Mechanic behavior of unloading fractured rock mass

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(M)2mechanical property 力学性质mechanical reactance 力学阻抗mechanical recovery 力学恢复mechanical relaxation 力学弛豫mechanical resistance 力学阻力mechanical similitude 力学相似mechanical strength 机械强度mechanical stress 力学应力mechanical system 力学系mechanical system of units 力学单位制mechanical test 机械试验mechanical turbulence 力学湍流mechanical viscosity 机械粘度mechanical wave resistance 机械波阻mechanical work 力学功mechanically similar 力学相似的mechanics 力学mechanics of explosion 爆炸力学mechanics of granular medium 粒状介质力学mechanics of lung 肺力学mechanics of materials 材料力学mechanics of microcirculation 微循环力学mechanics of rigid body 刚体力学mechanism 机构mechatronics 机电学median line 中线medium 介质medium diameter 中径medium pressure 中等压力mega 兆megacycle 兆赫兹megadynamics 巨动力学megahertz 兆赫兹megawatt 兆瓦melting pressure 熔化压力membrane 膜membrane analogy 薄膜比似membrane element 膜元membrane strain 膜应变membrane stress 薄膜应力membrane theory of shells 壳体薄膜理论membrane valve 隔膜阀membrane wave 薄膜波memory function 记忆函数memory integral 记亿积分meniscus 弯液面meridian 子午线meridian plane 子午面meridian stress 经线应力merrington effect 梅林顿效应mesh 筛孔mesomorphic phase 介晶态mesopause 中间层顶mesosphere 中间层metacenter 定倾中心metacentric height 定倾中心高度metacentric radius 定倾半径metal construction 金属构件metallic material 金属材料metastability 亚稳定性metastable equilibrium 亚稳平衡metastable level 亚稳能级metastable phase 亚稳相metastable state 亚稳态meteorological thermodynamics 气象热力学meteorology 气象学meter 米meter constant 仪表常数metering 计量；测量method 方法method of approximation 近似法method of central differences 中心差分法method of characteristic curves 特者法method of dimensionality analysis 量纲分析method of forces 力的方法method of hydrodynamic images 铃力学镜像法method of joints 结点法method of perturbation 摄动法method of section 断面法method of successive approximation 逐步近似法method of undeterminated coefficients 待定系数法metre 米metric 米制的metric system 公制metric tensor 度量张量mhd couette flow 磁铃动力库埃特怜mhd power generation 磁铃动力发电mhd shock wave 磁铃动力激波micro crystal 微晶体micro fluid 微观铃micro oscillation 微振荡micro strain 微应变microbarograph 微压计microbarometer 微气压计microcavity 微腔microcomputer 微型计算机microconvection 微对流microcrack 微裂纹microcreep 微蠕变microcrystalline structure 微晶结构microdensitometer 微密度计microfissure 微观裂纹micrography 显微照相术microhardness 微硬度microhardness test 微硬度检验microinstability 微观不稳定性microlite 微晶microlith 微晶micromanometer 测微压力计micromechanics 微观力学micrometric displacement 微位移micromixing 微观混合micromotion 微移动micron 微米microscopic analysis 显微分析microscopic crack 微裂纹microscopic hole 微孔microscopic instability 微观不稳定性microsecond 微秒microsection 显微薄片microseisms 微震microslip 微滑移microslip line 微滑移线microstress 微应力microstructure 微结构microvibrograph 微囊仪microviscosimeter 微粘度计microviscosity 微粘度microwave 微波middle course 中心线middle pressure 平均压力middle surface 中面migrating layer 迁移层migration 移动migration energy 迁移能migration length 迁移长度migration loss 迁移损耗miller's indices 密勒指数million 兆millisecond blasting 毫秒爆破millitorr 毫托minimal 最小的minimal curve 极小曲线minimization 极小化minimizing 极小化minimum 最小minimum deviation 最小偏差minimum entropy principle 最小熵原理minimum limit of size 最小极限尺寸minimum loading 最小载荷minimum permissible cross section 最小容许截面minimum phase shift system 最小相移系统minimum potential energy theorem 最小势能定理minimum pressure 最小压力minimum principle 最小原理minimum surface 极小曲面minimum value 最小值minimum work 最小功minor 较小的minute 分minute of time 时分misalignment 位移mises plastic condition 米泽斯塑性条件mises yield condition 米泽斯屈服条件mismatch 失配missile 导弹mist flow 雾状流雾化怜mixed flow 混流mixed flow turbine 混两水轮机mixed fracture 混合断口mixed friction 混合摩擦mixed gas 混合煤气mixed method 混合法mixed product 混合积mixed wave 混合型波mixing 混合mixing coefficient 混合系数mixing energy 混合能mixing layer 混合层mixing length 混合长度mixing work 混合功mixture 混合物mixture of fluid 铃混合物mks system 米千克秒制mobile 可移动的mobile equilibrium 怜平衡mobility 活动性mock up 实体模型modal analysis 模态分析modal combination 振型组合modal superposition 模态叠加mode admittance 模式导纳mode conversion 模式变换mode function 模式函数mode impedance 模式阻抗mode of normal vibrations 正常振动模式mode of vibration 振动模式mode transformation 模式变换model 模型model experiment 模型实验model mechanics 模型力学model of oscillating liquid drop 振荡液滴模型model test 模型实验modelling 模型化modelling of multiphase flow 多相粒拟moderate gale 疾风moderate sea 中浪moderate wind 和风moderation 减速modern control theory 现代控制理论modification 变态modified mathieu function 修正马提厄函数modified rayleigh number 修正瑞利数modulation 灯modulation frequency 灯频率module of plastic strain 塑性应变模量modulus 模数modulus of compressibility 体积弹性横量modulus of compression 压缩模量modulus of deformation 形变模量modulus of elasticity 弹性横量modulus of elasticity for tension 拉伸弹性模量modulus of elasticity of volume 体积弹性模量modulus of inelastic buckling 非弹性屈曲模量modulus of longitudinal elasticity 纵弹性模量modulus of resistance 阻力模数modulus of rupture 裂断模量modulus of the foundation 基础模量modulus of torsion 扭转弹性模量modulus of volume elasticity 体积横量mohr area moment circle 莫尔面积矩圆mohr circle for inertia 莫尔面积矩圆mohr criterion 莫尔准则mohr envelope of rupture 断裂的莫尔包迹mohr land area moment circle 莫尔兰德面积矩圆mohr stress circle 莫尔应力圆mohr's strength theory 莫尔强度理论mohs hardness 莫氏硬度mohs hardness scale 莫氏硬度标moist adiabat 湿绝热线moisture 湿度molecular diffusion 分子扩散molecular dynamics 分子动力学molecular flow 分子怜molecular force 分子力molecular mechanics 分子力学molecular velocity 分子速度molecular vibrations 分子振动molecular viscosity 分子粘度mollification 软化moment 矩moment area 力矩面积moment arm 力矩臂moment at the support 支点弯矩moment coefficient 力矩系数moment diagram 力矩图moment distribution method 力矩分配法moment ellipsoid 惯量椭球moment equation 力矩方程moment method 矩法moment of couple 力偶矩moment of first order 一次矩moment of force 力矩moment of impulse 冲量矩moment of inertia 惯性矩moment of inertia about a line 轴惯性矩moment of momentum 角动量moment of percussion 撞沪矩moment of pivoting friction 枢轴动摩擦力矩moment of resistance 阻抗力矩moment of rolling friction 滚动摩擦力矩moment of rotation 转动力矩moment of rupture 破断力矩moment of sliding friction 滑动摩擦力矩moment problem 矩问题momental ellipse 惯量椭圆momentary force 瞬时力momentary overload 瞬时过载momentary value 瞬时值momentum 动量momentum coefficient 动量系数momentum compaction factor 动量压缩因数momentum conservation 动量守恒momentum conservation law 动量守恒定律momentum deficit thickness 动量损失厚度momentum density 动量密度momentum density tensor 动量密度张量momentum distribution 动量分布momentum ellipse 动量椭圆momentum ellipsoid 动量椭球momentum energy space 动量能量空间momentum equation 动量方程momentum flow tensor 动量僚量momentum flux 动量通量momentum flux tensor 动量僚量momentum integral 动量积分momentum loss thickness 动量损失厚度momentum of system 系统的动量momentum of the impact 碰撞动量momentum screw 动量螺旋momentum space 动量空间momentum spectrum 动量谱momentum sphere 动量球momentum tensor 动量张量momentum transfer 动量转移momentum transfer equation 动量转移方程momentum vector 动量矢量monin obukhov length 莫宁奥布霍夫长度monoatomic gas 单原子气体monochromatic source 单色光源monocoque 硬壳式结构monocrystal 单晶monophase action potential 单相酌势monophase system 单相系monoplane 单翼机monopropellant 单元推进剂monte carlo method 蒙特卡罗法moody diagram 穆迪图moon rocket 月球火箭moon's gravity acceleration 月球引力加速度mooney plasticity 穆尼塑性mooney viscosity 穆尼粘度morison formula 莫里森公式morse equation 莫尔斯方程morse function 莫尔斯函数morse potential function 莫尔斯势函数mosaic structure 嵌镶构造most probable value 最可几值motion 运动motion decomposition 运动分解motion equation 运动方程motion in a straight line 直线运动motion of center of mass 质心运动motional impedance 动阻抗motionless satellite 同步卫星motive force 起动力motor 发动机mounting 安装movable 可移动的movable bearing 可动轴承movable bed 动床movable load 活载荷movable support 活动支座movable vane 可动叶片movement 运动movement group 运动群movement of the top 陀螺运动movement stability 运动稳定性moving average method 移动平均法moving axode 动瞬轴面moving bed 移动床moving blade 转动叶片moving boundary method 移动边界方法moving centrode 动瞬心迹moving coil gradiometer 动圈重力梯度计moving in 进入moving load 活动荷载moving medium 动介质moving reference system 动参考系moving source 移动源moving system 运动系统muffler 消声器multi layer structure 多层结构multi parameter analysis 多参数分析multi plane balancing 多平面平衡法multi stage rocket 多级火箭multichannel instrument 多道仪器multicomponent system 多元系multidimensional analysis 多维分析multigrid method 多重网格法multilayer film 多层膜multilayered shell 多层壳multiphase flow 多相流multiphase mixture 多相混合物multiphase porous flow 多相渗流multiphase structure 多相结构multiple 倍数multiple acceleration 多重加速度multiple action potential 多重酌势multiple correlation coefficient 多重相关系数multiple formation 多重形成multiple fourier series 多重傅里叶级数multiple fourier transform 多重傅里叶变换multiple frequency oscillator 多频振荡器multiple pendulum 多重摆multiple resonance 复合共振multiple slip 复滑移multiple source 多束源multiple stage expansion 多级膨胀multiplicity 多重性multipropellant 多元推进剂multishock compression 多次冲还缩multistage compression 多级压缩multistage reaction turbine 多级反唤涡轮机multistage turbine 多级涡轮mutation rate 突变速率mutual action 相互酌mutual exchange 互换mutual friction 互摩擦mutual interaction 相互酌mutual interchange 相互交换myria 万。

