passage 1--Europe’s Early Sea Trade With Asia

剑桥雅思真题解析阅读9(test3)雅思阅读部分一直都是中国考生比较重视的题目，并且也是很有难度的题目，针对于雅思阅读真题资料也是大家需要重点分析的。

今天智课网小编就给大家带来了关于剑桥雅思阅读9及真题解析(test3)的内容，一起来分析一下吧。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Attitudes to languageIt is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference topronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations fr om it are said to be ‘incorrect’.All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the la nguage. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe —to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, wealready find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms —of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.3 Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy inthe 18th century.5 Prescriptivism still exists today.6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.Questions 9-12Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.The language debateAccording to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.Conversely, the view of 11 ______, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 ______.A descriptivistsB language expertsC popular speechD formal languageE evaluationF rulesG modern linguists H prescriptivists I changeQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar booksB. to present a historical account of differing views of languageC. to describe the differences between spoken and written languageD. to show how a certain view of language has been discreditedREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Tidal PowerUndersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the futureA. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, unlike wind, the tid es are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.B. Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power —and at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under the sea,and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.C. Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: ‘The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.D. A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikelyto be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.E. Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.F. One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.’Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 the location of the first test site15 a way of bringing the power produced on one site backinto Britain16 a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy17 mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industryQuestions 18-22Choose FIVE letters, A-J.Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?A It is a more reliable source of energy than wind power.B It would replace all other forms of energy in Britain.C Its introduction has come as a result of public pressure.D It would cut down on air pollution.E It could contribute to the closure of many existing power stations in Britain.F It could be a means of increasing national income.G It could face a lot of resistance from other fuel industries.H It could be sold more cheaply than any other type of fuel.I It could compensate for the shortage of inland sites for energy production.J It is best produced in the vicinity of coastlines with particular features.Questions 23-26Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.An Undersea TurbineREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Information theory-the big ideaInformation theory lies at the heart of everything —from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our livesA. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1997, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.B. It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just ayear earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes — any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.C. This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false —which can be captured in the binary unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place. In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference —‘noise’ — intact.D. Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalses this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This ratedepends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given singal strength and noise leve. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up —‘coding’ — information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity —‘bandwidth’ — of the communication system being used.E. Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life — such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes —which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.F. Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannonshowed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27 an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information28 an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted29 a reference to Shannon’s attitude to fame30 details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information31 a detailed account of an incident involving information theory32 a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his researchQuestions 33-37Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.The Voyager 1 Space ProbeThe probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ wereabout to stop working.The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ —but distance made communication with the probe difficult.A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passge 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test3)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：对语言的态度对于语言进行系统、客观的研究并不容易。

托福阅读的常见文章结构类型了解托福阅读的常见文章结构类型，对我们做托福阅读题会有帮助，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读的常见文章结构类型，望喜欢!托福阅读的常见文章结构类型托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试，无论是阅读还是听力，所涉及的篇章都是属于学术性的，尤其是阅读这一部分，根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说，阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书，一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对"学术性文章"的理解程度。

