阅读教程3蒋静怡Unit6 man and nature-1

Unit 7 TV and Its InfluenceSection Two In-readingREADING ONEWhen Television Ate My Best FriendI was eight years old when I lost my best friend. My very first very best friend. Lucy hardly ever whined, even when we kids played cowboys and she had to be Dale Evans. Nor did she cry, even when we played dodge ball and some big kid threw the ball so hard you could read Spalding backward on her legs. Lucy was world class.Much of our time together was spent in my backyard on the perfect swing set: high, wide, built solid, and grounded for life. But one June day long ago, something went wrong. I was swinging as high as I could, and still higher. The next time the swing started to come back down, I didn’t . I just kept going up. And up.Then I began to fall.―Know what? Know what?‖ Lucy was yelling at me.No, I didn’t know what. All I knew was that my left arm hurt.―Know what? For a minute there, you flew. You seemed to catch the wind and … soar! Right up until you must have do ne something wrong, because you fell.‖Wearing a cast on my broken arm gave me time to work out the scientifics with Lucy. Our Theory was that if you swing just high enough and straight enough, and you jump out of the swing at just the right moment and in just the right position —you just might fly.July was spent waiting for my arm to heal. We ran our hands across the wooden seat, feeling for the odd splinter that could ruin your perfect takeoff. We pulled on the chains, testing for weak links.Finally came the day in August when my cast was off, and Lucy and I were ready. Today we would fly.Early that morning, we began taking turns — one pushing, one pumping. All day we pushed and pumped, higher and higher, ever so close. It was almost dark wh en Lucy’s mother hollered for her to come home right this minute and see what her daddy had brought them.This was strictly against the rules. Nobody had to go home in August until it was altogether dark. Besides, Lucy’s daddy wasn’t a man to be struc k with irresistible impulses like stopping at the horse store and thinking, Golly, my little girl loves ponies! I better get her one!So we kept on swinging, and Lucy pretended not to hear her mother – until she dropped Lucee to Lucille Louise. Halfway through the fourth Lucille Louise, Lucy slowly raised her head as though straining to hear some woman calling from the next county.―Were you calling me, Mother? Okay, okay, I’m coming. Yes, ma’am. Right now.‖Lucy and I walked together to the end of my driveway. Once in her front yard, she slowed to something between a meander and a lollygag, choosing a path that took her straight through the sprinklers. Twice.When at last Lucy sashayed to her front door, she turned back to me and, with a grin, gave me the thumbs-up sign used by pilots everywhere. Awright. So we’d fly tomorrow instead. We’d waited all summer. We could wait one more day. On her way in the house, she slammed the screen door.BANG!In my memory, I’ve listened to that screen door shut behind my best friend a thousand times. It was the last time I played with her.I knocked on the door every day, but her mother always answered saying Lucy was busy andcouldn’t come out to play. I tried calling, but her mother always answered saying Luc y was busy and couldn’t come to the phone. Lucy was busy? Too busy to play? Too busy to fly? She had to be dead. Nothing else made sense. What, short of death, could separate such best friends? We were going to fly. Her thumb had said so. I cried and cried.I might never have known the truth of the matter, if some weeks later I hadn’t overheard my mother say to my father how maybe I would calm down about Lucy if we got a television too.A what? What on earth was a television? The word was new to me, but I was clever enough to figure out that Lucy’s daddy had brought home a television that night. At last I knew what had happened to Lucy. The television ate her.It must have been a terrible thing to see. Now my parents were thinking of getting one. I was scared. They didn’t understand what television could do.―Television eats people,‖ I announced to my parents.―Oh, Linda Jane,‖ they said, laughing. ―Television doesn’t eat people. You’ll love television just like Lucy. She’s inside her house watching it right this minute.‖Indeed, Lucy was totally bewitched by the flickering black and white shapes. Every afternoon following school, she’d sit in her living room and watch whatever there was to watch. Saturday mornings, she’d look at cartoons.Autumn came. Around Thanksgiving, I played an ear of corn in the school pageant. Long division ruined most of December. After a while, I forgot about flying. But I did not forget about Lucy.Christmas arrived, and Santa Claus brought us a television .―See?‖ my paren ts said. ―Television doesn’t eat people.‖ Maybe not. But television changes people. It changed my family forever.We stopped eating dinner at the dining-room table after my mother found out about TV trays. Dinner was served in time for one program and finished in time for another. During the meal we used to talk to one another. Now television talked to us. If you absolutely had to say something you waited until the commercial, which is, I suspect, where I learned to speak in thirty-second bursts.Before television, I would lie in bed at night, listening to my parents in their room saying things I couldn’t comprehend. Their voices alone rocked me to sleep. Now Daddy went to bed right after the weather, and Mama stayed up to see Jack Paar. I went to sleep listening to voices in my memory.Daddy stopped buying Perry Mason books. Perry was on television now, and that was so much easier for him. But it had been Daddy and Perry who’d taught me how fine it can be to read something you like.Mama and Daddy stopped going to movies. Most movies would one day show up on TV, he said.After a while, Daddy and I didn’t play baseball any more. We didn’t go to ball games either, but we watched more baseball than ever. That’s how Daddy perfected The Art of Dozing to Baseb all. He would sit in his big chair, turn on the game, and fall asleep within minutes. At least he appeared to be asleep. His eyes were shut, and he snored. But if you shook him, he’d open his eyes and tell you what the score was, who was up, and what the pitcher ought to throw next.It seemed everybody liked to watch television more than I did. I had no interest in sitting still when I could be climbing trees or riding a bike or practicing my takeoffs just in case one day Lucy woke up and remembered we had a Theory. Maybe the TV hadn’t actually eaten her, but once her parents pointed her in the direction of that box, she never looked back.Lucy had no other interests when she could go home and turn on ―My Friend Flicka.‖ Maybe it was because that was as close as she would get to having her own pony. Maybe if her parents had allowed her a real world to stretch out in, she wouldn’t have been satisfied with a nineteen-inch world.All I know is I never had another first best friend. I never learned to fly ei ther. What’s more, I was right all along: television really does eat people .READING TWOHow Parents Can Lessen the Effects of Television Violence"Mommy, I'm bored.