跨文化交际作业

跨文化交际与汉语教学一、判断题1.文学、艺术等是文化，但桌椅、服装等物品不是文化。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：B2.文化是一个变动的系统，会随着时代的变迁而改变。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A3.如果交际行为是发生在来自不同文化的人们之间的，往往会因为不同文化对于同一信息的解码和阐释不同，而在交际中发生误解。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A4.跨文化交际学诞生于法国。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：B5.国际汉语教师对其他文化应该始终保持好奇和开放的态度，并宽容和尊重不同的文化行为及观念。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A6.在安排教学活动时，来自个体主义国家的人可能不适应团队合作的方式，教师需明确每个人需完成的任务，才能保证团队的效率。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A7.在多维时间文化中，结果的效率比过程的规则更重要，重点是人的参与和事务的完成，而不是僵守事先安排的日程表。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A8.有些学生为了尽快达成用汉语交际的目的，要求教师不教汉字，只教发音和拼音。

这种要求体现了长期导向思想，是可行的。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：B9.“只见树木不见森林”描述的是整体思维的特点。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：B10.对立思维的特点在于强调对立，不承认统一。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：B11.在跨文化交际中，很多人都倾向于认为对方也用与自己同样的方式进行思维。

这种误解常会导致跨文化交际障碍。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A12.一个国家的阴柔气质程度会更清晰地反映在该国女性的价值观上，而不是该国男性的价值观上。

A. 对B. 错13.跨文化交际学研究的重点是来自不同文化背景的人所进行的面对面的交际。

它包含两个侧重点不同的研究领域：跨文化对比研究和跨文化交际过程研究。

A. 对B. 错正确答案：A14.根据霍夫斯泰德的研究，拉丁美洲国家、拉丁语系的欧洲国家、地中海国家和地区、俄罗斯，亚洲的日本、韩国为不确定性规避倾向弱的国家。

1.1眼神。

“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，无论那个国家交际活动都离不开目光交流，但是目光的交流含义又因不同的文化而不同。

中国人认为紧盯着对方的目光会令人不安；在美国，谈话时的目光接触表示自信、诚恳，但要注意的是，男人之间的长时间凝视有可能被误认为是同性恋；英国男人交往直视对方的眼睛体现绅士风度；在南美，直接的注视则表示信任；阿拉伯人在倾听尊长或宾朋谈话时，两眼总要直勾勾地注视着对方，以示敬重；法国人在公共场合凝视陌生女性见惯不怪，那是欣赏对方的美丽；日本人、韩国人认为长时间看着别人是一种粗鲁的行为，是威胁对方，或者可能是性欲暗示。

In fact, Westerners lack of eye contact as a lack of interest.要注意眼神交流，西方人的交往中特别注重眼神和肢体语言的交流，如果你常常微笑，常常给外教眼神回应，他们会觉得你真正地在参与交流，而且很尊重他，他会自然而然地很注意你的回应，并与你作更深层次的交谈。

别不相信，外教自己也会紧张，你的眼神甚至还可以帮助他觉得舒服和自然，就更容易投入交流了。

1,在欧美文化中，没有眼神的沟通几乎是不可能的，与对方讲话时，或听对方讲话时，一定眼看着对方，否者将被视为对谈话内容没有兴趣，或心理有鬼不敢正视对方，或是性格过于羞怯。

