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Lesson 10 InformativeTeaching Aim and RequirementAimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methodsPPt, interact between teacher & studentAssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speechHow to overcome nervousnessTeaching proceduresInformative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understandingTo enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners--- to give them information they did not have beforeConvey clearly accurately interestinglyOrganizational methodsChronological order 编年顺序Spatial order 空间顺序Topical order 主题顺序Causal orderProblem-solution orderOther methods of speech organizationCausal order:A show a cause-effect relationship. method of speech organization in which the main pointsProblem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.(Problem-cause-solution order)Speeches about processProcess: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3. Speeches about eventsEvent: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.chronological order----to recount the history of an event,causal order ----to explain the causes and effects4. Speech about conceptsConcept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speakingDon’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2. Relate the subject directly to the audience* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved3. Don’t be too technical* Simple, clear language is needed.4. Avoid abstractionsOne way to avoid abstractions is through description (a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons (A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)5. Personalize your ideas。
第一章1.Choose the best word to fill in the sentence–Public speaking is a vital meansof communication, and a way of expressing your( ).答案:idea2.The oldest know handbook on effective speech was written in ( ) some 4,500years ago.答案:Egypt3.Those great orators successfully employed the power of spoken word tochange the course of history. Choose the greater orators in history from thefollowing four choices. ( )答案:Winton Churchill;Mahatma Gandhi;MartinLuther King4.If you don’t plan to be a po litician or national leader, you don'tneed to learnpublic speaking skills. ( )答案:错5.If you are interested in personal growth and looking for ideas for self-improvement, you may find “a simple way to break a bad habit“mostinteresting.答案:对第二章1.What do we know about Kelly McGonigal, the speaker of "How to Make StressYour Friend?" ( )答案:Her book The Willpower Instinct, exploresher latestresearch on motivation, temptation and procrastination.;She works to helpus understand the latest findings in psychology, neuroscience andmedicine.;She graduated from Stanford University.;She's a psychologist.2.The first step in making a speech is choosing what language to use.( )答案:错3.Itis crucial for you to be comfortable with your topic and to choosesomething you're interested in, so you shouldn only focus on whatyou like! ( )答案:错4.General purpose means the ( ) of a speech, it will usually fall into twocategories: to inform or to persuade.答案:broad goal5."American Culture" would be an appropriate topic for a 30-minute speechdelivered to a group of Chinese students. ( )答案:错第三章1.Imagine you’re doing a 10-minute speech. The maximum time for yourintroduction should be ( ).答案:Two minutes2.In the middle of the dining hall there's a screen. Do you know what it'sshowing? ( )答案:How clean the kitchen is.3.When you personalize your speech, you can use ( ).答案:emotion4.Here my objective is “I want students agree with my view of the benefits ofstudying abroad”. What kind of speech is it? ( )答案:Persuasive5.Generically, public speaking can be divided into ( ).答案:informativespeech;persuasive speech;agitational speech6.What can be used in supporting your central idea? ( )答案:Stories;Experts'opinions;Statistics;Visual aids7.In what ways can you organize the body of your speech logically andeffectively? ( )答案:Spatial pattern;Combined pattern;Chronological pattern 8.When you say a funny thing, but your audience say, “oh, that’s terrible”, youshould keep on trying. ( )答案:错9.Opinions from experts can be very convincing when you try to convincepeople of something. ( )答案:对10.In running for president, people won't deliver a speech to get volunteerwork.( )答案:错第四章1.Choose the best word to fill in the sentence —public opinion has ( ) on thisissue.答案:polarized2.Which one of the following words refers to the specific and tangile object? ( )答案:pencil3.Which sentence uses the figure of speech "simile"? ( )答案:Her smile is like aflower.4.How to achieve imagery in your speech?答案:simile;concreteness;metaphor5.If you want to create parallelism in your speech, you can repeat ( ).答案:phrases;clauses;sentences;words6.Which of the following sentences contain the figure of speech "antithesis"? ( )答案:Few words and many deeds.;Live together, or perish together.;Ask notwhat, as what.;Art is long, life is short.7.Paralellism and repetition are the ways to create rhythm in the speech. ( )答案:对8.Antitheis a rhetorical device in whihc two similar ideas are put together. ( )答案:错9.Take the entire speaking context into consideration when you choose thelanguage for your speech. ( )答案:对10.Don't stereotype jobs and social roles by gender in your speech. ( )答案:对第五章1.The greatest difference between public speaking and recitation is that theformer is ( ).答案:two-way communication2. A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech is ( ) .答案:pause3.When making a speech, which kind of visual aids can you use? ( )答案:photosand drawings;powerpoint;objects and models;video4.Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formalitywith the best attributes of good conversation, which are ( ).答案:animation;vocal and facial expression;directness;a lively sense ofcommunication5.Your audience cannotalways notice your body's distress. ( )答案:对6.The most highly valued golden rule of practicing a speech is silently readingit. ( )答案:错7.When you feel nervous, tell your audience and apologize. ( )答案:错8.The choice to use visual aids will depend on the habit of the speaker. ( )答案:错9.Without eye contact with audience, no matter how appealing your voice is,how dramatic your gestures and body movements are,you may look likeperforming recitation. ( )答案:对10.If your microphone stops working, shout loudly and ask people to fix itbefore you continue your speech. ( )答案:错。
informative 短语搭配
“informative”是一个形容词，表示提供大量信息的。
以下是一些与“informative”相关的短语搭配：
1. informative speech/presentation：信息丰富的演讲或报告。
2. informative article/book：提供大量信息的文章或书籍。
3. informative website：提供大量信息的网站。
4. informative conversation/discussion：提供大量信息的交谈或讨论。
5. informative meeting：提供大量信息的会议。
6. informative class/lesson：提供大量信息的课程或教训。
7. informative guide/tour：提供大量信息的导游或旅游。
8. informative news/report：提供大量信息的新闻或报告。
9. informative analysis/study：提供大量信息的分析或研究。
10. informative interview：提供大量信息的采访。
希望这些搭配可以帮助你更好地使用“informative”这个词。
Informative SpeechOutlineTitle: PimplesIntroduction (Two stories): A couple of days ago, on November 22, I saw two pieces of news about negative effects on adolescents, which were startling to me. The first news was about the worries of a painful mother whose daughter suffered from pimples a lot and became self-contemptuous. Another piece of news described that an 18-year-old boy was getting pessimistic, or even had to drop out from school.Thesis statement: With the improvement of living standards, the reasons of inducing pimples are still growing. And the growth of pimples has been a serious problem among young people both in physical and in mental. Therefore, it is very necessary for us to talk about the issue and to emphasize the importance of having good habits.Preview: During my speech, firstly I am going to introduce some basic knowledge of pimples briefly. Secondly, I want to talk about some typical reasons which can cause pimples. Then finally I plan to share several precautionary measures with you that you can benefit from or to avoid the annoyance.BodyFirst main point: What are pimple and the present situation among young people?(Transition: It is not enough to know the case. The more important thing we should know is that why it happens under such uncertain conditions.) Second main point: I am ready to point out or disclose some indubitable reasons to this problem to draw your attention.(Transition: As we all know, a large number of treatment methods have been developed by doctors and experts, while in our daily life a few littledetails should be paid much attention, too.)Third main point: I am going to tell you some good habits to some extent to avoidpimples besides the medical therapy.Summary: Given that pimple has been causing a lot of problems to our adolescents, I strongly suggest that you remember all tips I have discussed above. Conclusion: From the two stories I told you at the very beginning, I hope our young people are always able to pay more attention to our health, form good habits and keep a positive mood so that beauty will be with us forever.Bibliography:/wiki/Pimple/wiki/Acne_vulgarisChongqing Morning, November 22, 2011。
Informative SpeechPurpose: To inform or educate the audience about a topic of your choice.Time: 4-6 minutesTopic: Choose a topic that interests you and would probably interest your audience (the class). Consider what your audience already knows about this topic and what their attitude about this topic will be. Do not inform us of something we already know tons about. You may not choose something that could be done as a demonstration speech.Requirements:-You must inform the audience of a topic you have researched.-You must use at least one visual aid (chart, diagram, object, poster, models, pictures, audio/visual aids, etc…), but NOT Power Point.-You must prepare a typed outline, to be turned in right before you present.-You must orally cite at least three published or copyrighted sources as support.-You must type a Works Cited of your sources to be turned in with your outline.-You cannot use blogs, twitter, or Wikipedia as a source– only use Wikipedia to look for other sources (external links and to help you structure or organize your speech)-You may use only ONE note card (3x5)– keywords or phrases only!-Do NOT write out your entire speech word for word on the note card or the outline! Practice your speech with your visual aid!