‖"Don't bother me now, Junior; I have a headache. Why don't you go watch TV?"Conversations like this often take place between parent and child because no parent, no matter how conscientious, can spend every minute with his or her child. And let’s face it, television is a way to keep a bored child quiet and occupied. And yes, television can be a good form of entertainment and even a valuable teaming tool.Almost everyone agrees that television can have a great influence on how children view the world and how they act within it. As a result, almost everyone agrees that it is important for parents to supervise what television their children watch. Usually, this means that parents are advised to restrict the amount of violence viewed.Anne Somers, for example, cites the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, which published a report, To Establish Justice, to Insure Domestic Tranquility, in 1969.A portion of the report discloses that many of the experiments done with children show that aggressive behavior is learned by viewing violence on television. The report states that while television is a serious influence on our society’s level of violence, it is not necessarily the main cause. However, it goes on to say that the influence of television on children is stronger now, when the authority of the "traditional institution" of religion, education, and family is questionable. The concern expressed in the report is that since so much of television broadcasting expresses antisocial, aggressive behavior, and since television is such a strong influence on children, children will be learning to behave aggressively.Certainly the literature expressing the dangers of television violence for children is abundant; one can find it published in everything from TV Guide to the most scholarly journals. Yet does it all mean that parents must be sure their children never view violence on the small screen? 1 think not, for there is evidence that not all children who view televised violence become overly aggressive. The child's interpretation of what is viewed is a crucial factor in how he or she will behave afterward. Sociology professor Hope Lunin Klapper believes:The child itself plays an active role in the socialization process. The consequences of television for a child are thus in part a consequence of the child .... It is the child’s perception which defines the stimulus.... The consequences of television involve....two major steps: first, the child’s perception or translation of the content, and second, his or her response or lack of response to that perception.Thus, whether televised violence will adversely affect a child will depend on that child. The conclusion to be drawn from Klapper is that some children will not become violent just because they have viewed violence on television. Klapper says that whether a child behaves aggressively will be, in part, a result of his or her perception of the viewed violence, and this says a lot aboutwhat the parental role should be. Parents could counteract any negative effects that television violence could have on a child's behavior by taking advantage of the opportunity presented to teach the child some of the values that they feel are important. As a child watches a violent program, the parents could explain that the behaviors displayed do not coincide with their values. In this way, a child could be taught that even though such behaviors exist, they are not desirable. After all, violence does exist in the world. If parents constantly shield their children from this fact, then the children will be unable to cope with this reality of life. On the other hand, exposure to violence, through television and parental explanation about what is viewed, can be a healthy education in the reality of violence and how to avoid it.Professor Charles Atkin explains another reason children should not be completely restricted from viewing violence. He suggests that children will choose to watch television shows that correspond to their own tendencies toward aggression. Thus by observing the types of programs their children prefer, parents can gain a better understanding of their personalities. A child who continually elects to watch violence may have aggressive tendencies. Parents need to know whether their children are too aggressive so they can intervene, and one way they can discover this is to observe their children's viewing preferences. If the child is consistently choosing violent shows, the parents can, as Atkin explains, "effectively mediate their children's predispositions" and make their child understand that although violence does exist in reality, there are other aspects of life as well.Thus, parents can help their children's personalities develop in a positive manner by observing how they respond to television violence and by influencing accordingly how they interpret what they see. Parents can use televised violence to assess their children's tendency toward violence, and they can use it to voice their disapproval to show violence is wrong. Of course, this means parents must watch violent shows with their children, even when they have a headache.READING THREEWhy You Watch What You Watch When You WatchIt is about time that you all stop lying to each other and face up to your problems: you love television and you view too much.I used to be the guy in charge of the ratings at NBC, and my waking hours were filled with people either complaining about the inaccurate the ratings were or, without my asking them, volunteering that they never watch TV, because the programs stink, particularly this season.Let’s look at the facts, because only by examining the nature of the disease can we cure it, or at least make peace with it.The truth is that you buy extra sets, color sets, and even pay a monthly charge for cable television to view. Yet when you view an evening's worth of TV you are full of complaints about what you have viewed. But the next night yon’re right back there, hoping against hope for satisfying content, never really learning from experience, another night is shot. Instead of tuning the set off and doing something else, you persist in exercising the medium.The fact is that you view TV regardless of its content. Because of the nature of the limited spectrum(only a few channels in each city) and the economic need of the networks to attract an audience large enough to attain advertising dollars which will cover the cost of the production of the TV program, pay the station carrying the program, and also make a profit, you are viewingprogram which by necessity must appeal to the rich and poor, smart and stupid, tall and short, wild and tame, together. Therefore, you are in the vast majority of cases viewing something that is not to your taste. From the time you bought a set to now, you have viewed thousands of programs which were not to your taste. The result is the hiding of, and lying about, all that viewing. Because of the hiding and lying, you are guilty. The guilt is expressed in the feeling that ―I should have been reading instead of viewing.‖It is of course much more difficult to read than to view. Reading requires a process called decoding, which causes a slowdown in the information taken in by the user. TV viewing is very simple to do—kids do it better than adults because they are unencumbered by guilt—and the amount of information derived from an hour’s viewing is infinitely more than is derived from an hour’s reading.But print has been around for a long time and it has attracted people who have learned to express themselves in this medium , so the printed content, on the whole, is superior to the TV content . Still ,most of us prefer television. Despite the lack of quality content, the visual medium is so compelling that it attracts the vast majority of adults each day to a progression of shows that most of these people would ignore in printed form .The process of viewing works like this:A family has just finished dinner and one member says, ― Let’s see what’s on TV tonight.