工程流体力学英语Engineering Fluid MechanicsThe study of fluid mechanics is a fundamental aspect of engineering, as it underpins the design and analysis of a wide range of systems and devices. Fluid mechanics encompasses the behavior of liquids and gases, and its principles are essential in fields such as aeronautics, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and chemical engineering.One of the primary areas of focus in fluid mechanics is the concept of fluid flow. This includes the study of the properties of fluids, such as density, viscosity, and compressibility, as well as the forces acting on them. Fluid flow can be classified into two main types: laminar flow, where the fluid particles move in parallel layers, and turbulent flow, where the fluid particles move in a chaotic, unpredictable manner.Understanding the behavior of fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow is crucial for various engineering applications. For example, in the design of aircraft wings, the study of fluid mechanics is essential to determine the lift and drag forces acting on the wing, which inturn influences the aircraft's performance and efficiency. Similarly, in the design of hydraulic systems, such as pumps and valves, fluid mechanics principles are used to ensure the optimal flow of fluids and the minimization of energy losses.Another important aspect of fluid mechanics is the study of pressure and buoyancy. Pressure, which is the force exerted by a fluid on a surface, plays a crucial role in the design of structures, such as dams and pipelines, as well as in the operation of various devices, such as hydraulic brakes and pneumatic systems. Buoyancy, on the other hand, is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it, and it is a fundamental principle in the design of ships, submarines, and other floating structures.In addition to these fundamental concepts, fluid mechanics also encompasses the study of more complex phenomena, such as boundary layer theory, which describes the behavior of fluids near solid surfaces, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which involves the use of computer simulations to model and analyze fluid flow.The application of fluid mechanics principles is not limited to the design and analysis of engineering systems. It also plays a crucial role in various natural phenomena, such as the movement of air and water, the formation of weather patterns, and the behavior ofbiological systems, such as the circulatory system in the human body.Overall, the study of engineering fluid mechanics is a vast and complex field, with numerous applications across a wide range of industries. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of fluid mechanics in engineering design and analysis will only continue to grow, making it an essential subject for students and professionals alike.。

断裂动力学duanlie donglixue断裂动力学fractu re dynamics断裂力学的一个分支,又称动态断裂力学,它在考虑受载物体各处惯性的基础上，用连续介质力学的方法研究固体在高速加载或裂纹高速扩展条件下的裂纹扩展和断裂规律。

脆性材料在加工、碰撞和冲击下的破坏，地震和地震对结构的影响，天然气管道的破裂都属于断裂动力学研究的范围。

军事工程中许多爆裂和防爆问题都涉及断裂动力学。

简史 19世纪末至20世纪初，英国的J.霍普金森和B.霍普金森父子对应力波引起的动态破裂问题进行了系统的实验观察和研究。

第二次世界大战后，工业特别是军事工业的发展，极大地促进了在有应力波或高速加载的条件下，材料和结构断裂规律的研究。

1921年英国的A.A.格里菲思从能量平衡的观点出发，提出了裂纹扩展引起脆性材料断裂的理论。

1948年，英国的N.F.莫脱在格里菲思的能量平衡关系中考虑了动能的影响，研究了断裂过程中裂纹快速扩展的问题，并引出了裂纹扩展的极限速度的概念。

20世纪50年代以后，线弹性断裂力学的发展和完善,以及弹塑性断裂力学的兴起,为断裂动力学提供了新的理论分析方法。

例如，应力强度因子、裂纹扩展力、应变能密度因子、裂纹张开位移(见COD 法)、积分'"class=link>积分等参量以及与它们有关的理论，在考虑相应的动态效应之后，都被用来讨论裂纹的动态扩展问题，从而促进了断裂动力学的发展。