*You must have teacher approval for your topic, and you will not present the sametopic as another student.Informative Speech Topics(you do not have to choose from this list)1. Strange Allergies2. An Illness or Disease3. Architecture4. An Amusement Park5. A Classic or Sports Car6. Rock Climbing7. An Exotic Pet8. A Charity Group or Organization9. The Bermuda Triangle10. Extreme Sports (Bungee Jumping, Skydiving, etc…)11. Your Favorite or Dream Vacation Spot12. A Famous Magician13. A Famous Sports Star14. Feng Shui15. Formula 1 or NASCAR Racing.16. The History of Your Favorite Video Game System17. A Famous Singer18. Strange Phobias19. Horse Breeds20. Your Culture21. The History of Paris22. Turkey Run State Park23. The Lost City of Atlantis24. The Necessity of Cellular Phones25. Hurricane Katrina26. The Loch Ness Monster27. Your Favorite Actor28. The Islands of Hawaii29. The Amber Alert System30. Historical Landmarks31. Conner Prairie32. Online Dating33. A Career You’re Interested In34. Greek Mythology35. YogaInformative SpeechTopic Organization Examples(person, place, thing, or event)Person –Topic: Michael JacksonChronological (Time) –Thesis/Preview: From a humble suburban beginning to the bright lights and chaos that is a celebrity’s life, today I am going to tell you all about the interesting life and death of Michael Jackson.I. Youth - 1960 – early 1970sII. Young Adulthood – mid 1970s – 1990sIII. Adulthood – 1990-2009Climactic (Topical) –Thesis/Preview: Today, I am going to discuss the beginning of the fabulous musical makings from the King of Pop, Michael Jackson: his work with the Jackson 5, his first solo album Off the Wall, and his hit album Thriller.I. The Jackson 5II. 1st Solo Album - Off The WallIII. 2nd Solo Album - ThrillerSpatial –Thesis/Preview: Today, I am going to discuss all the places Michael Jackson has called home: Gary, Indiana. His Neverland Ranch in LA, and his traveling homes with his children.I. Family Home - Gary, INII. Neverland Ranch Home - Los Angeles, CAIII. Traveling Homes - London, England, LA, & Persian Gulf island of BahrainPlace –Topic: JamaicaChronological (Time) –Thesis/Preview: Today, I will inform you about the interesting history and development of Jamaica from the 14th century through today.I. Pre-Columbus Jamaica (prior to 1494)II. Spanish Conquest (1494-1655)III. European Slave Economy (1655-1838)IV. After Emancipation (1838-1938)V. Decolonization to Independence (1938-Present)Climactic (Topical) –Thesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss three fun things to do while in Jamaica: bartering for crafts and souvenirs, glass-bottom boat riding & snorkeling, and walking up Dunn’s River Falls.I. Barter for Crafts and SouvenirsII. Glass-bottom Boat Ride & SnorkelingIII. Walk up Dunn’s River FallsSpatial –Thesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss four fabulous places to go while vacationing in Jamaica: Dunn’s River Falls, the Blue Mountain & John Crow National Park, the haunted Rose Hall Mansion, and the Bob Marley museum.I. Walk up Dunn’s River FallsII. Hike the Blue Mountain and John Crow Mountain National ParkIII. Tour the Rose Hall Haunted MansionIV. Tour the Bob Marley MuseumThing –Topic: CatsChronological (Time) –Thesis/Preview: Today, I about the interesting history and mythology of cats: ancient Egyptian cats, negative cultural superstitions, and modern day domesticated cats.I. Ancient Egyptian “Sacred” CatsII. Negative Cultural Superstitions of CatsIII. Modern day Domesticated CatsClimactic (Topical) –Thesis/Preview: Today, I will discuss 4 of the 41 fascinatingly distinct cat breeds: Siamese, Manx, Chartreux, and Turkish Angora.I. SiameseII. ManxIII. ChartreuxIV. Turkish AngoraSpatial –Thesis/Preview: Today, I will discuss three types of cats based on their shelters or living conditions: the pet cat, the feral cat, and the pseudo-wildcat.I. Pet Cat - HomesII. Feral Cat – Buildings and StreetsIII. Pseudo-Wildcat – NomadicEvent –Topic: World War IIChronological (Time) –Thesis/Preview: Today, I will give you an account of what led to the most widespread war in history, World War II: Invasion of Ethiopia, Japan’s invasion of China, and Japan’s invasion of Soviet Union and Mongolia, and various European agreements/pacts.I. Invasion of EthiopiaII. Japan’s Invasion of ChinaIII. Japan’s Invasion of Soviet Union and MongoliaIV. Various European Agreements/PactsClimactic (Topical) –Thesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss the horrendous impact World War II had on those who fought in it, those who were enslaved during it, and those who were left at home during it.I. Soldiers – Casualties and LossesII. Concentration Camps - Jews & Japanese AmericansIII. Families in Poverty in USASpatial –Thesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss the multiple places World War II took place, clarifying why it was a “World War” between the Allies and the Axis.I. Germany attacks Poland, Denmark, & NorwayII. Axis Powers Advance in EuropeIII. Allies declare war on JapanIV. US dropped Atomic Bombs on JapanSTEP #1 Organizational PatternsDecide what you want your audience to learn: why they should listen to your speech. This will help you decide which organizational pattern to use.Topic: JamaicaCLIMACTIC/TOPICAL – parts, categories, classify informationThesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss three fun things to do while in Jamaica: bartering for crafts and souvenirs, glass-bottom boat riding & snorkeling, and walking up Dunn’s River Falls.I. Barter for Crafts and SouvenirsII. Glass-bottom Boat Ride & SnorkelingIII. Walk up Dunn’s River FallsCHRONOLOGICAL – real time order, as events actually occurThesis/Preview: Today, I will inform you about the interesting history and development of Jamaica from the 14th century through today.I. Pre-Columbus Jamaica (prior to 1494)II. Spanish Conquest (1494-1655)III. European Slave Economy (1655-1838)IV. After Emancipation (1838-1938)V. Decolonization to Independence (1938-Present)SPATIAL – geographical location, distance, physical spaceThesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss four fabulous places to go while vacationing in Jamaica: Dunn’s River Falls, the Blue Mountain & John Crow National Park, the haunted Rose Hall Mansion, and the Bob Marley museum.I. Walk up Dunn’s R iver FallsII. Hike the Blue Mountain and John Crow Mountain National ParkIII. Tour the Rose Hall Haunted MansionIV. Tour the Bob Marley MuseumOnce you have done some research on your topic, decide which pattern of organization you are going to use to break down your topic.STEP #2 JOURNALISTIC QUESTIONS ANSWER . . . for your audience→Who?→What?→Where?→When?→Why?→How?CLIMACTIC/TOPICALThesis/Preview: Today, we will discuss three fun things to do while in Jamaica: bartering for crafts and souvenirs, glass-bottom boat riding & snorkeling, and walking up Dunn’s River Falls.I. Barter for Crafts and SouvenirsII. Glass-bottom Boat Ride & SnorkelingIII. Walk up Dunn’s River FallsI. Barter for Crafts and SouvenirsA. What? What is bartering? What do you barter for?B. Where? Where should you barter?C. How? How do you barter?II. Glass-bottom Boat Ride & SnorkelingA. What? What is a glass-bottom boat ride? What is snorkeling?1. glass-bottom boat ride2. snorkelingB. When? & Where? When and where should do these activities?C. How? How do you enjoy the boat ride? How do you snorkel?III. Walk up Dunn’s River FallsA. What? What is Dunn’s River Falls?B. Where? When? Where is it?When should you go?C. How? Why? How do you walk Dunn’s River Falls? Why walk it?STEP #3 RESEARCH & OUTLINING Title/Topic: ___________________________________________ INTRODUCTION (5-7 complete sentences - (1) Attention Getter, (2) Credibility Statement, (3) Relevance Statement, and 4) Thesis/Preview)BODY(Main points & supporting ideas, such as examples, facts, statistics, etc... You may have more than three main points (I, II, & III), more than three supporting ideas (A, B, & C) and/or add extended details (1, 2, 3).I.A.1.2.B.1.2.1.2. II.A.1.2.B.1.2.C.1.2. III.A.1.2.1.2.C.1.2.CONCLUSION(5-7 complete sentences – Summary/Review & Clincher –NOT “Thank you” or That’s it . . . I’m done.”)Basic Speech OutlineSpeech Title/TopicIntroduction – Your introduction should be written in complete sentences, a 5-7 sentence paragraph. The introduction is first made up of your Attention Getter, to grab your audience and make them want to listen. Second comes Credibility Statement, in which you explain how you know about or connect to the topic. Third is your Relevance Statement, in which you connect or relate your topic to your audience. And last is your Thesis/Preview of your Main Points. The Thesis/Preview should be the purpose of your speech: specifically stating your opinion/position on the topic & identifying the first, second, third (and so on) main points.Body – This section discusses the Thesis/Preview of your speech through each of the Main Points. Write in outline form, not complete sentences (keywords & phrases).I. Discussion of First Main Point (Topic Sentence)A. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…B. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…C. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…Transition: Restate First Main Point and forecast Second Main PointII. Discussion of Second Main Point (Topic Sentence)A. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…B. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, e tc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…C. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…Transition: Restate Second Main Point and forecast Third Main PointIII. Discussion of Third Main Point (Topic Sentence)A. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…B. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, st atistics, quotes, etc…C. Explanation & Support1. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…2. examples, facts, statistics, quotes, etc…Transition: Restate Third Main Point and forecast ConclusionConclusion – Your conclusion should be written in complete sentences, a 5-7 sentence paragraph. The conclusion is made up of a Summary/Review (rewording of your Thesis/Preview) AND a Clincher. Your Clincher may refer back to your attention getter, it may use another attention getting method, it may be a prediction to the audience, or it may be a recommendation to the audience. The order of the Summary/Review & the Clincher doesn’t matter.