2015年ACCA考试《审计》精选考点2

2015年12月ACCA 考试P2 知识点汇总BIN THE CLUTTERThe effects of clutter have typically come in for little consideration by the preparers of annual reports. However, the phenomenon is increasingly under discussion, with initiatives recently launched to combat itIt is unusual to think about the effects of ˉclutterˇ but, increasingly, this phenomenon is being discussed. One prominent website describes clutter as follows: ˉClutter invades your space and takes over your life. Clutter makes you disorganised, stressed, out of control. Clutter distracts you from your priorities. Clutter can stop you achieving your goals.ˇ This definition of clutter may not be completely applicable to annual reports, but it is possible to see certain aspects, which are applicable.The UKˇs Financial Reporting Council (FRC), among other organizations, has called for reduced ˇclutterˇ in annual reports. Additionally, the Institute of Chartered Accountants In Scotland (ICAS) and the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) were commissioned by the IASB to make cuts to the disclosures within a certain group of IFRSs, and produce a report.Clutter in annual reports is a problem, obscuring relevant information and making it more difficult for users to find the key points about the performance of the business and its prospects for long-term success. The main observations of the discussion paper published by the FRC were:there is substantial scope for segregating standing data, either to a separate section of the annual report (an appendix) or to the companyˇs website immaterial disclosures are unhelpful and should not be provided the barriers to reducing clutter are mainly behavioural there should be continued debate about what materiality means from a disclosure perspective.It is important for the efficient operation of the capital markets that annual reports do not contain unnecessary information. However, it is equally important that useful information is presented in a coherent way so that users can find what they are looking for and gain an understanding of the companyˇs business and the opportunities, risks and constraints that it faces. A company, however, must treatall of its shareholders equally in the provision of information. It is for each shareholder to decide whether they wish to make use of that information. It is not for a company to pre-empt a shareholder's rights in this regard by withholding the information.A significant cause of clutter in annual reports is the vast array of requirements imposed by laws, regulations and financial reporting standards. Regulators and standard setters have a key role to play in cutting clutter both by cutting the requirements that they themselves already impose and by guarding against the imposition of unnecessary new disclosures. A listed company may have to comply with listing rules, company law, international financial reporting standards, thecorporate governance codes, and if it has an overseas listing, any local requirements, such as those of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the US. Thus, a major source of clutter is the fact that different parties require differing disclosures for the same matter. For example, an international bank in the UK may have to disclose credit risk under IFRS 7, Financial Instruments: Disclosures, the Companies Acts and the Disclosure and Transparency Rules, the SEC rules and Industry Guide 3, as well asthe requirements of Basel II Pillar 3. A problem is that different regulators havedifferent audiences in mind for the requirements they impose on annual reports. Regulators attempt to reach wider ranges of actual or potential users and this can lead to a loss of focus and structure in reports.There may a need for a proportionate approach to the disclosure requirements for small and mid-cap quoted companies that take account of the needs of their investors, as distinct from those of larger companies. This may be achieved by different means. For example, a principles-based approach to disclosures in IFRS, specific derogations from requirements in individual IFRS or the creation of an appropriately adapted local version of the IFRS for SMEs. Pressures of time and cost can understandably lead to defensive reporting by smaller entities and to choosing easy options, such as repeating material from a previous year, cutting and pasting from the reports of other companies and including disclosures of marginal importance.There are behavioural barriers to reducing clutter. It may be that the threat of criticism or litigation could be a considerable limitation on the ability to cut clutter. The threat of future litigation may outweigh any benefits to be obtained from eliminating ˉcatch-allˇ disclosures. Preparers of annual reports are likely to err on the side of caution and include more detailed disclosures than are strictly necessary to avoid challenge from auditors and regulators. Removing disclosures is perceived as creating a risk of adverse comment and regulatory challenge. Disclosure is the safest option and is therefore often the default position. Preparers and auditors may be reluctant to change from the current position unless the risk of regulatory challenge is reduced. Companies have a tendency to repeat disclosures because they were there last year.Explanatory information may not change from year to year but it nonetheless remains necessary to an understanding of aspects of the report. There is merit in a reader of an annual report being able to find all of this information in one place. If the reader of a hard copy report has to switch to look at a website to gain a full understanding of a point in the report, there is a risk that the report thereby becomes less accessible rather than more. Even if the standing information is kept in the same document but relegated to an appendix, that may not be the best place to facilitate a quick understanding of a point. A new reader may be disadvantaged by having to hunt in the small print for what remains key to a full understanding of the report.Preparers wish to present balanced and sufficiently informative disclosures and may be unwilling to separate out relevant information in an arbitrary manner. The suggestion of relegating all information to a website assumes that all users of annual reports have access to the internet, which may not be the case. A single report maybest serve the investor, by having one reference document rather than having the information scattered across a number of delivery points.Shareholders are increasingly unhappy with the substantial increase in the length of reports that has occurred in recent years. This has not resulted in more or better information, but more confusion as to the reason for the disclosure. A review of companiesˇ published accounts will show that large sections such as ˉStatement of Directors Responsibilitiesˇ and ˉAudit Committee reportˇ are almost identical.Materiality should be seen as the driving force of disclosure, as its very definition is based on whether an omission or misstatement could influence the decisions made by users of the financial statements. The assessment of what is material can be highly judgmental and can vary from user to user. A problem that seems to exist is that disclosures are being made because a disclosure checklist suggests it may need to be made, without assessing whether the disclosure is necessary in a companyˇs particular circumstances. However, it is inherent in these checklists that they include all possible disclosures that could be material. Most users of these tools will be aware that the disclosure requirements apply only to material items, but often this is not stated explicitly for users.One of the most important challenges is in the changing audiences. From its origins in reporting to shareholders, preparers now have to consider many other stakeholders including employees, unions, environmentalists, suppliers, customers, etc. The disclosures required to meet the needs of this wider audience have contributed to the increased volume of disclosure. The growth of