而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。

对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气。

但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。

所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。

以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。

2009级CET4训练阅读答案Part I 快阅参考答案.文章首先简单介绍了欧元的历史；然后详细地对其在欧盟各国使用的利弊予以讨论.1. C）【定位】由题干中On January 1, 2002可定位到第一段首句On January 1, 2002, the Euro became the single currency of 12 member states of the European Union.【精析】段落首句处设题.本题考查欧元的使用对其成员国的影响.根据原句可知，欧元成为十二个成员国的the single currency, 这与C)项意思相符，故选C).2. D）【定位】由题干中the critical moment 和the creation 可定位到第五段首句After many false starts, the process of creating the Euro got its real start in 1989, when the Delors Report was published…【精析】复杂句理解处设题.本题考查什么事件标志着欧元的真正创立.根据句中when引导的非限制性定语从句可知其中的the Delors Report 即为本题答案.因此D)项正确. 3．A）【定位】由题干中price becomes equal 可定位到第八段第二句With price equalization across borders, businesses have to be more competitive. 其中price equalization与题干关键词对应.【精析】事实细节处设题.本题考查如果各国货价相同会发生什么情况.根据原句可知，如果各国货价相同，商业会更具竞争性.因此A)项与原文相符，是本题答案.4. B)【定位】由题干中easy for people to work in other member counties 可定位到十一段末句With a single currency, it is less difficult for people to cross into the next country to work, because their salary is paid in the same currency they use in their own country.【精析】因果关系处设题.本题考查为何欧元的使用使人们在不同国家找工作变得容易起来.原句because 从句给出了本题答案，B)与原文相符，即为答案.5. C）【定位】由题干中Euros are used in the European membership countries可定位到第十四段第二句This has further meanings in that it promotes trade with less restriction internationally, as well as strengthens the European financial markets.【精析】关系代词指代处设题.本题考查欧元在成员国使用对财政造成影响.根据上下文意，句中This 即是题干所指.据该处内容可推知，欧元在欧盟国家间的使用strengthens the European financial markets.C）项与原文相符.6. A）【定位】由题干中the interest rates可定位到关于the Euro’s advantages下的第十六段首句Because of the decreased exchange-rate risk, the Euro encourages lower interest rates.【精析】事实细节处设题.本题考查欧元对利率的影响.根据原文可知，该影响在于encourages lower interest rates，因此A)项与原文相符.7. D）【定位】由题干中The transition可定位到关于disadvantages的第十八段第二句The cost of transitioning 12 countries’ currencies over to a single currency could in itself be considered a disadvantage.【精析】段落主旨处设题.本题考查欧元的使用给各国带来的不利影响.本段首句点明各国转而使用欧元的代价很高，会给各国带来不利影响，后面各句是支持性细节，举例说明这种影响.可知D）项中a burden 与原文意思相符，是本题答案.8. the European Central Bank【定位】由题干中interest rates are adjusted 可定位到第十九段最后两句The Euro makes interest-rate adjustments by individual countries impossible…controlled by the European Central Bank.【精析】此处要求填入名次性短语作介词by 的宾语.本题考查使用欧元后各国对利率的调整如何进行.根据原段最后两句可知，以前这项工作由individual countries 进行，而如今使用欧元后，由the European Central Bank进行调整.因此该短语为本题答案.9. an individual national currency【定位】由题干中The method of economic recovery可定位到第二十段第三句Since there is no longer an individual national currency, this method of economic recovery is also lost.【精析】此处要求填入名词性短语作without的宾语.本题考查各国以前进行经济恢复的手段.根据原句可知without 后内容表明原因，与原句中since从句内容对应.将其中主要成分an individual national currency提出即为本题答案.10. adjustments in government spending【定位】由题干中adjust to economic ups and downs可定位到第二十一段首句A third way they could adjust to economic shocks was through adjustments in government spending…【精析】此处要求填入名词性短语作介词through的宾语.根据原文可知，原句through 短语部分的内容adjustments in government spending与题干要求相符，故该短语即为答案.1. B2. C3. A4. C5. D.6. C7. B8. overall white women9. the beauty industry’s standards本文首先比较传统的作物培育方法和转基因培育作物的方法，然后讨论转基因作物及食物给人类以及自然带来的利弊，最后指出人类必须密切关注转基因技术的发展及其影响. 1. A)［定位］由题干中的conventional breeding和main difference定位到本文第四段.［精析］段首设题.这段明确指出，传统种植过程是在物种之间或者非常相近的物种间进行杂交；GM crops的基因可以取自非常相近的物种，甚至是细菌和病毒.A）项为正确答案.B）项认为传统种植不可预测，而基因培植可以预测，由原文第二段anisms...through genetic modification.... However, this technology too is inherently unpredictable知该项陈述错误；C）项认为农民用传统种植法，科学家用基因培植法，这与科学家致力于推广该技术的表述不符；D）项认为传统种植法时间长，但基因法短暂，这不是主要的区别.2. A)［定位］由选项的herbicide-resistant，drought-tolerant和salt-tolerant定位到Herbicide-resistant crops这一部分.［精析］段落中设题.由该部分下前两句"So what other advantages do GM crops hold for farmers? GM crops can be produced to be herbicide-resistant."知A）选项正确；第二段首句"Biotechnology companies are even experimenting with crops that can be genetically modified to be drought and salt-tolerant."知C）项陈述错误.B）、D）两项文中没有提及.3. B)［定位］由题干中的genetically modified animals定位到Better Quality Foods这一部分的第一段.［精析］段首设题.由首句"Even animals can be genetically modified to be leaner, grow faster, and need less food."知A）、C）两项的陈述与原文陈述相悖，由本段最后一句"Modified crops could perhaps prevent outbreaks such as foot and mouth disease..."知D）项陈述专指转基因食物可以防止口蹄疫，D）项陈述也不符合原文；B）项认为这类动物可以提高产量，即本段第三句"These modifications again lead to improved productivity for farmers"，故B）项为正确答案.4. D) ［定位］由题干中的GM salmon定位到Better Quality Foods小标题下的第二段第二句.［精析］举例处设题.由"GM salmon, capable of growing almost 30 times faster than natural salmon"知A）项陈述不正确；由...without a single study on the impact on human health or the environment"知转基因鲑鱼有可能会对环境和健康造成威胁，C）项陈述不正确、D）项陈述正确.B）项在本段没有提及.5. A)［定位］由题干中的environmental damage定位到Environmental damage这一部分.［精析］段首设题.由该部分下第一段的前两句"The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in, say, 20 years time....GM crop tests focus on short-term effects."可知主要原因是目前的转基因作物的试验着眼于短期影响，无法预知长远的影响.B）、C）项的表述与原文不符；D）项陈述的是可能的结果不是原因，而且与环境没有直接的关系.故A）为正确答案.6. D)［定位］由题干中risks和GM crops定位到Risks: the other side of the debate这一部分.［精析］标题处设题.该部分下设三个小标题，分别为：Environmental damage，Risk to food web和Disease.故文章共提到3个潜在危险.D）项为正确答案.7. A)［定位］需要迅速浏览全文，注意标题和小标题.［精析］作者态度题.该文的标题为The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods，同时陈述时有两方对立的观点，即Benefits: one side of the debate和Risks: the other side of the debate.由此可知作者在转基因食品的问题上是比较客观的，A）项为正确答案.8. built-in pesticides［定位］由题干中的eat GM crops和poisoned定位到Risk to food web小标题下的第二句GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. 和第三句The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides.［精析］此处需填名词性成分或者动名词.题干将第二和第三个句子重新改写，第二句话中的主语GM crops放到第三句话中充当the animals 的定语，所以此处应该填写名词性成分built-in pesticides.9. their genetic modification of a plant［定位］由题干中的Marker genes定位到Disease小标题下的第四句Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful.［精析］此处需填名词性成分.题干将原文的被动句Marker genes are used by scientist 改写成主动句Scientists relied on...，并且把原文中的use, determine分别用同义词rely on，test代替；空前给出一个介词of，故可推断空格处应填名词形式，结合原文可知应填写their genetic modification of a plant.10. safety and environmental impacts［定位］由题干中的Friends of the Earth定位到文章末段末句...Friends of the Earth who demand required labeling of these food products and independent testing for safety and environmental impacts.