* You need 1 oral citation per source (title & author) and bold them on your preparation outline.Example Preparation OutlinePhiline ChengSleep DeprivationIntroduction:(Attention Getter) How many of you consider your alarm clock one of your worst enemies? Imagine your alarm clock just rang, and it is time for school. How many of you are still tired? As stated on the Sleep Deprivation website by the National Sleep Foundation in 2002, 74% of adults do not obtain enough sleep. (Credibility) And as a typical teenager, I have experienced a lack of sleep time and time again. (Relevancy) Sleep deprivation is a serious problem, especially for teens. Though it is often overlooked, the causes and effects of sleep deprivation highly impair one’s ability to perform. (Thesis/Preview) Today, I will inform you on the background of sleep deprivation, the causes and effects of not getting enough sleep, and how to prevent it.BodyI. Sleep is a natural state of rest, but sleep deprivation is receiving an inadequate amount ofrest.A. Millions of people are affected by sleep deprivation says the NCERx MedicalBoard website titled “Sleeptime”.1. The average adult receives 6-9 hours2. The average teen gets less than 5-7 hoursB. Sleep is a gradual process of slowing down one’s body1. Body uses less fuel when it is at rest2. Circadium rhythms are needed. If your body never gets there, you will betired and your reaction time will be diminished the next day.Transition: Sleep deprivation is a big problem, so it is important to understand its causes.II. There are various causes or reasons why people do not receive as much sleep as theyshould. They have irradic lifestyles, are on sleep altering medications, have certain kinds of medical conditions, or already suffer from some sort of sleep disorder.A. Vigorous lifestyles make sleep a low priority.1. Some people’s jobs r equire they work for long hours, which in turn reversestheir circadium rhythms.2. Traveling a lot (jet lag) may hinder one’s ability to sleep or stay asleep.B. Certain medications can also cause sleep problems.1. Many medications interfere with one’s sleep, so one should pay attention tomedicine labels and their possible interactions.a. Viagrab. Cymbaltac. Prozacd. other MAO inhibitors.2. Some medicines react to other medicines or consumables.C. Sleep deprivation can be triggered by existing or hereditary medical conditions.1. Physical ailments causing pain (like restless leg syndrome) or even mentalconditions (like social anxiety disorder) can cause sleep problems.2. Depression or bipolar disorder also causes restlessness.3. Post-traumatic stress disorder can trigger flashbacks & nightmares, alsocreating sleep problems or the insomnia.D. Sleep disorders also keep people awake.1. Sleep apnea (when one’s breathing stops during their sleep) can make itdifficult for people to remain asleep.2. Narcolepsy (when someone suddenly and without symptomatic warningfalls asleep) can also make it difficult to get a good night’s rest. Transition: Once one understands some of the many causes of sleep deprivation, it is easy to see its effects.III. T he effects of sleep deprivation take a heavy toll on one’s body.A. It can have a tremendous mental effect, causing problems with brain functions.1. Memory loss.2. Decreased ability to concentrate.3. Decline in mental reaction time and decision-making ability.B. There are also emotional effects.1. Wild mood swings.2. Sleep deprivation leads to depression says Howard Markel from The NewYork Times.3. Anxiety.4. Road rage and anger are easily triggered.C. The physical effects can also be debilitating.1. Exhaustion & fatigue.2. A lower metabolism leading to obesity, especially in women over 30. Transition: The effects of sleep deprivation are substantial, which is why one should seek treatment.IV. Sleep deprivation is not a helpless matter (treatment)A. Lifestyle changes can decrease the effects of sleep deprivation.1. Having a regular sleep schedule each night and getting at least 8 hours ofsleep are a must.2. Avoiding night-time conflicts can help.3. Avoiding certain substances late at nighta. caffeine.b. sugar.c. certain medications.B. Developing good habits is absolutely necessary.1. Regular exercise well before bed time.2. Relaxing before beda. decaffeinated herbal tea.b. reading.c. listening to slow and soothing music.d. taking a warm bath.Conclusion:(Summary/Review) Because sleep deprivation is such a common problem, I have informed you about the background of sleep deprivation, the causes and effects of it, and how to prevent it. (Clincher) So now when you get ready for bed, you can follow my suggestions to getting a good night’s sleep. And then hopefully, you won’t wake up tired. And you won’t want to throw your alarm clock out the window.Example OutlinePhiline ChengSleep DeprivationIntroduction(Attention Getter) How many of you consider your alarm clock one of your worst enemies? Imagine your alarm clock just rang, and it is time for school. How many of you are still tired? As stated on the Sleep Deprivation website by the National Sleep Foundation in 2002, 74% of adults do not obtain enough sleep. (Credibility) And as a typical teenager, I have experienced a lack of sleep time and time again. (Relevancy) Sleep deprivation is a serious problem, especially for teens. Though it is often overlooked, the causes and effects of sleep deprivation highly impair one’s ability to perform. (Thesis/Preview) Today, I will inform you on the background of sleep deprivation, the causes and effects of not getting enough sleep, and how to prevent it. BodyI. Sleep deprivation vs. SleepA. Millions affected by sleep deprivation –NCERx Medical Board website “Sleeptime”1. The average adult receives 6-9 hours2. The average teen gets less than 5-7 hoursB. Sleep1. Body uses less fuel when it is at rest2. Circadium rhythms are neededII. Causes of inadequate amounts of sleepA. Vigorous lifestyles1. Work long hours2. Travel a lotB. Certain medications1. Many medications interfere with one’s sleep2. Some medicines react to other medicines or consumablesC. Medical conditions1. Physical ailments or even mental conditions2. Depression or bipolar disorder3. PTSD can trigger flashbacks & nightmaresD. Sleep disorders1. Sleep apnea2. NarcolepsyIII. Effects of sleep deprivationA. Mental effects1. Memory loss.2. Decreased ability to concentrate.3. Decline in mental reaction time and decision-making ability.B. Emotional effects1. Wild mood swings.2. Sleep deprivation leads to depression says Howard Markel from The New YorkTimes.3. Anxiety.4. Road rage and anger are easily triggered.C. Physical effects1. Exhaustion & fatigue.2. A lower metabolism leading to obesity, especially in women over 30.IV. Sleep deprivation TreatmentA. Lifestyle changes1. Regular sleep schedule each night and getting at least 8 hours of sleep2. Avoiding night-time conflicts3. Avoiding certain substances late at night: caffeine, sugar, etc…B. Developing good bed habits1. Regular exercise2. Relaxing before bed: decaffeinated herbal tea, reading, warm bath, etc…Conclusion(Summary/Review) Because sleep deprivation is such a common problem, I have informed you about the background of sleep deprivation, the causes and effects of it, and how to prevent it. (Clincher) So now when you get ready for bed, you can follow my suggestions to getting a good night’s sleep. And then hopefully, you won’t wake up tired. And you won’t want to throw your alarm clock out the window.。
The Reflection of My Informative SpeechJim Class 3 Student ID:20114405When it comes to my informative speech, the first thing appearing in my mind is the limited time. The long time of my speech impressed me very much.The thesis chosen in my speech is “to test or not to test, that’s a question”, which was delivered to arouse my classmates’attention that it’s the time to make a choice and plan to prepare for the future education 2 years later. Meanwhile, I think it was as one of the most meaningful speeches in my class.The theme was good, I think. And my delivery process was judged by the audience. Some of my classmates said that maybe my pronunciation and intonation can be improved better, but I pay my concentration into the speech. And some said that I showed my confidence during my delivery and the process was natural. To be frank, nervousness maybe cannot be avoided. I missed several sentences in the speech but added some other own words that is impromptu to make the context seem to be complete and more meaningful. What I think could have done better are: I must keep smile when facing the audience and add some more gestures to echo the context. I believe in the next time I’ll pay more attention to these aspects and make a better delivery.As a public speaker, what counts most, I believe, is the communication between him and the audience, either in eye contact or the words mutual action. I’m afraid that I did less in this aspect. I think I can try to find more information communication with the audience, such as using more questions sentences to lessen the distance between the speaker and the class. Referring to the contact, I think a humorous way of speech can play a imaginable role. People always like to hear or receive a speech in a causal way but they can also gain what they want to get. So, as a public speaker, I should have a sense of humor to attract the audience concentrate on our words. In this way, I can deliver a speech more efficiently.Generally speaking, through this speech , I have a better understandingabout good speeches and learn something practical about the field of speech.All above, I should pay attention to the time and the speed of my speech.。
英语演讲与辩论各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢课程编号:100191英文名:The Art of English Public Speaking and debating课程类别:专业选修学分:2学分课时:32课时主讲教师:韩静等选定教材:Stephen E. Lucas,《演讲的艺术》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004年课程概述:《英语演讲与辩论》课程是一门语言技能和专业知识相结合的课程,在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化.该课程有助于提高学生综合应用英语的能力,有助于学生综合素质的培养,是英语教学改革的新课型通过该课程的学习不仅能帮助学生进一步提高英语表达能力、英语口语交际能力,更有利于学生开拓思路、掌握沟通技巧;引导学生体会演讲魅力、提高演讲技巧、展示演讲才能,有利于他们早日掌握这门适用于各种领域的沟通艺术.这门课程的学习需要一定程度的语言技能以外的知识积累.通过这门课程的学习,学生能够系统地了解英语演讲的技巧,英语演讲稿的写作方法以及英语演讲技巧在现代交际中的作用.本课程采用理论传授与实际操练相结合;教师讲解和学生参与相结合;教师点评和学生试评相结合的教学方法.本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲课程的理论教学,采用范例录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查方法采用课堂参与和考试相结合.教学目的:通过本课程的学习,使学生全面、系统地掌握英语演讲和辩论的理论知识与艺术特点以及在现实交际生活的作用及在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化,并且提高学生综合应用英语的能力和综合素质的培养.教学方法:本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲辩论课程的理论教学,采用示范录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查采用课堂参与记录与考试相结合的方法,课堂参与记录占50%,考试占50%.1)教学原则a.教师为主导,学生为主体,训练为主线;b.运用激励策略,营造宽松型、学生友好型氛围;c.语境教学法;d.过程教学法.2)课堂组织形式a. 精讲多练,突出学生参与;b. 运用视听演示材料供学生观摩;c. 鼓励学生制作视觉辅助材料;d. 运用摄像设备拍录学生演讲实景;e. 先讲后评,组织讨论;f. 运用评估表分析学生演讲;g.大班与小班授课应有区别.各章教学要求及教学要点第一章 Speaking And Listening教学要求:本章教学要求学生比较全面了解演讲的基本理论和概念,演讲中的道德准则以及倾听在言语交流中的重要性.教学内容:一、Speaking in Public1. The Power of Public Speaking2. The Tradition of Public Speaking3. Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation4. Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation5. Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class6. Public Speaking and Critical Thinking7. The Speech Communication Process8. Public speaking in a Multicultural World二、Ethics and Public Speaking1. The Importance of Ethics2. Guidelines for Ethical Speaking3. Plagiarism4. Guidelines for Ethical Listening三、Listening1. Listening Is Important2. Listening and Critical Thinking3. Four Causes of Poor Listening4. How to Become a Better Listener思考题:1. In what way is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?2. How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?3. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?4. What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?第二章Speech Preparation:Getting Started教学要求:本章教学要求学生了解在演讲的准备阶段如何选题和立意,如何分析听众的特点,如何收集资料和如何规范地使用所搜集到的论据来说明自己的想法.教学内容:Selecting a Topic and Purpose1. Choosing a Topic2. Determining the General Purpose3. Determining the Specific Purpose4. Phrasing the Central Idea二、Analyzing the Audience1. Audience-Centeredness2. Your Classmates as an Audience3. The Psychology of Audiences4. Demographic Audience Analysis5. Situational Audience Analysis6. Getting Information About the Audience7. Adapting to the Audience三、Gathering Materials1. Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience2. Doing Library Research3. Searching the Internet4. Interviewing5. Tips for Doing Research四、Supporting Your Ideas1. Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking2. Examples3. Statistics4. Testimony5. Sample Speech with Commentary思考题:1. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?2. What methods can you use toadapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?3. What five things should you do to take research notes efficiently?4. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?第三章Speech Preparation: Organizing and Outlining教学要求:本章教学要求学生系统掌握英语演讲稿的写作方法和写作规范.教学内容:Organizing the Body of the Speech1. Organization Is Important2. Main Points3. Supporting Materials4. Connectives二、Beginning and Ending the Speech1. The Introduction2. The Conclusion三、Outlining the Speech1. The Preparation Outline2. The Speaking Outline思考题:1. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate forinformative speeches? Which is used only in persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?2. What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?3. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?4. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in the chapter for writinga preparation outline?5. What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for yourspeaking outline?第四章 Presenting The Speech教学要求:本章教学要求学生基本掌握演讲写作中的语言技巧,演讲的不同形式,以及直观教具的制作和用法. 教学内容:一、Using Language1. Language Is Important2. Meanings of Words3. Using Language Accurately4. Using Language Clearly5. Using Language Vividly6. A Note on Inclusive Language二、Delivery1. What is a Good Delivery?2. Methods of Delivery3. The Speaker’s Voice4. The Speaker’s Body5. Practicing Delivery6. Answering Audience Questions三、Using Visual Aids1. Advantages of Visual Aids2. Kinds of Visual Aids3. Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids4. Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids思考题:1. What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?2. Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What are five usages of inclusive language which have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?3. What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?4. What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?5. What steps should you takewhen preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?6. What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?第五章Varieties of Public Speaking教学要求:本章教学要求学生掌握演讲的几种主要的体裁,能够在不同的场合选择不同的方式进行有效演讲. 教学内容: 教学内容:Speaking to Inform1. Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organization2. Guidelines for Informative Speaking3. Sample Speech with Commentary4. The Importance of Persuasion5. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact6. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value7. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy二、Methods of Persuasion1. Building Credibility2. Using Evidence3. Reasoning4. Appealing to emotions三、Speaking on Special Occasions1. Speeches of Introduction2. Speeches of Presentation3. Speeches of Acceptance4. Commemorative Speeches5. After-Dinner Speeches四、Speaking in Small Groups1. What Is a Small Group?2. Leadership in Small Groups3. responsibilities in a Small Group4. The Reflective-Thinking Method5. Presenting the Recommendations of the Groups思考题:1. Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners?2. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?3. Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.4. What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions ofpolicy?5. What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?6. What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?7. What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?参考书目:1)Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. 8th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004. 配有Instructor’s Manual.2)Verderber, Rudolph F. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 10th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.3) Collins, Patrick. Say It with Power & Confidence. Paramus: Prentice Hall, 1998.4)Kay, Sue:《实用演讲技巧》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.5)亚历山大,《英语辩论手册》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.Chinese universities should/should not allow mix-gender dormitories.Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening! I’m very glad to stand here and give you a shortI will argue from the following two aspects about Chinese universities should not allow mix-gender dormitories.First of all,we should seriously think about the existence value of mix-gender dormitories. According to the published study of Journal of American College Health, they investigated more than 500 students of five American universities,and about 90% of which living in the mix-gender dormitories. In the dormitory, men and women are notnecessarily in the same room, many of them just live on the different floors. The results of the survey show that 41% of the students,living in the mix-gender dormitories,admit that they are promiscuity in astudents,living in a single gender dormitory,of the ratio is 17%.The study also points that living in the mix-gender dormitory is easier to promiscuity. The proportion of having three or more sexual partners in the past year is three times as much as students who live in the single-gender ,with the number increasing,the account of promiscuity will be make us more embarrassed in the future. Secondly, it also has a great effect on students’ living. For example,when I want to take a bath after busy work and have a deep sleep wearingpajamas,I find that I can’t do it because I have a maleI was a man,I would even worried If I would be sued for obscene or not ,just because I wear a short pants and my shake-feathering is too long. And all this is the embarrassment due to allow mix-genderwhen you live with the students in common sex,girls could not worry about the position which underwear hang on, let alone whether they are less wear at night. Meanwhile boys can play games loudly and don’t have to worry about the girl. Some privacy is able to accept by the people,having common sex,but the opposite sex ismany students aren’t lover in min-gender dorm. Therefore privacy protection has become an embarrassing problem,but also making life into inconvenience.新课程标准 / 演讲 / 辩论 / 教学设计英语演讲与辩论是英语语言综合能力的体现。
Informative speechTeaching contentsI．Examples* Tips for using examplesII．Testimony* Tips for Using testimonyIII．StatisticsTips for using statisticsIv. # Sample speech with commentaryTeaching goalsGet students to know how to use examples, testimony and statistics effectively to back up the speech. AssignmentWhat are the four tips for using examples in your speech?Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.Supporting your ideasHeather Kolpin decided to give her first classroom speech on the benefits of good nutrition. A dedicated fitness enthusiast, she had recently switched to a high-protein diet. Part of her speech ran like this:“ For years we’ve been told that meat, eggs, and cheese are bad for us and that we should eat more carbohydrates like cereal, grains, pasta, and rice. But too many carbohydrates can unbalance the body and make you tired and overweight. Do you want more energy? Do you want to concentrate better and get higher grades? Do you want to enjoy real meals and still lose those unsightly pounds? If so, you should eat more protein. I’ve been on a high-protein diet for six months, and I’ve never felt better or done better in my classes!”After the speech, Heather’s classmates were interested but skeptical. As one remarked，“I know high-protein diets are popular right now, but Heather is no expert on nutrition. Besides, there are lots of diets around, and they all claim to work wonders. Personally, I’d be more convinced if Heather gave some scientific evidence to back up her opinion.”Good speeches are not composed of hot air and generalizations. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In Heather’s case, although there is plenty of evidence on the need to balance protein and carbohydrate consumption, many nutritionists have warned about the dangers of overloading on protein. So Heather’s listeners were right to be skeptical. Heather made a mistake of generalizing from her own experience with nothing concrete to support her ideas.The problem with generalizations is that they do not answer the three questions listeners always mentally ask of aspeaker: “What do you mean?”, “Why should I believe you?”“So what?”The skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one. Using supporting materials is not a matter of tossing facts and figures into your speech. You must decide which ideas need to be supported given your audience, topic, and specific purposes. You must do research to find materials that will bring your ideas across clearly and creatively. And you must evaluate your supporting materials to make sure they really do back up your ideas.As you put your speeches together, you will need to make sure your supporting materials are accurate, relevant, and reliable. You will find yourself asking such questions as, “Are my examples representative?”，“Am I quoting reputable, qualified sources?”There are three kinds of supporting materials we use most often, they are: examples , testimony and statistics I．ExamplesExamples：a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like. In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples—often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.Examples are useful when you wish to make an abstract concept or idea concrete. For example, it is difficult for the audience to see exactly what you mean by such abstract concepts as persecution, denial of freedom, friendship, and love unless you provide specific examples of what you mean.Here is one example a student used in a speech about lead poison.