高英第4课课件

Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aimsknow how to make good conversationtrace the history of the King’s Englishlearn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples analyse the features of spoken Englishappreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearlya century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patientin tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind Will you join in the historic effort24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivershis inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke"教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary): of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection 保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy 对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way 系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: [常用于被动语态]prepare，array，or set in line for battle使准备战斗，使严阵以待----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语 (Expressions): in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例： What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。

4.Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aims1.To know how to make good conversation2.To trace the history of the King’s English3.To learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples4.To analyse the features of spoken English5.To appreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oathour forebears prescribednearlya century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoingof these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at oddsand split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliancefor progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the preyof hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversionanywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereignstates, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writmay run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulfall humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alterthat uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civilityis not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject toproof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboringthose problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposalsfor the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tapthe ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiahto "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachheadof co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimonyto its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscienceour only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary)inaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------generosity (n.) : the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------heir (n.) : person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------foe (n.) : enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------undoing (n.) : the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------at odds : in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------asunder (adv.) : into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prey (n.) : a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------subversion (n.) : a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sovereign (adj.) : independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------outpace (v.) : surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------invective (n.) : a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shield (n.) : any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection 保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------writ (n.) : a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adversary (n.) : a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy 对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------anew (adv.) : again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------unleash (v.) : release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------engulf (v.) : swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------civility (n.) : politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------belabor (v.) : talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------formulate (v.) : put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way 系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------tap (v.) : draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------heed (v.) : pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------beachhead (n.) : a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------endeavor (n.) : an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------testimony (n.) : any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------embattle (v.) : [常用于被动语态]prepare，array，or set in line for battle使准备战斗，使严阵以待----------------------------------------------------------------------------------tribulation (n.) : great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forge (v.) : move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------alliance (n.) : a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语 (Expressions)at issue : in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例： What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。

Lesson Four Die as You ChooseText:Para.1law on在……方面制定法律（正式）dodge: v. avoiddodge to left and right东躲西闪You’d better set off earlier in order to dodge the rush-hour. dodge the rush-hourdodge military servicedodge awkward questionseuthanasia: mercy-killingPara.2establishment: organizationcome to light: expose to public, reveal, uncover暴光languish: 缺乏活力，憔悴，饱受煎熬v. languish in/under sth. = suffer fromlanguish in poverty饱受贫穷的折磨languish under an iron controlforbid: ban; prohibitgo over重新Para.3bizarre: strange, uncommon, odd, ridiculous, peculiarclaim to do sth.声称做某事This is an unclaimed dog. 这是一只没人认领的狗。

at one’s request在某人的要求下vote on/for/against sb./sth.polemical: controversial, arguable有争议性的proponent支持者—opponent反对者in circumstancesPara.4yet=howevermacabre: gruesome adj.可怕的in privateon purpose: deliberately, intentionally有目的地，故意地consent（agree）同意/dissent不同意price：cost 代价Q 1: Yes.Q 2: Because it’s not permitted, it is taboo.Para.5prolong the throes延长痛苦throes pl. severe pain or suffering痛苦in the throes of （doing） sth.distinction between A and B A与B之间的区别hold out：remain；go on； continueQ 3: The distinction between killing and letting die. Yes.Q 4: A living will is a will in which the dying patient requests to die by refusing any medical treatment to prolong life.Para.6Culpable:受指责的--- blameless 无可责备的omit省略 v. –omission n. neglectThis sentence can be omitted in this text.take sth. as example把……作为一个例子stand: be in a position处于……位置gain from sth.=benefit from sth.从……获利No pays！No gains！不劳不获beat 痛揍/跳动/打倒某人beat sb. black and bluegive sb. a good beatingMy heart is beating fast.hit瞄准一点打I thrown a stone at the bird, but I didn’t hit it.hit sb. on the head 打中某人的头blow打击My father’s death is a big blow to me.strike撞到strike a match（划火柴）The clock strikes twelve.The village is stricken by an earthquake.fall unconscious: faintwithhold: v. hold sth. back, restrain拒绝给予，保留withhold one’s consent/agreement拒绝同意condemn: blame责备Para.7terminal: destinationformulate: stipulate规定swear one’s oathrule out 把……明确排除在外，禁止做……rule out: forbid, ban 划去, 排除, 取消The possibility cannot be ruled out.Para.9be appointed被任命为She is appointed class president. 她被任命为班长。