［精析］此处需填名词.题干将原文中定语从句改写成一个that引导的宾语从句；题干中的claim和原文的demand对应；空格前给出一个介词for，故可推断后面是名词形式，结合原文可知应填写safety and environmental impacts.3 D4 D5 C6 B7 D8. the challenges of married life9. room for individualism10. the entrance of the beautiful bridePart II 仔细阅读选择题答案1. [D] 推理判断题.作者一开始就指出apple-polishing 目的在于win friendship or specialtreatment，结合文章在第3段中举出的一些例子，可以推出apple-polishing 很少用于形容上级对下级或长辈对晚辈，因此选项 D 中老师表扬学生的做法并不属于apple-polishing.选项A,B和C都是与文章中所举例子类似的apple-polishing事件.2. [A] 推理判断题.本题考查例子与观点的关系.文章中的实例通常是为了证明作者的观点.作者在此处以政治家克伦威尔为例，是用来证明该段的主题句，即第2段第1句.其他选项都与本文的主题无关，也就是说，与本文作者想要说明的观点无关.3. [D] 推理判断题.由文章第3段可知，apple-polish和soft-soap是同义词，而flattery是soft-soap的另一个途径，由此可以推断出答案.本题最具干扰的选项是A,第5段第2句虽然提到get carried away by it，但作者并未说明“Too much flattery can carry us away”，因此选项A不正确.第4段最后一句与第5段第1句表明选项B和C不对.4. [B] 事实细节题.本题考查例证处.文章第6段第3句的got tird 点明了卡努特国王此举的原因.本题最具干扰的选项是D,但是，虽然该选项可在最后一段的最后一句找到，只要对比选项和句子就可以发现，选项只包含了句子一半的内容，概括性不够. 5. [C] 推理判断题.从第5段的第1句可以推断出答案.选项A,B和D缺乏原文依据.1. [B] 事实细节题.第2段第3句是一个表示对比的句子，表明了找工作应该specific,而不应该random，由此可确定B是正确选项.本题较具干扰性的是选项C，但是specific（明确的）并不表示找工作的计划应该fixed（不能改变），而且fixed与第2句中的compromise（折中）表达的意思矛盾，因此，选项C不正确. 2. [C] 词义推断题.本题可用排除法通过对比得出正确答案.文中第3段第2句列举了安排面试的方法，选项A其实与本句第三个方法中的companies所指一致，选项B指的是提供网上搜索服务的公司，与句中的两个方法重叠了，选项D根本不能表达search的意思,所以只有C是正确的.38. [D]推理判断题.本题考查复合句的理解.从倒数第2段第3句的定语从句可见，和高一层次的人物交谈，主要是他们具有你所不具备的insights，由此可推断出和他们交谈可以向他们学习，即选项D.选项A和B中因为有hire 一词，因此看起来与原文有相似之处，但是选项A和B中的will 表示的语气过于绝对，与原文中be in a good position (易于)不相符.4. [A] 事实细节题.选项A是对文章倒数第3句和最后一句中的confidence, persistent和positively 等说法的近义替换.最具干扰性的选项是B,该选项与文章中第5段Make it your full time job在形式上很接近，但是该句的意思并不是建议找一份全职的工作，而是说要把求职当做一份工作那样认真对待.5. [D] 主旨大意题.文章开头第一句即点明全文中心-----想找到理想的工作，请尝试以下策略；接着文章每一段分别指出一条策略，每一条都用简洁的祈使句句式表达，使读者对文章要点一目了然.最具干扰性的选项是A, 文章的前半部分都是与interview 有关的，但是interview的策略也只是文章的部分内容，而不能概括全文，因此A 不正确.1.C)deprives us of leisure time对应原文第一句but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves. 选项A是与作者想法完全相反的; 选项B虽有章可循, 但要注意原文是it strains our nerves when we try to get things done perfectly, 而非it直接urges us to get things done punctually; 选项D要看清, 原文是a different conception of time而非a perfect concept of time.2. C)more emphasis on efficiency对应原文第二段第一句The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. 通过第一段可以看出, 与efficiency对立的是this kind of glorious and magnificent idling, 而industrial life又forbids, 自然说明industrial life gives rise to more emphasis on efficiency.3. D)Americans ought not to work so hard for efficiency. 排除法: A)Chinese workers come to work when it is convenient不符合原文()中的内容; B)all Americans are forced to be efficient against their will语气太重, 不是被强迫讲求效率, 也不是违背自己意愿, 只是为了适应工业社会; C)Chinese engineers are on better terms with the management不属于本文讨论范畴.4. A)great confusion对应原文(This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)5. C)every on should have some time to spend as he pleases, 这是4个选项中唯一一个符合is implied but NOT stated两个条件的. A选项有被直接提及, B选项reluctant是不愿的意思, 而本文并非讨论愿不愿的问题, D选项being punctual is an undesirable habit which should not be formed, 黑体部分分别为守时和不良习惯的意思, 显然不是作者本意.答案：C C D A B直到20世纪80年代，美国无家可归的人口主要包括的还是年龄较大的男性.现在，社会上年龄较小的一些人也面临无家可归的威胁.的确，美国市长会议在1987年对25个城市进行了一项调查，结果表明，在无家可归的人口中，儿童的增长比例是最快的.许多无家可归的儿童都聚集在城市的中心地带.其中学龄儿童四处流浪，饱受惊吓.这给已经负担考试大过重的城市教学和教学管理带来了许多额的外的麻烦，其中既涉及法律问题又涉及教育问题.美国无家可归的人口数量估计在35万到300万人之间.同样，无家可归的学龄儿童人数也无法做出准确的估计.一份根据各州估计数字而得出的美国教法的育部的报告指出，有22万无家可归的学龄儿童，其中约有三分之一没有按规定上学.然而国家关于无家可归人员的联盟会却估计，这样的儿童人数至少还应该多一倍，其中半数以上没有正常入学.有一部分无家可归的人口尤其难以统计，就是那些遭家庭遗弃的“浪荡”少年.据纽约小学中心估计，这样的人口有150万左右.其中还有许多小孩没有估计进去，因为这些小孩不呆在安全的家中，却往往独自在街头流浪.联邦法律(1987年斯图尔德•B•麦肯尼无家可归人员救助法案)有一部分专门指出了无家可归儿童的教育需要.法案中有关于教育的条款所.D，C，B，C，A大家都害怕癌症，这种恐慌正在蔓延开来.倒不是惧怕癌症本身，癌症也并非流行病.除了主要由于抽烟引起的肺癌之外，癌症的发病率不但稳定下来，而且有些还正在减少.但人们却都谈“癌”色变，陷入一种惶恐不安之中.地球本身看上去就越来越像一个巨大的致癌物.有一种多多少少带点科学性的普遍说法，认为80%到90%的癌症都是由于环境中的物质引起的.也就是说，直到把整个环境都“清洁干净”，我们才没有危险.然而，数据所说明的真正含义根本不是这样.80%这个数据是基于全球不同地区癌症发病率的差异统计出来的.比如，非洲和远东地区肝癌比例高，日本胃癌比例高，西欧和北美乳腺癌比例高，但是日本和非洲部分地区乳腺癌病例较少，美洲肝癌病例也较少.这些差异使人难于置信.这些数据表明，不同地区癌症的发病率可能受到环境中某些具体和特殊的影响，其实这种影响主要是由个人的生活方式决定的.所以数据不能说明全部情况.如果把所有病例合计起来，也许各地总体发病率都大致相同.Part III 仔细阅读选词填空答案1. [G] 此处应为形容词，表明continue的状态.由本句的almost和下一句的the onlydifference可知这种情况几乎没有改变，只有unchanged最合适.2. [B] 此处应为名词.本句提到的industries and family businesses, hotel, restaurants等都是小孩受雇的地方，由此可以推断空白处为employment.3. [M] 此处应为形容词或副词.词库中没有符合本句句意的形容词，因此答案应从副词中寻找.作者在列举了一系列小孩受雇的地方后，把farm放在最后是为了强调，particularly 就是答案.4. [H] 此处应为动词，可与from搭配.本文说的是童工问题.工作对童工来说都是折磨，本句中的labor practices和下一句中的are forced to 都暗示了这一点，因此空白处应为suffer.5. [D] 此处应为形容词，修饰work.从本句Although一词形成的对比关系可以推断，空白处的形容词与主句中的harmful应为词意相反的单词，词库中只有light既符合本句的句意，也符合本句要求的词义色彩.6. [E].此处应为副词，作全句的状语.本句表明童工的情况现在仍然存在于亚洲，因此答案为recently.7. [I]此处应为名词.本句中的overcrowded和unhealthy都表明童工的工作条件,因此空白处应为表明“条件”的名词，即conditions.8. [O] ]此处应为名词.从下一句提到的The children ... receive nothing可以推断本句表明童工的工资付给了他们的父母或年长的亲人，因此payment 是本题答案.9. [F] 此处应为名词.句中提到的better laws, greater supervision和heavier fines等都表明这些是解决童工问题的方法.因此答案为solution.10. [L] 此处应为形容词，修饰time一词.本句表明解决童工问题，儿童就能重获美好的时光，因此空白处应是一个积极意义的形容词，词库中只有valuable符合词性、词义与色彩的要求.1.选D）. 由or可知，此处应填名词，并且所填名词和stress词语词性相同，选项中有anxiety和aspiration，但由最后一段中worrying more可推出，压力会给运动员造成过多的焦虑，而不是渴望，故排除aspiration而选anxiety.2.选I）.由or可知，此处应填动词的现在分词形式，且表达的意思应与quitting相近，故排除选项中的enjoying而选dropping“不再做（某事）”.3.选N）.此处应填形容词.从原文“成长过程的最初几年是了解自己的……时期.”可选项有cautious和critical，由后文中的valuable experiences和be used throughout their lives可推出，成长的最初几年是了解自己的关键时期，而不是谨慎时期.故排除cautious而选critical.4.选G）.此处应填动词，且能与with构成搭配.可选项有settle和cooperate，而settle with sb. 意为“同某人解决（法律上的争端）",显然不符合题意，因此选cooperate“合作”.5.选H）.此处应填副词.可选项有greatly和hardly，由take……to heart可推出，教练和父母的反馈信息会极大地影响年轻运动员，故排除hardly而选greatly.6.选F）.由also可知，此处应填与aware对应的形容词.因此，可选项有cautious和critical，但that从句解释的是参与体育运动不能成为孩子们的工作，故只有cautious符合题意.7.选A）.此处应填名词.由that可知，此处应填与outcome意思相反的词，故只有process“过程”符合题意，选项中procedure强调的是“程序”，故排除.8.选C）.由句中的instead of可知，此处应填动词的现在分词形式.根据worrying和instead of可推出，此处应填与worrying意思相反的词，因此，选项中只有enjoying符合题意.9.选L）.此处应填动词，且能与on构成搭配.可选项有settle和focus，但从句意来理解，比赛后，许多父母和教练……比赛结果，而且总是在挑剔年轻人在比赛中的表现.settle on“决定，同意：，显然与句意不符，故排除settle而选focus，focus on在此意为“看重". 10.选B）.此处应填形容词.但选项中的形容词有high和intense，应为这个形容词由来修饰名词level，而intense表示“紧张的，强烈的”不能用来修饰level，故选择high.1.选O）.此处应填形容词.前文中说人们正在失去放松的休闲方式，But转折表明作者对relaxation的重视态度，只有essential“必须的，重要的”符合文意.2.选E）.