就是在低位不相等的人之间也是如此。

2.但在东方文化中，目光接触就不一定要有。

但两个地位不等的人对话时，地位低的那一个一般不看对方，因为只是会被认为是一种不尊重的行为。

中国人和西方人之间在目光交流方面的确存在一些难以具体描述的差异。

西方人的目光交流尽管不如阿拉伯国家的人那样热烈，却比中国人热情得多。

中国人总不断地抱怨西方人在交谈时总爱死盯着人，甚至在公开谈话的场合也不例外。

毋庸置疑，西方人较注重眼色交流，实际上眼色交流也比中国人频繁得多。

用反应原则作一推测，就可以预料到西方人可能会发现中国人表情羞羞答答，目光躲躲闪闪，认为其时故作腼腆。

Intercultural Differences of Family and Education ValuesA friend told me a phenomenon that Americans like to find ways to play, for example, driving their own car, starting from Los Angeles, braving the scorching sun of California, driving four to five hundred kilometers to spend weekends, and Chinese in the United States are still busy working. They spend weekendshaving dinner or watching TVwith their family. Why is there a huge gap between Chinese and Americans in the pursuit of enjoyment of life?This is mainly due to the traditional cultural practices of the two countries.So what is culture? A definition from D.Brown is that“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” As a result, there are many huge differences between those two counties.Someone said:”Chinese are living for others, and Americans are living for themselves.”Chinese peoplework hard for their status and reputation, then desperately to make money. However, earning money is not in order to enjoy life, but for future generations: son, daughter, or even grandchildren.Such as the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, He wanted his sons to rule on from generation to generation. So he named his son Emperor Junior. The Chinese people love to accumulate up to prepare for the next generation to do something in the future or pension. Although lots of Chinese people having got IDs in the United Statesno longer need to worry about their social welfare and health insurance, but they are still too tired, they have been hoping that their bank deposits in each of the new growth, this year there are tens of thousands, next year I hope to earn hundreds of thousands, then hope for millions of the year after.In sharp contrast to their stingy, Chinese spend very generous in their children. Because they thinkthey have experienced too much suffering, so their children are supposed to live better. The children have much pocket money and enjoy the best resources. And they also pay more attention to their sons, because the traditional Chinese think their sons will feed them when they are old due to the imperfect national welfare system.Americans believe in living for themselves. Therefore, the power of Americans to make money is to enjoy life, the pursuit of a higher quality of life. The parents have their own pensions and social welfare, and children over 18 years of age begin to live independently. There is no difference between the poor and the rich in eating or shopping, and the most expensive spending areundoubtedly the acquisition of residential and tourism. Instead of giving their children money, American parents teach them to learn financial management, or to make money by themselves. American families’focus is on fostering the childrento have the ability to adapt to the environment. Based on this concept, they attach to the children's exercise. They generally believe that the children's growth must rely on their own strength. So parents prefer training exercisetheir self-awareness and ability to live independently. The so-called exercise reflects in many respects,the exercise of labor and will. But the most fundamental is to adapt to the exercise of a variety of difficult environments and the ability to work. Through physical training, the kids develop the habits of independent consciousness. And their will also develop their own capacity strengths, wisdom, patience, independent viability and social responsibility.There are also some differences in family value. We Chinese all know that there are some important festivals through a year, such as Mid-autumn Festival and Spring Festival. When the festival comes, we need to come back home to have a sumptuous dinner with all the family members. This movement shows that Chinese are collectivism which is completely different with Americans. This point of view is much broader than Westerners’ which definition is limited to parents and children, and the following definitions are talking about the "family" may be used. First, the core of three generations of Chinese-style familyincludes three generations: grandparents, parents and children. This is the most commonly basic family unit.And the traditional Chinese family also includes generations of ancestors, although they have long been buried. Many people who have the same surname are recorded in the genealogies and often have their own family rules and family motto, and descendants for generations have to comply with. Some Chinese people have a strong sense of pride and proud of their long family history, and even some family can be traced back thousands of years ago.The special feelings of the family and respect for ancestorsof Chinese people make them feel cordial for those who are from the same city or region.Chinese people's "family" also extends to the concept of "nation", and "nation" of the Chinese character includes Chinese character "home". The Chinese people they belong to the "country" as the "home". As a result Chinese people have strong concept of nation, so old man would like to go back to hometown no matter where he is.However, the traditional American family is a "nuclear family." A nuclear family refers to a couple and their children. The average American family today has two or three childrenand maybe a few pets. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. But in America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. From an early age, children gain responsibility in handling money. They may receive a weekly allowance or even work part-time jobs. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.After children being adult, they will leave their parents and even won’t come back for many years.Although we can find many differences between Chinese and American, we do not need to be afraid of communicating with them. If we can realize the differences and we can avoid being embarrassing and misunderstanding. That is why we learn Intercultural Communication.。