‖The set gets turned on or the TV Guide gets pulled out. If it’s TV Guide, then the list of programs(most of which are repeats) is so unappealing that each member of the family says to himself that he remembers when TV Guide made an awful error in its program listings back in 1967 and maybe it has happened again.The set is turned on whether a good program is listed or not at that time. Chances are over 100 to 1 that there is nothing on that meets this or any family’s taste for that moment. But the medium meets their taste.The view(s) then slowly turns the channel selector, grumbling at each image he sees on the screen. Perhaps he’ll go around the dial two or three times before settling on one channel whose program is least objectionable.― Well, let’s watch this, ‖ someone in the family says. ―There’s nothing better on.‖ So they watch. No one thinks of jogging a couple of laps around the block or getting out the old Parcheesi board. They watch whatever is least objectionable.The programmers for the networks have argued that this is a ―most satisfying ‖ choice— not LOP(least objectionable program) . But if it were, then why would everybody be complaining and lying about TV viewing? I don’t deny that in some rare time periods, ―least objectionable‖is actually most satisfying, but the bulk of the time people are viewing they don’t particularly consider good, and that is why the medium is so powerful and rich.READING FOURTV AddictionThe word ―addiction‖ is often used loosely and wryly in conversation. People will refer to themselves as ―mystery book addicts‖ or ―cookie addicts.‖ E.B. White writes of his annual surge of interest in gardening: ―We are hook ed and are making an attempt to kick the habit.‖ Yet nobody really believes that reading mysteries or ordering seeds by catalogue is serious enough to becompared with addictions to heroin or alcohol. The word ―addiction‖ is here used jokingly to denote a tendency to overindulge in some pleasurable activity.People often refer to being ―hooked on TV.‖ Does this, too, fall into the lighthearted category of cookie eating and other pleasures that people pursue with unusual intensity, or is there a kind television viewing that falls into the more serious category of destructive addiction?When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug-taking. And yet the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a ―high‖ that normal life does not supply. It is only the inability to function without the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and an increasing inability to function normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three drinks at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he ―doesn’t feel normal‖ without them.An addict does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to experience it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it less than complete. Other potential pleasurable experiences are no longer possible, for under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly distorted. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be temporarily sated, but soon it begins to crave again.Finally a serious addiction is distinguished from a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements. A heroin addicts, for instance, leads a damaged life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing does prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. Similarly an alcoholic’s is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.Let us consider television viewing in the lights of the conditions that define serious addictions.Not unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experiences allow the participant to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are as effectively deferred by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a ―trip‖ induced by drugs or alcohol. And just as alcoholics are only inchoately aware of there addiction, feeling that they can control their drinking more than they really do. (― I can cut it out anytime I want—I just like to have three or fou r drinks before dinner‖), people similarly overestimate their control over television watching. Even as they put off other activities to spend hour after hour watching television, they feel they could easily resume living in a different, less passive style. But somehow or other while the television set is present in there homes, the click doesn’t sound. With television pleasure s available, those other experiences seem less attractive, more difficult somehow.A heavy viewer (a college English instructor) ob serves: ―I find television almost irresistible. When the set is on, I cannot ignore it. I can’t turn it off. I feel sapped, will-less, enervated. As I reach out to turn off the set, the strength goes out of my arms. So I sit there for hours and hours.‖The self-confessed television addict often feels he ―ought‖ to do other things—but the fact that he doesn’t read and doesn’t plant his garden or sew or crochet or play games or have conversations means that those activities are no longer as desirable as television viewing. In a way a heavy viewer’s life is as imbalanced by his television ―habit‖ as a drug addict’s or an alcoholic’s. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth ordevelopment or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that almost any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure.Finally it is the adverse effect of television viewing on the lives of so many people that defines it as a serous addiction. The television habit distorts the sense of time. It renders other experiences vague and curiously unreal while taking on a greater reality for itself. It weakens relationships by reducing and sometimes eliminating normal opportunities for talking, for communicating.And yet television does not satisfy, else why would the viewer continue to watch hour after hour, day after day? ―The measure of heath,‖ writes Lawrence Kubie, ―is flexibility… and especially the freedom to cease when sated.‖ But the television viewer can never be sated with his television experiences--- they do not provide the true nourishment that satiation requires--- and thus he finds that he cannot stop watching.。

蒋静仪阅读教程（泛读3）Unit7TVandItsInfluence2Unit 7 TV and Its InfluenceSection Two In-readingREADING ONEWhen Television Ate My Best FriendI was eight years old when I lost my best friend. My very first very best friend. Lucy hardly ever whined, even when we kids played cowboys and she had to be Dale Evans. Nor did she cry, even when we played dodge ball and some big kid threw the ball so hard you could read Spalding backward on her legs. Lucy was world class.Much of our time together was spent in my backyard on the perfect swing set: high, wide, built solid, and grounded for life. But one June day long ago, something went wrong. I was swinging as high as I could, and still higher. The next time the swing started to come back down, I didn’t . I just kept going up. And up.Then I began to fall.―Know what? Know what?‖ Lucy was yelling at me.No, I didn’t know what. All I knew was that my left arm hurt.―Know what? For a minute there, you flew. You seemed to catch the wind and … soar! Right up until you must have do ne something wrong, because you fell.‖Wearing a cast on my broken arm gave me time to work out the scientifics with Lucy. Our Theory was that if you swing just high enough and straight enough, and you jump out of the swing at just the right moment and in just the right position —you just might fly.July was spent waiting for my arm to heal. We ran our handsacross the wooden seat, feeling for the odd splinter that could ruin your perfect takeoff. We pulled on the chains, testing for weak links.Finally came the day in August when my cast was off, and Lucy and I were ready. Today we would fly.Early that morning, we began taking turns — one pushing, one pumping. All day we pushed and pumped, higher and higher, ever so close. It was almost dark wh en Lucy’s mother hollered for her to come home right this minute and see what her daddy had brought them.This was strictly against the rules. Nobody had to go home in August until it was altog ether dark. Besides, Lucy’s daddy wasn’t a man to be struc k with irresistible impulses like stopping at the horse store and thinking, Golly, my little girl loves ponies! I better get her one!So we kept on swinging, and Lucy pretended not to hear her mother –until she dropped Lucee to Lucille Louise. Halfway through the fourth Lucille Louise, Lucy slowly raised her head as though straining to hear some woman calling from the next county.