previous initiatives on going concern, sustainability, risk, the business model and others that have been identified by regulators as ˉkeyˇ has also expanded the annual report size.The length of the annual report is not necessarily the problem but the way in which it is organised. The inclusion of ˉimmaterialˇ disclosures will usually make this problem worse but, in a well organised annual report, users will often be able to bypass much of the information they consider unimportant, especially if the report is on line. It is not the length of the accounting policies disclosure that is itself problematic, but the fact that new or amended policies can be obscured in a long note running over several pages. A further problem is that accounting policy disclosure is often ˉboilerplateˇ, providing little specific detail of how companies apply their general policies to particular transactions.IFRS requires disclosure of ˉsignificant accounting policiesˇ. In other words, IFRS does not require disclosure of insignificant or immaterial accounting policies. Omissions in financial statements are material only if they could, individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users make. In many cases, itwould not. Of far greater importance is the disclosure of the judgments made in selecting the accounting policies, especially where a choice is available.A reassessment of the whole model will take time and may necessitate changes to law and other requirements. For example, unnecessary clutter could be removed bynot requiring the disclosure of IFRS in issue but not yet effective. The disclosure seems to involve listing each new standard in existence and each amendment to a standard, including separately all those included in the annual improvements project, regardless of whether there is any impact on the entity. The note becomes a list without any apparent relevance.The IASB has recently issued a request for views regarding its forward agenda in which it acknowledges that stakeholders have said that disclosure requirements are too voluminous and not always focused in the right areas. The drive by the IASB has very much been to increase the use of disclosure to address comparability between companies and, in the short to medium term, a reduction in the volume of accounting disclosures does not look feasible although this is an area to be considered by the IASB for its post 2012 agenda.Written by a member of the Paper P2 examining teamRELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER F7 AND P2Studying Paper F7 or P2Performance objectives 10 and 11 are relevant to this examThe IASB抯 Conceptual Framework for Financial ReportingI am from England, and here in the UK, unlike most countries, our system ofgovernment has no comprehensive written constitution. Many countries dohave such constitutions and in these circumstances the laws of the land areshaped and influenced by the constitution. Now while the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB) is not a country it does have a sort ofconstitution, in the form of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (the Framework), that proves the definitive reference document for the development of accounting standards. The Framework can also be describedas a theoretical base, a statement of principles, a philosophy and a map. By setting out the very basic theory of accounting the Framework points the way for the development of new accounting standards. It should be noted that the Framework is not an accounting standard, and where there is perceived to be a conflict between the Framework and the specific provisions of an accounting standard then the accounting standard prevails.Before we look at the contents of the Framework, let us continue to put the Framework into context. It is true to say that the Framework:seeks to ensure that accounting standards have a consistent approach to problem solving and do not represent a series of ad hoc responses that address accounting problems on a piece meal basisassists the IASB in the development of coherent and consistentaccounting standardsis not a standard, but rather acts as a guide to the preparers of financial statements to enable them to resolve accounting issues that are not addressed directly in a standardis an incredibly important and influential document that helps users understand the purpose of, and limitations of, financial reportingused to be called the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation ofFinancial Statements?is a current issue as it is being revised as a joint project with the IASB's American counterparts the Financial Accounting Standards Board .Overview of the contents of the FrameworkThe starting point of the Framework is to address the fundamental question of why financial statements are actually prepared. The basic answer to that is they are prepared to provide financial information about the reporting entitythat is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors inmaking decisions about providing resources to the entity.In turn this means the Framework has to consider what is meant by useful information. In essence for information to be useful it must be considered both relevant, ie capable of making a difference in the decisions made by users and 2THE IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIALREPORTINGMARCH 2011be faithful in its presentation, ie be complete, neutral and free from error. Theusefulness of information is enhanced if it is also comparable, verifiable, timely, and understandable.The Framework also considers the nature of the reporting entity and, in whatreminds me of my school chemistry lessons, the basic elements from whichfinancial statements are constructed. The Framework identifies three elementsrelating to the statement of financial position, being assets, liabilities andequity, and two relating to the income statement, being income and expenses.The definitions and recognition criteria of these elements are very importantand these are considered in detail below.The five elementsAn asset is defined as a resource controlled by the entity as a result of pastevents and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to theentity.Assets are presented on the statement of financial position as beingnoncurrent or current. They can be intangible, ie without physical presence, eggoodwill. Examples of assets include property plant and equipment, financialassets and inventory.While most assets will be both controlled and legally owned by the entity itshould be noted that legal ownership is not a prerequisite for recognition,rather it is control that is the key issue. For example IAS 17, Leases, withregard to a lessee with a finance lease, is consistent with the Framework'sdefinition of an asset. IAS 17 requires that where substantially all the risks andrewards of ownership have passed to the lessee it is regarded as a financelease and the lessee should recognise an asset on the statement of financialposition in respect of the benefits that it controls, even though the assetsubject to the lease is not the legally owned by the lessee. So this reflects thatthe economic reality of a finance lease is a loan to buy an asset, and so the accounting is a faithful presentation.A liability is defined as a present obligation of the entity arising from pastevents, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.Liabilities are also presented on the statement of financial position as being noncurrent or current. Examples of liabilities include trade payables, tax creditors and loans.It should be noted that in order to recognise a liability there does not have tobe an obligation that is due on demand but rather there has to be a present obligation. Thus for example IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and 3THE IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIALREPORTINGMARCH 2011Contingent Assets is consistent with the Framework's approach whenconsidering whether there is a liability for the future costs to decommission oilrigs. As soon as a company has erected an oil rig that it is required