研究内容断裂动力学研究的内容包括：①动态断裂判据,它是判定某一动态断裂现象是否出现的依据,包括：在动载条件下裂纹的起始和失稳扩展判据，快速扩展裂纹的分岔判据，快速扩展裂纹的停止（止裂）判据等；②裂纹快速扩展的极限速度；③裂纹快速扩展中的能量转换；④快速扩展裂纹顶端附近的应力场和应变场；⑤应力波和扩展裂纹的相互影响；⑥高应变率条件下的材料特性及其对高速扩展裂纹的阻力的影响；⑦动态断裂力学参量和固体微观机制的联系。

1阐述expound（explain), state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实confirmation补偿compensate, make up，imburse算法algorithm判别式discriminant有限元方法finite element method（FEM）样本单元法sample element method（SEM）赤平投影法stereographic projection method（SPM) 赤平投影stereographic projection干扰位移法interference displacement method(IDM) 干扰能量法interference energy method（IEM)条分法method of slices极限平衡法limit equilibrium method界面元法boundary element method模拟simulate计算程序computer program数值分析numerical analysis计算工作量calculation load解的唯一性uniqueness of solution多层结构模型laminated model非线性nonlinear横观各向同性lateral isotropy各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy非均质性heterogeneity边界条件boundary condition本构方程constitutive equation初始条件initial condition初始状态rest condition岩土工程geotechnical engineering,土木工程civil engineering基础工程foundation engineering最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface交替alternate控制论cybernetics大量现场调查mass field surveys组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer, stratum组构fabric1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic工程地质条件engineering geological conditions地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形land form地貌geomorphology，relief微地貌microrelief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course 河床river bed（channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully，stream(brook) 河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan坡积裙talus apron分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature，karst landform溶洞solution cave, karst cave落水洞sinkhole土洞Karstic earth cave2地层岩性地层geostrome （stratum，strata）岩性lithologic character, rock property岩体rock mass岩层bed stratum岩层layer，rock stratum母岩matrix，parent rock相变facies change硬质岩strong rock，film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock岩组petrofabric覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding板理（叶理）foliation波痕ripple—mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene，picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition结晶质crystalline非晶质amorphous产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩(熔岩）lava2火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩株rock stock岩流rock flow岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite斑岩porphyry玢岩porphyrite流纹岩rhyolite正长岩syenite粗面岩trachyte闪长岩diorite安山岩andesite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt细晶岩aplite伟晶岩pegmatite煌斑岩lamprophyre辉绿岩diabase橄榄岩dunite黑曜岩obsidian浮岩pumice火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo—calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium—grained 沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)黄土loess红土laterite泥灰peat软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud，sludge，warp clay 冲积物(层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物(层）proluvium，diluvium，diluvion洪积的diluvial坡积物（层）deluvium残积物（层) eluvium残积的eluvial风积物（层）eolian deposits湖积物(层) lake deposits海积物（层）marine deposits冰川沉积物(层）glacier (drift）deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits，colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble糜棱岩mylonite混合岩migmatite碎裂岩cataclasite3地质构造地质构造geologic structure结构构造structural texture大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection（integrity）起伏度waviness尺寸效应size effect围压效应confining pressure effect产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle，angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome3挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding，stratification微层理light stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug，selvage，fault gouge 擦痕stria，striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure劈理cleavage原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack裂隙率fracture porosity结构类型structural pattern岩体结构rock mass structure岩块block mass结构体structural element块度blockness结构面structural plane软弱结构面weak plane临空面free face碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick—laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer 夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter—clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n。

流体力学专业英语Fluid Mechanics: A Comprehensive ExplorationFluid mechanics is a captivating field of study that delves into the intricate behavior of fluids, encompassing both liquids and gases. This discipline is of paramount importance in numerous industries, from aerospace engineering to biomedical applications, and its principles are fundamental to our understanding of the natural world. As a specialized area of study, fluid mechanics requires a deep understanding of the underlying principles and the ability to apply them effectively in various contexts.One of the core concepts in fluid mechanics is the study of fluid statics, which focuses on the behavior of fluids at rest. This includes the analysis of pressure distributions, buoyancy, and the application of the hydrostatic equation. Understanding fluid statics is crucial in the design of hydraulic systems, underwater structures, and even in the study of atmospheric phenomena, such as weather patterns and ocean currents.In contrast, fluid dynamics explores the motion of fluids, examining the forces and principles that govern their behavior. This domainencompasses the study of viscosity, boundary layers, and the various types of fluid flow, including laminar, turbulent, and compressible flow. The application of fluid dynamics principles is essential in the design of aircraft, ships, and various engineering systems that involve the movement of fluids.Another important aspect of fluid mechanics is the concept of dimensional analysis and similarity. This approach allows researchers and engineers to draw parallels between different fluid systems, enabling the extrapolation of experimental data and the development of scaled models. By understanding the dimensionless parameters that govern fluid behavior, professionals can optimize the design and performance of a wide range of systems, from hydraulic turbines to wind tunnels.The field of fluid mechanics also encompasses the study of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which utilizes advanced numerical techniques to simulate and analyze the behavior of fluids. CFD has become an indispensable tool in the design and optimization of various engineering systems, as it allows for the prediction of fluid flow patterns, pressure distributions, and other critical parameters without the need for extensive physical experimentation.In addition to its technical applications, fluid mechanics also plays acrucial role in the understanding of natural phenomena. The study of fluid mechanics has contributed to our understanding of meteorology, oceanography, and even the dynamics of the human circulatory system. By examining the behavior of fluids in these complex systems, researchers can better predict and mitigate the impact of natural disasters, improve the efficiency of renewable energy systems, and enhance our understanding of the human body.As a specialized field of study, fluid mechanics requires a strong foundation in mathematics, physics, and engineering principles. Professionals in this discipline must possess a deep understanding of the governing equations, such as the Navier-Stokes equations, and the ability to apply them in various contexts. Additionally, the ability to interpret experimental data, design and conduct fluid mechanics experiments, and effectively communicate findings to interdisciplinary teams is essential for success in this field.In conclusion, fluid mechanics is a dynamic and multifaceted discipline that plays a crucial role in a wide range of industries and scientific endeavors. From the design of aircraft and ships to the understanding of natural phenomena, the principles of fluid mechanics are fundamental to our ability to harness the power of fluids and improve the world around us. As technology continues to advance, the field of fluid mechanics will undoubtedly continue toevolve, offering new challenges and opportunities for researchers, engineers, and innovators alike.。