―Were you calling me, Mother? Okay, okay, I’m coming. Yes, ma’am. Right now.‖Lucy and I walked together to the end of my driveway. Once in her front yard, she slowed to something between a meander and a lollygag, choosing a path that took her straight through the sprinklers. Twice.When at last Lucy sashayed to her front door, she turned back to me and, with a grin, gave me the thumbs-up sign used by pilots everywhere. Awright. So we’d fly tomorrow instead. We’d waited all summer. We could wait one more day. On herway in the house, she slammed the screen door.BANG!In my memory, I’ve listened to that screen door shut behind my best friend a thousand times. It was the last time I played with her.I knocked on the door every day, but her mother always answered saying Lucy was busy andcouldn’t come out to play. I tried calling, but her mother always answered saying Luc y was busy and couldn’t come to the phone. Lucy was busy? Too busy to play? Too busy to fly? She had to be dead. Nothing else made sense. What, short of death, could separate such best friends? We were going to fly. Her thumb had said so. I cried and cried.I might never have known the truth of the matter, if some weeks later I hadn’t overheard my mother say to my father how maybe I would calm down about Lucy if we got a television too.A what? What on earth was a television? The word was new to me, but I was clever enough to figure out that Lucy’s daddy had brought home a television that night. At last I knew what had happened to Lucy. The television ate her.It must have been a terrible thing to see. Now my parents were thinking of getting one. I was scared. They didn’t understand what television could do.―Television eats people,‖ I announced to my parents.―Oh, Linda Jane,‖ they said, laughing. ―Television doesn’t eat p eople. You’ll love television just like Lucy. She’s inside her house watching it right this minute.‖Indeed, Lucy was totally bewitched by the flickering black and white shapes. Every afternoon following school, she’d sit in her living room and watch whatever there was to watch. Saturdaymornings, she’d look at cartoons.Autumn came. Around Thanksgiving, I played an ear of corn in the school pageant. Long division ruined most of December. After a while, I forgot about flying. But I did not forget about Lucy.Christmas arrived, and Santa Claus brought us a television .―See?‖ my paren ts said. ―Television doesn’t eat people.‖ Maybe not. But television changes people. It changed my family forever.We stopped eating dinner at the dining-room table after my mother found out about TV trays. Dinner was served in time for one program and finished in time for another. During the meal we used to talk to one another. Now television talked to us. If you absolutely had to say something you waited until the commercial, which is, I suspect, where I learned to speak in thirty-second bursts.Before television, I would lie in bed at night, listening to my parents in their room saying things I couldn’t comprehend. Their voices alone rocked me to sleep. Now Daddy went to bed right after the weather, and Mama stayed up to see Jack Paar. I went to sleep listening to voices in my memory.Daddy stopped buying Perry Mason books. Perry was on television now, and that was so much easier for him. But it had been Daddy and Perry who’d taug ht me how fine it can be to read something you like.Mama and Daddy stopped going to movies. Most movies would one day show up on TV, he said.After a while, Daddy and I didn’t play baseball any more. We didn’t go to ball games either, but we watched more baseball than ever. That’s how Daddy perfected The Art of Dozing to Baseb all. He would sit in his big chair, turn on thegame, and fall asleep within minutes. At least he appeared to be asleep. His eyes were shut, and he snored. But if you shook him, he’d open his eyes and tell you what the score was, who was up, and what the pitcher ought to throw next.It seemed everybody liked to watch television more than I did. I had no interest in sitting still when I could be climbing trees or riding a bike or practicing my takeoffs just in case one day Lucy woke up and remembered we had a Theory. Maybe the TV hadn’t actually eaten her, but once her parents pointed her in the direction of that box, she never looked back.Lucy had no other interests when she could go home and turn on ―My Friend Flicka.‖ Maybe it was because that was as close as she would get to having her own pony. Maybe if her parents had allowed her a real world to stretch out in, she wouldn’t have been satisfied with a nineteen-inch world.All I know is I never had another first best friend. I never learned to fly ei ther. What’s more, I was right all along: television really does eat people .READING TWOHow Parents Can Lessen the Effects of Television Violence"Mommy, I'm bored.‖"Don't bother me now, Junior; I have a headache. Why don't you go watch TV?"Conversations like this often take place between parent and child because no parent, no matter how conscientious, can spend every minute with his or her child. And let’s face it, television is a way to keep a bored child quiet and occupied. And yes, television can be a good form of entertainment and even a valuable teaming tool.Almost everyone agrees that television can have a greatinfluence on how children view the world and how they act within it. As a result, almost everyone agrees that it is important for parents to supervise what television their children watch. Usually, this means that parents are advised to restrict the amount of violence viewed.Anne Somers, for example, cites the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, which published a report, To Establish Justice, to Insure Domestic Tranquility, in 1969.A portion of the report discloses that many of the experiments done with children show that aggressive behavior is learned by viewing violence on television. The report states that while television is a serious influence on our society’s level of violence, it is not necessarily the main cause. However, it goes on to say that the influence of television on children is stronger now, when the authority of the "traditional institution" of religion, education, and family is questionable. The concern expressed in the report is that since so much of television broadcasting expresses antisocial, aggressive behavior, and since television is such a strong influence on children, children will be learning to behave aggressively.Certainly the literature expressing the dangers of television violence for children is abundant; one can find it published in everything from TV Guide to the most scholarly journals. Yet does it all mean that parents must be sure their children never view violence on the small screen? 