Get prepared for intercultural communication?Communication——your ability to share your beliefs, values, ideas, and feelings ——is the basis of all human contact. Whether you live in a city in Canada, a village in India, a commune in Israel, you cannot avoid communication with each other. But how about communication between different cultures? Are you well prepared for that? Before you do that, there are a few points you’d better keep in mind as stated below.What is intercultural communicationIntercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.Intercultural communication is not new. As long as people from different cultures have been encountering one another there has been intercultural communication. What is new, however, is the systematic study of exactly what happens when cross-culture contacts and interaction take place—when message producer and message receiver are from different cultures. Increased contact among cultures makes it imperative for people to make a concerted effort to get along with and understand those whose believes and backgrounds may be vastly different from their own. Successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if humankind and society are to survive. Thus, theoretical and practical knowledge about intercultural communication process and ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to coexist peacefully with people who do not necessarily share our own life styles or values, is essential to guarantee successful communication.Language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and hasusually to be used to refer beyond itself. Language in use by particular speakers is constantly referring beyond itself irrespective at the intentions of the speaker: language cannot be used without carrying meaning and referring beyond itself, even in the most sterile environment of the foreign language class. The meanings of a particular language point to the culture of a particular social group, and the analysis of those meanings—their comprehension by learners and other speakers—involves the analysis and comprehension of that culture. It disregards the nature of language to treat language independently of the culture which it constantly refers to. No doubt all language teaching contains some explicit reference to the culture; the whole from which the particular language is taken. The interdependence of language learning and culture learning is so evident that we can draw the conclusion that language learning is culture learning and consequently that language teaching is culture teaching.What are elements of human communicationElements of human communication are the context of the communication, the participants, the messages being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. Paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal feedback allows us to behave in ways that increase understanding of our messages. Feedback serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: in provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process. Verbal communication is, "the ways in which you use the words in a language to generate meaning." It is essentially any communication that uses language, whether it is oral or written. Symbols are used throughout verbal communication as sounds combined to make words-they symbolize ideas, thoughts, etc. Without symbols, communication would be meaningless.How High-context and Low- context cultures influence intercultural communicationAccording to Hall, cultures differ on a continuum that ranges from high to low context. High-context cultures prefer to use high- context messages which are implicit, indirect, conveyed primarily through the context or the social situation. Low-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. There are manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence intercultural communication. for example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. If there are not enough data, or if the point being made is not apparent, members of these cultures will ask very blunt, even curt, questions. They feel uncomfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity often associated with limited data. On the other hand, high-context people are not apt to become impatient and irritated when low- context people insist on giving them information they don’t need. The communication differences between high-context and low-context cultures are also apparent in the manner in which each approach conflict. For example, because high-context cultures tend to be less open, they hold that conflict is damaging to most communication encounters. For them, conflict should be dealt with discreetly and subtly.What is the relationship between language and cultureAccording to Sapir (1921), “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” Language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior. It is obvious that language plays a paramount role in developing, elaborating and transmitting culture and language, enabling us to store meanings and experience to facilitate communication. The function of language is so important in communication that it is even exaggerated by some scholars. The most famous one is the hypothesis of linguistic determinism concerning the relationship between language and culture, which Nida regards as misconceptions constituting serious difficulties forcross-cultural understanding.Each culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character“狗”; Chinese has the phrase“走狗”while English has the e xpression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog”（幸运儿）, “top dog”（胜利者）, “old dog”（老手）, “gay dog”（快乐的人）, and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog”（爱屋及乌），“Every dog has its day”（凡人皆有得意日）. But in Chinese“走狗”refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character“狗”depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific.A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the U.S. refused to eat a hot dog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat. Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness andeven conflict in cross-cultural communication.