问答和术语

1.Thomas Kuhn: normal science2. Jerome Bruner: a theory of instruction2.Sapir Hockett Fries: strucutural/descriptive 4. Corder: applied linguistics vs languageteaching5. Labert Marckmart: cyclical pattern6. Charles Osgood: representational mediation process7. Jenkins& Palermo: phrase-structure grammar8. Eirc Lenneberg: specific…9. Lois Bloom: critic ism of pivot grammar 10. Berko: wug11. Gouin: series Method 12. Charlie Berliz: Direct Method13. Eric Leneberg: critical period hypothesis14. Thomas Scovel: relation of lateralization&SLA sociobiological cp15. Ausubel/Ellen Rosansky: cognitive consideration16. Ausubel: rote learning/meaningful learning17. Piaget: equilibration 18. Alexander Guiora: language ego19. Rogers: humanistic approach 20. Pavlov: classical behavirorism21. Gigb V Woson: behaviorism 22. Howard Gardner: IQ23. Robert Sternberg: triarchic view of intelligence24. Charles Curran: Learning model of education 25. Lozanov: suggesopedia26. Caleb Gatteguo: silent way 27. Tracy Terrel: the natural approach28. David Ewing: systematic and intuitive 29. Benjamin Bloom: affective domain30. James Asher: total physical response 31. Rubin: good learners32. Robert Gardner: instrumental-integrative motivation33. Edward Deci: intrinsic motivation 34. Larson& Smalley: culture stress35. William Acton: perceived distance the professed difference36. Fries’s: slot-filler grammar 37. Randal Whitman: 4 procedures of CA38. Stockwell Bowen Matin: hierarchy of difficulty39. Clifford Prator:6 categories of difficulty 40. Oller& Ziahosseiny: moderate version41. Ronald Wardlough: strong version of CAH42. Fred Eckman: Markedness Differential Hypothesis43. Dell Hymes: communicative competence 44. James Cummins: distinction between …&…45. Hallidya:7 different functions of language 46. Martin Joos: classification of speech acts 47. Oller: instructional value 48. Bachman: mode of communicative language proficiencyBrownChapter 1--Leonard Bloomfield, Edward Sapir, Charles Hockett. Charles Fries.------------------ Structural, or descriptive school of linguistics---Noam Chomsky-----Generative-transformational school----- Behavorism./ UG/ Nativist Theory/competence and performanceChapter twoB. F. Skinner -------V erbal Behavior, skinner’s bo x, operant conditioning.(S) Charles Osgood----mediation theory.McNeill(1966)---LAD consists four innate linguistic propertiesJean Berko ---- Systematic nature of childlanguage acquisitionAdam: Pop go weaselBrown and Bellugi--- Children obviously has no interest in or cognizance of the Adult’s grammatical interragionTarone--- Heterogeneous competence:Rumehart, MClelland ----- PDP (parallel distributed processing)J. Piaget------- Cognitive TheoryLois Bloom------ found at least three possible u nderlying relations in the utterance “Mommy sockChapter 3David Ausubel ----------- Audiolingual Method-Eric Lenneberg--------- LateralizationRosansky: the statistical procedures used were suspectChapter4Carl Rogers------- Humanistic PsychologyRobert Gagne ------- taxonomy of learning types;Howard Gardner---------theory of intelligence , seven different form of knowingRobert Sternberg----------- Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceIvan Pavlov------- classical conditioningWatson------ BehaviorismAusubel---- Meaningful Learning TheoryChapter 5Keefe--------------Learning stylesJoseph Hill-------defined some 29 different factors that make up the cognitive-style “map” of a learner.Krashen, Seliger, and Hartnett---------------left-brain-dominant second language learners preferred a deductive style of teaching; while right-brain-dominant learners appeared to be more successful in an inductive classroom environment.Danesi--------------uses neurological bimodality to analyze how language teaching methods have failed：people pay much more attention on the left-brain process than right-brain process.Brown----------- categorizationDimensions of learning styles(Skehan,1998:251Measurements of Learning Styles ---Famous experiment by Joy Reid(1987( Rubin and Thompson, 1982)--------- Good language learners:Tarone -------------Classification of Communication StrategiesChesterfield ---------------SL Communication strategies(1985)Oxford------------- Strategy Classification SystemO`Malley et al.--------------1985 “cognitive” and “metacognitive” strategies)Chapter 6Benjamin Bloom & dKrathwohl Bloom and Masia provided as useful extended definition of the affective domainTaxonomyRubin and Thompson------------Risk takingScovel ---------------AnxietyGuiora-------empathyMyers---------Myers-Briggs testAusubel---------------- identified six needs undergirding the construct of motivationJerome Bruner---------- autonomy of self-rewardBeebe ----------------Circumstances of Risk-taking (1983:40usubel -------------(1968:413)noted that introversion and extroversion are a “grossly misleading index of social adjustment,”Edward Deci------intrinsic motivationKrashen---------i+1Chapter 7George Peter Murdock ------ seven “universals” of cultural patterns of behaviorRobert C. Gardner, Ph.D---------------- Attitudes：Guiora -------------Language egoGeert Hofstede’s Four Different Conceptual Categories第二版Adam-------- Pop go weaselAlexander Guiora------- language egoAusubel/Ellen Rosansky-------------cognitive considerationAusubel--------rote learning/meaningful learningAusubel------- Meaningful Learning TheoryAusubel------- identified six needs undergirding the construct of motivationBrown----------categorizationBeebe ---------Circumstances of Risk-taking (1983:40Benjamin Bloom & dKrathwohl--------Bloom and Masia provided as useful extended definition ofthe affective domainBrown and Bellugi-----Children obviously has no interest in or cognizance of the Adult’sgrammatical