1 think not, for there is evidence that not all children who view televised violence become overly aggressive. The child's interpretation of what is viewed is a crucial factor in how he or she will behave afterward. Sociology professor Hope Lunin Klapper believes:The child itself plays an active role in the socialization process.The consequences of television for a child are thus in part a consequence of the child .... It is the child’s perception which defines the stimulus.... The consequences of television involve....two major steps: first, the child’s perception or translation of the content, and second, his or her response or lack of response to that perception.Thus, whether televised violence will adversely affect a child will depend on that child. The conclusion to be drawn from Klapper is that some children will not become violent just because they have viewed violence on television. Klapper says that whether a child behaves aggressively will be, in part, a result of his or her perception of the viewed violence, and this says a lot aboutwhat the parental role should be. Parents could counteract any negative effects that television violence could have on a child's behavior by taking advantage of the opportunity presented to teach the child some of the values that they feel are important. As a child watches a violent program, the parents could explain that the behaviors displayed do not coincide with their values. In this way, a child could be taught that even though such behaviors exist, they are not desirable. After all, violence does exist in the world. If parents constantly shield their children from this fact, then the children will be unable to cope with this reality of life. On the other hand, exposure to violence, through television and parental explanation about what is viewed, can be a healthy education in the reality of violence and how to avoid it.Professor Charles Atkin explains another reason children should not be completely restricted from viewing violence. He suggests that children will choose to watch television shows that correspond to their own tendencies toward aggression. Thus byobserving the types of programs their children prefer, parents can gain a better understanding of their personalities. A child who continually elects to watch violence may have aggressive tendencies. Parents need to know whether their children are too aggressive so they can intervene, and one way they can discover this is to observe their children's viewing preferences. If the child is consistently choosing violent shows, the parents can, as Atkin explains, "effectively mediate their children's predispositions" and make their child understand that although violence does exist in reality, there are other aspects of life as well.Thus, parents can help their children's personalities develop in a positive manner by observing how they respond to television violence and by influencing accordingly how they interpret what they see. Parents can use televised violence to assess their children's tendency toward violence, and they can use it to voice their disapproval to show violence is wrong. Of course, this means parents must watch violent shows with their children, even when they have a headache.READING THREEWhy You Watch What You Watch When You WatchIt is about time that you all stop lying to each other and face up to your problems: you love television and you view too much.I used to be the guy in charge of the ratings at NBC, and my waking hours were filled with people either complaining about the inaccurate the ratings were or, without my asking them, volunteering that they never watch TV, because the programs stink, particularly this season.Let’s look at the facts, because only by examining the nature of the disease can we cure it, or at least make peace with it.The truth is that you buy extra sets, color sets, and even pay a monthly charge for cable television to view. Yet when you view an evening's worth of TV you are full of complaints about what you have viewed. But the next night yon’re right back there, hoping against hope for satisfying content, never really learning from experience, another night is shot. Instead of tuning the set off and doing something else, you persist in exercising the medium.The fact is that you view TV regardless of its content. Because of the nature of the limited spectrum(only a few channels in each city) and the economic need of the networks to attract an audience large enough to attain advertising dollars which will cover the cost of the production of the TV program, pay the station carrying the program, and also make a profit, you are viewingprogram which by necessity must appeal to the rich and poor, smart and stupid, tall and short, wild and tame, together. Therefore, you are in the vast majority of cases viewing something that is not to your taste. From the time you bought a set to now, you have viewed thousands of programs which were not to your taste. The result is the hiding of, and lying about, all that viewing. Because of the hiding and lying, you are guilty. The guilt is expressed in the feeling that ―I should have been reading instead of viewing.‖It is of course much more difficult to read than to view. Reading requires a process called decoding, which causes a slowdown in the information taken in by the user. TV viewing is very simple to do—kids do it better than adults because they are unencumbered by guilt—and the amount of information derived from an hour’s viewing is infinitely more than is derived froman hour’s reading.But print has been around for a long time and it has attracted people who have learned to express themselves in this medium , so the printed content, on the whole, is superior to the TV content . Still ,most of us prefer television. Despite the lack of quality content, the visual medium is so compelling that it attracts the vast majority of adults each day to a progression of shows that most of these people would ignore in printed form .The process of viewing works like this:A family has just finished dinner and one member says, ― Let’s see what’s on TV tonight.‖The set gets turned on or the TV Guide gets pulled out. If it’s TV Guide, then the list of programs(most of which are repeats) is so unappealing that each member of the family says to himself that he remembers when TV Guide made an awful error in its program listings back in 1967 and maybe it has happened again.The set is turned on whether a good program is listed or not at that time. Chances are over 100 to 1 that there is nothing on that meets this or any family’s taste for that moment. But the medium meets their taste.The view(s) then slowly turns the channel selector, grumbling at each image he sees on the screen. Perhaps he’ll go around the dial two or three times before settling on one channel whose program is least objectionable.― Well, let’s watch this, ‖ someone in the family says. ―There’s nothing better on.‖ So they watch. No one thinks of jogging a couple of laps around the block or getting out the old Parcheesi board. They watch whatever is least objectionable.The programmers for the networks have argued that this is a ―most satisfying ‖ choice—not LOP(least objectionableprogram) . But if it were, then why would everybody be complaining and lying about TV viewing? I don’t deny that in some rare time periods, ―least objectionable‖is actually most satisfying, but the bulk of the time people are viewing they don’t particularly consider good, and tha t is why the medium is so powerful and rich.READING FOURTV AddictionThe word ―addiction‖ is often used loosely and wryly in conversation. People will refer to themselves as ―mystery book addicts‖ or ―cookie addicts.‖ E.B. White writes of his annual surge of interest in gardening: ―We are hook ed and are making an attempt to kick the habit.‖ Yet nobody really believes that reading mysteries or ordering seeds by catalogue is serious enough to becompared with addictions to heroin or alcohol. The word ―addiction‖ is here used jokingly to denote a tendency to overindulge in some pleasurable activity.People often refer to being ―hooked on TV.