此处应填动词.前句说Stress is a natural part of everyday life“压力是日常生活中很自然的一部分”，说明人们不能避免压力.选项中只有avoid的意思为“避免，消除”，故E）avoid正确.3.选J）.此处应填名词.前面说有压力并不是坏事，适当的压力能给人以动力，能赋予人生活的意义.只有在什么时候，压力才会导致人们表现不佳，身体不好.根据上下文可知get out of control“压力失控”的时候，才会有不好的结果，故选J）control.4.选B）.此处应填名词.前句中not afraid of stress“不怕压力”是一些人的性格特点，选项中可以表示人的性格特点的词只有characters，故选B）.5.选I）.此处应填形容词，修饰名词difficulties.一些人遇到……的困难就灰心丧气，选项中的形容词中，unusual“不同寻常的”可以说明困难的程度，故选择I）.6.选F）.此处应填副词，与physically相对应，在此physically作为“身体上的”解释.选项中的副词有chemically“化学地”和psychologically“精神地”，很明显两个副词中选择F）psychologically.7.选G）.此处应填形容词，修饰名词days.…days与后文中的today相对应，形成对比.选项中的是primitive，即将人类的早期和人类的今天做比较，故选G）.而N）backward 说明的是社会发展的状态，不符合原文意思.8.选M）.此处填名词.前句说，在人类的早期，选择不同就意味着生与死的差别；而现在人们碰到的危机不可能那样极端.后面but转折，说明了不管是压力的大小，人们都是在“避免”和“战斗”之间选择，下句中的such a reaction也可以说明人们对压力的反应是一样的，选项中的名词answer和response中，M）response=reaction符合文意.9.选A）.根据上题，这种反应长时间持续的原因就是长时间的面对压力，选项中的exposure“暴露的状态，受影响”符合上下文意思，故选择A）exposure.10.选K）.此处要填动词原形，和from构成动介搭配.人们应想办法应对压力，而不是将它……出人们的生活.选项中的transfer表示“转移”不符合原文意思；remove“移动，移除”可以和from连用，表示“除掉，移开”，符合原文意思，故选K）.1-10 C J E I H F A D B G。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia托福阅读原文【1】In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.【2】The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas-the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects theimmensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.【3】The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.【4】The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.【5】A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sealanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.托福阅读试题1.The word impetus in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.Return.B.Opportunity.C.Stimulus.D.Obstacle.2.According to paragraph 1, why was it necessary to find a new way for European merchants to reach the East?A.People in China were finally ready to trade with Europeans.B.The European economy was failing because there was no trade with the East.C.Traditional ways of trading with the East had become very costly.mercial routes over land had become blocked because of political events.3.According to paragraph 2, what was the main difficulty Europeans had to overcome in order to develop a new way of trading with the East?A.Europeans were unwilling to invest in large-scale commercial ventures.B.Europeans lacked the means for navigating long distances across oceans.C.Europeans were unwilling to experiment with new business techniques.D.Europeans lacked knowledge about the commercial methods of otherpeoples.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce.B.The profits that could be created by sea trade between East and West were immense compared with the investment required to develop such trade.C.The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West had for investors seeking great profits.D.Because people made large investments in sea commerce between East and West. They expected to make immense profits.5.The word dramatically in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.Artificially.B.Greatly.C.Immediately.D.Regularly.6.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirablein Europe in the Middle Ages because theyA.were easily transported in large quantities.B.could not be produced in European countries.C.could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines.D.were expected to increase in value over time.7.According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements comparing the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT:A.The caravel had fewer masts than the galley.B.The caravel had a wider hull than the galley.C.The caravel could carry more cargo than the galley.D.The caravel was more stable in rough water than the galley.8.According to paragraph 3, what did the lateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?A.It provided stability for the front part of the ship.B.It made it possible for the hull to be wider and deeper.C.It added considerably to the speed of the wind-driven ship.D.It improved the capacity of the ship to be guided.9.In paragraph 4 Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compassA.To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.B.To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe.C.To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible.D.To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved.10.The word refined in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning topleted.B.Improved.C.Drawn.D.Checked.11.The word norms in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.purposes.B.skills.C.activities.D.rules.12.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the maritime code developed in Europe in the fourteenth century?A.It mapped out lanes in the seas for trading ships to follow.B.It defined the ways in which people should behave at sea.C.It replaced an earlier code that could not be adapted to the sea trade with the East.D.It gave instructions on how to navigate a ship.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? They were highly valued for a couple of reasons.The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. ■【A】Spices were the most sought-after commodities. ■【B】Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. ■【C】But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Because land routes to Asia had been cut off in the fourteenth century. Europeans had to find a new way to trade with Asia.A.Reports by travelers indicated that people in Asia were interested in renewing trade with Europeans.B.For trade in Asian goods such as spices to be profitable,these items needed to be transported in large quantities by sea.C.European galleys were able to bring Asian goods across with these items needed to be transported in large quantities by Indian Ocean and around the African coastline.D.Wind-driven caravels were developed to carry cargo across the oceans.E.The development of maps, navigational instruments, and a maritime code of conduct provided crucial elements for long-distance navigation.F.Europeans wanted to import spices from Asia in order to improve the taste of food and to make perfumes and medicines.托福阅读答案1.impetus推动，促进，推动力，所以C的stimulus正确。