interragionBenjamin Bloom---------affective domainBerko: wugCarl Rogers------- Humanistic PsychologyClifford Prator----------6 categories of difficultyCaleb Gatteguo---------silent wayCharles Curran ------ Learning model of educationCharles Osgood ------- representational mediation processCharles Osgood------mediation theory.Chomsky -----grammar is autonomous and independent of meaningChomsky-----It is the business of theoretical linguistics to study and model underlying language competence, rather than the performance data of actual utterances that people haveproduced.Chomsky-----Universal GrammarCorder------applied linguistics vs language teachingCharlie Berliz----------Direct MethodChesterfield ---------------SL Communication strategies(1985)Dimensions of learning styles(Skehan,1998:251Danesi----------uses neurological bimodality to analyze how language teaching methods havefailed：people pay much more attention on the left-brain process than right-brainprocessDavid Ewing-------- systematic and intuitiveDell Hymes: communicative competenceDavid Ausubel ----------- Audiolingual Method-Eric Lenneberg--------- LateralizationEdward Deci-----------intrinsic motivationEric Leneberg--------critical period hypothesisEirc Lenneberg----------specific…Firth-------there is no boundary between lexis and grammar: lexis and grammar are interdependent Fred Eckman-------- Markedness Differential HypothesisFries’s---------slot-filler grammarGigb V Woson---------- behaviorismGouin-------------- series MethodGeorge Peter Murdock ------ seven “universals” of cultural patterns of behaviorGuiora-------empathyGuiora -------------Language egoGeert Hofstede---------Four Different Conceptual CategoriesHoward Gardner---------theory of intelligence , seven different form of knowingHallidya------7 different functions of languageHoward Gardner------- IQIvan Pavlov------- classical conditioningJames Cummins-------distinction between …&…Jerome Bruner-------- a theory of instructionJoseph Hill-------defined some 29 different factors that make up the cognitive-style “map” of a learner.James Asher---------total physical responseJerome Bruner---------- autonomy of self-rewardJean Berko ---- Systematic nature of childJenkins& Palermo--------phrase-structure grammarKrashen---------i+1Krashen, Seliger, and Hartnett-----left-brain-dominant second language learners preferred adeductive style of teaching; while right-brain-dominantlearners appeared to be more successful in an inductiveclassroom environment.Keefe--------------Learning stylesLois Bloom------found at least three possible underlying relations in the utterance “Mommy sock”Larson& Smalley---------culture stressLabert Marckmart-------------cyclical patternLois Bloom---------------criticism of pivot grammarLozanov----------suggesopediaLeonard Bloomfield, Edward Sapir, Charles Hockett. Charles Fries.------------------ Structural, ordescriptive school of linguistics---Myers---------Myers-Briggs testMeasurements of Learning Styles ---Famous experiment by Joy Reid(1987Martin Joos------- classification of speech actsMcNeill (1966) -----LAD consists four innate linguistic propertiesOller& Ziahosseiny------ moderate versionOller: instructional value 48. Bachman: mode of communicative language proficiencyOxford------------- Strategy Classification SystemO`Malley et al----------1985 “cognitive” and “metacognitive” st rategies)Piaget------- equilibrationPiaget------- Cognitive TheoryRubin---------- good learnersRobert Gardner---------- instrumental-integrative motivationRobert Gagne ------- taxonomy of learning types;Robert Sternberg----------- Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceRosansky---------- the statistical procedures used were suspectRandal Whitman---------- 4 procedures of CARonald Wardlough---------strong version of CAHRubin and Thompson-----------Risk takingRubin and Thompson, 1982) --------- Good language learners:Rogers------------humanistic approach 20. Pavlov: classical behavirorismRobert Sternberg-----------triarchic view of intelligenceRumehart, MClelland ----- PDP (parallel distributed processing)Robert C. Gardner, Ph.D---------------- Attitudes：Skinner -------V erbal Behavior, skinner’s box, operant conditioning.Stockwell Bowen Matin------- hierarchy of difficultySapir Hockett Fries------ structural/descriptiveScovel ---------AnxietySpolsky-------general model of second language learningSkinner-----Language in all its essentials could be and was taught to the young child, by the same mechanisms that he believed accounted for other types of learning.Sinclair------Our everyday first-language utterances are a complex mix of creativity and prefabricationThomas Scovel------- relation of lateralization & SLA sociobiological cpTarone--- --Heterogeneous competence:Thomas Kuhn------ normal scienceTracy Terrel-------the natural approachTarone -------------Classification of Communication StrategiesTaxonomyusubel -------------(1968:413)noted that introversion and extroversion are a “grossly misleading index of social adjustment,”Watson------ BehaviorismWilliam Acton---------perceived distance the professed differenceChapter 1schools----- Behavorism./ UG/ Nativist Theory/competence and performanceInput Hypothesis advanced by Stephen Krashen(Merrill Swain) Output Hypothesis(Michael Long) Interaction HypothesisGallaway & Richards(1994)provides a useful overview of the interactionist tradition with first language acquisition.Swain’s Output Hypothesisinformation processing approaches and processability theory (Pienemann, 1998)Lexical Functional Grammar (Kaplan and Bresnan,1982Perceptual Saliency (Slobin)Operating principles in second language acquisition (investigated by Anderson, based on those of Slobin)。