‖ Does this, too, fall into the lighthearted category of cookie eating and other pleasures that people pursue with unusual intensity, or is there a kind television viewing that falls into the more serious category of destructive addiction?When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug-taking. And yet the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a ―high‖ that normal life does not supply. It is only the inability to function without the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and anincreasing inability to function normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three drinks at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he ―doesn’t feel normal‖ without them.An addict does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to experience it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it less than complete. Other potential pleasurable experiences are no longer possible, for under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly distorted. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be temporarily sated, but soon it begins to crave again.Finally a serious addiction is distinguished from a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements. A heroin addicts, for instance, leads a damaged life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing does prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. Similarly an alcoholic’s is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.Let us consider television viewing in the lights of the conditions that define serious addictions.Not unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experiences allow the participant to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are as effectively deferred by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a ―trip‖ induced by drugs or alcohol. And just as alcoholics are only inchoately aware of there addiction, feeling that they can control their drinking more than they really do. (― I can cut it out anytime I wa nt—I just like to havethree or fou r drinks before dinner‖), people similarly overestimate their control over television watching. Even as they put off other activities to spend hour after hour watching television, they feel they could easily resume living in a different, less passive style. But somehow or other while the television set is present in there homes, the click doesn’t sound. With television pleasure s available, those other experiences seem less attractive, more difficult somehow.A heavy view er (a college English instructor) ob serves: ―I find television almost irresistible. When the set is on, I cannot ignore it. I can’t turn it off. I feel sapped, will-less, enervated. As I reach out to turn off the set, the strength goes out of my arms. So I sit there for hours and hours.‖The self-confessed television addict often feels he ―ought‖ to do other things—but the fact that he doesn’t read and doesn’t plant his garden or sew or crochet or play games or have conversations means that those activities are no longer as desirable as television viewing. In a way a heavy viewer’s life is as imbalanced by his television ―habit‖ as a drug addict’s or an alcoholic’s. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that almost any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure.Finally it is the adverse effect of television viewing on the lives of so many people that defines it as a serous addiction. The television habit distorts the sense of time. It renders other experiences vague and curiously unreal while taking on a greater reality for itself. It weakens relationships by reducing andsometimes eliminating normal opportunities for talking, for communicating.And yet television does not satisfy, else why would the viewer continue to watch hour after hour, day after day? ―The measure of heath,‖ writes Lawrence Kubie, ―is flexibility… and especially the freedom to cease when sated.‖ But the television viewer can never be sated with his television experiences--- they do not provide the true nourishment that satiation requires--- and thus he finds that he cannot stop watching.。

Pre-class Work II1. Paraphrase・1) No. 12: He came back to get back the knife・ After all, leaving his knife sticking out of the body is not a pleasant scene.No. 7: Especially when the person is one of his relatives・No. 4: Thafs not funny at all. Don't make any joke about it.2) No. 3:・..I've seen all kinds of cheating, lying and other dirty tricks in my life, but this littledemonstration is the worst I have ever seen.3) No. 7: ... How do you think about him (Juror No. 11)? He came to America to escape persecution,but now before he can take a deep breath, almost immediately, he is telling us America ns how to doeverything. really amazed why he should be so conceited and rude・4) No. 9: Your eyeglasses made two deep marks beside your nose.I haven't noticed it before・ I guess itmust be very annoying.No. 4: Yes, it is annoying.No. 9: I don't know what you feel about that, since my eyesight isperfect and 「ve never worn glasses・5) No. 3: You've showed unreasonable sympathy for those people. How terrible you all are・ Are you goingto frighten me not to vote him guilty? You can't・ I have the right to h01d my own point.2, Learn to use reference books.Find the correct definition of the following in the text.1) figure: to think; to guess2) beat: to arrive at the very spot3) bear: to prove4) stamp: to keep lifting each foot and bringing it down again very hard to make a noise5) room: chance6) term: a word or expression that has a particular meaning7) bridge: a card game for four players who play in pairs8) feature: a film being shown at a cinema9) tie: the result of a game, competition, or election in which two or more people get the same number ofpoints, votes, etc.10) impressions: marks3. Find the synonyms of the following in a thesaurus.1) crazy: insane, mad, unbalanced2) to bother: to annoy, to trouble, to dismay, to worry, to disquiet, to disturb, to upset, to plague, to try4. Word-building.I) Give the corresponding nouns of the following.(1) vote (2) assumption (3) dependence⑷ risk(5) objection (6) recreation (7) declaration(8) obscurity(9) plunge (10) description (11) annoyance (12) intimidation2) Give the corresponding verbs of the following.(1)to detect (2) to relate (3) to doubt 糾to differ(5) to display (6) to execute (7) to stress(8) to breathe(9) to disgust (10) to narrate (11) to switch3) Tran slate the following using your acquired rules of word-building and point out which "-ing"form denotes a gerund and which a present participle. Participles: (2), (4), (6), (8), (11), (12), (13), (15), (16), (17), (18), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27),(28), (30), (31), (32), (34), (39), (40), (42), (44), (45), (46), (47), (49), (50)Gerunds: all the rest4) Study how these words are formed and make your own discoveries of rules of word building.(4) Give the noun forms of the following.one's life(11) to break the tie (12) to give ademonstrationresistance competenceexistence dependenceconfidence intellige neeII. vocabulary 1. Translate 1) into English.brilliance evide nee reluctance More Work on the Text(1) to risk being criticized the evidence(3) to capture the tigerfact(5) to cover one's blunder recreate the seene(7) to stamp one's feet through one's fingers(9) to put oneself in sb/s place fragra neeviolencepersistence(2) to present(4) to twist the(6) to⑻ to skip(10) to run for(13) to obscure the truth (14) to take a deep breath(15) to run the country2) into Chinese・⑴铁证(2)合理的怀疑(3) 重施脂粉；浓妆艳抹(4)精神压力(5) 陪审团意见分歧，无法做出决定(6)刑事(民事)法庭⑺近(远)亲(8)最终判决(9)旧货店(10)辩护律师(11 )潜在威胁(12)滋生地2. Give synonyms and antonyms of the following・1) Give synonyms.