voters regard the transfer of political powers from one party to another as an effectiveway of making the government more responsive to their demands.✧Under the British law, people are free to set up political parties, and a number of politicalparties exist in the United Kingdom. The law grants equal treatment to all political parties.✧However, only two of them are most important and they are known as the major parties.✧Consequently, politics in Britain is based on a two-party system instead of multi-partysystem.✧The two major parties are respectively called the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.British Parliament is always dominated by one or the other of these two major parties.✧Small parties, usually called minor parties, cannot win the majority seats of Parliament andhave no chance to control the government.✧The history of political parties in Britain can be traced back to the late 17th century when twopolitical parties, the Whigs and the Tories, were founded.The Whigs (辉格党):1. The name Whig is derived from a derogatory term first applied to Scottish rebels.2.Towards the middle of the 19th century, the Whigs adopted a new name, the liberal Party.3.After the First World War, the Liberal Party disintegrated and some of its members laterjoined the Labor Party, which was founded in 1900. Its supporters are mainly from trade unions, liberals, socialists, and progressive intellectuals.4.The basic doctrine of the Labor Party was based on socialism, but its goal was to promotenational and individual growth, not the uprising of one class by overthrowing another one. 5.Many of the Labor leaders are from the working class families, but the party is not arepresentative of the working class in its real sense. It represents the interests of confusing class elements.6.According to statistics from general elections, about 20% of upper-middle class, half of themiddle class, and 60% of the manual workers vote for the Labor Party. It is for this reason that the Labor Party is said to represent the relatively poor or the lower class.The Tories（托利党）:1.Those who opposed the doctrine of the Whigs were called the “ Tories ”. The name Tory,derived from an old Irish word meaning runaway or fugitive.2.In the mid-19 century, the Tory Party decided to adopt the new name --- The ConservativeParty--- because of the changed situation in Britain. Tory is still often used as a synonym for Conservative.3.The main support of the Conservative Party comes from the middle and upper-middle classes,which are believed to be more conservative.4.The average educational level of the Conservatives is usually higher than that of otherpolitical parties. It can be said that the higher one goes up in social and economic class, the more likely he is to vote for the Conservatives.5.That is why some people label the Conserv atives as a party of “the rich”.2.Elections✧Members of Parliament are elected in nationwide general elections. The goal of the twomajor parties is to gain the majority of the seats in the House of Commons so as to form itsgovernment.✧There are 659 seats in the House of Commons, representing the whole nation.✧To distribute the seats fairly, the United Kingdom is divided into 659 electoral districts, alsoknown as constituencies, of equal population. Each constituency is to elect one Member of Parliament.✧Every man and woman aged 18 or over has the right to vote. Each voter can vote for only onecandidate.✧Both parties have their local organizations that choose candidates of their party and help themwith the election campaign. A candidate without party affiliation is known as an independent candidate. Active supporters of the candidates use all kind of methods in the campaign. The most interesting method is “ canvassing ”.✧For the purpose of soliciting votes by canvassing, activists go from house to house and oftenrides in cars to the voting place.✧The general election is held on the same day all over the country, but voting is notcompulsory. The voter takes his ballot paper to a booth where he marks the name he intends to vote for and puts it into a large box.✧At the end of the time for voting, all the boxes containing marked ballot papers are sent to acentral point in the constituency.✧The candidate who gets most votes wins the election. As soon as the results of the generalelection are published, everyone knows which party will govern Britain for the next few years.✧If the Government (the party in power) wins the majority of the seats in Parliament, there isno need to make changes.✧If it fails to win the majority, the Prime Minister concedes his pa rty’s defeat and resigns atonce. The Queen then appoints the leader of the new majority party Prime Minister and empowers him to organize a new government for the five years.✧The former government would become the Opposition Party and form it “ shadow cabinet ”.3.Justice and Law Courts✧Britain is a modern democracy based on the rule of law, but it dose not have a singledocument that can be called the written constitution because British values stress adherence to tradition.✧Generally speaking, the English law comprises three elements :1) Act of Parliament （议会法案）2) Common law （习惯法；判例法）3) The European Union law. （欧盟法）✧There are also various local laws known as by-laws made by local governments; however,since local are not allowed to contradict national laws, they cannot be regarded as a separate element.✧Britain has a long judicial history. Its legal system has been emulated throughout the worldand some of its key principles are reflected in the laws of other countries.✧The most important principles derived from British law include due process of law and thewrit of habeas corpus.✧Due process of law is a legal principle that has been adopted by almost all the moderncountries to protect individual rights. It was used for the first time in the Great Charter., also known as the Magna Carter that was signed by King John in 1215.Note :英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。