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudicesStereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or thoughts about a particular human group. A stereotype is an ensemble of characteristics that sums up a human group usually in terms of behaviour, habits, etc.The objective of stereotypes is to simplify reality: "they are like that". Bosses are tyrannical; these people are lazy, those are punctual; the people in that part of town are dangerous - one or some of them may have been, but all? Sometimes we use stereotypes about the group to which we feel we belong in order to feel stronger or superior to others. (Or, indeed, to excuse faults in ourselves - "What can I do about it? We are all like that!"). Stereotypes are usually based on some kind of contact or images that we have acquired in school, through mass media or at home, which then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly be linked.A prejudice is a judgement we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. Prejudices can be negative or positive in character. Prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process and they are very difficult to modify or eradicate. Therefore it is important that we are aware that we have them.To explain this concept more directly it could help to examine how deeply we know all of our friends. We may have different friends for different occasions, for going to the cinema, going walking, helping with homework, playing football, going to concerts. Do we know what music our football friends enjoy? Or do we just guess? Making assumptions is easy and common. If it is that simple to make assumptions about friends, think how easy it is to make false judgments about people you don't know.How to adapt to a new cultureThere are a few stages for you to experience if you want to experience a new culture. And later I’ll give some practical suggestions for you to better settle in a new culture.HoneymoonVisitors in the honeymoon stage view the new culture as something exciting and fresh. Differences in culture and appearance seem fascinating, while similarities stand out as common bonds. The energy associated with this stage often leads visitors to explore their surroundings and treat their new environment as a source of joy. The honeymoon can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Vacationers and similar casual visitors rarely move past this stage, since the length of their stay is limited and they focus their activities in service-oriented areas such as hotels and tourist sites.RejectionAs the first stage fades, the visitor confronts feelings of frustration and resentment. Cultural and language differences create complications in mundane tasks. Feelings of inadequacy predominate, and the reality of the visitor's new life starts to hit home. Disappointments tend to build upon each other, while members of the surrounding culture may treat the visitor like a child or a fool. The visitor becomes extremely sensitive and may develop significant fears about the surrounding culture. IsolationThe disillusionment created by the second stage causes the visitor to retreat into a shell. He becomes extremely critical of the surrounding culture and thinks of his home culture in idealized terms. Homesickness can become pronounced and emotional anxiety increases dramatically. The visitor may experience crying jags, changes in sleep patterns and continued irritation over comparatively minor issues. The exact length of this stage varies from case to case, but often lasts from one to two months, according to Bellini.Assimilation and AcceptanceIn order to function, the visitor begins adapting to his new circumstances. Slowly, the new culture begins to make more sense. He finds fellow countrymen who have adapted to their new culture, or makes new friends in the surrounding culture who help him feel more at home. He integrates more readily into his surroundings: basic tasks become easier and the local language and customs present fewer problems thanthey did before. Eventually, he's able to function in both his new and old circumstances with ease, balancing his cherished past with the promise of his future. Here are some suggestions for you:Maximize exposure to the host culture before departure. Read about everyday life in the destination. Visit appropriate hometown ethnic restaurants and grocery stores to gain exposure to the new culture's food and develop familiarity with the flavors. In addition to gaining as much linguistic proficiency as possible, develop familiarity with popular music and entertainment in the host country. Watch films and stream radio broadcasts or music videos for exposure.Upon arrival, develop a daily routine as quickly as possible. Establish a sleep schedule, eat healthfully and exercise at regular times. Make a point to establish familiarity by finding favorite local coffee shops and parks to avoid culture shock that can arise due to feelings of complete loss of control over life. Some choices may be limited due to language barriers or having to adjust to being the guest of a host family. But maximize available choices through reading materials and ways to spend free time.Maintain relationships with family and friends at home through video chat, letters and email. Create a website or share photographs electronically to engage longtime friends in your experience. Building new friendships in the host culture can also be critical to happiness. Be friendly and invite schoolmates, workmates or neighbors to go walking or out for coffee.Strive to maintain a flexible, positive attitude. Living in a foreign country is an invaluable opportunity full of excitement and challenges. Though it may seem extremely difficult, remember to be a student of the host country's way of life. Laugh at your social or linguistic mistakes. Experience new foods and traditions with an open mind. Flexibility is a critical component of successful adjustment.When you get all theses questions settled, you will be on your smooth way to experiencing a rather new culture and being a qualified cross-cultural communicator.。