一带一路英文作文一带一路英文作文“一带一路”相关的国家基于但不限于古代丝绸之路的范围，各国和国际、地区组织均可参与，让共建成果惠及更广泛的区域。

以下是要给大家介绍的一带一路英文作文，欢迎各位的参考!一带一路英文作文【1】The Belt and Road Initiative is in line with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. It upholds the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.The Initiative is open for cooperation. It covers, but is not limited to, the area of the ancient Silk Road. It is open to all countries, and international and regional organizations for engagement, so that the results of the concerted efforts will benefit wider areas.The Initiative is harmonious and inclusive. It advocates tolerance among civilizations, respects the paths and modes of development chosen by different countries, and supports dialogues among different civilizations on the principles of seeking mon ground while shelving differences and drawing on each other’s strengths, so that all countries can coexist in peace for mon prosperity.The Initiative follows market operation. It will abide by market rules and international norms, give play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and the primary role of enterprises, and let the governments perform their due functions.The Initiative seeks mutual benefit. It ac modates the interests and concerns of all parties involved, and seeks aconjunction of interests and the “biggest mon denominator” for cooperation so as to give full play to the wisdom and creativity, strengths and potentials of all parties.一带一路英文作文【2】Now China’s President Xi Jinping is bringing it into the 21st century under the name: “Belt and Road Initiative”。

托福阅读文章分类本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态\环境学社会科学：艺术、历史\考古学、心理\生理学、社会学自然科学一、地质学冰川类1.OG：Green Icebergs2.TPO 15：Glacier Formation3.TPO 19：Discovering the Ice Ages地质类1.OG：Desert Formation2.OG：Geology and Landscape3.TPO 01：Groundwater4.TPO 03：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer5.TPO 07：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean6.TPO 12：Water in the Desert7.TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8.TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9.TPO 24：Lake Water10. TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands11. TPO 29: The History of Waterpower二、天文学火星类1.TPO 08：Running Water on Mars2.TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1.TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2.TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1.Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2. TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3.TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4.TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5.TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants6.TPO 22：Spartina7. TPO 29: Competition二、动物学动物特点1.OG：Swimming Machines2.OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3.TPO04：Deer Population of the Puget Sound4.TPO 13：Biological Clock5.TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6.TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship7.TPO27: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8.TPO27: Predator-Prey Cycle9.TPO 30: Role of Play in Development10.TPO 30: The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物变化1.Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2.TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3.TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4.TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1.TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2. TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation3.TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings4.TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1.TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2.TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3.TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1.Sample：Electricity from Wind2.TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3.TPO 10：Variations in the Climate4.TPO 18：Lightning5.TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1.Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2.TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3.TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4.TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5.TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6.TPO 27: Crafts in the Ancient New East建筑/戏剧/电影/1.OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2.TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3.TPO02：Early Cinema4.TPO03：Architecture5.TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6.TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1.OG：Artisans and Industrialization2.TPO 06：Powering the Industrial Revolution3.TPO 18：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia4.TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1.TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2.TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3.TPO 16：Trade and the Ancient Middle East4.TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5.TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1.TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2.TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3.TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1.OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics inThe United States2. TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan3.TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece4.TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5.TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6.TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East7.TPO 29: Characteristics of Roman Army人口变化特点1.TPO 05：The Origins of the Pacific Island People2.TPO 09：Colonizing the Americas Via The Northwest Coast3.TPO 20：Westward Migration4.TPO 20：Early Settlement in the Southwest Asia5.TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1.OG：Aggression2.OG：The Expression of Emotion3.TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4.TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5.TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6.TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7.TPO 24：Breathing during Sleep四、社会学1. TPO 14：Children and Advertising2.TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching3.TPO 13：Types of Social Groups其他学科类1.OG：Loie Fuller2.TPO 06：William Smith3.TPO 16：Development of the Periodic Table4.TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?5.TOP 28: Early Saharan Pastoralists6.TPO 30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock。