‘When Denise Waddle and her family moved to a nice, middle-class section of Jersey City, New Jersey, they had dreams of healthy living, block parties, even a big backyard so their kid could make mud pies. In less than one year in their new home, their two-year-old son had been poisoned, and their newborn showed high levels of poisoning in his bloodstream. Unknowingly, the Waddle’s had been poisoned by their own backyard, for high levels of lead contaminated their water and their lives.”Examples may be real and factual on one hand or hypothetical and imagined on the other. The hypothetical and imagined ones are called hypothetical examples.Hypothetical example: an example that describes an imagery or fictitious situationHere is one student used a hypothetical example to illustrate the need for college students to protect themselves against crime:Y ou’re tired; you’re hungry. You’ve just spent a long day at College Library and you cannot wait to get back to your room. Glancing outside, you remember how quickly it becomes dark. You don’t think much of it, though, as you bundle up and head out into the gusty wind. Not until you spy the shadows on the sidewalk or hear the leaves rustling beside you do you wish you weren’t alone. You walk quickly, trying to stop your imagination from thinking of murderers and rapists. Only when you are safely inside your room do you relax and try to stop your heart from pounding out of your chest.Can you remember a time when you felt this way? I would be surprised if you never have. The FBI reported last year that there were three murders, approximately 430 aggravated assaults, 1400 burglaries, and 80 rapes here in Madison alone. And while these statistics are quite alarming, they don’t compare to the numbers of larger metropolitan areas. This hypothetical example is particularly effective. The speaker creates a realistic scenario, relates it directly to her listeners, and gets them involved in the speech. In addition, she uses figures from the FBI to show that the scenario could really happen to any of her classmates. Whenever you use a hypothetical example, it is a good idea to follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is not far-fetched.Tips for using examples1. Use examples to clarify your ideasExamples are an excellent way to clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas. This is why so many teachers use examples in the classroom. Examples put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand.This principle works exceptionally well in speeches. Suppose you are talking about suspension bridges, you could give a technical descriptionThe suspension bridge has a roadway suspended by vertical cables attached to two or more main cables. The main cables are hung on two towers and have their ends anchored in concrete or bedrock.If your listeners were made up of people familiar with structural systems, they might be able to visualize what a suspension bridge looks like. But for listeners lacking this background, you might want to add a simple example: Two well-known suspension bridges are the Golden Bridge in San Francisco and the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Because almost everyone has at least seen a picture of the Golden Bridge in San Francisco and the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, using them as examples clarifies your meaning quickly and effectively.2. Use examples to reinforce your ideasIn a speech entitled “Boxing: The most dangerous sport”, the speaker argued that professional boxing should be banned. To reinforce his point, he cited the example of Muhammad Ali, who suffers a severe case of Parkinson’s disease brought on by his years in the ring. The example is very effective. It put the medical facts about boxing and brain damage in vivid, human terms that everyone could understand.When you use examples, make sure it is representative. The example of Muhammad Ali is quite representative.3. Use examples to personalize your ideasPeople are interested in people. AS social psychologist Eliot Aronson said, “Most people are more deeply influenced by one clear, vivid, personal example than by an abundance of statistical data. ” Whenever you talk, you can include examples that will add human interest to your speech. SEE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD YOU BE MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND TO?There are many hungry families in our community who could benefit from food donations.Or:Let me tell you about Arturo. Arturo is four years old. He has big brown eyes and a mop of black hair and an empty belly. In all his four years on this earth, Arturo has never once enjoyed three square meals in a single day.You can also use personal examples: personal examples are an excellent way to clarify ideas and to build audience interest. To be most effective, they should be delivered sincerely and with strong eye contact.II．TestimonyTestimony ---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point..People tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on the topic. By quoting or paraphrasing such people, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact. The two major kinds of testimony are expert testimony and peer testimony.Expert testimony:Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. It is a good way to lend credibility to your speeches by citing the viewpoints of people who are experts. It shows that you are not just mouthing your own opinions, but your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic.Expert testimony is more important when a topic is controversial or when the audience is skeptical about a speakers’ point of view.As Einstein has put it; as Li Siguang said…Peer Testimony---Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.Testimony not from famous people, but from ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic. This kind of testimony is especially valuable because it gives a more personal viewpoint on issues than can be gained from expert testimony. It conveys the feelings, the knowledge, the insight of people who speak with the voice of genuine experience.For example, if you were speaking about the barriers faced by people with physical disabilities, you would surely include testimony from doctors and other medical authorities. But in this case, the expert testimony would be limited because it cannot communicate what it really means to have a physical disability. To communicate that, you need statements from people who have physical disabilities---such as the following:Itzhak Perman, the world-renowned violinist whose legs are paralyzed, once said: “When you are in a wheelchair, people don’t talk to you. Perhaps they think it is contagious, or perhaps they think crippled legs mean a crippled mind. But whatever the reason, they treat you like a thing.”Paul Longmore, who lost the use of his legs as a child, notes that most people are uncomfortable in the presence of someone who is handicapped, “It’s only when they really go out of their way to get to know us,” he says, “that they realize we are just as bright, witty, and companionable as they are.”There is no way expert testimony can express theses ideas with same authenticity and emotional impact.Tips for Using testimony1.quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone; make sure you do not violate the meaningof statements you paraphrase; make sure you do not quote out of context(quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it. ).e testimony from qualified sources. That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens withspecial experience on the speech topic.e testimony from unbiased sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4.Identify the people you quote or paraphrase. The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketchher or his qualifications before presenting the testimony. For instance:John Silber, Chancellor of Boston University and Chairman of the Massachusetts Board of Education, remarks: “It is quite clear that remarkable competence in a language can be achieved in three years--- if theses years are the ages three, four, and five. There is no question that for the average child to become bilingual, the earlier the better. ”After this statement, there is no doubt about Silber’s qualifications or why the audience should respect his judgment on the subject of education.III．StatisticsWe live in an age of statistics. Day in and day out we are bombarded with numbers. When used properly, statistics is an effective way to clarify and support ideas.Like brief examples, statistics are often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker’s point. The following examples show how three students used statistics in their speeches:To show the dangers posed by running red lights: “According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, 200,000 people are injured and more than 800 are killed every year in the U.S. due to motorists who run red lights.”To illustrate the growing popularity of organic foods: “Consumers Union reports that sales of organic crops now exceed $9 billion a year and are increasing at the rate of 20 percent annually.”To document the problem of identity theft: “As stated by Newsweek magazine, identity theft has become the leading source of consumer fraud in the U.S., with an estimated 500,000 to 700,000 victims each year.”When using statistics, ask yourself the following two question:Are the statistics representative?Are the statistics from a reliable source?Tips for using statisticsUse statistics to quantity your ideasThe main value of statistics is to give your ideas numerical precision. This can be especially important when you are trying to document the existence of a problem. Examples can bring the problem alive and dramatize it in personal terms. But your listeners may still wonder how many people the problem actually affects. In such a situation, you should turn to statistics. Research has shown that the impact of examples is greatly enhanced when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical.Suppose you are talking about the need for tougher driver’s license requirements for elderly drivers. Part of your speech deals with the growing number of auto accidents caused by drivers aged 70 and older. You give an example, you personalize it, you provide many details, as follows:Marie Wyman’s 87th birthday celebration at the Lobster Trap and Steakhouse in Winslow, Maine, ended with a bang. As Wyman backed out of her parking spot, she lost control of her Buick and plowed right through the restaurant’s crowded dining room. Tables and chairs scattered as terrified diners scrambled for cover. Twenty-seven people were injured, and police say it was a miracle that no one was killed.Then the speaker used figures to quantity the problem:According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, almost 5,000 drivers age 70 or older were killed last year, a 33 percent increase over the past 10 years. In few than 20 years, there will be more than 30 million drivers over age 70 in the United States, and highway safety experts warn that the number of people killed in crashes involving elderly motorists is likely to exceed the drunk-driving death toll.Use statistics sparinglyNothing puts an audience to sleep faster than a speech scattered with numbers from beginning to end. Insert statistics only when they are needed, and then make sure that they are easy to grasp.Identify the source of your statisticsAs we have seen, figures are easy to manipulate. This is why careful listeners keep an ear out for the sources of a speaker’s statistics. Tell your listeners where your statistics is from, and it is reliable.Explain your statisticsStatistics don’t speak for themselves, they need to be interpreted and related to your listeners.A speech made by US Secretary of State Collins Powell on the international AIDS crisisMany speakers have noted the dreadful toll that AIDS is taking….But let me try to make it more relevant.This hall holds about 2,000 people. By the time the three hours of this session elapse, 2,000 people around the world---just about the same number who are here---will be newly infected with HIV/AIDS. That’s one for every person in this room. In some countries the infection rate is so high that one in three of us---the delegate to your right, the delegate to your left, or you, yourself---would be HIV positive.Explaining what statistics mean is particularly important when you deal with large numbers, since they are hard to visualize. Here is an example to explain the $6.5 trillion U.S. national debt.How much money is a trillion dollars? Think of it this way. If you had $1million and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you would run out of money in less than three years. If you had $1 billion and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you would not run out of money for almost 3,000 years. And if you had $ 1 trillion and spent it at the rate of $1,000 a day, you wouldn’t run out of money for nearly 3 million years！