todismantle at the end of the oil rig's life, it will have a present obligation inrespect of the decommissioning costs. This liability will be recognised in full, as a non-current liability and measured at present value to reflect the time value of money. The past event that creates the present obligation is the original erection of the oil rig as once it is erected the company is responsible to incur the costs of decommissioning.Equity is defined as the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.The effect of this definition is to acknowledge the supreme conceptualimportance of indentifying, recognising and measuring assets and liabilities, asequity is conceptually regarded as a function of assets and liabilities, ie a balancing figure.Equity includes the original capital introduced by the owners, ie share capital and share premium, the accumulated retained profits of the entity, ie retained earnings, unrealised asset gains in the form of revaluation reserves and, in group accounts, the equity interest in the subsidiaries not enjoyed by theparent company, ie the non-controlling interest (NCI). Slightly more exotically,equity can also include the equity element of convertible loan stock, equitysettled share based payments, differences arising when there are increases or decreases in the NCI, group foreign exchange differences and contingently issuable shares. These would probably all be included in equity under the umbrella term of Other Components of Equity.Income is defined as the increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants.Most income is revenue generated from the normal activities of the business in selling goods and services, and as such is recognised in the Income section of the Statement of Comprehensive Income, however certain types of income are required by specific standards to be recognised directly to equity, ie reserves, for example certain revaluation gains on assets. In these circumstances the income (gain) is then also reported in the Other Comprehensive Income section of the Statement of Comprehensive Income.The reference to ther than those relating to contributions from equity participants?means that when the entity issues shares to equity shareholders, 4THE IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIALREPORTINGMARCH 2011while this clearly increases the asset of cash, it is a transaction with equityparticipants and so does not represent income for the entity.Again note how the definition of income is linked into assets and liabilities. This is often referred to as he balance sheet approach?(the former name for the statement of financial position).Expenses are defined as decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to equity participants.The reference to ther than those relating to distributions to equity participants?refers to the payment of dividends to equity shareholders. Such dividends are not an expense and so are not recognised anywhere in the Statement of Comprehensive Income. Rather they represent an appropriationof profit that is as reported as a deduction from Retained Earnings in the Statement of Changes in Equity.Examples of expenses include depreciation, impairment of assets and purchases. As with income most expenses are recognised in the Income Statement section of the Statement of Comprehensive Income, but in certain circumstances expenses (losses) are required by specific standards to be recognised directly in equity and reported in the Other Comprehensive Income Section of the Statement of Comprehensive Income. An example of this is an impairment loss, on a previously revalued asset, that does not exceed thebalance of its Revaluation Reserve.The recognition criteria for elementsThe Framework also lays out the formal recognition criteria that have to be metto enable elements to be recognised in the financial statements. Therecognition criteria that have to be met are thatthat an item that meets the definition of an element andit is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the itemwill flow to or from the entity andthe item cost or value can be measured with reliability.Measurement issues for elementsFinally the issue of whether assets and liabilities should be measured at cost orvalue is considered by the Framework. To use cost should be reliable as thecost is generally known, though cost is not necessary very relevant for theusers as it is past orientated. To use a valuation method is generally regardedas relevant to the users as it up to date, but value does have the drawback ofnot always being reliable. This conflict creates a dilemma that is notsatisfactorily resolved as the Framework is indecisive and acknowledges that5THE IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIALREPORTINGMARCH 2011there are various measurement methods that can be used. The failure to beprescriptive at this basic level results in many accounting standards sitting onthe fence how they wish to measure assets. For example IAS 40, InvestmentProperties and IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment both allow the preparer thechoice to formulate their own accounting policy on measurement.Applying the FrameworkA company is about to enter into a three-year lease to rent a building. Thelease cannot be cancelled and there is no certainty of renewal. The landlordretains responsibility for maintaining the premises in good repair. Thedirectors are aware that in accordance with IAS 17 that technically the lease isclassified as an operating lease, and that accordingly the correct accountingtreatment is to simply expense the income statement with the rentals payable.RequiredExplain how such a lease can be regarded as creating an asset and liability perthe Framework.Solution ?leaseGiven that it is reasonable to assume that the expected life of the premises willvastly exceed three years and that the landlord (lessor) is responsible for themaintenance, on the basis of the information given, the risks and rewards ofownership have not passed. As such IAS 17 prescribes that the lessee chargesthe rentals payable to the income statement. No asset or liability is recognised,although the notes to the financial statements will disclose the existence of thefuture rental payments.However, instead of considering IAS 17 let us consider how the Framework could approach the issue. To recognise a liability per the Framework requires that there is a past event that gives rise to a present obligation. It can beargued that the signing of the lease is a sufficient past event as to create apresent obligation to pay the rentals for the whole period of the lease. On the same basis, while substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have not passed, the lessee does control the use of the building for three years and has the benefits that brings. Accordingly, when considering the Framework, a radically different potential treatment arises for this lease. On entering thelease a liability is recognised, measured at the present value of the future cashflow obligations to reflect the time value of money. In turn an asset would alsobe accounted for. After the initial recognition of the liability, a finance cost ischarged against profit in respect of unwinding the discount on the liability. Theannual cash rental payments are accounted for as a reduction in the liability.The asset is systematically written off against profit over the three years of theagreement (depreciation).6THE IASB扴 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIALREPORTINGMARCH 2011There is, at present, a conflict between IAS 17 and the Framework. The IASB iscurrently reviewing IAS 17 because the current accounting treatment of lessees not recognising the future operating lease rentals as liabilities arguably amounts to off balance sheet financing. The Framework definition of a liability is at the heart of proposals to revise IAS 17 to ensure that the statement of financial position faithfully and completely represents all an entity liabilities. Accordingly this conflict should soon be resolved.Tom Clendon FCCA is a subject expert at Kaplan。