托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?以上就是关于托福阅读文章话题匹配(更新至TPO 26)的详细内容，希望对考生们复习托福阅读有所帮助，400-080-6358。

朗阁海外考试研究中心Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations1新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心考试日期2014.03.23 Passage 1Title: 远古鱼向陆地动物的进化（2012.09.02旧题）大致内容讲鱼类如何逐步进化到可以上岸。

文章以一种名字很长的鱼举例，并且还附上了这种鱼的图片，其中有个单词Devonian 是泥盆纪的意思。

讲了水下环境的变化，干湿交替等。

有一个出题点，说该鱼是有肺的，而且在干旱条件下可以辅助gill 呼吸。

然后出现间歇性干旱，死了好多鱼（有题），in addition 水生植物也都出来了，有些鱼为了食物就学会了上岸。

还讲了这种鱼类的fin 可以支撑它们移动，但一般仅仅是从一个环境差的池塘移动到另一个环境好的池塘（有题）。

最后还说这种鱼最与众不同的是骨骼结构（有题）。

Passage 2Title: 欧洲工业革命的影响大致内容欧洲工业革命对于人们的生活和社会产生的影响，欧洲1400-1500年间经济蓬勃发展的原因。

The society relied more on market. The income of residents increased. Immigrates flew more rapidly and freely. There was great improvement on furnace and other things. Passage 3Title: Anasazi 人灭绝的原因大致内容说群居生活可以使得农业发展，有利于人口大量的族群生活。

但是Anasazi 群落却正是由于群体生活而走向没落。

An archeologist argues that the vanishing of some ancient civilization in America was due to human activity rather than climate change. The human activities had made the large villages more vulnerable to poor harvest caused by climate change.。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age.Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong.This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this.Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child.To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished.Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad.This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior.After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for largerpeople to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others.Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out.Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion.Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt.In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees.In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden.The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros.Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros.Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries.Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively.Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros.By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere.I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts.If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character.What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people.The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to.This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously.To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river.After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”.For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river.During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea.After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres.They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle startsanew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity.Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location.It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia¡¡¡¡In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.¡¡¡¡The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas¡ªthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent¡ªnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.¡¡¡¡The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a varietyof positions to maneuver the ship.¡¡¡¡The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.¡¡¡¡A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to¡¡¡¡¡ðReturn¡¡¡¡¡ðOpportunity¡¡¡¡¡ðStimulus¡¡¡¡¡ðObstacle。

TPO 17-1 Europe’s early sea trade with Asia1.In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century.解析：with which 在此处是难点。

Which在with的后面充当宾语的作用于是我们可以把后半句先看成Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties with which, 因此这个which就是指前面的trade routes.翻译：在十四世纪，欧洲因为一系列的政治发展切断了到亚洲南部和东部的陆地贸易路线，这个陆地贸易路线自十二世纪开始就是欧洲重要的高利润商业纽带。

2. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.解析：主语this development, 谓语是provided。

a desire to do sth 做...的愿望。

secure 在此处不再是形容词安全的，而是动词建立，弄到的意思。

翻译：当时欧洲的经济跌入谷底，这个发展刺激了人们长久的愿望去建立与东方稳固的海上贸易路线。

2023年外贸英语考试真题答案解析考试日期：2023年XX月XX日考试地点：XX考场一、听力部分答案解析本次外贸英语考试听力部分共分为四个部分，每个部分后面都有相应的问题。

以下是各部分的答案解析。

Part 1: 短对话理解1. A: Did you receive the invitation to the trade fair next week?B: Yes, I did. And I plan to attend it with our new products.Q: What will the man do?答案：Attend the trade fair with their new products.解析：根据对话内容可知，男人会带上他们的新产品参加该贸易展览。

2. A: When will the new shipment of goods arrive?B: The tracking information shows that it will be delivered tomorrow.Q: What does the woman imply?答案：The goods will be delivered tomorrow.解析：根据对话内容，女人表示货物将在明天送达。

Part 2: 长对话理解3. A: I heard that there will be some changes in the import policy. Have you checked the new regulations?B: Yes, I did. We need to pay attention to the updated document requirements.Q: What does the man suggest?答案：Pay attention to the updated document requirements.解析：男人建议要注意更新的文件要求。