英国文化概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英美历史、地理及政治1.英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。

3英国由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。

除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，总人口超过6400万，4英国以英格兰人为主体民族。

英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。

其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。

5英国作为英联邦元首国、欧洲联盟成员国、北大西洋公约组织创始会员国、G8成员国，英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。

6英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制。

7英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主。

英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党，并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。

目前英国属于议会内阁制下的两党制。

8英国在1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力壮大。

9 英国在18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球，是当时世界上最强大的国家。

在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。

10英国到20世纪下半叶英帝国解体，超级大国领导地位被美国和苏联取代。

不过，目前英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大国。

11英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代，以棉纺织业的技术革新为始，以瓦特蒸汽机的发明和广泛使用为枢纽，以19世纪30、40年代机器制造业机械化的实现为基本完成的标志。

12英国女王玛丽。

英王亨利八世之女。

1553年即,位后，恢复天主教，因残酷迫害宗教改革家，烧死新教徒达300多人，而获此称谓“血腥玛丽”。

13英国人信仰的宗教主要是基督教。

英美文化概论导言：在全球化的今天，英美文化已成为世界范围内广泛接受和影响深远的文化形式。

英美文化的独特性和多样性使其融入了各个层面的社会生活。

本文将对英美文化进行概述，包括英美文化的起源、主要特征和影响力等方面。

一、起源1. 英美文化的历史背景英美文化源于英国和美国两个国家，两国在历史发展中形成了独特的文化基因。

英国作为美国的殖民地，英国文化是美国文化的重要来源之一。

17世纪至18世纪期间，随着大量移民的涌入，欧洲文化也对美国文化的形成产生了影响。

2. 英美文化的多样性英美文化是一个多元且充满活力的文化体系。

它包括了英国各个地区的本土文化以及美国不同地区和种族背景的文化。

这种多样性使英美文化具备了包容性和创造性。

二、主要特征1. 语言英语是英美文化的基本媒介和表达方式。

英美英语具有许多共同点，但也有一些差异，如发音、词汇和语法等方面。

同时，英语在英美文化中的地位也是相当重要的。

2. 文学英美文学以其独特的风格和世界知名的作家而闻名。

从莎士比亚到丽兹·堤勒，英美文学不仅包括古典作品和传统文学，还涵盖了现代文学和儿童文学等多个领域。

3. 音乐英美文化中的音乐具有广泛的影响力。

从古典音乐到流行音乐，英美的音乐创作和表演都具有独特的风格和特点。

如披头士乐队、迈克尔·杰克逊等，这些音乐人和乐队都成为了英美音乐文化的重要代表。

4. 电影英美电影是全球最具影响力的电影产业之一。

从好莱坞到英国电影，这些电影以其独特的剧情和制作质量广受欢迎。

同时，英美文化对于电影风格、故事情节以及电影产业的发展都起到了重要推动作用。

5. 社交礼仪英美文化中的社交礼仪和行为规范也是其特征之一。

英美人民注重礼节和谦和，在社交场合中会注重礼貌的表达和行为举止。

例如，握手、微笑、道谢等行为是英美社交礼仪中的常见做法。

三、影响力1. 全球影响力由于英美文化的广泛传播和深入影响，其对全球的影响力不言而喻。

无论是英语的普及、英美文学的翻译与传播，还是英美电影和音乐在全球范围内的流行，都体现了英美文化的全球影响力。

英美文化习俗1.英美饮食文化：英国人爱吃肉，如牛肉(beef)，羊肉(mutton)，鸡肉(chicken)，野味等。

每餐都吃水果，进餐时喝酒，他们爱喝啤酒(beer)、葡萄酒(wine)和烈性酒。

英国人口味喜清淡、鲜嫩、焦香，量少而精，不爱吃带粘汁和辣味的菜。

爱吃烤面包，冬天喜欢布丁(pudding)、浓汤(soup)、火腿(ham)、新鲜蔬菜、水果等。

英国人爱喝牛奶，也喜欢喝茶，并把此当作生活的一种乐趣，有人竟到了面包可以不吃，茶却不可不喝的程度。

他们最喜欢喝中国的“祁门红茶(black tea)”，但他们喝茶的习惯与中国人不同。

他们喝茶比较定时，有上午茶和下午茶之分,不喝清茶，而是先在杯中放牛奶，然后冲茶，有的还放糖。

美国人的主菜通常是肉、鱼或鸡。

一顿饭一般只有一种主菜。

由于美国人生活节奏较快，所以快餐(fast food)相当受欢迎，到处都能见到各式各样的快餐店。

快餐包装在纸盒、塑料袋里，热饮料装在带有封盖的塑料杯里。

有的快餐店还将快餐送入汽车，顾客不必下车就可以买到。

汉堡包和热狗也许是最著名的美国食物。

“热狗”就是红肠面包，可以在小吃店和街角的热狗摊上买到。

在美国的餐馆里，菜单(menu)上都有汉堡包，伴之以牛排(steaks)，炸鸡(fried chicken)和海味(seafood)，还有法国炸食和脆嫩的凉拌菜(salad)。