拉格朗日力学英文Lagrangian MechanicsLagrangian mechanics is a formulation of classical mechanics that describes the motion of a system in terms of a function called the Lagrangian which is the difference between the kinetic and potential energies of the system. This approach provides a powerful and elegant way to derive the equations of motion for a wide range of physical systems, from simple pendulums to complex multi-body systems.The foundation of Lagrangian mechanics is the principle of stationary action which states that the motion of a system will follow the path that minimizes the action integral over the time interval of interest. This principle can be used to derive the Euler-Lagrange equations which are a set of second-order differential equations that describe the motion of the system. The Lagrangian function is defined as the difference between the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the system, and the Euler-Lagrange equations relate the Lagrangian function to the forces acting on the system.One of the key advantages of Lagrangian mechanics is its ability tohandle systems with constraints. Constraints are restrictions on the motion of the system, such as the motion of a pendulum being restricted to a circular path. In Lagrangian mechanics, these constraints are incorporated into the Lagrangian function, and the Euler-Lagrange equations automatically take them into account. This makes Lagrangian mechanics particularly useful for analyzing complex systems with multiple degrees of freedom and complicated constraints.Another advantage of Lagrangian mechanics is its ability to handle non-conservative forces, such as friction or damping. These forces can be incorporated into the Lagrangian function through the use of generalized coordinates and the principle of virtual work. This allows for the analysis of a wide range of physical systems, including those with dissipative forces.Lagrangian mechanics also provides a powerful tool for analyzing the symmetries of a system. Symmetries in the Lagrangian function can lead to conserved quantities, such as momentum or angular momentum, which can simplify the analysis of the system's motion. This is particularly useful in fields such as particle physics, where the underlying symmetries of the system play a crucial role in determining the behavior of the particles.The formulation of Lagrangian mechanics was developed by theFrench mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange in the late 18th century. Lagrange's work built upon the earlier work of Euler and Hamilton, and it provided a more general and unified framework for describing the motion of mechanical systems. Lagrangian mechanics has since become a fundamental tool in the study of classical mechanics and has been extended to other areas of physics, such as field theory and quantum mechanics.In Lagrangian mechanics, the motion of a system is described by a set of generalized coordinates which can be any set of independent variables that uniquely specify the configuration of the system. The Lagrangian function is then defined in terms of these generalized coordinates and their time derivatives. The Euler-Lagrange equations are then used to derive the equations of motion for the system, which can be solved to determine the trajectory of the system over time.One of the key applications of Lagrangian mechanics is in the analysis of multi-body systems, such as the motion of planets in the solar system or the motion of robots with multiple joints. In these systems, the Lagrangian function can be used to derive the equations of motion for the entire system, taking into account the interactions between the various components. This makes Lagrangian mechanics a powerful tool for the design and analysis of complex mechanical systems.Another important application of Lagrangian mechanics is in the field of control theory, where it is used to design control systems that can manipulate the motion of a system in a desired way. By using the Lagrangian function to describe the system's dynamics, control engineers can develop control algorithms that can efficiently and effectively control the motion of the system.Overall, Lagrangian mechanics is a powerful and versatile approach to the study of classical mechanics that has had a profound impact on the field of physics and engineering. Its ability to handle complex systems with constraints and non-conservative forces, as well as its connection to symmetries and conserved quantities, make it a essential tool in the study of a wide range of physical phenomena.。

◆离心式压缩机Centrifugal compressor 离心式压缩机balance piston 平衡鼓casing 机壳coupling 联轴器diaphragm 隔板diffuser 扩压器discharge nozzle 排气接管discharge volute 排气蜗壳electrical system 电气系统foundations 基础guide vane 导叶impeller 叶轮intercooling 中间冷却器inlet nozzle 进气（接）管inlet volute 进气蜗壳multistage 多级off design operation 非设计工况操作oil system 密封油系统performance 性能slope 倾斜splitter vane 分流叶片thrust bearing 止推轴承Choking 阻塞（工况）Clearance volume 余隙容积CNG codes and standards CNG规范和标准◆流体力学词汇流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem 涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass 收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave 反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow 近场流near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity运动粘性 kinematic viscosity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamiclubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation 边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition 边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel 激波管 shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability 希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency condition CFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method 激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme 全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence 区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学 generalized continuum mechanics简单物质 simple material纯力学物质 purely mechanical material微分型物质 material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论 incompatibility theory微极理论 micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理 principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论 theory of electromagnetic continuum内时理论 endochronic theory非局部理论 nonlocal theory混合物理论 theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量 acoustic tensor半向同性张量 hemitropic tensor各向同性张量 isotropic tensor应变张量 strain tensor伸缩张量 stretch tensor连续旋错 continuous dislination连续位错 continuous dislocation动量矩平衡 angular momentum balance余本构关系 complementary constitutive relations共旋导数 co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量 anholonomic component 爬升效应 climbing effect协调条件 compatibility condition错综度 complexity当时构形 current configuration能量平衡 energy balance变形梯度 deformation gradient有限弹性 finite elasticity熵增 entropy production标架无差异性 frame indifference弹性势 elastic potential熵不等式 entropy inequality极分解 polar decomposition低弹性 hypoelasticity参考构形 reference configuration响应泛函 response functional动量平衡 momentum balance奇异面 singular surface贮能函数 stored-energy function内部约束 internal constraint物理分量 physical components本原元 primitive element普适变形 universal deformation速度梯度 velocity gradient测粘流动 viscometric flow当地导数 local derivative岩石力学 rock mechanics 原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力 tectonic stress三轴压缩试验 three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test三轴试验 triaxial test岩层静态应力 lithostatic stress吕荣 lugeon地压强 geostatic pressure水力劈裂 hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度 intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength土力学 soil mechanics孔隙比 void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率 porosity围压 ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance渗流力 seepage force表观粘聚力 apparent cohesion粘聚力 cohesion稠度 consistency固结 consolidation主固结 primary consolidation次固结 secondary consolidation固结仪 consolidometer浮升力 uplift扩容 dilatancy有效应力 effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure土动力学 soil dynamics应力解除 stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力 penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流 mud flow多相流 multiphase flow马格努斯效应 Magnus effect韦伯数 Weber number环状流 annular flow泡状流 bubble flow层状流 stratified flow平衡流 equilibrium flow二组份流 two-component flow冻结流 frozen flow均质流 homogeneous flow二相流 two-phase flow气-液流 gas-liquid flow气-固流 gas-solid flow液-气流 liquid-gas flow液-固流 liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流 liquid-vapor flow浓相 dense phase稀相 dilute phase连续相 continuous phase离散相 dispersed phase悬浮 suspension气力输运 pneumatic transport气泡形成 bubble formation体密度 bulk density壅塞 choking微滴 droplet挟带 entrainment流型 flow pattern流[态]化 fluidization界面 interface跃动速度 saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学 non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体 non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体 pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体 rheopectic fluid触变流体 thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体 viscoelastic fluid流变测量学 rheometry震凝性 rheopexy体[积]粘性 bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应 Weissenberg effect流变仪 rheometer稀薄气体动力学 rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学 physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学 aerothermochemistry绝对压强 absolute pressure 绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate 绝对温度 absolute temperature吸收系数 absorption coefficient活化分子 activated molecule活化能 activation energy绝热压缩 adiabatic compression绝热膨胀 adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度 adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞 arc tunnel原子热 atomic heat雾化 atomization自燃 auto-ignition自动氧化 auto-oxidation可用能量 available energy缓冲作用 buffer action松密度 bulk density燃烧率 burning rate燃烧速度 burning velocity接触面 contact surface烧蚀 ablation。

力学,流体力学,固体力学词汇英语翻译力学，流体力学，固体力学英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method 并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate 燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage 达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material 滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability 生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation。