Lubin Sun was born businessman a decent family and for navigation, bent to some overseas experience. He Manzhe father of the sea, sailing on the first encountered big waves, the ship sank, his life is not easy to escape. The second African business to the sea, earned a sum of money. Third Youzao Unfortunately, Moore was captured people, as a slave. He later designated the owner of the boat escaped, while one Portuguese vessel was rescued. Ship to Brazil, where he bought a manor, and done a Zhuangyuan Zhu. He can not be reconciled in this to become rich, the sea again, to the African slave trade.Ship ran aground in the storm encountered on their way, the sailors on board, killing all passengers, who survived only Lubin Sun, Yao alone Piaoliu to a no smoke on the island. He used the boat to the mast of the raft, again and again to ship food, clothing, guns and ammunition, tools, etc. transported to the shore, and put up tents in the hills while to settle down. Then he used the woodpiles Xiaojian in tents around the tube on the fence, after Wadong living in tents. He used simple tools produced tables and chairs and other furniture, hunting game for food, drink the water in the river, through the initial difficulties encountered.He began in barley and rice cultivation on the island, home-made wooden acetabulum, Muchu, sieve, processing flour, baking bread from the rough. Ye Shanyang his capture and domestication, breeding them. He also produced pottery, etc., and ensure their daily needs. Nevertheless, Lubin Sun has not given up looking for a way to leave the island. He cut down a tree and spent five of the six-month period caused a canoe, but the boat is too heavy, can not be dragged to sea, but wasted, another re-create a small.Lubin Sun on the island live alone 17 years later, one day, he found on the coast of the island side are human bones, the Health and fire, the originalgroup of Savage Island, has been held here in superb meat feast. Lubin Sun dismay him. Since then he has to remain vigilant, more careful around things. Until the 24, a group of wild man on the island again, with preparations for killing, eating the prisoners. Lubin Sun found and rescued one of them. Lubin Sun to the natives rescued named "Friday." Since then, "Friday" has become Lubin Sun faithful servant and friend. Then, Lubin Sun with "Friday" was rescued by a Spanish and "Friday" the father. Of a British ship near the island near the park, sailors on board to make trouble, the captain, and other three abandoned on the island, Lubin Sun and "Friday" to help the captain subdued那帮sailors and regain the vessel. He那帮sailors to stay on the island, with its "Friday" and the captain returned to the United Kingdom, and so leave the desert island. Sun has been away from home at this time Lubin 35. He got married in the United Kingdom end, the Health and the three children. After the death of his wife, Lubin Sun agreed tosea again, he lived via the desert island, then stay on the island and the sailors home to the Spaniards have settled down and multiply. Lubin Sun also sent a new immigration, the island's land to them and left them all kinds of daily necessities, with satisfaction that left the island.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) has been well known as the writer of Robinson Crusoe among readers of different generations all over the world. But this novel has often been taken as an adventure story by common readers, while critics usually emphasize its portrayal of the capitalist ambition during the beginning stage of the development of capitalism. Both groups of readers tend to overlook its religious, spiritual and moral aspects, which take up a large proportion of the novel. This thesis seeks to explore the conflicts and also the possibility of reconciliation between two important sides of human existence as expressed in Robinson Crusoe:man as an economic being and man as a spiritual being, and concludes that, only under proper spiritual guidance can man achieve due material civilization with economic prosperity, while retaining a wholesome individuality. Therefore, through his adventures Robinson is also undergoing a pilgrim’s spiritual progress.读后感Robinson, a figure I admire the endless, he is world-famous early explorers, his childhood love at sea, grew up, he went sailing with friends, but they all failed. Once again, his departure from Brazil, in the sailing event in a huge tsunami and storms, all the ship, unless he was a man, all were drowned, and he alone in that there is no human habitation in the island have lived entire twenty-eight years after month. Finally and some more experienced.people from outside the fighting, returned to Brazil.Reading this book, I have strong feelings that a person must have what kind of perseverance,before they can once again back on its feet from the failure; have the courage to what can a person live on that deserted island twenty-eight years after month. I think this is because he always had a firm belief, so he can overcome the difficulties one by one to create a miracle. In real life, everyone will encounter many difficulties in this highly competitive society, the only thing we can do is to overcome those stumbling blocks, in the plight tenaciously survive, and only then, we have the potential to become a successful. Remember the phrase poems? "Wild fire entirely in spring life." It was grass, in the face of adversity a true portrayal of brave survive. Since even the grass can be, how can we not? Living life, it is important not to enjoy pleasure, but to endure the pain. Adversity is a stepping stone of success, of course, it is only for those who dare to claim to overcome the difficulties. Those cowardly people who will never have any real success.My friends, if I were him, and when the ship encountered the storm, I will do everything he did and go forward regardless? I think, maybe I will not, because I am too weak, fear of failure, because I covet your neighbor to the warmth of their parents, fear of living alone.If I were him, and when a person living on a desert island, I would like him to survive, as do the brave? I think I will not, because I do not have that capability, but also used by parents to bear all for me.If I were him, and when you see the savage with the opening dinner companion, I would like him the courage to stand out? I'm like, I will not. Because by then I will pray for his safe.All in all, all I have to admit their own weakness and incompetence. But everything will be after I read his story changed. I will learn to grow up a person, a person to face.Although there is a long path in life the pain of failure, but also the joy of success. As long as I believe that they can overcome the difficultiesand the dawn of victory will eventually come. And that has experienced trials and hardships of the rainbow will be even more brilliant!Robinson Crusoe is a youth of about eighteen years old who resides in Hull, England. Although his father wishes him to become a lawyer, Crusoe dreams of going on sea voyages. He disregards the fact that his two older brothers are gone because of their need for adventure. His father cautions that a middle-class existence is the most stable. Robinson ignores him. When his parents refuse to let him take at least one journey, he runs away with a friend and secures free passage to London. Misfortune begins immediately, in the form of rough weather. The ship is forced to land at Yarmouth. When Crusoe's friend learns the circumstances under which he left his family, he becomes angry and tells him that he should have never come to the sea. They part, and Crusoe makes his way to London via land. He thinks brieflyabout going home, but cannot stand to be humiliated. He manages to find another voyage headed to Guiana. Once there, he wants to become a trader. On the way, the ship is attacked by Turkish pirates, who bring the crew and passengers into the Moorish port of Sallee. Robinson is made a slave. For two years he plans an escape. An opportunity is presented when he is sent out with two Moorish youths to go fishing. Crusoe throws one overboard, and tells the other one, called Xury, that he may stay if he is faithful. They anchor on what appears to be uninhabited land. Soon they see that black people live there. These natives are very friendly to Crusoe and Xury. At one point, the two see a Portuguese ship in the distance. They manage to paddle after it and get the attention of those on board. The captain is kind and says he will take them aboard for free and bring them to Brazil.Robinson goes to Brazil and leaves Xury with the captain. The captain and a widow in England areCrusoe's financial guardians. In the new country, Robinson observes that much wealth comes from plantations. He resolves to buy one for himself. After a few years, he has some partners, and they are all doing very well financially. Crusoe is presented with a new pro begin a trading business. These men want to trade slaves, and they want Robinson to be the master of the tradepost. Although he knows he has enough money, Crusoe decides to make the voyage. A terrible shipwreck occurs and Robinson is the only survivor. He manages to make it to the shore of an island.Robinson remains on the island for twenty-seven years. He is able to take many provisions from the ship. In that time, he recreates his English life, building homes, necessities, learning how to cook, raise goats and crops. He is at first very miserable, but embraces religion as a balm for his unhappiness. He is able to convince himself that he lives a much better life here than he did in Europe--much more simple, much less wicked. Hecomes to appreciate his sovereignty over the entire island. One time he tries to use a boat to explore the rest of the island, but he is almost swept away, and does not make the attempt again. He has pets whom he treats as subjects. There is no appearance of man until about 15 years into his stay. He sees a footprint, and later observes cannibalistic savages eating prisoners. They don't live on the island; they come in canoes from a mainland not too far away. Robinson is filled with outrage, and resolves to save the prisoners the next time these savages appear. Some years later they return. Using his guns, Crusoe scares them away and saves a young savage whom he names Friday.Friday is extremely grateful and becomes Robinson's devoted servant. He learns some English and takes on the Christian religion. For some years the two live happily. Then, another ship of savages arrives with three prisoners. Together Crusoe and Friday are able to save twoof them. One is a Spaniard; the other is Friday's father. Their reunion is very joyous. Both have come from the mainland close by. After a few months, they leave to bring back the rest of the Spaniard's men. Crusoe is happy that his island is being peopled. Before the Spaniard and Friday's father can return, a boat of European men comes ashore. There are three prisoners. While most of the men are exploring the island, Crusoe learns from one that he is the captain of a ship whose crew mutinied. Robinson says he will help them as long as they leave the authority of the island in his hands, and as long as they promise to take Friday and himself to England for free. The agreement is made. Together this little army manages to capture the rest of the crew and retake the captain's ship. Friday and Robinson are taken to England. Even though Crusoe has been gone thirty-five years, he finds that his plantations have done well and he is very wealthy. He gives money to the Portuguese captain and the widow who were so kind to him. He returns to the Englishcountryside and settles there, marrying and having three children. When his wife dies, he once more goes to the sea.。