(1) sure, certain(2) to catch, to arrest, to seize, to take prisoner(3) to calculate, to think, to believe, to presume, to guess(4) common, usual, ordinary, familiar(5) to join, to attach, tO combine, to unite, to link(6) drawing, map, plan, chart(7) show,demonstration, exhibition(8) beautifuL attractive, good-looking(9) terror,horror, great fear, fright, scare(10) mistake, error(11) to thrust, to attack, to hit at, to strike at, to charge(12) fuss, excitement, uproar, disturbance(13) strain, tension, pressure, burden(14) bad, awful, terrible, nasty, unpleasant(1 5)to terrify, to frighten, to make afraid, to bully2) Give antonyms.(1) near-sighted, short一sighted, myopic(2) illogical, irrational, inconsistent(3) old, ancient, outmoded, old一fashioned(4) valueless, worthless(Not： invaluable)(5) to reveal, to show,to clarify(6) tO approve, to agree, to accept, to welcome(7) peaceful(8) unconvinced, doubtful, uncertain(9) upward(10) expensive, costly, dear(11) dishonesty(12) educated, knowledgeable, well-informed(13) inconspicuous, unnoticeable, invisible(14) destructive3. Translate・1) More and more young people now favor the idea of spending their holidays traveling.2) I am still in favor of having my parents live with us in their old age.3) No facts have ever borne out the claim that with some methods one can learn a foreign language inweeks or mon ths.4) Today all state-owned enterprises must bear their responsibilities for their losses.5) He must be out of his mind to do that. How can you bear such an insult?6) I have been to many interesting places in the world in my day. But now that rm old, I still feel that "Eastand West, Home is Best".7) If you stick to these bad habits, you will risk losing your health.8) sick and tired of being told what to do with my personal life.9) If I should fail, am I entitled to a makeup exam?10) Under those pressures he still had the courage to stick to his theory.11) There was a nail sticking out of that chair. It tore my favorite pants.12) We must not run the risk of violating intellectual property rights.13) We can't bear seeing all this garbage around・ So we havedecided to clean it up ourselves・14) Stick this motto on the wall where we can all see・15) One of the issues that remain in question in the conflict between Israel and Palestine is the issue ofJerusalem.16) It remained me of how we all tried to make steel in our backyard stoves in 1958・17) He may have forgotten. I should have reminded him to attend this meeting,18) Please remind everybody that tomorrow's volleyball match has been put off.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.1) in 2) off 3) down on 4) out 5) into 6) out 7) aside8) apart 9) up 10) into 11) out, at 12) in 13) in, on 14) in, inGive verbs that can form collocations with the following nouns.1) to make, to see, to get, to gain, to score, to give, to prove, to lose, to win, to come to, to get to (a/thepoint)2) to make, to pass, to obey, to break, to enforce, to respect, to revise, to lay down (a/the law)3) to take, to change, to count, to have, to cast, to win, to get, to call for, to put to (a/the/one's vote)7. Choose the right words in their proper forms.8. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the four supplied in brackets.1) (1) incredibleincredible2) (1) announcedannounced(5) declare3) (1) arrested(4) captured4) (1) annoyeddisturb/bother(5) troubling (2) incredulously (4) incredulous (2) declared (4) declared (6) announced (2) caught ⑶ (3) captured (2) bother/disturb/annoy (3) (4) disturbed ⑹ trouble(2) why ⑶ heavy(1) within⑷ edge(5) lay (6) dark old ⑺something (8) though(9) which (10) had fallen (11) on the front of (12) until(13) asking (14) mind (15) about IIL Grammar1. Understand grammar in context: study the use of the modal + have done construction andpoint out the concept each conveys.(The perfect infinitive denotes a past action or condition. Whenit is used with modals, the concept itexpresses depends on the modal.)1) improbability of a past action 2) probability of a past action3) probability of a past action 4) probability of a past action5) possibility of a past action 6) probability of a past action7) possibility of a past condition/state 8) probability of a past action9) necessity of a past action 10)probability of a past action11) probability of a past action 12) subjective certainty of a past action13) probability of a past action 14) obligation for a past action15) probability of past actions2. Rewrite the following sentences using could (not), may (not), must, would (not), should(not) followed by a perfect infinitive・1) Use "could (not)".(1) could n't have run to the door in 15 seconds(2) couldn't have seen clearly who the murderer was(3) could n't have committed the crime since he was at home with his mother at the time(4) could n't have had a better time if you didn't invite us to this delightful party2) Use H may/might (not)M.(1) may have been right(2) may not have sent it(3) may/might have killed the father with a similar knife(4) may/might have left it behind in the train(5) may not have passed our message to him(6) might/may have been a spy working in the minister'soffice(7) might/may not have seen me(8) may/might not have seen the advertisement.3) Use “must”.(1) must have been written by a woman(2) must have been very exciting(3) must have been hard to get him to support the campaign(4) must have snowed all night(5) must have lied(6) must have happened between the two of them4) Use “would (not)”.(1) wouldn't have quarreled over such trivial matters(2) would have lied just to attract attention(3) wouldn't have stabbed downward(4) wouldn't have invested heavily in real estate in a country on the brink of a civil war(5) wouldn't have been defeated by a computer5) Use "should (not)”.(1) shouldn't have broken the sad news to her like that(2) should have told her the truth about her birth(3) shouldn't have walked all the way home(4) should have thought that/should have asked if3. Tran slate the senten ces using the "modal + have done" con structio n.1) When I looked at my watch, he must have guessed my thoughts ・2) It was so silent that you could have heard a pin drop・3) Don't worry. The children might have gone to their grandparents* place・4) You shouldn't have criticized your staff like that. They've done their best.5) I believe many other people would have done what I did under the circumstances・6) The druggist was a short man who could/might have been any age from fifty to a hundred・7) As all staff members had access to the information, any one of them could have downloaded thedocume nt.8) The man who saved two old ladies from a burning house said that others would have done the sameunder the circumstances.9) As his best friend, you should have advised Lao Wang to make up with his wife before it was too late.10) I definitely wouldn't have devoted all my time and energy to surfi ng on the Inter net as he did last4. Put in appropriate connectives・(I) and (2) but (3) that (4) Since⑸and (6) But(7) as (8) But (9) where (10) as (11) who (12) that5. Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely an swer.t) A 2) A 3) C 4) B 5) C 6) D 7) D 8) C 9)B10)A 11)C 12) D 13) C 14) D 15) CIV. Written WorkSummarize the reasonable doubts the jurors raise in this part of the play within 200 words.1) Juror No. 2 had a reas on able doubt about the downward angle of the stab wound. First, the boy was shorterthan his father. Second, anyone who was handy with the switch knife like the boy would use h underhand・The boy wouldn't have stabbed down.2) No. 9 doubted the eyesight of the woman who testified that she saw the killing take place・ She had markson the sides of her nose which could only be made by eyeglasses ・ As no one wears glasses in bed, shecouldn't have identified a person 60 feet away at night without wearing glasses・3) If the boy had killed his father he wouldn't have gone back three hours later to get his knife・ And hecouldn't have run out in a state of panic because then he would have had to be calm enough to wipe off hisfin gerprints ・4) The fact that the boy couldn't remember the names of the movies he said he saw on the night of the murdercouldn't be used as evidence against the boy either, because when No. 8 asked No. 4 the name of the movie hehad seen only a couple of days before, he couldn't answer accurately. ( 185 words.)。