2015年12月ACCA F9 考试知识点汇总Study objectives：To appreciate the nature of interest rate risk.To describe internal methods of hedging interest rate exposure.To implement and evaluate external hedging strategies.Nature of interest rate riskCompanies have exposure to interest rates risks：Rising interest ratesFalling interest ratesManagement of interest rate risk：Smoothing-maintaining a balance between fixed rate and floating rate borrowing.Matching-attempting to have a common interest rate for both assets and liabilities.This is more practical for financial institutions than for trading companies.External hedging techniques：Forward Rate Agreements(FRAs);OTC options-caps，floors and collars;Interest rate futures contracts;Options on interest rate futures;Interest rate swaps and swaptions.Stakeholder definitionGovernment regulationRegulation includes the existence of governing bodies such as：(a)OFWAT-water regulation(b)Postcomm-Royal mail regulator(c)Competition commission-takeover and merger regulator.Other environmental and ethical issuesGovernment regulationGovernment regulatessupply，quality and prices of certain organisations such as：(a)Monopolies(b)Privatised utilities(c)State owned/run.Regulation is designed to enforce/enhance：(a)Competition(b)Customer welfare(c)Reduced public spending.Levels of Culture·Basic-which guides behaviour within the organisation ·Overt-expressed in the organisation and members·Visible-style of office and dress rules etcOrganisational culture·Values·Attitudes·Norms·Expectations“the way we do things round here” HandyEUThe effect of EU·Product of standard·Environmental protection·Monetary policy·Research and development·Regional policy·Labor costMarket conditionsMarkets can be affected by government policiesbut demand will also be affected by：(a)Business cycle(b)Overseas demand and competition.Political climatePolitical parties will have different views on，and strategies about(a)Balance of payments(b)Gross domestic product(c)Acceptable inflation rates(d)Level of interest rates(e)Fiscal policy(income tax，corporation tax and VAT)(f)Government spending，incentives，tariffs.Businesses that supply the government may suffer uncontrollable changes in demand i f the political climate changes.Legal factor- Employment law- Marketing and sales- Environment- RegulatorsFunding- Private sector organisations obtain finance from both debt and equity.Rational invest ors should invest in companies that will be able to provide an acceptable return on their i nvestments.- Public sector organisations have less control over the funding they obtain.Local cou ncils may be capped over the amount of finance they can raise or the sources of finance can they obtain.They may also have to provide free services to fulfill their social objectives.Economic environment- Gross domestic product- Local economic trends- Inflation- Interest rates- Exchange rates- Government fiscal policy- Government spending- Business cycle- International factorWhat should a company consider when planning & assessing performance? ·Culture·Economics·Competitive forces·Politics·Technology·Funding·Legal factors。