Unit 1 An Overview of Ocean and OceanographyText APart IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1The World OceanThe World Ocean, or global ocean, is the interconnected system of the Earth's oceanic (or marine) waters, and comprises the bulk of the hydrosphere, covering almost 71% of the Earth's surface, with a total volume of 1.332 billion cubic kilometres.The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to oceanography. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (rarely considered a sea of the Atlantic), Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean (typically reckoned instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans). In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.A global ocean has existed in one form or another on Earth for eons, and the notion dates back to classical antiquity (in the form of Oceanus). The contemporary concept of the World Ocean was coined by the Russian oceanographer Yuly Shokalsky in the early 20th century to describe what is basically a solitary, continuous ocean that covers and encircles most of the Earth.1.Ocean Conveyor BeltThe global oceanic conveyor belt is a unifying concept that connects the ocean's surface and thermohaline (deep mass) circulation regimes, transporting heat and salt on a planetary scale.The conveyor belt system can be thought of as beginning near Greenland and Iceland in the North Atlantic where dry, cold winds blowing from northern Canada chill surface waters. The combined chilling of surface waters, evaporation, and sea-ice formation produces cold, salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The newly formed NADW sinks and flows southward along the continental slope of North and South America toward Antarctica where the water mass then flows eastward around the Antarctic continent (in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current). There the NADW mixes with Antarctic waters. The resulting Common Water, also called Antarctic Circumpolar water, flows northward at depth into the three ocean basins (primarily the Pacific and Indian Oceans).These bottom waters gradually warm and mix with overlying waters as they flow northward. They move to the surface at a rate of only a few meters per year. After rising to the surface in the Pacific, the surface waters flow through the many passages between the Indonesian islands into the Indian Ocean. Eventually they flow into the Agulhas Current, the Indian Ocean boundary current that flows around southern Africa. After entering the Atlantic Ocean, the surface waters join the wind-driven currents in the Atlantic, becoming saltier by evaporation under the intense tropical sun. Trade winds transport some of this water vapor out of the Atlantic Ocean basin, across the Isthmusof Panama, and into the Pacific Ocean basin. Atlantic surface waters eventually return northward to the Labrador and Greenland seas in the North Atlantic.Continued operation of the oceanic conveyor belt is important to northern Europe's moderate climate because of northward transport of heat in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. The system can weaken or shut down entirely if the North Atlantic surface-water salinity somehow drops too low to allow the formation of deep-ocean water masses. This apparently happened during the Little Ice Age (about 1400 to 1850 AD). The conveyer system shut down and northern Europe's climate became markedly colder. Old paintings from this era show Dutch skaters on frozen canals-something that would not occur during today's climatic regime. Cores extracted from deep-sea sediment deposits contain evidence of earlier cold periods.Detailed Study of the Text1.…how the seas touch upon the essence of being human and the connectivity of thehuman-sphere to the ocean-sphere. (Para. 1)Meaning: how the seas approach the nature of being human and link between the human-sphere and the ocean-sphere.touch upon: mention a subject quickly; concern; approachWe’ll touch upon Shakespeare's Hamlet this semester.这个学期我们将讲到莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》。

UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION背景介绍海洋升温和酸化对海洋生物和陆地都有负面影响，生物多样性的现状也同样令人忧虑。

鉴于目前这样的局面，联合国“海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”计划即将启动，教科文组织总干事奥德蕾·阿祖莱(Audrey Azoulay)在2020年世界海洋日致辞，呼吁全世界的人为保护海洋行动起来。

The oceans occupy most of the Earth's surface—about 70%—to the point of giving our planet its unmistakable colour.As such, they can tell the state of the Earth's health: to observe them is to know where we stand.In terms of climate, the warming and acidification of the oceans have harmful consequences for marine life and for land; there is of course the rise in water levels which threatens communities settling along the coasts.There is also a risk that is even more worrying since the oceans are no longer able to perform the climate regulation function that they have long fulfilled.As far as biodiversity(生物多样性) is concerned, the diagnosis is even more alarming.We are well aware of these interacting crises, in particular thanks to the work of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.We also know where we must act.However, we still have to reflect matters and cooperate widely in order to manage the unavoidable and prevent the uncorrectable.COVID-19 affords us this opportunity to come together and set up ambitious programmes of action.This is true for climate; it is true for biodiversity; it is also true for the oceans, as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Ocean, Peter Thomson,explained：“If there were ever a tide in human affairs that should be taken, this is it.”It is indeed our responsibility to seize this moment.We must firstly learn more about the depths, which remain largely unknown to us and still hold many secrets that only we can reveal.Secondly, we must give free rein to imagination and innovation, which we need in order to deal with this worrying situation.This is why we have made innovation the theme of 2020 World Oceans Day.We must also seize this moment to sound the alarm, perhaps more widely than we have done so far, because no technical solution can replace a widespread, personal understanding of the threats to the oceans, their mysteries and their beauty.1．What has made people worried about the oceans according to Paragraph 2? B A．So many living things disappear in the oceans.B．The oceans fail to work properly as they used to.C．Water levels may rise at a fast speed.D．Human activities can't be prevented in a way.解析：细节理解题。