跨文化交际作业一．Race和ethnicaccording to the dictionary：race：each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristicsethnic：Individuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behavior, form an ethnic group.简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。

种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。

所以少数民族是minority ethnic group，种族歧视我们说是racial discrimination二．Cross-cultural / inter-culture/ intra-cultural communication1.intercultural，不同文化间的。

（文化间，跨文化）强调的是对等和相互，而这往往暗示各文化间的价值平等和共性，比如intercultural communication/ understanding / appreciation / exchange；intercultural communication文化交际，强调不同，突出对比2.Cross-cultural，（跨文化）似乎更多的承认不同文化的异质，继而需要以某种特别的方式、技巧和能力来打破这种隔阂，达成目的，比如the cross-cultural techniques that enable cross-cultural evangelism / cross-cultural interaction 等等。

1. Then try to explain why people in countries like Japan and China often refuse to say “ no” directly. In the English language,“yes”may mean very differently in different situations. Both Japan and China are regarded as cultures in which people tend to convey messagesin an implicit way. The most conspicuous case is the way they say —no II . People from Japan and China often refuse to say —no II directly. The reasons can be accounted in many ways. Firstly, Japan and China are humble cultures which teach their people to be modest and mild. They always keep off expressing strong emotions against the other party; instead, they prefer to issue disapprovals tactfully by implication. Besides, in Japanese and Chinese cultures, —face I is highly valued in the course of communication. People are bound to protect their own face from threatening; meanwhile, they feel obliged not to threaten the other party ‘fasce. Still, harmony has been attached great importance to in Japanese and Chinese cultures. People are expected to make every effort to keep a harmonious relationship with each other. They have to try their best to avoid being aggressive which may result in direct conflict.2. Different meanings of the color terms in Chinese and English culture RED/ 红色Chinese: ① festive, jubilant, celebrate e.g. 红娘，红火② advancing,bright e.g. 红军，红色政权③ successful, smooth e.g. 红人，走红④beautiful, nice e.g.红颜，红妆English:① violent, cruel e.g. red revenge; a red battle ② armed revoluti on e.g.: a red revolutio n; ③ dan ger, tension e.g. a red adventure story; red alert; a red flag ③ profligate, immoral e.g. a red waste of his youth; GREEN/绿色Chin ese:①you ng, e.g.绿窗（指少女闺阁）;红男绿女②kni ghtly, chivalrous, feral e.g.绿林好汉；绿林大盗③ low-classified, shamefule.g.:戴绿帽子English:① young e.g. in the green; a green ole age ② fresh, new e.g. a gree n wound; gree n recollecti on; keep the memory gree n ③ lack of experience e.g.: a green hand; green recruits ④ wealth, money e.g.: In America n political electi ons the can didates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them ⑤ jealous, envy e.g.: gree n-eyedY ELLOW/ 黄色Chinese:① royalty, power e.g.黄袍，黄马褂，黄榜② erotic, base, sen sual e.g.黄色书干刊English:① erotic, sensual, base e.g. yellow journalism; yellow back; yellow press ② funk, sneak, spiritless e.g. yellow lived; yellow dog; WHITE/白色Chi nese:WHITE/ 白色① funeral, sadness e.g.红白喜事② failure, unvalued, foolish e.g.白干，白旗，白搭，白痴③tricky, crafty e.g.白脸④ politically reacti onary e.g.:白专道路，白匪English:① pure, bright, happy, cleanness e.g. whit soul; a white wedding ② faithful, honest e.g. a white spirit; white hand white man ③ good luck, fortune e.g. a white day; days marked with a white stone ④ legal, no harmful e.g. white market; white list a white litBLACK/黑色Chi nese:① sadness, funeral e.g.葬礼上所佩带的黑纱② serious, solemn e.g. “黑脸”包公③ secretly, tricky e.g.黑幕，黑名单④ illegal, crimes, evil e.g.黑手，黑店，黑市，黑货English:① death, disaster, unfortunate e.g.: Black Mass; black world black death ② evil, crimes e.g. black deed; Black Man black guard; B-hands ③ angry, depressed e.g. black dog; a black look PURPLE/紫色Chinese:① nobility, dignity e.g.紫气东来，紫禁城English:① nobility, dignity e.g. be born in the purple; marry in the purple; be raised to the purplePINK/粉红Chinese①symbolized for girls e.g.六宫粉黛无颜色人面桃花相映红② illegal or unu sual sen sual relati on ships e.g.桃色事件English:① homosexual e.g. a product developed for the pink customer ② upper class e.g. pink lady pink teaP 169.(4). What does the author thi nk is the reas on able way to react to cultural differe nces? We should know that the way the other speaks may be differe nt from our way of speaki ng because he or she must have had a differe nt cultural upbringing. We shouldn j udge the other according to our own sta ndards of what is an acceptable com muni cati on style.(8). How is “ Ping-Pong‘ conversational style different from “ Bowling” style?In an American Ping-Pong' conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game continues. Each part of the conversation follows this patter n: the greet ing and the ope ning, the discussi on of a topic, and the closing and farewell. However, in a Japanese Bowling” conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they know their place in line. In Japanese conv ersati on, long sile nces are tolerated. For America ns, eve n two orthree sec onds of sile nee can become un comfortable.Dialogue 1Questions 1. What does the Chinese employee mean by saying “I see ”Does it mean agreeme nt, accepta nee or promise?By saying “see” th e Chinese employee means agreement which is “Iagree that there is need for keeping the production line running onSaturday. ”2. To the direct request “ Can you come in on Saturday ” , what should Chi nese employee say to avoid further mis un dersta ndi ng?To avoid further misunderstanding that caused by saying “ see ” theChi nese employee should say: “1 ‘ d love to, but I‘ ve promised my son tcelebrate his birthday with him on this Saturday. I ‘ m sorry I may not able to come in3. Why does the American boss fail to understand what the Chinese employee implies by saying “lt?smy sons birthday ”Why does the Chinesefail to say “ no” ？The American boss fails to understand what the Chinese employee actually means by saying ft ‘ s my son ‘ s birthday ”. because he is cultivated in a low-c on text culture in which meaning comes from the words being exchanged and messages are expected to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. However, the Chinese employee fails to say no” because he comes from a high-c on text culture in which meaning depends very upon the setting and any speech act that may threaten other people 'face is usually avoided as much as one can. In gen eral, the Chi nese mode of com muni cati on is ofte n in direct and implicit while the Western mode of com muni catio n tends to be direct andexplicit.。