If you're interested in meeting a person to date or even marry, how would you go about finding that special someone? In the past, you could go to a club and hope to run into someone interesting. or, you could ask your friends to fix you up with a blind date. You could also take out a personal advertisement.In a newspaper or pay a matchmaking serve to find someone suitable.These days, however, you can also sit down in front of your computer. And log on to one of a growing number of online dating services. In 2003, more than 45 million America visited at least one internet matchmaking website, such as match. com, or . These sites are steadily increasing in popularity as single people discover the advantages of finding potential mates in cyberspace.One benefit of online dating sites is the huge number of people to choose from. , the largest of these sites, offers 8 million profiles of individuals who are all looking for love. Yahoo! Personals is the second largest, with 2.9million subscribers. It would take months or years to meet 100 people you find interesting , but on the Internet, you can view 100 profiles in an hour. Then you can decide which ones you want to correspond with and you have many more chances of meeting an individual who is right for you.Online dating sites also allow you to search for people with very specific qualities, interests, or backgrounds and screen out those whodon’t have what you’re looking for. Many sites allow you to search for people with specific income levels, religious beliefs, or hobbies. By reading what other subscribers write about themselves, you can learn right away whether their interests and goals are similar to your own. Therefore, Internet dating services provide a more efficient way to assess potential compatibility.What’s more, a number of “niche” online dating sites are catering to even more specific tastes. If you want to meet people who have earned a minium of a master’s degree, you can go to . , a site where single pet lovers might meet a kindred , a meeting place for Jewish singles established in 1997, already has 350000 members. Psychologists say that such niche sites are particularly practical because they increase the increase the odds of finding the perfect match.Once you locate individuate who might be compatible withyou,Corresponding with them via the Internet is an efficient and effective way to get acquainted.By exchanging photos,messages, and even videos through e-mail, chat rooms, and personal websites, you can get a thorough understanding of potential partners’personalities and preferences. It’s true that cyberdating will not allow for an assessment of personal chemistry between two people; however, if they are encouraged by the information they gain during their correspondence with each other,two individuals can always arrange to meet in person to see if there’s spark. Cyberdating gives two people plenty of opportunities to get to know each other intellectually before entering into relationship.Yet another advantage of online dating services is the reduction of the costs involve in exploring possible new relationships. Some of these costs, of course, are financial. In traditional dating, a couple spends a lot of time and money on food and entertainment. But online dating provides people withe a sitting in which they can converse and become better acquainted without having to spend any money. Cyberdating also reduces the emotional and metal costs of getting to know others face-to-face. Meeting someone through the Internet significantly reduces the awkwardness that often comes with meeting in individual in person. Later, if one partner decides to end a relationship that existed only online, the break is often easier on both parties because they don’t have as much invested as they might have in a traditional dating situation.The best reason, though, to try online fating services is probably the undeniable success found by many other cyberdaters. Word is spreading that participation in these sites does indeed lead to a new romance, for a growing number of Americans, cyberdating is also resulting in marriage. And as more and people prove that online dating services are not just for losers,the embarrassment of advertising for a partner online is rapidly fading.Three are about 85 million single people in the United States alone. Many of them are becoming disillusioned with traditional methods of finding a soul mate. Others--such as busy professionals,single parents, and physically disabled people--just need better ways to connect with others. It appears that the Internet will be able fulfill some of their needs.。

Unit 6 阅读IHuman and Nature导读：自然—人类赖以生存的环境，我们应该珍惜和保护。

然而，我们为了自己的利益，却在有意或无意破坏它，甚至达到令人震惊的程度。

Nature, the environment which human beings live by, is magnificent and unique. There is only one earth with super living conditions in the universe. We should have cherished nature and preserved it. Conversely, however, we have been continually spoiling it, even to a shocking degree. Now let’s see what we have done.Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, which has caused soil erosion. Hundreds of thousands of tons of CFCS have been left in the higher sky in the last decade which has led to the ozone layer leak above the South pole that covers an area of that of the United States. Million tons of fuels containing nitrogen and sulphur have been consumed per year, which has eventually resulted in acid rain throughout the world.Similarly, ecology has been affected as well. And considerable number of species have been extinct. As the years go by, many creatures which were common in the past are becoming less and less, even rare. The Tibet antelope, for instance, is a good example. Since the antelopes of Tibet have a part of fur on their body which can be made into precious cape, driven by some lawless dealers many villagers killed antelopes excessively and shockingly for the large sums of fortune. Because of this, the number of the ante lopes of Tibet has sharply fallen from over one million to less than one hundred thousand. And what’s more, the number has now decreased by 20 thousand peryear. Qing Zang Plateau, which was their homeland, is their tombs now.This is how nature has suffered what we have done to it. However, nature suffered a lot. She lost her temper and could no longer possibly put up with humans. She gave humans harsh punishment, which she thought they deserved. The acid rain has caused the loss of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertification, soil is becoming more and more barren. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many strange diseases. Those are all the punishment of nature to human’s pollution. On the other hand, human beings suffer a lot as well.So it leads to a series of questions.Why can’t we live harmoniously with nature?Why can’t we set a balance between human and nature?Why can’t we pay more attention to nature and try to reserve it?Therefore, before we take immediate measures to do something, we should be aware of the fact that “Conquering the nature” will never be our goal. Instead, we should take the nature as our intimate friend. Preserving nature is not only preserving our home, but the civilization of human community as well.注解：1.conversely adv.相反地，反过来2.erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀3.desertification n.沙漠化4.barren adj.贫瘠的5.civilization n.文明II导读：毫无疑问，人类活动对地球产生了很大的影响。