正餐的最后一道菜是甜点心(dessert)，有苹果饼(apple pie)，奶酪饼(cheese cake)，巧克力，冰淇淋，冰淇淋圣代(sundae)等。

在美国，咖啡(coffee)和茶是美国人的主要饮料。

牛奶也很畅销。

他们常喝的饮料是可口可乐(Coca-Cola)和百事可乐(Pepsi Cola)。

可乐饮料含咖啡因，使人兴奋提神。

有的人喜欢喝酒，他们喜欢喝葡萄酒(wine)、威士忌(whisky)和鸡尾酒(cocktail)2.圣诞节：每年的12月25日，是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子，称为圣诞节从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。

专业的英美文化研究英美文化研究是一门专业领域，旨在研究英语世界的历史、传统、价值观、艺术和社会结构等方面的内容。

本文将通过介绍英美文化的背景、重要研究方法和对社会的影响，探讨专业的英美文化研究的重要性和优势。

一、英美文化的背景英美文化是由英国和美国历史上的文化影响形成的，具有深厚的历史和独特的特征。

英国的文化传统可以追溯到古代罗马和英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，而美国则是在17世纪开始建立起独立的文化体系。

英美文化的形成背后有着宗教、政治、经济和社会等多种因素的影响，包括基督教、启蒙运动、殖民时代的移民潮和工业革命等。

二、重要研究方法1. 文学研究：英美文学是英美文化研究的重要组成部分。

通过研究英美文学作品，可以了解到英美文化的价值观、历史背景和社会变迁。

文学研究常用的方法包括文本分析、文学批评和比较研究等。

2. 语言研究：英语是英美文化的核心载体之一。

语言研究可以深入分析英语的语法、词汇和语用等方面，探讨英语在英美社会中的地位和影响。

语言研究方法包括语料库研究、语言变异研究和语言教育研究等。

3. 历史研究：英美文化的形成与历史发展密不可分。

历史研究可以追溯英美文化的渊源和发展脉络，了解英美社会的变革和文化传承。

历史研究方法包括档案研究、口述历史和历史考古学等。

4. 社会学研究：英美文化与社会结构和社会变迁密切相关。

社会学研究可以探讨英美社会的组织形式、社会价值观和社会问题等，揭示英美文化与社会之间的相互影响。

社会学研究方法包括问卷调查、实地观察和访谈等。

三、专业的英美文化研究的重要性和优势1. 深入了解英美社会：专业的英美文化研究可以帮助我们深入了解英美社会的历史和文化特征，增进对英美社会的理解和认识。

2. 提升跨文化交流能力：通过对英美文化的研究，可以增强我们的跨文化交流能力，更好地与英美人士沟通和合作。

3. 拓展职业发展机会：英美文化研究是一门综合性的学科，掌握相关知识和技能可以为个人职业发展提供更多的机会，如从事教育、翻译、媒体和文化行业等。

英美⽂化-英国部分英国部分HistoryIberiansCelts, Gaels, Britons - Irish, Scottish, Welsh culture and language Romans - Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity Anglo-Saxons - English race and languageVikings & Danes - New dialectsNormans (France) - French language2.2 The Magna Carta/The Great Charter (1215)The Great Council of barons(贵族) forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his powerThe King could not levy extra taxes without people' s consentKing could not change lawsIf King refused to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeople Beginning of civil rightsNo imprisonment unless convicted by a juryLife and property protectedFirst step towards constitutional government2.3 The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453)Reasons: Territorial and economicEnglish kings possession of land in France; t he cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing sense of national consciousnessEdward III claimed the French crown in 1337.By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): The cause of the War of the Roses(1455-1485) (Lancastrian and Yorkist Houses) Lancastrians: Red rose as the symbolYorkists: White rose as the symbolFighting for the throne in EnglandMany nobles killedHenry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two houses ended the war.The Tudors (1485-1603): sea power and ProtestantismThe Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal countr y to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism Textile industryEnclosure Movement –cheap laborHenry VIII (1509-1547)The Tudor era in England started from the reign of King Henry VIII. Sho rtly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his brid e on 11 June 1509. He inherited ￡1.5 million pounds from his father and succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Roses.The Reformation: the Church of England 1534He divorced his wife, Catherine, on the grounds that their marriage w as invalid.He married Anne Boleyn.Pope excommunicated Henry, who replied with the Act of Supremacy, which recognized the king as the supreme head of the Church of England.Elizabeth I ( Anne's daughter) becomes Queen1558-1603" Virgin queen"Seen by many as the" Illegitimate Queen"King Philip of Spain said Mary Queen of Scots ( Mary' s cousin) was r eal QueenPhilip sent Spanish Armada(⽆敌舰队) to attackSpanish Armada destroyed in North Sea (1588) and England became master of the seas海上霸主4.1 The Civil War(Stuart House)4.1.1James I: rising dissentionElizabeth I died childless, the throne passed to her distant Stuart rela tive, James VI.Major problemsLack of moneyBitter religious dissension4.1.2 Charles I (1625-1649)Successful rebellionInvolved in the wars against Spain, France and ScotlandParliament passed resolutions against illegal taxes and his religious po licyCharles I dissolved Parliament and imprisoned the leaders.4.1.3 The Civil War (1642-1649)War broke out in 1642Cavaliers for KingRoundheads for the ParliamentRadicals: Puritans for the ParliamentModerates: presbyters and Anglicans for the ParliamentOn January 30 1649, Charles I was beheadedOliver Cromwell(1649-1660)England now a republic called CommonwealthA dictatorship of a radical minorityTitled Lord Protector (of the Commonweath)The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)Charles II : The Restoration (1660-1688): the monarchy returnsThe Bill of Rights 1689William and Mary: King and Queen of EnglandParliamentary supremacyThe Industrial Revolution 18th-19thCThe Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and culturalconditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The use of steam-powered machines, led to a massive increase in the number offactories. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.Three arms of the StateHead of State the Monarch (non-political)Legislative Branch (political))Executive Branch (political)Judiciary Branch (non-political)Structure of the central government659 elected MPs ( Member of Parliament)⽬前全国共设659个选区（constituency, MP?s seat）；每5年⼀次普选（general elections）；Electoral system:First-past-the-post (abbreviated FPTP or FPP) system1;主要两党为Conservative & Labor;Voting:100% along party lines mostly●House of LordsHereditary peer/peeress 世袭贵族+ Life peer/peeress 终⾝贵族Executive Branch1An election won by the candidate(s) with the most votes. The winning candidate does not necessarily receive an absolute majority of all votes cast.Section: The individual parts of an Act are known as sections.Inside the court●Judges: Appointed by her majesty the Queen, on the advice of the Prime Minister.●Lay peopleMagistrates：No jury in a magistrate?s court JP：Justice of the Peace治安官Jury:12 lay people Decides guilty or innocentOutside the court●Barristers（England & Wales）; Advocates (Scotland)Plead the case in court有资格出庭辩护的律师●SolicitorsPrepare the case for the barrister before the court hearing主要负责整理法律⽂件，提供法律咨询的律师EducationSystem:From Tripartite System: It was not until the Education Act in 1944 that all children were given the right to free secondary (middle school) education.A “tripartite” system of secondary modern, technical and grammar schools selected11-year-old children at the end of their primary education by means of an exam called the eleven plus.To Comprehensive System: In the 1950s, the tripartite system: Not ensure equal educational opportunities or a meritocracy. In the 1960s, Comprehensive schools were introduced with the idea that pupils should not be selected & streamed at such an early age.Types of schools:State schools: Operated by public funds, totally funded by the government and are free to all British children. Independent (Private) schools: Privately financed, funded by the fees charged to the parents. They are both more expensive and more exclusive, and tend to give their students a better-quality education overall.Britain has more than 100 universities, which can be categorized into four types:1. The ancient universities: existed for centuries, and for a long time the only universities, all of them restricted to men. (E.g. Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrew?s苏格兰, Glasgow苏格兰, Edinburgh苏格兰)2. The redbrick universities: founded mainly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (E.g. Birmingham, Leicester, Liverpool, Sheffield)3. The universities founded in the 1960s: often in rural areas (e.g. Bath, Essex Surrey, Sussex, East Anglia)4. The …new universities?: once vocational polytechnics but were given university status in 1992 (e.g. Greenwich, Thames Valley, Manchester Metropolitan, West of England)The less happy trends British universities are faced with:1. A reduction in staff numbers2. A reduction in research funding from the government3. A declining share of top-level research output4. The use of a Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) by which the work of every university researcher is assessed in order to decide how much government funding universities will receive5. A deterioration in the quality of buildings and other facilities6. A brain drain as academics have left to work overseasThe Welfare StateThere have been elements of a welfare system in place since the 16th century.1942 comprehensive welfare systemA welfare state is a system of government-run organizations that help everyone to have a good quality of life by providing a safety net of provisions to ensure people?s welfare (well-being).Welfare state aims to offer its citizens: A life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life.HealthThe NHS Act (NHS, National Health Service) became law in 1946 but did not come into effect until 1948. There existed great opposition from doctors who feared the loss of their private practices. The government compromised and allowed consultants to continue their practices on a part-time basis.The two health trends which are causes for increased concern:1. Britain has one of the most serious drug problems in Europe.2. Britain is witnessing the emergence of a public health problem that until recently has mainly been associated with the United States: The rising incidence of obesity.NHS: The core of British …welfare state?: All services are free of charge;Services are provided on the basis of need instead of the ability to pay;General Practitioner (GP); …waiting list?.MediaBasic Principles for Broadcasting: Impartial and neutral in dealing with social and political affairs; Entertaining, informing and educating the nation.The five so-called “quality papers”: The Times, Telegraph, Independent, Guardian, Financial Times (all read predominantly by higher socio-economic class)The “qualities” provide a broader range of news and comments, several with a particular political or social bias.The five mass circulation tabloids: The Daily Mail, the Daily Express (read mainl y by the middle class), the Sun, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Star (read mainly by th e working class)The tabloids tend to be more openly partisan and to offer an often simplified and exaggerated picture of politics.。