流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass 动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy 动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation 控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure 流[动] flow流线stream line 流面stream surface流管stream tube 迹线path, path line流场flow field 流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube 涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point 总压[力] total pressure总压头total head 静压头static head总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow 非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow 三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force表面张力surface tension 毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow 自由流free stream自由流线free stream line 外流external flow进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation 分布distribution传播propagation 色散dispersion弥散dispersion 附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction 镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow 势potential势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential复势complex potential 复速度complex velocity流函数stream function 源source汇sink 速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow 超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow 楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow 非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body 细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating 离解dissociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state 完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone 马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave 正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer 压缩波compression wave反射reflection 折射refraction散射scattering 衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure 超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure 爆炸explosion爆轰detonation 缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave 瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface 波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height 波列wave train波群wave group 波能wave energy表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave 潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton 水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple 消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius 水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head 水头损失head loss水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer 排水drainage排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head 过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow 孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow 有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow 异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow 掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake [flow]回流back flow 反流reverse flow射流jet 自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point 再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization 起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag 压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor 耗散dissipation滞后lag 相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number 纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer 层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition 边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness 能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness 注入injection吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry 粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank 旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser 测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube 压强计manometer微压计micromanometer 多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube 流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer 流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor 压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer时间线time line 脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response 响应频率response frequency底压base pressure 菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force 埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection 自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer 传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer 传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer 辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer 能量传递energy transfer传导conduction 热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration 扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling 蒸发evaporation气化gasification 凝结condensation成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis 相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件entropy condition 远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition 近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression 人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method 伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method 标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method 准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method 不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method 变分法variational method涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme 交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme 守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme 克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme 单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain 物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence 依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver 守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form 强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation 数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion 数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。

Mechanical Behavior of Materials The mechanical behavior of materials is a fascinating and complex field that explores how materials respond to various forces and environments. This discipline is crucial for understanding the performance and durability of materials in engineering applications, ranging from the construction of buildings and bridges to the design of aircraft and spacecraft. By delving into the mechanical behavior of materials, engineers and scientists can develop innovative materials with enhanced properties and performance, ultimately driving technological advancements and improving the quality of life for people around the world. The study of mechanical behavior of materials has a rich historical background that dates back to ancient civilizations. Early civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans utilized materials like stone, wood, and metal for construction and toolmaking, laying the foundation for the understanding of material properties and behavior. Over time, advancements in metallurgy, materials science, and mechanical engineering have contributed to a deeper understanding of how materials deform, fracture, and withstand different types of stress. For example, the Industrial Revolution spurred significant developments in materials processing and manufacturing techniques, leading to the widespread use of steel, iron, and other metals in various industries. From a scientific perspective, the mechanical behavior of materials is often viewed through different theoretical frameworks and models. For instance, the study of materials at the atomic and molecular level has given rise to theories such as dislocation theory, which explains the movement of defects in crystalline structures. Additionally, continuum mechanics provides a macroscopic approach to understanding material behavior, focusing on concepts like stress, strain, and elasticity. These diverse perspectives offer valuable insights into the mechanical properties of materials, enabling researchers to develop predictive models and simulation tools for engineering applications. Toillustrate the significance of mechanical behavior of materials, consider the case of aerospace engineering. The design and manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft demand materials that can withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, and dynamic loads. By studying the mechanical behavior of materials, engineers can identify suitable materials for aerospace applications, ensuring the safety and reliabilityof vehicles that operate in challenging environments. Furthermore, advancements in materials science have led to the development of high-strength, lightweight composites that offer superior mechanical properties, contributing to theefficiency and performance of aerospace systems. Despite its numerous benefits, the study of mechanical behavior of materials also presents certain drawbacks and challenges. One common issue is the complexity of material behavior under real-world conditions, which can be influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and environmental degradation. Additionally, the characterization and testing of materials for mechanical properties can be time-consuming and costly, particularly when dealing with novel materials or advanced manufacturing techniques. Moreover, the design and optimization of materials for specific applications require a deep understanding of material behavior, posing a significant challenge for engineers and researchers. Looking ahead, the future implications of the mechanicalbehavior of materials are vast and promising. As technology continues to advance, there is a growing need for materials with tailored properties, such as enhanced strength, durability, and environmental sustainability. By leveraging insightsfrom the mechanical behavior of materials, scientists and engineers can develop innovative materials for renewable energy technologies, medical devices, and infrastructure systems. Furthermore, the integration of computational tools and artificial intelligence in materials research holds great potential for accelerating the discovery and design of advanced materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. In conclusion, the mechanical behavior of materials is a pivotal area of study with far-reaching implications for various industries and scientific disciplines. By delving into the historical development, different perspectives, case studies, and critical evaluation of this topic, it becomes evident that the study of material behavior is essential for advancing technology and addressing global challenges. As we look to the future, continued research and innovation in the field of mechanical behavior of materials will undoubtedly pave the way for transformative advancements in materials science and engineering, shaping the world we live in.。

井流动力学英文Hydrodynamics, a branch of fluid mechanics, delves into the intricate realm of water movement and its behavior in various scenarios. Within this field, well hydraulics, or well hydrodynamics, emerges as a captivating area of study, unraveling the complexities of water flow through wells and aquifers. This intricate dance of water molecules reveals the profound impact of geological formations, well design, and environmental factors on the dynamics of groundwater extraction.The heart of well hydraulics lies in understanding the fundamental principles governing fluid motion within porous media. Darcy's law, a cornerstone of groundwater hydraulics, quantifies the intricate relationship between the flow rate, hydraulic conductivity, and pressure gradients. This law serves as a beacon, illuminating the path towards optimizing well performance and sustainable groundwater management. However, the journey does not end there, as the complexities of real-world scenarios demand more advanced approaches.Unveiling the intricate tapestry of well hydraulics necessitates a nuanced understanding of aquifer properties. Heterogeneities ingeological formations, ranging from variations in permeability to the presence of fractures and faults, introduce intricate flow patterns that challenge conventional models. The interplay between these geological intricacies and the well's design parameters, such as screen characteristics and well construction techniques, further shapes the hydraulic response.Well hydraulics extends its reach beyond the confines of individual wells, embracing the broader context of aquifer dynamics. Interference effects, where multiple wells in close proximity influence each other's performance, demand rigorous analysis and predictive modeling. Aquifer boundaries, recharge zones, and regional groundwater flow patterns all contribute to the intricate dance of water molecules, necessitating comprehensive assessments to ensure sustainable resource utilization.The realm of well hydraulics is not merely a theoretical exercise but a crucible for innovation and technological advancement. Advanced computational tools, such as numerical groundwater models and particle tracking simulations, have become indispensable in unraveling the complexities of subsurface flow patterns. These sophisticated techniques not only enhance our understanding but also empower decision-makers with data-driven insights for optimal well design, groundwater management, and environmental stewardship.Moreover, the ever-evolving landscape of well hydraulics necessitates a constant pursuit of knowledge and adaptation. Emerging challenges, such as climate change, urbanization, and shifting land-use patterns, introduce new variables that reshape groundwater dynamics. Researchers and practitioners must remain vigilant, continuously refining their understanding and developing novel approaches to address these evolving complexities.In the quest to harness the power of groundwater resources, well hydraulics stands as a beacon of knowledge, guiding us through the intricate dance of water molecules. By unraveling the mysteries of subsurface flow dynamics, we unlock the potential for sustainable water resource management, environmental preservation, and the creation of resilient communities. As we delve deeper into this fascinating realm, we embark on a journey of discovery, where each step unveils new insights and propels us towards a future where the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature is a reality.。

