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Reduction of Acid Chlorides, Amides, and Nitriles
Luche Reduction Ionic Hydrogenation Alkane
Samarium Iodide
– Alcohol (slow) Alcohol (slow) Alcohol Alcohol
OTES
Evans, D. A.; Gage, J. R.; Leighton, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 9434-9453.
H LiAlH4 N O N H Ts THF 88%
H N N H H
(+)-aloperine
HO
Heathcock, C. H.; Ruggeri, R. B.; McClure, K. F. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 2585-2599. • In the following example, rearrangement accompanied reduction.
Alcohol Alcohol or Aldehyde Alcohol (slow) Alcohol –
**
Amine Amine or Aldehyde Amine (slow) Amine – – Amine (slow) Amine (slow) Alcohol (tertiary amide) Amine
Sodium Borohydride Aldehyde
Deoxygenation of Tosylhydrazones Wolff–Kishner Reduction Alcohol Barton Deoxygenation Reduction of Alkyl Tosylates Acid Barton Decarboxylation Alkane Alkane
– indicates no reaction or no productive reaction (alcohols are deprotonated in many instances, e.g.)
Mark G. Charest
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Acid Alcohol TESO Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH): LiAlH4 • LAH is a powerful and rather nonselective hydride-transfer reagent that readily reduces carboxylic acids, esters, lactones, anhydrides, amides and nitriles to the corresponding alcohols or amines. In addition, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, alkyl halides, and many other functional groups are reduced readily by LAH. • LAH is commercially available as a dry, grey solid or as a solution in a variety of organic solvents, e.g., ethyl ether. Both the solid and solution forms of LAH are highly flammable and should be stored protected from moisture. • Several work-up procedures for LAH reductions are available that avoid the difficulties of separating by-products of the reduction. In the Fieser work-up, following reduction with n grams of LAH, careful successive dropwise addition of n mL of water, n mL of 15% NaOH solution, and 3n mL of water provides a granular inorganic precipitate that is easy to rinse and filter. For moisture-sensitive substrates, ethyl acetate can be added to consume any excess LAH and the reduction product, ethanol, is unlikely to interfere with product isolation. • Although, in theory, one equivalent of LAH provides four equivalents of hydride, an excess of the reagent is typically used. Paquette, L. A. In Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Oxidizing and Reducing Reagents, Burke, S. D.; Danheiser, R. L., Eds., John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1999, p. 199-204. Fieser, L. F.; Fieser, M. Reagents for Organic Synthesis 1967, 581-595. • Examples O N CH3 CH3O O H LiAlH4 H O THF 70% CH3O O H N CH3 H3C H OH CH3 O O H O LiAlH4 ether 89-95% H3C CH3 HO H O Brosius, A. D.; Overman, L. E.; Schwink, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 700-709. CH3O (CH3)2N O N H OTES CH3 O N LiAlH4, ether –78 °C CO2CH3 72% TESO CH3O (CH3)2N O N H CH3 O N CH2OH
Alcohol Alcohol – Alcohol – – – Alcohol – –
Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH) Ester Aldehyde
Diisobutylaluminum Hydride (DIBAL) Lithium Triethoxyaluminohydride (LTEAH) Aldehyde Reductive Amination Alcohol
Myers
General References
Reduction
Chem 115
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Carey, F. A.; Sundberg, R. J. In Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, Plenum Press: New York, 1990, p. 615-664. Hudlicky, M. In Reductions in Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed., American Chemical Society Monograph 188: Washington DC, 1996, p. 19-30. Brown, H. C.; Ramachandran, P. V. In Reductions in Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances and Practical Applications, Abdel-Magid, A. F. Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington DC, 1996, p. 1-30. Seyden-Penne, J. In Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed., Wiley-VCH: New York, 1997, p. 1-36. Reactivity Trends • Following are general guidelines concerning the reactivities of various reducing agents. Substrates, Reduction Products Iminium Ion Hydride Donors LiAlH4 DIBAL NaAlH(O-t-Bu)3 AlH3 NaBH4 NaCNBH3 Na(AcO)3BH B2H6 Li(Et)3BH H2 (catalyst)
Alkane AmiБайду номын сангаасe
5% Pd/C Raney Ni
1-15%, KOH 3-30%
1 35-70
Acid Halide
Aldehyde
Ester
Amide
Carboxylate Salt
Adapted from: Hudlicky, M. In Reductions in Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed., American Chemical Society Monograph 188: Washington DC, 1996, p. 8. Summary of Reagents for Reductive Functional Group Interconversions: Acid Alcohol Lithium Borohydride Borane Complexes
Desulfurization with Raney Nickel Clemmensen Reduction