Round off complicated statisticsSometimes you do not have to give the exact number; they are too complicated to be really understood by listeners. Unless there is an important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics.For instance, Mount Kilimanjaro is 19,341, you should say , it is 19,300.The moon is 238,855 miles from earth, you should say: it is 239,000 miles from earth.Use visual aids to clarify statistical trendsVisual aids can save you a lot of time, as well as make your numbers easier to understand.Sample speech with commentaryThe following speech illustrates how to wok supporting materials into a presentation. as you read study how the speaker uses a variety of examples, statistics, and quotations to make her ideas clear, credible, and convincing.Suffer the childrenMatthew Garvey was just 13 years old when he was hired by Quality Car Wash in Laurel, Maryland, to towel-dry cars as they came off the line. Not long after he began working, Matthew lost his right leg when it got caught in an industrial machine used to suck the moisture out of the towels. After investigating, the U.S. Department of Labor fined the car wash for illegally hiring a minor and for operating a machine with a broken safety lid.The speaker begin with an extended example to gain attention and interest The example is specific and detailed .We are told Matthew Garvey’s name and age, where he lived, the kind of work he did ,and how he was injured. These are the kinds of details that bring examples to life and help get listeners involved in a speech.This in just one of the more tragic examples of what Jeffrey Newman of the National Child Labor Committee calls the “crisis”of child-labor law abuses in the United States. In researching this speech, I discovered that employers from New York to California are breaking the law by hiring children from age 7 to 17 who often put in long, hard hours in dangerous conditions Today I would like to show you the extent of the problem and how it jeopardizes the education and safety of millions of young people.The speaker moves into testimony suggesting that the opening story is representative of a major problem in the U.S. When you use an extended example, it is usually a good idea to precede or follow the example with statistics or testimony showing that the example is not unusual or exceptional.To understand the problem of child-labor law violations we need to begin by looking at the provisions of the law. As explained on the U.S. Department of Labor website, the Fair Labor Standards Act sets a minimum working age of 14.It limits 14-year-old and 15-year-old to three hours of work on school days, prohibits them from working after 7 at night, and allows them a total of 18 work hours per week during the school year. The law also restricts employment of children under 18 in dangerous jobs such as construction, meat-cutting, and mining.In her first main point the speaker explores the problem of child-labor law violations in the United States. She begins by summarizing the provisions of the law. Notice how she identifies the website where she acquired the information.Passed in 1938 and amended several times since, the Fair Labor Standards Act was designed to prevent the exploitation of child labor that took place during the 19th century. Yet today violations of the law are shockingly widespread. According to the Associated Press, 148,000 minors in the U.S. are employed illegally in nonagricultural jobs during an average week, working too many hours or in hazardous conditions. In addition, the National Child Labor Committee reports that more than 110,000 children work illegally on U.S. farms.Statistics in this and the next paragraph back up the speaker’s point that violations of child-labor laws are widespread in the U.S. Rather than giving the exact number of violations, she round them off, making them easier to grasp and recall.Some of the most serious violations occur in garment industry factor is known as sweatshops that hire immigrant children at rates well below minimum wage. The Associated Press estimates that as many as 2,600 minors are employed illegally in New York City sweatshops. Thomas Cubiak, head of the city’s garment district task force, says “most of the children in these factories are below 18, some as young as 8.” Like Faviola Flores, a 15-year-old Mexican girl in a Manhattan sweatshop, they toil long days in unsafe conditions for as little as $3.50 an hour. “I don’t like working here,” Flores says, ”but I have no choice.”The speaker uses a combination of statistics and testimony to support her point about child-labor abuses in the garment industry. The statement form Thomas Gubiak is an example of expert testimony; the closing quotation from Faviola Flores in an instance of peer testimony.Although the exploitation of child labor has been a problem in the garment trade since the 1800s, it can be found in almost every industry that employs minors. In January 2000, Wagner’s Meats of New Orleans was fined nearly $150,000 for illegally employing 27 minors in dangerous jobs and for exceeding federal hour limits. In February 2001, Thornton Roofing was fined $34,000 for child-labor violations in connection with the death of a teenage worker in Montgomery, Alabama. In March 2002, the Six Flags amusement parks paid $85,000 in penalties for violating federal child-labor laws.A series of brief examples supports the speaker’s claim about the pervasiveness of child-labor law violations. Because the examples deal with companies throughout the U.S. and in different lines of business, they provide strong evidence to reinforce the speaker’s point that violations of the law are widespread.Like other business caught breaking child-labor laws, Wanger’s and Six Flags tried to downplay the seriousness of their offenses. But the growing epidemic of child-labor law violations threatens both the education and the physical safety of young workers.The speaker begins her second main point—that violations of child-labor laws have serious consequences for the education and physical safety of young workers.The educational consequences are most damaging to illegal underage employees who work instead of attending school. As Hugh McDaid of New York City’s garment task force says, illegal underage workers “sacrifice their education and literally commit themselves to a life of working in a sweatshop. They have on future.”But even for children who do attend school, too many hours at work can harm their education. In their book When Teenager Work, psychology professors Ellen Greenberger and Laurence Steinberg note that intensive levels of work among youth tend to produce higher truancy and lower grades. According to Greenberger and Steinberg, one study after another has found that working more than a very few hours a week has a negative impact on teenagers’ academic performance.The quotation from Huge McDaid is a good instance of expert testimony. This quotation, like others in the speech , is short and forceful. There is no reason to use a direct quotation unless it makes the point more clearly and forcefully than you can in your own words.Here the speaker paraphrases rather than quoting verbatim. Notice that she gives the name of the book she is paraphrasing from and identifies its authors. Speakers have an ethical obligation to indicate the sources of paraphrases, aswell as of quotations.Not only do child workers harm their education, but they often endanger their physical safety as well . Recall the story I told in my introduction about Matthew Garvey, the 13-year-old who lost his leg while working at a car wash. Even more tragic is the case of Michael Hurcone, a 17-year-old Pennsylvania high-school student. While employed at a supermarket, he was working with a bailer—a machine that crushes and bins cardboard boxes and is supposed to be off-limits to minors. Noticing that some material was stuck in the bailer, Michael tried to free up the jam when he got caught in the machine. It crushed his body for 30 minutes before he suffocated.The examples in this paragraph show specific cases in which teenagers were injured or killed by the violation of child-labor laws. The extended example about Michael Hurcone is especially effective. Filled with specific details that make it interesting and credible, it puts the speaker’s point in human terms with which the audience can identify.Nor are these isolated examples. USA Today reported on July 12, 2002, that 230,000 teenagers are injured at work each year. According to former U.S. Labor Secretary Alexis Herman, nearly 70 minors are killed on the job annually—most in accidents involving infractions of child-labor laws.In this paragraph he speaker presents testimony and statistic to prove that the examples in the previous paragraph are not atypical. As in other parts of the speech, she is quite specific in identifying the sources of her evidence.In the light of all this evidence, there can be no doubt that the violation of child-labor laws is widespread problem with serious consequences. The issue is well summarized by former U.S. Senator Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio, who stated after congressional hearings on the subject, “I shudder to think that children the same age as my own grandchildren are being robbed of an education, their limbs, and indeed, their lives through illegal child labor.”The speaker begins her conclusion by summarizing the two main points she had made in the body of the speech. She then ends with a dramatic quotation,. As we shall see in previous chapter,, this is an effective way to pull a speech together and to reinforce its central idea.SummaryGood speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples—often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help clarify ideas, reinforce ideas, or personalize ideas. To be most effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers because students are seldom recognized as experts on their topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote or paraphrase his or her words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Bu sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified, unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message as long as you can use them sparingly and explain them so that they are meaningful to your audience. Above you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers。