2015 年度注册会计师全国统一考试《审计》真题（5）4、上市公司甲公司是ABC会计师事务所的常年审计客户。

乙公司是非公众利益实体，于2014年6月被甲公司收购，成为甲公司重要的全资子公司。

XYZ公司和ABC会计师事务所处于同一网络。

审计项目组在甲公司2014年度财务报表审计中遇到下列事项：（1）A注册会计师自2012年度起担任甲公司财务报表审计项目合伙人，其妻子在甲公司2013年年度报告公告后购买了甲公司股票3000股，在2014年度审计工作开始前卖出了这些股票。

（2）B注册会计师自2009年度起担任乙公司财务报表审计项目合伙人，在乙公司被甲公司收购后，继续担任乙公司2014年度财务报表审计项目合伙人，并成为甲公司的关键审计合伙人。

（3）在收购过程中，甲公司聘请XYZ公司对乙公司的各项资产和负债进行了评估，并根据评估结果确定了购买日乙公司可辨认净资产的公允价值。

（4）C注册会计师曾是ABC会计师事务所的管理合伙人，于2014年1月退休后担任甲公司董事。

（5）丙公司是甲公司新收购的海外子公司，为甲公司不重要的子公司。

丙公司聘请XYZ公司将其按照国际财务报告准则编制的财务报表转化为按照中国企业会计准则编制的财务报表。

（6）甲公司的子公司丁公司提供信息系统咨询服务，与XYZ公司组成联合服务团队，向目标客户推广营业税改增值税相关咨询和信息系统咨询一揽子服务。

<1>、针对上述第（1）至第（6）项，逐项指出是否可能存在违反中国注册会计师职业道德守则有关独立性规定的情况，并简要说明理由。

将答案直接填入答题区相应的表格内。

4、5、（本小题6分，可以选用中文或英文解答，如使用英文解答，须全部使用英文，答题正确的，增加5分，最高得分为11分。

）ABC会计师事务所通过招投标程序，首次接受委托审计甲银行2014年度财务报表，委派A注册会计师担任审计项目合伙人，B注册会计师担任项目质量控制复核合伙人。

相关事项如下：（1）中标后，经甲银行同意，A注册会计师立即与前任注册会计师进行了沟通，内容包括：①前任注册会计师认为甲银行更换会计师事务所的原因；②其是否发现甲银行管理层存在诚信问题；③其与甲银行管理层在重大会计和审计等问题上是否存在意见分歧；④其向甲银行治理层通报的管理层舞弊、违反法律法规行为以及值得关注的内部控制缺陷。

ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处ACCA系列知识点——审计风险(audit risk)这里对审计风险的阐述实际上包括两个方面的含义：一是注册会计师认为公允的会计报表，但实际上却是错误的，即已经证实的会计报表实际上并未按照会计准则的要求公允反映被审计单位的财务状况、经营成果和财务状况变动情况，或以被审计单位或审查范围中显示的特征表明其中存在着重要错误而未被注册会计师察觉的可能性；二是注册会计师认为的错误的会计报表，但实际上是公允的。

它包括固有风险、控制风险和检查风险。

可见，我国独立审计准则对审计风险的定义与国际审计准则中对审计风险的定义是基本相同的。

由于审计所处的环境日益复杂，审计所面临的任务日趋艰巨；审计也需支持成本效益原则。

这些原因的存在决定了审计过程中存在审计风险。

这在客观上要求注册会计师注意风险存在的可能性，并采取相应措施尽量避免风险和控制风险。

审计风险的性质总表现为某些特质或特征。

我们在探讨了审计风险的内涵之后，应继续阐述审计风险的特征，并说明在我国社会主义市场经济下的特有表现。

现分述如下：（一）审计风险的客观性现代审计的一个显著特征，就是采用抽样审计的方法，即根据总体中的一部分样本的特性来推断总体的特性，而样本的特性与总体的特性或多或少有一点误差，这种误差可以控制，但一般难以消除。

因此，不论是统计抽样还是判断抽样，若根据样本审查结果来推断总体，总会产生一定程度的误差，即审计人员要承担一定程度的作出错误审计结论的风险。

即使是详细审计，由于经济业务的复杂、管理人员道德品质等因素，仍存在审计结果与客观实际不一致的情况。

因此，风险总是存在于审计活动过程中，只是这些风险有时并未产生灾难性的后果，或对审计人员并未构成实质性的损失而已。

所以，通过审计风险的研究，人们只能认识和控制审计风险，只能在有限的空间和时间内改变风险存在和发生的条件，降低其发生的频率和减少损失的程度，而不能，也不可能完全消除风险。

2015年注册会计师全国统一考试《审计》真题一、单项选择题（本题型共25小题，每小题1分，共25分，每小题只有一个正确答案，请从每小题的备选答案中选出一个你认为正确的答案，用鼠标标点击相应的选项。

）1.下列有关注册会计师执行的业务提供的保证程度的说法中，正确的是（）。

A.鉴证业务提供高水平保证B.代编财务信息提供合理保证C.财务报表审阅提供有限保证D.对财务信息执行商定程序提供低水平保证答案：C【解析】执行商定程序、编制财务报表信息是相关服务，不涉及保证，选项BD错误;鉴证业务包括审计、审阅和其他鉴证业务，而审阅提供有限保证，低于高水平保证，选项C错误。

2.在判断注册会计师是否按照审计准则的规定执行工作以应对舞弊风险时，下列各项中，不需要考虑的是（）。

A.注册会计师是否根据具体情况实施了审计程序，并获取了充分、适当的审计证据B.注册会计师在审计过程中是否保持了职业怀疑C.注册会计师是否识别出舞弊导致的财务报表重大错报D.注册会计师是否根据审计证据评价结果出具了恰当的审计报告答案：C【解析】如果在完成审计工作后发现舞弊导致的财务报表重大错报，特别是串通舞弊或伪造文件记录导致的重大错报，并不必然表明注册会计师没有遵守审计准则，选项C错误。

3.下列有关职业怀疑的说法中，错误的是（）。

A．职业怀疑与所有职业道德基本原则均密切相关B．职业怀疑是保证审计质量的关键要素C．职业怀疑要求注册会计师质疑相互矛盾的审计证据的可靠性D．保持职业怀疑可以提高审计程序设计和执行的有效性答案：A4.在了解组成部分注册会计师后，下列情形中，集团项目组可以采取措施消除其疑虑或影响的是（）。