Engineering MechanicsEngineering mechanics is a fundamental discipline within the field of engineering that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to external forces. It is a branch of mechanics that focuses on the study of the motion and deformation of objects under the influence of forces. This field plays a crucial role in various engineering applications, such as designing structures, machines, and systems that can withstand different types of loads and forces. One of the key concepts in engineering mechanics is statics, which deals with the equilibrium of bodies under the action of forces. Statics is essential for analyzingstructures and determining the forces acting on them to ensure stability and safety. By studying statics, engineers can design structures that can supporttheir own weight as well as any additional loads they may be subjected to during their lifespan. Another important aspect of engineering mechanics is dynamics, which deals with the motion of bodies under the influence of forces. Dynamics is crucial for understanding how objects move and deform in response to external forces, such as gravity, friction, and inertia. By studying dynamics, engineers can predict the behavior of systems and machines, allowing them to optimize their performance and efficiency. In addition to statics and dynamics, engineering mechanics also encompasses the study of materials and their mechanical properties. Understanding how materials behave under different conditions is essential for designing structures and machines that can withstand the stresses and strains they will be subjected to during operation. By studying materials science, engineers can select the most suitable materials for a given application, ensuring the durability and reliability of their designs. Furthermore, engineering mechanics plays a vital role in the field of civil engineering, where structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams are designed and constructed to withstand various loads and environmental conditions. Civil engineers rely on the principles of engineering mechanics to ensure the safety and stability of their projects, taking into account factors such as wind, earthquakes, and temperature variations. Moreover, engineering mechanics is also crucial in the field of mechanical engineering, where machines and mechanical systems are designed to performspecific tasks efficiently and reliably. Mechanical engineers use the principlesof engineering mechanics to analyze the forces and stresses acting on machine components, ensuring that they can withstand the forces generated during operation. By applying the principles of engineering mechanics, mechanical engineers can design machines that are safe, durable, and efficient. In conclusion, engineering mechanics is a fundamental discipline within the field of engineering that plays a crucial role in designing structures, machines, and systems that can withstand different types of loads and forces. By studying statics, dynamics, and materials science, engineers can analyze the behavior of objects under the influence of forces, ensuring the safety, stability, and reliability of their designs. Whetherin civil engineering or mechanical engineering, the principles of engineering mechanics are essential for ensuring the success of engineering projects and the safety of the built environment.。

力学词汇(mechanics)1mechanics 力学Newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学classical mechanics 经典力学statics 静力学kinematics 运动学dynamics 动力学kinetics 动理学macroscopic mechanics，macromechanics 宏观力学mesomechanics 细观力学尺度约为0.01——100μm .microscopic mechanics，micromechanics 微观力学general mechanics 一般力学solid mechanics 固体力学fluid mechanics 流体力学theoretical mechanics 理论力学applied mechanics 应用力学engineering mechanics 工程力学experimental mechanics 实验力学computational mechanics 计算力学rational mechanics 理性力学physical mechanics 物理力学geodynamics 地球动力学force 力point of action 作用点line of action 作用线system of forces 力系reduction of force system 力系的简化又称“力系的约化”。

equivalent force system 等效力系rigid body 刚体transmissibility of force 力的可传性parallelogram rule 平行四边形定则force triangle 力三角形force polygon 力多边形null-force system 零力系equilibrium 平衡equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态component force 分力resultant force 合力resolution of force 力的分解composition of forces 力的合成couple 力偶arm of couple 力偶臂system of couples 力偶系resultant couple 合力偶moment arm of force 力臂moment of force 力矩moment of couple 力偶矩moment of area 面矩center of moment 矩心moment vector 矩矢moment vector of couple 力偶矩矢principal vector 主矢principal moment 主矩torque 转矩force screw 力螺旋acting force 作用力reacting force 反作用力reaction at support 支座反力friction force 摩擦力kinetic friction 动摩擦rolling friction 滚动摩擦coefficient of rolling friction 滚动摩擦系数sliding friction 滑动摩擦coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数static friction 静摩擦coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数angle of friction 摩擦角Coulomb law of friction 库仑摩擦定律center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”。