“Desperate Housewives”From sherry Introduction:1: Gain attention and interestAs we all know, American TV series are more and more popular with us college students. I believe many of you have seen some of them such as The Gossip Girls, The Vampire Dairies, The Big Bong and Two Broken Girls.2: Reveal the topicSo which is your favorite one? And what enlightenments and lessons can you get from it? For me, my favorite one is The Desperate Housewives.3: Establish credibility and good willDesperate housewives have 8 seasons in total. The more I see it, the more I am attracted by its story and characters. The story is based on daily life and gives us a reflection of ourselves about family and friendship.4. Preview bodyThere are mainly 4 protagonists acting as 4 different kinds of housewives, and they are Bree Van de Kamp, Lynette Scavo, Susan Mayer and Gabrielle Solis. The four housewives have various personalities and are faced with different difficulties in life, but they all finally deal with them bravely. Let me introduce them to you one by one.Outline:1.Bree Van de Kamp: pursuing perfect of everythingBree is the representative housewife of perfectionism. She is bossy with housework, and sometimes even has an Obsessive compulsive disorder. Look at this picture, everything in her home is neat and in good order. She has high self-esteem and is never willing to show her weakness and sadness to others. Even when her husband Rex betrays her, she is still pretending to be happy and just crying in the washroom silently. But on the other hand, she is elegant, polite and kind to others.From Bree, we know that perfection is not attainable, and there are always some obstacles in life that make us annoyed, sad and cry. It is not shameful to admit our weakness and share sadness with friends. Perfectionism may give others too much pressure and sometimes there is a beauty in imperfection.2.Lynette Scavo: from an office lady to a super motherLynette Scavo was once a professional office lady and workaholic. But after she gave birth to her children, she gave up her career and turned into a full time mother. She is responsible andmultitasking. But she is a little impatient, because her three sons are too naughty to deal with. There is a short but interesting video.From Lynette, we fully realize how great our mother is and how much a mother sacrifices for bringing her children up. Just as Lynette has said that being a mother is the best job she has ever did.3.Gabrielle Solis: a beauty finally realizing what is the most important in life.Gabrielle Solis was once a famous model in New York and Milan. She is beautiful, fashionable and sexy. And she was a little willful and self-satisfied. She got married with a rich business man Solis. Her husband often worked out on a business trip all the year and she got into spiritual emptiness so that she betrayed Solis with the handsome and young gardener.But after going through many difficulties, she finally realized her deeply love and reliance to her husband. She is sincere and frank and becomes more strong-hearted and lovely after being a mother of two daughters.Gabrielle‘s story tells us that we sh ould distinguish what is the most valuable in our life before it is too late and that success is to get what we want, but happiness is to want what we get.4.Susan Mayer: a careless but lovely woman who are always brave to pursuelove.Susan is the most careless housewife and often gets into embarrassment. Le t’s see a short video. L uckily she has a clever and considerate daughter “Zhuli” to take care of and help her. She believes that everything will be good with kindness. Though she got divorced because of her husband’s betrayal, sh e never loses belief in love. She felt into love with Mike Delfino, sought for love bravely and finally got it.Susan has a pure heart so that makes her attractive, lovely and cute. We should learn from Susan that no matter what troubles and difficulties we meet, we should never lose our passion and enthusiasm about life. Always be brave and optimistic. Everything will be ok in the end and if it is not ok, it is just not in the end.Conclusion:So these above are what I have learnt from the 4 women in the “desperate housewives”. Although it s name is “desperate housewives”, it really tells us never to be desperate about life. It proves that there is nothing more important than family. They are the ones who always show up when we are in trouble and that friends are not the one you can share only happiness with but also sadness and sorrow.Just like the beginning of this series tells us ‘We all have moments of desperation. But if we face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we are.”。
The CrossingSpecific purpose: to inform my audience about one of the most famous tragedies in history, the Crossing.Central idea: the sinking of the Crossing remains one of the most famous tragedies in history, causing thousands of deaths.IntroductionI.Everyone knows about the truth of the Titanic, especially from themovie, the love story about Jack and Rose.II.But do you know the Titanic story occurred in China?III.In 1949, a ship called the Crossing that set from Shanghai to Jilong with many rich and famous passengers on board. On its journey, the Crossing hit a cargo ship named the Jianyuan and sunk. More than thousands of people died in the accident.IV.The sinking of the Crossing is so shocking that it is called the Chinese Titanic.V.Nowdays, director John Woo made a new film The Crossing, which is adapted from the sinking of the Crossing.VI.Today, follow me to discovery the mystery of the Crossing. (Transition: Let’s watch a video about the film)BodyI.The background of the shipA.The Crossing was a luxurious passenger ship, belonged toZhonglian Enterprise Inc. The displacement of the ship was about2489 tons.B.1949 saw the Chinese civil war, many refugee ran for their livesfrom the mainland to Taiwan, so the Crossing became the goodchoice. The refugee used gold or money to exchange a seat,making the ship overloaded.C.When the ship started the journey, it accommodated around 300passengers with no tickets, 508 passengers who have tickets and124 crew-members.D.Many rich people were on the board, taking lots of treasures andprecious documents. So the ship was also called golden ship. (You all know about the background of the ship, now let’s look how the ship got sank)II.The sinking process of the shipA.The crossing departed from Shanghai at 4:18 pm on January 27th,destined for Jilong, Taiwan province.B.About 11:45pm, the Crossing hit the cargo ship.1.At night, to avoid the curfew the ship didn’t open thenavigation light.2.The cargo ship Jianyuan departed from Jilong, full of coal andwood about 2700 tons.3.At 11:45 pm, the Crossing hit the Jianyuan, the Jianyuan sankdown immediately. After 45 minutes, the Crossing started tosink, all the people shouted for help. Because of the coldtemperature, over one thousand people dropped in the waterand were frozen to death, including some very famouspersons.(show class the picture about the ship’s voyage)4.On January 28th , the Australian warship passed the spot andbegan to rescue. It is certified that only 34 were survived(including 30 males and 4 females ). There were someunknown persons rescued by local fishmen.ConclusionI.The sinking of the Crossing actually became one of the most famoustragedies, causing a thousand deaths.II.Actually, maybe we should learn from the Crossing ,cherish the person we love and enjoy everyday sunshine.。
Speech OutlineName:Jing ZhangTitle:How to organize headphones.Organizational Pattern: ChronologicalGeneral Purpose:To inform my audienceSpecific Purpose:To inform my audience the 3 steps on how to organize headphones.Central Idea:The 3 steps to organize headphones are 1) Make a circle 2) Make more circles and 3) pull.IntroductionAttention: Have you ever met this situation, which when you want to enjoy the music with your iPod or any MP3 players, but your headphones are such a mess? You have to spend a lot of time on unfasten these headphones? Importance: Today I’m going to tell you an easy to makes your life easier, also save your time.Credibility: My friends and I love to find some tips and share them; we have found more than a hundred tips for life.Preview: After this speech you will learn how to organize your headphones.BodyI.First off, you need to make a circle on the top of your MP3 player.A.The first step is always important, it is like the foundation.1.You do not have to care how big the circle is.2.You do not have to measure how long the headphones are.B.Make sure you leave the plug outside.1.This is important for the final step.2.You do not have to measure how long have to leave.Transition: (Now that I have discussed how to make a circle, then I will now talk about make more circles.) II.The second step is makes more circles with you MP3 player together.A.Make sure your finger keep pressing on the first circle.1.This is important because if you do not press it, you cannot do the final step.2.You do not have to press it too hard.B.Make sure when you twisting the circles are in the same direction.1.If in different directions, you cannot make circles.2.It can makes the circles are really ordered.(Transition: Now that I have talked about to make more circles, next also the final step is pull.) III.When you found that you do not have much lines lift, you need to put the lift line under the first circle, which you keep pressing, and then you pull the plug we lift it during first step.A.Make sure do not use the headphones under the first circle, just the lines.1.This is preparing for when you want to use them, because you just pull theheadphones, the lines just become straight.2.You do not have to care about how long of the lines is.B.Make sure you pull the plug is gently.1.If you pull it too hard, the circles you made before will loose.2.Final step is also importantConclusion:Sign post and Summary: In conclusion, you have been informed how to organize headphones and it just very 3 easy steps, they are 1) Make a circle 2) make more circles and 3) pull.Importance:This is important to know how to organize your headphones, because it can save your time, makes your life easy, and you can find that this method also suitable for some of other items.Memorable Ending:If you have a MP3 player with you, you can try it after class. You will know how useful it is; you are going to love it and you may tell your friends who still annoyed to spend time to unfasten these headphones.。