A．组成部分注册会计师不符合与集团审计相关的独立性要求B．集团项目组对组成部分注册会计师的专业胜任能力存有重大疑虑C．集团项目组对组成部分注册会计师的职业道德存有重大疑虑D．组成部分注册会计师不处于积极有效的监管环境中答案：D【解析】如果组成部分注册会计师不符合与集团审计相关的独立性要求，或集团项目组对组成部分注册会计师职业道德、专业胜任能力和所处的监管环境存有重大疑虑，集团项目组应当就组成部分财务信息获取充分、适当的审计证据，而不应要求组成部分注册会计师对组成部分财务信息执行相关工作，ABC错误。

2015年ACCA P2考试重点: Hedging本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处1 Hedging InstrumentsAll derivatives (except written options, because the writer has accepted risk rather than reducing risk) may be designated as a hedging instrument.Non-derivative financial instruments (e.g. foreign currency loans) may be designated as a hedging instrument only to hedge a foreign currency risk.2 Hedged ItemsA hedged item can be:a recognised asset or liability;an unrecognised firm commitment; ora highly probable forecast transaction.The hedged item can be:a single asset, liability, firm commitment or forecast transaction; ora group of assets, liabilities, firm commitments or forecast transactions with similar risk characteristics.3 Hedge Accounting3.1 Hedging RelationshipsThere are three types of hedging relationships:1. Fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognised asset (or liability or an identified portion of such an asset or liability) which: is attributable to a particular risk; andwill affect reported profit or loss.2. Cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows which:is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognised asset or liability (e.g. all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction (e.g. an anticipated purchase or sale); andwill affect reported profit or loss.3. Hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation as defined in IAS 21.3.2 Conditions for Hedge AccountingA hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting if, and only if, all of the following conditions are met:At the inception of the hedge there is detailed formal documentation of the hedging relationship and the entity's risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge.The hedge is expected to be highly effective (between 80% and 125%) in hedging the risk and this effectiveness can be reliably measured.For cash flow hedges, a forecast transaction (which is the subject of the hedge) must: be highly probable; andpresent an exposure to variations in cash flows which could ultimately affect reported profit or loss.The hedge was assessed on an ongoing basis and determined actually to have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting period.更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。

2015年ACCA考试《F7财务报告》复习重点（2）本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处II. Specific application1. Future operating lossesIn the past，provisions were recognized for future operating losses on the grounds of prudence. However these should not be provided for the following reasons.①They relate to future events;②There is no obligation to a third party. The loss-making business could be closed and the losses avoided.2. Onerous contractsAn onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.A common example of an onerous contract is a lease on a surplus factory. The leaseholder is legally obliged to carry on paying the rent on the factory，but they will not get any benefit from using the factory.The least net cost of an onerous contract should be recognized as a provision. The least net cost is the lower of the cost of fulfilling the contract or of terminating it and suffering any penalty payments.Some assets may have been bought specifically for the onerous contract. These should be reviewed for impairment before any separate provision is made for the contract itself.1DemoDroopers has recently bought all of the trade，assets and liabilities of Dolittle，an unincorporatd business. As part of the take-over all of the combined business’s activitieshave been relocated at Droopers main site. As a result Dolittle’s premises are now empty and surplus to requirements.However，just before the acquisition Dolittle had signed a three year lease for their premises at $6000 per calendar month. At 31 December 2003 this lease ad 32 months left to run and the landlord had refused to terminate the lease. A sub-tenant had taken over part of the premises for the rest of the lease at a rent of $2500 per calendar month.Required(a) Should Droopers recognized a provision for an onerous contract in respect of this lease?(b) Show how this information will be presented in the financial statements for 2003 and 2004. Ignore the time value of money.Solution：Droopers has a legal obligation to pay a further $192000 to the landlord，as a result of a lease signed before the year end. Therefore an onerous contract exists and must be provided for.There is also an amount recoverable form the sub-tenant of $80000(32×2500). This will be shown separately in the balance sheet as an asset.The $192000 payable and the $80000 recoverable can be netted off in the income statement.income statements20032004$$provision for onerous lease contract(net)112000 Dr.net rental payable on lease (72-30)-42000 Drrelease of provision42000 Cr112000 Dr.balance sheetsreceivalbesamounts recoverable from sub-tenants80000 Dr.50000 Drliabilitiesamounts payable on onerous contracts192000 Cr120000 Cr3. RestructuringA restructuring is a programme that is planned and controlled by management and has a material effect on：①The scope of a business undertaken by the reporting entity in terms of the products or services it provides; or②The manner in which a business undertaken by the reporting entity is conducted;Restructuring includes terminating a line of business，closure of business locations，changes in management structure，and refocusing a business’s operations.Restructuring provisions have always been quite common，and have often been misused. IAS37 restricts the recognition of restructuring provisions to situations where an entity has a constructive obligation to restructure.A constructive obligation will only arise if：①There is a detailed formal plan for restructuring. This must identify the businesses，locations and employees affected; and②Those affected have a valid expectation that the restructuring will be carried out. This can be by starting to implement the plan or by announcing it to those affected.The constructive obligation must exist at the year-end.(Any obligation arising after the year end may require disclosure under IAS10)A board decision alone will not create a constructive obligation unless：①The plan is already being implemented. For example，assets are being sold，redundancy negotiations have begun; or②The plan has been announced to those affected by it. The plan must have a strict timeframe without unreasonable delays; or③The Board itself contains representatives of employees or other groups affected by the decision.(This is common in mainland Europe.)An announcement to sell an operation will not create a constructive obligation. An obligation will only arise when a purchaser is found and there is a binding sale agreement.A restructuring provision should only include the direct costs of restructuring. These must be both：(a) Necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and(b) Not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity;The following costs must not be provided for because they relate to future events：(a) Retaining or relocating staff;(b) Marketing;(c) Investment in new systems and distribution networks;(d) Future operating losses (unless arising from an onerous contract)(e) Profits on disposal of assets.更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。