⾼级英语下课件Lesson4Lesson four The Tragedy of Old Age in America⼀、Words and Expressions1.adj.adverse不利的,相反的,敌对的contrary,opposing,hostileadverse wind/ circumstances 逆风,逆境adv.adverselyn.adversity逆境,不幸,苦难unfavorable conditionto keep/remain cheerful in adversityto face adversity with couragen.adversary 对⼿,敌⼿opponentHe defeated his old adversary.2.adj.arbitrary任意的(at random),专横的dictatorialan arbitrary ruler/poweradv.arbitrarilyn.arbitrariness3.vt./n.barricade 阻⽌,阻碍（barrier）erect the barricadesbarricade sb.in/out of sth.They barricaded themselves in their rooms.barricade sth.off设障碍封锁……The police barricaded off the entrance to the square.n.barrierhindrancePoor health is a barrier to success.cultural/language barrier隔阂barrier of race and religion/doc/c8735530b968a98271fe910ef12d2af90242a89b.html e to terms with sb./sth.= reach an agreement 5.vt.conserve 保存,保护,节约使⽤conserve wildlife 保护野⽣动物preserve（保护,保持,保存）/deserve（值得）6.adj.contingent (up)on sth.依……情况⽽定,视……⽽定的,有条件的dependent on sth.Our success is contingent upon your continued help. n.contingency 偶发事件contingency plans/arrangements 应变计划/安排7.cost of living:expense,expenditureat the cost of sth.以……为代价cover the cost8.v.debilitate 使虚弱make sb.weaka debilitating illnessHuge debts are debilitating our economy.n.debility 虚弱,衰弱After operation,she suffered from general debility.9.defectn.缺点,⽑病,瑕疵fault,shortcominga defect of charactera defect of education systemadj.defective:imperfect,incompletebe defective in sth.be defective in one's characterHer hearing is found to be slightly defective.她的听⼒稍弱。