一、谁没有负责？一项调查针对日本母亲和美国母亲的调查：如果孩子没有把应缴回的单子交到学校，谁应该负责？日本母亲大都觉得是自己的过失，美国母亲大都认为是学校没有尽责。

二、飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁（美国人）与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。

想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。

中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。

讲了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。

副总有些大惑不解，没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了，因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。

“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了，可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢？”谈话结束后，副总忍不住向人力资源总监甲抱怨道。

“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也向甲谈苦。

作为人力资源总监，甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂，虽然他极力想双方解释，但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。

三、一个美国女学生处于好意把泰国同屋洗干净的内衣和袜子叠放在她的枕头上，结果这个泰国女生觉得受到了侮辱，一定要搬离宿舍。

四、一对美国夫妇到巴基斯坦度假，住在一个看起来蛮吸引人的市场旁的旅馆。

夫妇决定隔天到市场去看看有没有值得买的纪念品。

一觉醒来，闷热的天气，叫人有点透不过气。

先生一身轻便的短袖休闲衣裤，太太穿着短袖花纹上衣，粉红美观的紧身短裤，两人脚底都套着凉鞋。

到市场时，这对夫妇发觉几乎每个人都严厉地瞪着他俩，指指点点，有的甚至口发恶言。

俩夫妇觉得很纳闷，赶紧转头，回到旅馆。

为什么市场里的人对这对夫妇的态度如此恶劣呢？五、An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full. Why?六、One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It’s rather cold. You’d better put on more clothes.”But the professor didn’t appear happy on hearing this.七、张斌作为汉语志愿者在泰国的小学教汉语。