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(G)gage length 标距长度gage pressure 表压力gage transformation 规范变换gain loss 增益损失gal 伽galilean frame of reference 伽利略参考系galilean principle of relativity 伽利略相对性原理galilean transformation 伽利略变换galileo law of inertia 伽利略惯性定律galitzin pendulum 伽利津摆gallon 加仑galton apparatus 高尔登哨galton board 高尔登哨gap 间隙gap counting 径迹中断计数gap density 径迹中断密度gap length 空隙宽度gap width 空隙宽度gas amplification 气体放大gas bubble in underwater explosion 水下爆炸气泡gas cavity 气孔gas conductor 气体导电体gas constant 气体常数gas density 气体密度gas diffusion 气体扩散gas diffusion velocity 气体扩散速度gas discharge plasma 气体放电等离子体gas dispersion 气体弥散gas dynamic equation 气体动力学方程gas dynamical 气体动力学的gas dynamics 气体动力学gas emission 气体放出gas equilibrium 气体平衡gas explosion 气体爆炸gas flame 气火焰gas flow counter 气镣计数器gas flow rate 气临率gas flowmeter 气体量计gas friction 气体摩擦gas gage 气压计gas gas immiscibility 气气不混合性gas generation 气体的产生gas hole 气孔gas hydrate 气体水合物gas kinetic 气体运动学的gas kinetics 气体运动学gas liquid flow 气液怜gas liquid mixture 气液混合物gas lubricated gyroscope 气浮陀螺仪gas lubrication 气体润滑gas manometer 气压计gas meter 气量计gas permeability 透气性gas phase 气相gas pocket 气囊gas pressure 煤气压力gas pressure gage 气体压力规gas pressure regulator 气压第器gas solid flow 气固怜gas state 气态gas statics 气体静力学gas stream 气流gas thermometer 气体温度计gas turbine 燃气轮机gas type gravimeter 气体型重力计gaseous 气体的gaseous cavitation 气体空化gaseous diffusion 气体扩散gaseous envelope 气囊gaseous fluid 气态铃gaseous ion 气体离子gaseous medium 气态媒质gaseous mixture 气体混合物gaseous ring 气环gasification 气化gasometer 气量计gassing 充气gauss distribution 高斯分布gauss elimination method 高斯消去法gauss flux theorem 高斯通量定理gauss principle 高斯原理gauss seidel method 高斯赛德尔法gaussian constant of gravitation 高斯引力常数gaussian noise 高斯噪声gaussian variation 高斯变分gaussian wave group 高斯波包general coordinates 广义坐标general law of thermodynamics 热力学普遍定律general mechanics 一般力学general motion 一般运动general product 外积general purpose manipulator 万能操作万能机械手general theory of relativity 广义相对论generalized acceleration 广义加速度generalized acceleration vector 广义加速度矢量generalized compliance 广义顺量generalized continuum mechanics 广义连续介质力学generalized coordinate vector 广义坐标矢量generalized coordinates 广义坐标generalized couette flow 广义库艾特怜generalized displacement 广义位移generalized dissipation 广义耗散generalized energy 广义能量generalized force 广义力generalized function 广义函数generalized hamilton principle 广义哈密顿原理generalized maxwell model 广义麦克斯韦模型generalized momentum 广义动量generalized newtonian fluid 广义牛顿铃generalized ohm law 广义欧姆定律generalized potential 广义势generalized shear 广义剪切generalized strain 广义应变generalized stress 广义应力generalized velocity 广义速度generalized velocity vector 广义速度矢量generating function 母函数generating functional 生成泛函generation 产生generation model 发生模型generator 振荡器geoacoustics 地声学geocentric coordinates 地心坐标geocinetics 地壳运动学geodynamics 地球动力学geographic coordinates 地理坐标geoid 大地水准面geoid undulation 大地水准面波动geoidal surface 大地水准面geokinetics 地壳运动学geomagnetic storm 地磁暴geometric addition 几何加法geometric average 几何平均值geometric boundary condition 几何边界条件geometric constraint 几何约束geometric distortion 几何畸变geometric equation 几何方程geometric mean 几何平均值geometric model 几何模型geometric properties 几何性质geometric similarity 几何相似geometric simulation 几何模拟geometrical invariability 几何不变性geometrical locus 几何轨迹geometrical mechanics 几何力学geometrical moment of inertia 惯性矩geometrical optics 几何光学geometrodynamics 几何动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 地球物理铃动力学geopotential 重力势geopotential level 位势面geopotential surface 位势面georheodynamics 大地龄动力学georheology 地质龄学geostatic pressure 地球静压力geostatics 地球静力学geostress 地应力geostrophic adjustment 地转蝶geostrophic flow 地转流geostrophic force 科里奥利力geostrophic motion 地转运动geothermy 地热geotorsion 地震后扭动gerber's girder 格柏梁giant resonance 巨共振gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能gimbal axis 常平架轴girder 大梁glancing collision 小角度碰撞glass fiber 玻璃纤维glauert factor 格劳厄特数glauert number 格劳厄特数glauert rule 格劳厄特准则glide 滑移glide direction 滑移方向glide lamella 滑移层glide path 下滑航迹glide plane 滑移面glide step 滑移台阶glide vector 滑动矢量glider 滑翔机gliding angle 下滑角gliding flight 滑翔飞行gliding fracture 滑移断裂global balanced law 整体平衡律global displacement field 整体位移场global energy balance 整体能量平衡global generalized force 整体广义力global stability 整体稳定性godunov method 戈杜诺夫法goubau wave 古搏波governor 蒂机grad shafranov equation 格拉德沙弗拉诺夫方程gradient 坡度gradient acceleration 梯度加速度gradient force 梯度力gradient method 梯度法gradient of continuous density 连续密度梯度gradient richardson number 梯度理查森数gradient tensor 梯度张量gradient wind 梯度风gradiometer 梯度计grain 颗粒grain boundary 晶体界面grain size 粒度grain structure of fracture 断口结构gram 克gram calorie 克卡gram weight 克重grand potential 巨势graphic statics 图解静力学graphical calculation 图示计算graphical construction 准graphical differentiation 图解微分法graphical expression 图示graphical integration 图示积分graphical method 图示法graphical solution 图解法graphostatics 图解静力学grashof number 格拉斯霍夫数grashof's number 格拉绍夫数grating 格子gravimeter 比重计gravimetric anomaly 重量异常gravimetric network 重力观测网gravimetric station 重力测量站gravimetric variometer 重力变化测定仪gravimetry 重力测量gravisphere 重力圈gravitating gas 引力气体gravitation 引力gravitation constant 引力常数gravitation dynamics 引力动力学gravitation law 引力定律gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravitational coagulation 重力凝结gravitational constant 引力常数gravitational energy 重力能gravitational field 引力场gravitational force 重力gravitational mass 重力质量gravitational moment 重力矩gravitational potential 引力势gravitational potential energy 重力位能gravitational pseudotensor 引力拟张量gravitational radiation 引力辐射gravitational shift 引力移位gravitational stability 重力稳定性gravitational unit 重力单位gravitational wave surface 重力波面gravity 重力gravity accleration 重力加速度gravity anomaly 重力反常gravity axis 重心轴gravity capillary wave 重力表面张力波gravity correction 重力校正gravity dam 重力坝gravity field 引力场gravity flow 重力流gravity formula 重力公式gravity head 重力水头gravity pendulum 重力摆gravity plane 重心平面gravity pressure 重力压gravity reduction 重力校正gravity separation 重力分离gravity tank 重力油箱gravity viscometer 射脸度计gravity wave 重力波greatest lower bound 下界green deformation tensor 格林形变张量green function 格林函数green strength 湿强度green stress tensor 格林应力张量grid 叶栅grid structure 网状结构griffith crack 格里菲斯裂缝griffith criterion 格里菲斯准则grill 栅格grinding 研磨groove 槽gross section 总截面gross tonnage 总吨位gross weight 总重ground air missile 地对空导弹ground effect 地面效应ground level 基态能级ground pressure 地压ground state 基态ground water 地下水ground water basin 地下水盆地ground water pressure 地下水压ground water wave 地下水波group velocity 包络速度group wavelength 群波长growth 生长growth face 生长面growth plane 生长面growth rate 生长速度growth velocity 生长速度guidance 导向guidance plane 制导平面guide bar 导杆guide bearing 导向轴承guide blade 导叶guide ring 导向环guide rod 导杆guide vane 导叶guide wall 导邻guided missile 导弹guided rocket 可操纵火箭guideway 导向路gunn oscillator 冈恶荡器gust 风gustiness 阵风性gusty wind 阵风gutter 放水沟gyrating mass 旋转质量gyration 旋转gyration center 旋转中心gyration constant 转动常数gyration ellipsoid 转动椭球gyration radius 回转半径gyration vector 转动矢量gyratory motion 陀螺运动gyro 回转仪gyro correction 陀螺修正gyro drift 陀螺漂移gyro error 陀螺误差gyroaxis 陀螺轴gyrocompass 回转罗盘gyrodamping 回转阻尼gyrodynamics 陀螺力学gyrointeraction 陀螺相互酌gyromagnetic 旋磁的gyromagnetic effect 转动磁效应gyromagnetic frequency 旋磁频率gyromagnetic resonance 旋磁共振gyromechanical factor 陀螺力学因子gyropilot 自动驾驶仪gyroplane 旋翼机gyroresonance 旋磁共振gyroscope 回转仪gyroscope pendulum 陀螺摆gyroscopic compass 陀螺罗盘gyroscopic effect 陀螺效应gyroscopic horizon 陀螺仪水平gyroscopic instrument 陀螺仪表gyroscopic moment 陀螺力矩gyroscopic motion 陀螺运动gyroscopic theory 陀螺仪理论gyrosphere 回转球gyrostabilization 陀螺稳定gyrostabilized platform 陀螺稳定平台gyrostabilizer 陀螺稳定器gyrostat 回转轮gyrostatic moment 陀螺力矩gyrostatic pressure 陀螺压力。

SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Chemical and Materials EngineeringMatE 195 Fall 2000 W. Richard Chung Engr.-385EMechanical Behavior of MaterialsObjectives: The course is designed to help materials engineering seniors understand the basic mechanical responses of engineering materials. Emphasis will beplaced on how to perform various mechanical tests, how to apply statisticalmethods to the analysis of mechanical properties data, and how mechanicalbehavior influences the load-bearing limit for a selected material in a givenapplication.Prerequisites: CE 99, MatE 115 and MatE 141.Class Hours: Lecture on Mondays from 0830 to 1020, in IS113Laboratory on Wednesdays from 0830 to 1120, in E-225Office Hours: Mondays & Wednesdays: 1300-1500, other times by appointment only. Office Room: E-385EOffice Phone: (408) 924-3927E-mail address: wrchung@Textbook: Norman E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2nd Edition, 1999. (ISBN0-13-905720-X) References: S.D. Antolovich, R.O. Ritchie, and W.W. Gerberich (editors), Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformations in Engineering Materials, APublication of the Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1986.(ISBN 0-87339-012-1) TA 401.3 M4155Craig R. Barrett, William D. Nix, and Alan S. Tetelman, The Principles ofEngineering Materials, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,1973. (ISBN 0-13-709394-2) TA403.B24.David Broek, Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, MartinusNijhoff Publishers, Hingham, Massachusetts, 3rd Edition, 1984. (ISBN 90-247-2656-5)Thomas H. Courtney, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, McGraw Hill,New York, 2nd Edition, 2000. (ISBN0-07-028594-2) TA405.C859George E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw Hill, New York, 3rdEdition, 1986. (ISBN 0-07-016853-8) TA405.D53W.A. Green and M. Micunovic (editors), Mechanical Behavior ofComposites and Laminates, Elsevier Applied Science Publishing, NewYork, 1986. (ISBN 1-85166-144-1) TA418.9C6 E976James M. Gere and Steven P. Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials,PWS-KENT Publishing, Boston, Massachusetts, 3rd Edition, 1990. (ISBN0-534-92174-4) TA405.G44Richard W. Hertzberg, Deformation and Fracture Mechanics ofEngineering Materials, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 3 Edition, 1989.(ISBN 0-471-63589-8) TA417.6H46Donald Peckner (editor) The Strengthening of Metals, ReinholdPublishing,New York, 2nd Edition, 1967.Grading Basis: There will be two midterm examinations and one final examination.Examinations are comprehensive; including subjects from all assignedreadings, lectures, laboratory activities, and classroom demonstrations.Homework assignments will consist of essay questions and problemsolving cases. The laboratory component affects 25% of the course grade.A term project must be completed and submitted by November 29th. Thedetails will follow.Homework assignments………………………………………………….15%Two midterm exams at 15% each………………..……………..…….….30%Laboratory activities.….…………………………………………………25%Term project with oral presentation……………………………………...15%Final Examination………………………………………………………..15%Total: 100% For all graded work, course letter grades will be assigned according to thecorresponding ranges of cumulative averages listed below.A+ 97 -- 100 A 94 -- 96 A- 90 -- 93B+ 87 -- 89 B 84 -- 86 B- 80 -- 83C+ 77 -- 79 C 74 -- 76 C- 70 -- 73D+ 67 -- 69 D 64 -- 66 D- 60 -- 63F below 60Add/Drop Policy:Students wanting to enroll in the class must sign the roster and receive an enrollment code, provided space is available. Students may drop this classfrom now until September 15 without “W” grade assigned.Important Dates:Midterm examination dates: October 11 and November 15Final exam date: Tuesday, December 19, 0715-0930Term project report submission date: Nov. 29Reserve Desk:The Reserve Desk is located by the book checkout area in the ClarkLibrary. To help your study in the course material, the instructor hasreserved some reference books, technical articles, and supplemental lecturenotes.Homework: Work the homework problems on one side of a sheet of paper only. Youneed to number all the pages if more than one page is submitted. On top ofeach page write down your name, the course number, the semester, and thesubmission date. List the problem numbers in the Dowling textbook andrestate the statement of the problem including simple sketches, ifapplicable. Show your working steps and circle the numeric solutions. It isvery important to have one or two sentences describing your conclusions.This is a brief statement used to state the physical significance orimplication of your answer. Underline them and don’t forget units! Theinstructor will pay additional attention to this requirement. The homeworkassignments are collected in class on Sept. 25, Oct. 23, and Nov. 20. Nolate assignments will be accepted, as the problem solutions will be postedimmediately after the class due date.Laboratory: A Laboratory Activity Logbook will be purchased and kept by eachstudent. It must be brought to be checked and initialed by the instructorbefore beginning the first lab exercise. The logbook must be 8 1/2 x 11inches, NOT spiral bound. You will use it to record a detailed log of all labactivities, data, sketches of experimental setups and results, and records ofreferences used for class projects. Mark it clearly on the cover with yourname, group number, class and section, instructor, and semester. Eachpage should be numbered and dated and each lab activity labeled.Record your partners’ names, phone numbers, and schedules inside thecover.Term Project: A Term Project must be completed. The term project will involve amaterial's testing activity, which you design, initiate, and conduct in agroup (not more than three members) and must be supported by costanalysis, technical drawings, and related references. A few topics will bediscussed in class at a later date. Completed term project reports will befrom 10 pages in length, double spaced not including illustrations orappendices, and will follow the class format. A writing format will beprovided at a later date. An oral presentation on the term project must beconducted in the end of class (November 27).A group's oral presentation on the term project is expected to last at least20 minutes, followed by a 5-minute discussion period. All members of agroup project must present together, but are graded separately. Thepresentation should be technical and include view graphs or visual aidsrelated to the chosen subject area. Transparencies, films, LCD projector,and/or VCR recordings (VHS) can be used, but may not replace spokenreporting. A guideline with tips of presentation requirements will bedistributed at a later date.Mat E 195 Course Activity OutlineFinal Examination on Tuesday, December 19th from 0715 to 0930 hoursWeek StartingDate Reading: Chapter #Homework AssignmentsLaboratory1 Aug. 28 Ch.1 IntroductionProb. 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 Lab Tour/Safety 2 Sept. 4 Labor Day --No Class on Sept. 4 Prob. 5.2, 5.5, 5.10Types of Material Failure3Sept. 11Ch.5 Stress-Strain Relationships Prob. 5.20, 5.22, 5.23 Tension Tests 4 Sept. 18Ch.5 Stress-Strain RelationshipsCh. 4 Mechanical Testing (Tension Test)Prob. 5.26, 5.30, 5.32 Mechanical Tests(Impact, Izod,Hardness, etc.) 5 Sept. 25 Ch. 4 Mechanical Testing (Tension Test)Prob. 4.4, 4.5, 4.7Problem Solving6 Oct. 2 Ch. 4 Mechanical Testing (Other Tests)Prob. 4.16, 4.18, 4.28 DMA 7 Oct. 9 Ch. 4 Mechanical Testing (Other Tests)Prob. 4.31, 4. 34, 4.37, 4.38 Exam 1 – Oct.11 8 Oct. 16 Ch.6 Complex and Principal States of Stress and StrainProb. 6.1, 6.7, 6.10Mohr’s Circles/ Term project9 Oct. 23 Ch.6 Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain Prob. 6.14, 6.16, 6.28 SEM Fractography 10 Oct. 30 Ch. 8 Fracture of Cracked MembersProb. 8.3, 8.4, 8.7 2024-TT6 Aluminum 11 Nov. 6 Ch. 9 Fatigue of Materials Prob. 9.6, 9.7, 9.14 Fatigue Test 12 Nov. 13 Ch. 9 Fatigue of Materials Prob. 9.16, 9.20 Exam 2 –Nov. 15 13 Nov. 20 Ch. 11 Fatigue Crack Growth Prob. 11.4, 11.8, 11.13Polymers/Composites 14 Nov. 27 Ch. 12 Plastic DeformationBehavior and Models for Materials Prob. 12.1, 12.13 Term Paper Due (Nov. 29) 15 Dec. 4 Ch. 15 Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping Prob. 15.2, 15.6, 15.16 Problem Solving 16Dec. 11Review of the CourseLast Day of InstructionMatE 195 Course Learning ObjectivesUpon the completion of this course, the student will be able to:1. Understand the basic test methods to characterize the mechanical behavior of engineering materials: tension, compression, hardness, impact, fatigue, and creep.2. Apply the basic theory of elasticity and plasticity and the importance of brittle-ductile transformation and elastic and plastic behavior of materials to industrial applications.3. Learn the concept of fracture mechanics and its application to product design, manufacturing method, and service reliability.4. Perform the mathematical calculation of a multi-axial or complex stress state and relate it to the uni-axial stress state and the yielding condition.5. Describe and predict the mechanical behavior of crystalline solids using the concepts of dislocation theory and a micro-mechanical approach.6. Improve fracture toughness and deflect a crack’s propagation through the understanding of the microstructural alignment and the associated mechanical anisotropy.。

力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。