2015年ACCA F8审计与认证业务考试大纲本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处2015年ACCA考试大纲发布，根据简章获悉，2015年ACCA F8审计与认证业务考试大纲出现了哪些小变化？针对这些变化，高顿网校小编为您进行详细解读分析。

ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.Audit and Assurance （F8）December 2014 to June2015This syllabus and study guide is designed to helpThis syllabus and study guide is designed to helpwith planning study and to provide detailedinformation on what could be assessed inany examination session.THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS ANDSTUDY GUIDERelational diagram of paper with other papersThis diagram shows direct and indirect linksbetween this paper and other papers preceding orfollowing it. Some papers are directly underpinnedby other papers such as Advanced Performance Management by Performance Management. These links are shown as solid line arrows. Other papers only have indirect relationships with each other such as links existing between the accounting and auditing papers. The links between these are shown as dotted line arrows. This diagram indicates where you are expected to have underpinning knowledge and where it would be useful to review previous learning before undertaking study.Overall aim of the syllabusThis explains briefly the overall objective of the paper and indicates in the broadest sense the capabilities to be developed within the paper.Main capabilitiesThis paper’s aim is broken down into several main capabilities which divide the syllabus and study guide into discrete sections.Relational diagram of the main capabilitiesThis diagram illustrates the flows and links between the main capabilities （sections）of the syllabus and should be used as an aid to planning teaching and learning in a structured way.Syllabus rationaleThis is a narrative explaining how the syllabus is structured and how the main capabilities are linked. The rationale also explains in further detail what the examination intends to assess and why.Detailed syllabusThis shows the breakdown of the main capabilities （sections）of the syllabus into subject areas. This is the blueprint for the detailed study guide.Approach to examining the syllabusThis section briefly explains the structure of the examination and how it is assessed.Study GuideThis is the main document that students, learningand content providers should use as the basis oftheir studies, instruction and materials. Examinations will be based on the detail of the study guide which comprehensively identifies what could be assessed in any examination session.The study guide is a precise reflection and breakdown of the syllabus. It is divided into sections based on the main capabilities identified in the syllabus. These sections are divided into subject areas which relate to the sub-capabilities includedin the detailed syllabus. Subject areas are broken down into sub-headings which describe the detailed outcomes that could be assessed in examinations. These outcomes are described using verbs indicating what exams may require students to demonstrate, and the broad intellectual level at which these may need to be demonstrated（*see intellectual levels below）。

2015年ACCA考试《审计》重点辅导2本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处AUDITOR’S RESPONSIBILITIESAs mentioned earlier, it is not the auditor’s responsibility to determine whether, or not, an entity can prepare its financial statements under the going concern presumption; this is the responsibility of management. The auditor’s responsibility under ISA 570 is to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements, and to conclude whether there is a material uncertainty about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.In the June 2010 exam, question 5(c) required candidates to: ‘Explain the audit procedures that the auditor of Medimade should perform in assessing whether or not the company is a going concern.’When faced with such a requirement, candidates must be careful not to produce a list of generic audit procedures, but instead identify and highlight the factors from the scenario that may call into question the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Once these factors have been identified, candidates should then be able to think about the procedures the auditor may adopt to establish whether the factors mean the going concern presumption is appropriate in the circumstances, or not.In Question 5(c) of the June 2010 exam, if candidates simply wrote ‘Obtain confirmation from the bank that the overdraft facility will be renewed’ this will generate no marks for two reasons:The sce nario clearly says that Medimade’s bankers will not make a decision on the overdraft facility until AFTER the audit report is completed.A bank, or other financial institution, is not going to give this sort of information directly to the auditor.Candidates should generate the audit procedures specifically from information contained in the scenario to demonstrate application skills, and candidates should refer to the model answerin the June 2010 exam to make sure the procedures they have generated are specific to the scenario.Many candidates fall into the trap of relying on ‘discussions with management/directors’ and ‘obtaining a written representation’. Candidates must appreciate that whilediscussion/inquiry is a valid audit procedure under ISA 500, Audit Evidence, such a procedure is always used in addition to other procedures – in other words, inquiry on its own will not generate sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Similarly ISA 580, Written Representations recognises that while written representationsdo provide necessary audit evidence, they do not provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence on their own about any of the matters with which they deal.Other procedures that the auditor may adopt to establish whether the use of the going concern presumption is appropriate in an entity’s particular circumstances could be:Reading minutes of shareholders’ meetings to identify any current, or potential, cash flow difficulties.Liaising with the entity’s legal advisers concern ing any ongoing litigation or future litigation and assessing the reasonableness of management’s assessments of their outcome and the estimate of their financial implications.Evaluating the entity’s plans to deal with unfulfilled customer orders.Obtaining and reviewing reports of regulatory actions.更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。