1. The Norman Conquest of England (1066) The Medieval1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England2．The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated(查抄，充公) almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.2.名词解释: The crusadesIt's a religous war. Pope urban Ⅱlaunched the crusades in 1095,He issued a call for a "Holy War" to gain control over the Holyland of the middle East.It includes social and political factors.That was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who joined crusades to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. From 1096 to 1270 there were eight major crusades and two children's crusades, both in the year 1212. Only the First and Third Crusades were successful. In the long history of the Crusades, thousands of knights, soldiers, merchants, and peasants lost their lives on the march or in battle.Richard lion-heartT he crown of England passed from Henry II to his 32-year-old son Richard, a.k.a. Lion Heart. Ri chard I had spent six months of his ten-year-reign abroad.His courage and military(军事的) talent, even before he became king, was famous, earning him the nickname of Coeur de Lion (Lion's heart). By the young age of 16 he was already commanding troops in France, putting down rebellions（叛乱）, and he led the Third Crusade.Meet one's waterloo: used to describe someone who has been defeated badly3.The Hundred Years warThe main reason for this war ?Disputes about the territories and throne between England and France werecommon. In order to succeed the french throne ,England King started the war france.joan of Arc,as we is known to all, is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint.she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War.4. The war of rosesWars of the Roses (1455-1487), or rose of war, usually refers to the British House of Lancaster and York between supporters of the dynasty to the throne of England the intermittent(断断续续的) civil war.Plantagenet royal family are the two branches, is a descendant of King Edward III.Wars of the Roses is not the name used at the time, it's home from the selected two royal emblem, the red roses of Lancaster and York's white rose.5.Henry ⅧHenry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.6.Mary bloodyMary was the only child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive infancy.A s the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her brother. During her five year reign,she persecuted 280 religious dissenters,so Her Protestant opponents gave her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary".7.Elizabeth IWhen we refer to Elizabeth I, we always associated her with two things, one thing is literature,the other thing is adventure on the sea.8.the two famous men of voyages and travels: vasco da Gama and Columbus9. The magna carta1. an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin; its name is usually translated into English as Great Charter.2.Magna Carta required lackland King John of England to proclaim certain rights (pertaining to nobles and barons), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law.3. Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects (the barons) in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.10.Guy Fawkesbelonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne.17世纪（bourgeois revolution）11.charles I(the english civil war)who support "divine right",persecuted a large number of "puritan" elements.Charles' last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments.in the second civil war,Oliwer Cronwell,lord of protectant ,defeated him as temporary overthrow of monakhy and established republic constitutional.chareles I was condemned to death,but he refuted to enter a plee.12.the golorious revolution(1688)The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.the purpose is to stop James II's restoration of cathlic.James II claim to abdicate automatically and "mary and william", puke of orange, replaced as queen ang king.13.Bill of rightsThe Bill of Rights of the United Kingdom is largely a statement of certain rights to which citizens and permanent residents of a constitutional monarchy were thought to be entitled in the late 17th century, asserting subjects' right to petition the monarch, as well as to bear arms in defence.14.W. William Shakespeare(16世纪)四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。