[0859]《跨文化交际》第1批[填空题]10. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：10. agreements[填空题]9. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：9. gender[填空题]8. Edward Hall alerts us to the invisible aspects of culture and nonverbal communication, which he calls as " language” and "hidden dimension”.参考答案：8. silent[填空题]7. People from cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.参考答案：7. P-time[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5. Beauty is only _____ deep.参考答案：5. skin[填空题]4. Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：4. intercultural[填空题]3. There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurting others _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：3. due[填空题]2. The purpose of the greeting is to ______ social contact, not to transfer information.参考答案：4. establish[填空题]1. In daily verbal communication, there are many _____ ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction.参考答案：1. routine[判断题]10. High uncertainty and anxiety hinder effective intercultural communication to a different extent.参考答案：正确[判断题]9. The Eastern view of the universe is characteristically dualistic, materialistic, and lifeless while the Western view is profoundly holistic, dynamic, and spiritual.参考答案：错误[判断题]8. Due to the cultural differences, interpreting in intercultural encounters is possible but difficult.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. Cultural differences can generate positive impacts on negotiation as people can learn from each other.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.参考答案：正确[判断题]1) 5. Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. "Dragon” means the same to the Westerners as "龙” to the Chinese.参考答案：错误[判断题]3. Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty must be considered as fishingfor compliments.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politenessis ` achieved may vary significantly.参考答案：正确[判断题]1. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.参考答案：错误第2批[论述题]Define the following terms:1. Nonverbal communication2. Body language/Kinesics3. world view4. the Judeo-Christian tradition5. knowledge6. stereotype参考答案：1. Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2. Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.3. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing natural philosophy; fundamental existential and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics4. Judeo?Christian (sometimes written as Judaeo?Christian) refers to a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity. It is a common term in American cultural and political rhetoric.5. Knowledge is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject; (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information; or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.6. A stereotype or "stereotypes" is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions.第3批[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. culture shock3. gender4. stereotype5. body language参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in theexchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. The main cause of cultu re shock is displacement from our "home” culture. This lack of common experiences and familiar surroundings creates varying degrees of consequences.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.Stereotype is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a particular group of people. There are a number of reasons that stereotypes, as a form of classification, hamper intercultural communication.5.Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.[论述题]Analyze the following cases，and then answer the given questions.Case 1How would you explain the Director's behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o` clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang` office at the exactly ten o` clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished hisconversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director` s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Case 2Why does Jay refuse to ask his professor or classmen to clarify the directions for his paper?Jay is having difficulty in writing a paper for his communication class, because he's not sure what the professor wants. When he mentions this to his friend Ellen, she suggests he ask the professor or a classmen to clarify directions. Jay refuses, saying "I can figure it out on my own”.参考答案：2. In this case, Jay's unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is a sign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously, men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost in the road while women do not hesitate to ask strangers for help. What we have discussed about gender identity help us understand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the first relationships have an undertone of danger-they could jeopardize independence. So Jay's refusal to ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this difference between them, Jay's behavior will continue to baffle her.)[填空题]10.One of the most fundamental ways culture shapes our being is throughexplicit and implicit ________ about our relationship to the nature of the universe and to the non-human natural world.参考答案：10. teachings[填空题]9. Native speakers need to admit that difficulty in understanding _______ also occurs among native speakers and reminds non-native speakers to be open about explanations given.参考答案：9. humor[填空题]8. The American _______ is to conduct business in an efficient manner,while compromises may be part of the outcome.参考答案：8. n orm[填空题]7. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to ________in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：7. misunderstanding[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5.Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案： 5. intercultural[填空题]pliments and compliment responses are an _______ part of daily verbal communication.参考答案：4. essential[填空题]3. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：3. breakdown[填空题]2. When communicating with each other, each person ___________ and sends messages, and in turn receives and decodes messages.参考答案：2. encodes[填空题]1.Intercultural competence requires sufficient knowledge, suitable _______, and skilled actions.参考答案：1. motivations[单选题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.A：TB：F参考答案：B第4批[判断题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.参考答案：正确[判断题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.参考答案：正确[判断题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.参考答案：错误[判断题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.参考答案：正确[论述题]Analyze the following casesCase 1Why did the two Korean interpreters continue to study the Chinese female teachers` trousers?In 1987, a delegation consisting of four Chinese English experts went to Pingyong Foreign Language University to train faculty to be top-level simultaneous interpreters for the 13th International Youth Festival. Of the four experts, two were men and two were women. The two men were dressed in suits with ties and the two women were typically dressed in trousers and their typical business clothes. An authority from Pingyong Foreign Language University and two Korean interpreters greeted them at the Pingyong Railway Station. Surprisingly, while exchanging a few formal remarks, the two interpreters` eyes consistently observed the two Chinese female teachers' trousers. The younger teacher, sensed something and repeatedly checked their trousers and shoes to see if they were dirty or marked. About half an hour later, they arrived at the hotel where they would be staying during their mission. The two interpreters showed eachof them to their rooms to give them an opportunity to freshen up before the formal introductions. In a couple of minutes, the four Chinese teachers gathered in one of the rooms, where the head of the university and the two interpreters introduced themselves further and briefed them on the training program. While talking, the two interpreters seemed to continue to study the two female teachers` trousers. At first, they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eyes of a woman. Later this assumption was proved wrong. The four Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled and did not know what was going on…Case 2Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him？After graduating from Beijing International Studies University, Chen Liang pursued an MA program at a university in Boston, the U.S. Early in the program, he made friends with some of the American friends, Dick, asked Chen to join him in the university cafeteria. On their way they ran into Dick's girlfriend, Lisa, who was on her way to a lecture. Walking shoulder to shoulder, Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation, as if they hadn't seen each other for ages. Meanwhile, Chen Liang was walking behind them, not taking part in the conversation. When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture. Dick turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria. When Dick looked up, he saw Chen waking into the cafeteria. Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didn't wait for him, and went to the cafeteria alone.参考答案：1. Comment: this is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are goodtimekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointment in a more flexible manner. They are more causal about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the roof of Katherine` s unhappiness. Since the Director made a ten o` clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.2. Suggested answer:In public, the norms of expressing one's feeling and affections toward the opposite sex vary across culture. In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public, but not between the opposite sexes, especially in front of the friends. Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and kissing. This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors. Similarly, Chen Liang's behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.[填空题]9. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: timelanguage (temporal language or chronemics), space language (spatial language or proxemics), language(body movement orkinesics), and paralanguage (voice modulation).参考答案：9. body[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. economic globalization3. gender4. linear time5. intercultural communication competence参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.No country is the dominant economic force in the world. Economic expansion in globalization has resulted in multinational corporations participating in joint ventures, licensing agreements and other international business arrangements.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.The West views time either as an arrow or as a moving river that comes from a distant place in the past and goes to an equally distant place in the future. In this linear view of time, history is goal-directed and gradually progressing in a certain direction.5.Intercultural communication competence (ICC competence) is the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.[判断题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.参考答案：正确[判断题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.参考答案：错误[填空题]10.According to researchers, there are two primary influences ongender : family communication, particularly betweenmothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.参考答案：10. socialization[填空题]8. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：8. agreements[填空题]7. To develop ________means being able to see things from the point ofview of others so that we can better know and adjust to the other people.参考答案：7. empathy[填空题]6. We need to understand what is ordinarily done in a _______ in order to understand and laugh at messages that are the " out of the ordinary”.参考答案：6. culture[填空题]5.A term in one language does not necessarily have a ______ in the other language.参考答案：5. counterpart[填空题]4.There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurtingothers _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：4. due[填空题]３．Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：3. intercultural[填空题]２．Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：2. breakdown[填空题]1.Intercultural communication occurs whenever there is communication between people from different cultural ______________.参考答案：1. backgrounds。