2015年6月ACCA考试《审计与认证业务》真题(总分：100，做题时间：120分钟)一、Section A – ALL 12 questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted(总题数：12，分数：20.00)1.Which of the following audit procedures for obtaining audit evidence is correctly described?（分数：2.00）A.Recalculation invo lves the auditor’s independent execution of procedures or controls which were originally performed as part of the entity’s internal controlB.Confirmation consists of seeking information of knowledgeable persons, within the company or outside the companyC.Reperformance consists of checking the mathematical accuracy of documents or recordsD.Observation consists of looking at a procedure or process being performed by others √解析：Audit procedure A describes reperformance, B is describing inquiry rather than confirmation and procedure C is describing recalculation.2.Auditors are required to undertake an overall review of the financial statements as the final step before they form their audit opinion. As part of this process they undertake a number of procedures. Which of the following procedures would an auditor NOT undertake as part of the overall review of the financial statements?（分数：2.00）A.Reviewing the financial statemen ts to ensure they are consistent with the auditor’s knowledge of the business and the results of their audit workB.Performing analytical procedures on the financial statements to form an overall conclusion on the financial statementsC.Undertaking a review of subsequent events to identify whether any adjustment or disclosure is required in the financial statements √D.Reviewing the financial statements to ensure compliance with accounting standards and local legislation disclosure解析：Procedures A, B and D would be undertaken as part of the overall review of the financial statements. However, procedure C is undertaken when reviewing subsequent events occurring between the date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report.3.Which of the following is NOT an inherent limitation of internal control systems?（分数：1.00）A.Insufficient segregation of duties √B.Possibility that employees may collude together fraudulentlyC.Possibility of human error in undertaking tasks解析：A is incorrect as it is not an inherent limitation of an internal control system; rather it is an internal control deficiency.4. Which of the following statements, relating to International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), if any,is/are correct? (1) International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)and provide guidance on the performance and conduct of an audit (2) In the event that ISAs differ from local legislation in a specific country, auditors must comply with the requirements of the ISAs（分数：2.00）A.1 onlyB.2 onlyC.Both 1 and 2D.Neither 1 nor 2 √解析：Statement 1 is incorrect as ISAs are issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board rather than the IASB who issue accounting standards. Statement 2 is incorrect as ISAs do not override local legislation.5. Which TWO of the following statements regarding the use of analytical procedures during the PLANNING stage of the audit are correct? (1) Analytical procedures are useful when forming an overall conclusion as to whether the financial statements are consistent with the auditor’s understanding of the company (2) Analytical procedures can be used to obtain relevant and reliable audit evidence (3) Analytical procedures can assist in identifying the risks of material misstatement (4) Analytical procedures can assist in identifying unusual transactions and events（分数：2.00）A.1 and 2B.2 and 3C.3 and 4 √D.2 and 4解析：Statement 1 refers to the use of analytical procedures at the final review or completion stage of the audit. Statement 2 refers to the use of analytical procedures to obtain substantive evidence during the fieldwork stage of the audit.6. Which of the following substantive procedures provides evidence over the COMPLETENESS of non-current assets?（分数：1.00）A.Select a sample of assets included in the non-current asset register and physically verify them at the client premisesB.Review the repairs and maintenance expense account to identify any items of a capital nature √C.For assets disposed of, agree the sale proceeds to supporting documentation and cash book解析：Procedure A gives assurance over existence and procedure C verifies valuation rather than completeness.7.Which of the following is NOT a principle of the UK Corporate Governance Code?（分数：2.00）A.There should be a rigorous and transparent procedure for the appointment of new directors to the boardB.The board should use the annual general meeting (AGM) to communicate with investorsC.The non-executive chairman should decide on the remuneration of all directors √D.All directors should receive induction training on joining the board解析：C is incorrect as the UK Corporate Governance Code states that no director should be involved in setting their own remuneration.Hence the non-executive chairman cannot set his own remuneration.8.Which of the following is a substantive audit procedure for wages and salaries?（分数：1.00）A.Inspect a sample of clock cards for evidence of authorisation by a responsible officialB.Recalculate a sample of payroll deductions such as employment taxes to confirm accuracy √C.Attempt to access and make changes to the payroll master file using the log on for a junior clerk解析：A and C are incorrect as they are tests of control for the payroll cycle rather than substantive procedures.9.Which of the following statements, relating to the auditor’s responsibilities regarding subsequent events, if any,is/are correct? (1) Auditors do not have a responsibility to perform procedures to identify subsequent events after the date of the auditor’s report (2) Where a material adjust ing subsequent event is identified after the financial statements are issued, but prior to approval by the shareholders, the auditor should include a qualified opinion in their audit report if management refuses to adjust the financial statements for the event（分数：2.00）A.1 only √B.2 onlyC.Both 1 and 2D.Neither 1 nor 2解析：Statement 2 is not correct as if an event occurs after the financial statements are issued, the auditor has already signed the audit report and so is not able to now include a qualified opinion.10. Is the following statement true or false? A significant change in the ownership of an existing audit client is a factor which makes it appropriate for the auditor to review the terms of engagement.（分数：1.00）A.True √B.False解析：Where there is a significant change in ownership of the company, ISA 210 Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements recommends that a new audit engagement letter is sent to avoid misunderstandings.11. Which of the following statements relating to internal and external auditors is correct?（分数：2.00）A.Internal auditors are required to be members of a professional bodyB.Internal auditors’ scope of work should be determined by those charged with governance√C.External auditors report to those charged with governance。