高级英语上册第4课Die As You ChooseThe need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer.In one of the world’s smaller countries, mercy-killing is accepted by the medical establishment1and openly practiced a few thousand times each year. In one of the world’s biggest countries, euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment, secretly practiced many times more often, and almost never comes to light2. Which of these countries has a mercy-killing doctor now languishing in its jails? It is the small one, Holland, which has rules for euthanasia and so can police it effectively. The Dutch doctor broke his country’s rules. There is a moral here for all the countries, and not just for the big death-forbidding country, America. Right now it is going over thearguments about euthanasia once again.In January the Journal of the American Medical Association published a bizarre letter, in which an anonymous doctor claimed to have killed a 20-year-old cancer patient at her own request3. This started a debate that will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia. The letter was probably written for polemical impact. It is scarcely credible. Its author claims that he (or she) met the cancer patient for the first time, heard five words from her –“Let’s get this over with”-then killed her. Even the most extreme proponents of euthanasia do not support such an action in those circumstances.Yet medical monstrosities that are hardly any better undoubtedly continue, almost as a matter of4macabre routine, in America, Britain and many other countries. It is disturbingly easy to find5doctors who will say, in private6, that they sometimes kill patients on purpose7. Most say they know somebody else who does. But because they canrarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients –even when those patients beg them for it –doctors tend to kill only when the dying are too far gone8to consent. Thus, because voluntary euthanasia is taboo, a doctor makes the decision himself9-and the patient is killed involuntarily in the night with a syringe. That is one price of keeping euthanasia secret10.If all forms of mercy-killing are wrong, they should remain taboo. But are they? Because many people accept that it is sad, undignified and gruesome to prolong the throes of death11with all the might of medical technology, passive euthanasia-letting patients die-is widely accepted. Most American states have “living-will”legislation that protects doctors from 12prosecution if they do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life prolonged. Active euthanasia--killing--remains controversial. How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out13?Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts. Suppose-to take an example from the moral philosophy books-that a man stands to gain from14the death of a certain child. The child strikes his head in the bath and falls unconscious. The man sits down and watches him drown. The fact that the man has performed no action15does not excuse him. Similarly, suppose that a doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment in order that death should come sooner ratherthan later. Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enough painkillers to kill? Does the fact that the doctor performed an action, rather than an omission, condemn him?Many doctors working on the battlefield of terminal suffering think that only squeamishness demands a firm difference between16 passive and active euthanasia on request17. Their argument for killing goes like this: one of a doctor’s duties is to prevent suffering18; sometimes that is all there is left for him to do, and killing is the only way to do it. There is nothing new in this view. When Hippocratesformulated his oath19for doctors, which explicitly rules out20active killing, most other Greek doctors and thinkers disagreed with his ban.Let the past be a guide21.Some people believe that the time of death is appointed by God and that no man should put the clock back on another22. Yet if a patient’s philosophical views embrace euthanasia, it is not clear why the religious objections23of others should intrude on24his death. Another worry is that a legal framework for euthanasia, permitting a doctor to comply with25a dying man’s request in a prescribed set of circumstances26, might pose dangers27for society by setting a precedent for killing. That depends on the society. Holland, arguably, is ready for it. It is probably no coincidence28that is was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted pressure29to join in the Nazi medical atrocities that have given euthanasia its worst name. The same tenacious respect for individual liberty30that stopped them killing healthy people, who did not want to die, now lets them help dying people who do.West Germany, by contrast31, will not be able to legalize anyform of euthanasia for a long time to come32. Opposition is too fierce, because of the shadow of the past. Countries with an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have less to fear from33setting some limited rules34for voluntary euthanasia. By refusing to discuss it, they usher in35something.11medical establishment医疗机构2To come to light暴光3at one's request 根据他本人的要求4a matter of 大约, 大概5disturbingly easy to find 令人不安的很容易地找到6in private 私下, 秘密地7on purpose 故意8far gone 快要死的、快要结束的、烂醉的9makes the decision himself 自己做出决定10keep secret 保密, 把...保密11prolong the throes of death 延长死亡的痛苦12protect from 保护13hold out 坚持14stands to gain from 袖手旁观15performed no action 什么都没有做16a firm difference between 截然区分17on request 应…要求18prevent suffering 免遭痛苦19formulated his oath 制定信条20explicitly rules out 明确禁止21Let the past be a guide 前事不忘，后事之师22put the clock back on another 缩短他人的生命23religious objections 宗教的不同观念24intrude on 强加25comply with 遵守(意愿，要求或条件等)26a prescribed set of circumstances 一系列规定的情况27pose danger 造成危险28It is probably no coincidence 这或许不是巧合29heroically resisted pressure英勇无比地顶住了压力30 individual liberty 个人自由31by contrast 相比之下32for a long time to come 在未来相当长的时间里33have less to fear from 不太担心34setting some limited rules 制订有限的规定35Usher in 预示着C.1、S he skillfully dodged the questions about her private life.2、I t was very rude of him to intrude on my privacy.3、T he schools decided to withhold payment until they had completed the construction of the building.4、R eform and open-door policy has ushered in a new era of economic development.5、T hey started a campaign to legalize abortion.6、I f you let the boy go without punishment, he will use it as a precedent for doing wrong again.7、A fter the exposure of his lies the Congressman is no longer a credible politician.8、I t is arguable that primary school student should pay anytuition.D.1、T he warrior managed to dodge the arrow that came flying through the air.2、T he speaker’s last few words were drowned out by the audience’s thunderous applause.3、W ould I be intruding if I joined in your discussion?4、T he omission of a full stop at the end of the sentence isa deliberate act by the writer.5、T he newly-recruited soldiers swore an oath of loyalty to their country.6、T he suspect was accused of withholding some importantevidence from the court.7、W hether or not he is the best person for the promotion isarguable.8、H e has established himself as a credible businessman.F.现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律。