Term Paper Requirements for Intercultural Communication篇幅：不少于400 words格式：打印，Times New Roman字体, 小四号字，1.5倍行距截止日期：6月12日15:30-16:00，DJ1-116写作要求：从以下主题中选择一个写作，标题自拟，观点明确，思路清晰，论证充分Topics:1. What are the potential problems of interculturalcommunication? Have you ever experienced anyintercultural communication barriers? If any, how do you deal with them?2. “Culture is shared, learned behavior that is transmittedby one generation to another.” What does this statement mean to you in terms of your own personal development?3. Using examples from the English language, discuss howthe language offers insight into some cultural beliefs and attitudes of the British/American people.4. Successful intercultural communication depends not onlyon what we say and the manner in which we say it, butalso on the behavior we display. Use examples to support this statement.The Potential Problems of Intercultural CommunicationWith the development of economic globalization,the potential problems of intercultural communication that arise in interactions between people from different cultures.I have never experienced any intercultural communication barriers,but to learn the course of coss cultural communication.I have learned s lot of information about Intercultural Communication.As far as I am concerned,there are many problems in intercultural communication.Firstly,the language barrier is a major obstacle in cross-cultural communication.For example,two people from different countries, speaking different languages and knew nothing about each other's languages, even they can make use of means of communication such as gestures, figures, but because of the language barrier, the two sides is difficult to understand each other very well.Secondly, non- verbal behavior information is fuzzy complex and unconscious.So it is difficult for us to understand other countries’ culture.Thirdly, intercultural communication has other problems.For one,culture set which is used to organize and simplify the perception of others as a selection process. Cultural stereotype is often highly infectious, once formed, ingrained, will be in quite long period of time to be used in groups or individuals.And it affects information processing method, the problem simplistic, generalization and exaggerate.Even cultural stereotype is strong in an attempt to get the facts out.For another, cultural bias. It is often distorted, misleading in intercultural communication.What’s more,it is ethnocentrism.Ethnocentrism is a kind of thought culture is superior to other cultures, the broad sense is to members of other groups.It will lead to the speaker on the misrepresentations, misleading people to other groups to make false assumptions. Last but not least,the psychology of a stranger would make two strangers meet willgenerate tension, alert, withdrawal or defense psychological tendency.To sum up,I found some methods to overcome the potential problems.First of all, To obtain the knowledge of the target culture and communication skills.As well as the position, emotion, behavior patterns transmit the native culture to the target culture.Then developing the ability of language, communicative competence, pragmatic competence.For instance,fostering the intercultural awareness to strengthen cultural exchanges.Then we should do as the Romans do the degree of master that we called "Seek common ground on major issues while reserving differences on minor points".Finally,to imaginate and share the emotions and experience with others in cross-cultural communication.All in all,people of different cultures appear a series of problems when they communicate to others.But we must know the potential barriers to the formation and find out the feasible countermeasures to overcome obstacles.So that we will promote the world cultural exchange and development.。