WHAT IS AN INFORMATIVE SPEECHInformative speaking is all around us. Any speech is an informative speech if it present information to an audience. A report, a teacher‟s explanation, and a talk at asgroupsmeeting are all examples of informative speeches.When do we make informative speeches? We make them all the time. Whenever we give a stranger direction, explain a problem to a mechanic, or describe an illness to a doctor, we are speaking to inform.The goal in giving an informative speech is to state ideas simply, clearly, and interestingly. If you achieve this goal, the audience will understand and remember your speech. In this chapter, you will learn how to build an informative speech.PREPARING THE INTRODUCTION, BODY AND CONCLUSION Step 1: Prepare an Attention-Getting OpenerAt the beginning of your speech, it is very important to grab your audience‟s attention and make them interested in what you have to say. Four different ways to prepare an interesting, attention-getting introduction follow:(1)Ask your audience a series of rhetorical questions.Rhetorical questions are asked for dramatic effect with no answers expected. Your listeners will immediately be interested in knowing the answers. The following rhetorical questions were used to open a speech about the process of getting a tattoo:What can cost ten dollars or a thousand dollars?What can be every color of the rainbow?What can be with you as long as you live?What can you wear on your arm, your cheek, your leg, or even your back?(2)Tell a story.People love to listen to a story. They want to find out what it is about. This story was used to open a speech about the Gold Museum in Bogotá, Colombia:A guard took mesintosa square room with no lights. The room was so black I couldn‟t even see my own feet. All of a sudden a hidden electric wall closed behind me. There was no way out. I thought I was in a tomb. All at once bright lights came on. I was surro unded by gold on all four sides!(3)State a surprising fact.The statement below was used to introduce a speech about the billion-dollar business of services, or products to get almost anything you want without cash:You can get almost anything you want without cash! And you can begin today!(4) State a well-known quotation.This quotation from William Shakespeare‟s Hamlet was used to open a speech about the disadvantages of borrowing:Neither a borrower nor a lender be, for loan oft loses both itself and friend.Step 2: Prepare the BodyThen prepare the body of your speech. Arrange the points of your speech in a clear, logical manner. That way, your audience can follow you, understand your information, and remember what you have said. Insgroupsto do this, it is important to choose an organizational pattern that fits your topic.Read about the eight organizational patterns below. Then, choose the best one for your particular topic.(1)Past- Present-Future. Use this pattern to discuss how something once was, how it has changed, and how it will be in the future. For example, in discussing the Olympics, you might organize your information under the following three headings:Ⅰ.The history of the OlympicsⅡ.The Olympics todayⅢ.The future of the Olympics(2)Time. Use this pattern to describe how processes, personal experiences, events, or activities happen by the hour, part of the day, week, month, or year. It can also be used to explain the steps in a process. For example, in speaking about making a speech, you might organize your information under the following headings:Ⅰ.Choosing a topicⅡ.Gathering informationⅢ.Making an outlineⅣ.Presenting the speech(3)e this pattern to speak about a specific problem and ways to solve it. (Note: A problem isn‟t always a negative situation, such as crime or child abuse. It can also be a positive situation, such as choosing a career or about the problem of choosing.) For example, in speaking about the problem of choosing the college that s right for you, you might present the following solutions:Ⅰ.Read the different college catalogs.Ⅱ.Visit campuses of different colleges.Ⅲ.Talk to people who attend various colleges.Ⅳ.Talk to teachers at the colleges you are considering.(4)e this pattern to divide a topicsintosdifferent geographical locations. For example, in speaking about interesting marriage customs, you might use the following sequence:Ⅰ.Marriage customs in JapanⅡ.Marriage customs in Saudi ArabiaⅢ.Marriage customs in the United States(5)e this pattern to describe a particular situation and its effect. For example, in speaking about the effects of cigarette smoking, you might discuss: Ⅰ.The effects of smoking on pregnant womenⅡ.The effect of secondhand smokeⅢ.The effects of smoking on people with allergies(6)Effect-Cause. Use this pattern do describe a particular situation and its causes. For example, in speaking about reasons for drug addiction, you might discuss: Ⅰ.The easy availability of drugsⅡ.The need to escape from the pressures of workⅢ.The lack of education about harmful effects of drugs(7) Related Subtopics. Use this pattern to divide one topicsintosdifferent parts, or subtopics. For example, in speaking about false advertising, you might discuss: Ⅰ.False advertising on televisionⅡ.False advertising in magazinesⅢ.False advertising on the radio(8)Advantage-Disadvantage. Use this pattern to talk about both positive and negative aspects of a topic in a balanced, objective manner. For example, in speaking about the death penalty, you might discuss:Ⅰ.Advantages of capital punishmentⅡ.Disadvantages of capital punishmentStep 3: Prepare a SummaryEvery speech needs a summary of the information presented. The best way to summarize your information is to remind your audience of what you said by repeating the main points covered in the body of your speech.Example 1Well, I‟ve given you some ve ry important information today. You now know:A. How to prepare if a hurricane is comingB. What safety measures to make during the stormC. What to do after the hurricane is overExample 2As you can see, the Olympic Games are very important to people all over the world. I hope you learned some interesting information about:A. The history of the OlympicsB. The Olympics todayC. The future of the Olympic GamesStep 4: Prepare Memorable Concluding RemarksEvery speech needs an ending that leaves the audience thinking about and remembering what was said. Like attention-getting openers, memorable concluding remarks can take the form of rhetorical questions, stories, surprising facts, or quotations. Of these suggestions, quotations are popular among many famous public speakers.Example 1President John F. Kennedy ended many of his speeches with this quotation from the poet Robert Browning:“Some men see things as they are, and ask,…Why‟? I dare to dream of things that never were, and ask,…Why‟not?”Example 2Civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ended his famous“I Have a Dream”speech with words from an old spiritual song:“Free at last, free at last, thank God almighty, we are free at last.”Say your memorable concluding remarks slowly and clearly, maintaining eye contact with your audience. Be as dramatic and confident as possible!OUTLINING AN INFORMATIVE SPEECHThe outline that follows shows how one student outlined an informative speech. Notice how it includes the following components:Attention-getting openerPreviewBodySummaryPresentationMemorable concluding remarksAlso, notice how transitions have been used to connect the components.ATTENTION-GETTING OPENEREvery student in this room has something in common with famous astronauts, Olympic athletes, actors, politicians, and business executive. It‟s a common affliction thatcauses pain, s uffering, and distress. Can you guess what it is? I‟ll tell you. It‟s called stage fright.PREVIEWToday we will be learning four major facts about stage fright.Ⅰ.The physical symptoms of stage frightⅡ.The causes of stage frightⅢ.Famous people who have had stage frightⅣ.What can be done about stage frightTRANSITION: OK, let‟s get started on our investigation of stage fright by first looking at its six major symptoms.BODYⅠ. Physical symptoms of stage frightA. Rapid breathingB. Rapid heart rateC. Dry mouthD. Butterflies in stomachE.Increased perspirationF.Trembling handsTRANSITION: Now you understand the symptoms of stage fright. Let‟s continue our investigation by examining the causes of stage fright.Ⅱ.Causes of stage frightA. Many people worry that they‟ll forget what they want to say.B. Others are afraid that they‟ll look silly.C. Some people think that the audience won‟t like them.D. International students might worry that their English is n‟t very good.TRANSITION: Now you are aware of some of the causes of stage fright. Let‟s continue our inquirysintosstage fright by looking at a few famous people who have suffered from this affliction.Ⅲ. Famous people who have had stage frightA.Winston Churchill once said that he thought there was a block of ice in his stomach each time he made a speech.B. Julio Iglesias has revealed that he is nervous about his pronunciation when speaking English.C. Jane Fonda has admitted to having“tremendous fear.”D. Olivia Newton-John admits to shaking and crying before a performance.TRANSITION: As you can see, you are in good company with famous people who have has stage fright. Now, let‟s investigate what you can do to overcome this common problem.Ⅳ.What can be done about stage frightA. Short-term solutions1.Be thoroughly prepared and practice before a presentation.2.Take your time before you start to speak.a)Gently put your notes on the speaker‟s stand.b)Establish eye contact with your audience before beginning.c)Take several deep breaths before beginning.B. Long-term solutions1.Remember that stage fright is normal.2.Get as much experience as possible.3.Talk about stage fright with friends.TRANSITION: Now that you understand what you can do to reduce stage fright, our investigation is complete.SUMMARYYou should now understand four important facts about stage fright.Ⅰ. The physical symptoms of stage frightⅡ.The causes of stage frightⅢ.Famous people who have had stage frightⅣ.What can be done about stage frightMEMORABLE CONCLUDING REMARKSIn conclusion, stage fright is like a lion in a cage. It‟s only dangerous if it‟s allowed to roam free! Now that you know how to deal with stage frig ht, you‟ll be able to keep this beast under control. Remember, as long as you are in control of it, your stage fright, like the lion, will be unable to harm you!。
Good morning,
Everyone!
Have you ever thought of what is your biggest achievement in college? As to me, the answer is Drucker Association of BUPT.
Now I would like to share something with you about the Drucker Association of BUPT.
You must have ever heard of the name Peter F Drucker. He was reputed “the modern management guru”and“the master of masters”.He brought about far-reaching influence on sociology and economics and built up the bridge between the industrial age and knowledge age. During his career, he contributed 39 monographs to the management discipline. All these books have been translated into 37 languages and spread to all over the world.
Mr. drucker gave a lot attention to the development of china. In 1999, Beijing drucker academy was founded with the personally guidance of Mr. Drucker.
Beijing drucker academy is a organization that help Chinese knowledge workers to practice thoughts of Mr. drucker. In 2010, the drucker association of bupt was established by a ten students formed
team with the support of Beijing drucker academy. Its mission is “share the master’s wisdom and make a management life”
The drucker association of bupt was prepared in 4, 2010, during the preparation we hold a career plan lecture in bupt. The lecture achieved a great success.
In the end of the lecture, we granted 30 students the admission notice of the future managers workshop project. This is a large-scale public welfare project launched by Beijing drucker academy, organized by drucker association of bupt.
At ordinary times, we learned management thoughts of Drucker, shared what we got together. By presentation and discussing, all of us have made a great progress.
This summer vacation, we participated in the 3rd drucker students training summer camp. It is meaningful and memorable.
The day before yesterday, we hold the second lecture - from a technologist to a manager. It is a great success.
This is the drucker association of bupt. This is what we have done and what we are doing.。
