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2022届英语语法精讲精练微专题（状语从句一）学生版状语从句分类及连接词考点清单一、让步状语从句要点精讲1：though/although引导的让步状语从句although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序；though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，与although 替换，也可用倒装语序，与as替换。
特别注意：although, though从句均不能与but连用。
【即时训练】在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1. (2015﹒湖南改编)________ the job takes a significant amount of time, most students agree that the experience is worth it.2. (2015﹒福建改编)_________the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.要点精讲2：as/though引导的让步状语从句as/though引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语（形容词、名词）、状语（副词）或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
特别注意as/though后面仍是陈述语序。
【即时训练】在空白处填入1个适当的单词或单句改错。
3. Much ______I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.4. Strange ________ it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.5. Try ________ she might, Carolina couldn't get the door open.6. Doctor as he is, but he knows little about medicine. 改错7. Heavy as it is raining, they are still working outside. 改错要点精讲3：while引导的让步状语从句while“虽然，尽管”，多用于正式文体，且多位于句首，可以与though, although替换。
语法部分第一讲虚拟语气I. 考点分析：虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。
考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。
虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：If I were invited, I would come.If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如：Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.Could I do it, I would surely do it.Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
新目标八年级上册英语语法知识点精讲+练习（一）一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。
通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。
be going to do（动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。
如：It is going to rain.will do结构表示将来的用法：1. 表示预见Do you think it will rain?You will feel better after a good rest.2. 表示意图I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.What will she do tomorrow?基本构成如下：一般疑问句构成：（1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?（2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …?Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+doSarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.特殊疑问句构成：特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday?★★练一练★★根据例句，用will改写下列各句例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow）I’ll be better tomorrow.1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight）_____________________________2. I’m tired now. （sleep later）_____________________________3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon）_____________________________4. We can’t leave right now. （leave a little later）_____________________________5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow）_____________________________答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight.2. I’ll sleep later.3. They’ll buy one soon.4. We’ll leave a little later.5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow.（二）should的用法：should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.例如：I think you should eat less junk food.我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。
高中英语语法大全第1章主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
例如： There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如： Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. wasC. areD. were答案B. 注：先从时态上考虑。
这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。
本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。
后面的职务用and 相连。
这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如： There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
中考语法考点精讲一名词名词一、名词的分类二．名词的数名词有数的变化，从名词所表示的事物的性质看，可以分为两类：可数名词，不可数名词，1．可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
复数名词的变化有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
（2）不规则变化①只变其中元音字母如：man - men woman - women policeman- policemen , Englishman-Englishmen goose – geese foot - feet tooth - teethmouse - mice child - children口诀：男人女人 a 变e , 鹅足牙oo变ee ,小老鼠也好记，ous 变ic，儿童加上ren ,读音同时要发准。
注：German –Germans (除外）②单复数形式相同。
如：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese，口诀：一个中国人和一个日本人骑着一头绵羊和鹿去吃水煮鱼。
2．不可数名词1）概述：英语中的可数与不可数是一个语法概念，与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致，因而不能单从意义上加以推测。
1.不可数名词不能和a/an连用；2.不能直接用数字表数量3. 不可数名词没有复数形式，所以后面不能加-s/-es4. 不可数名词作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
2) 表示方法：不可数名词用some, any, a lot of , little, a little, much表示。
如：I have a little time left.我还剩下一点儿时间。
用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”。
量词可以是单数也可以是复数。
如：a piece of news four glasses of milk five bottles of waterhalf a kilo of …. 半公斤….. two and a half kilos of ….. 两公斤半….. (注：即使数目大于1 但小于2 时，也用复数形式如;1.5公斤， one and a half kilos 或 one and a half 也就是说kilo 放在one and a half 后用复数，只放在one后则用单数)3) 常考的不可数名词：1.流体：water , air ,coffee, tea, milk, wine, juice, oil, honey, porridge，soup, ink2.固体：食品类：rice, bread, salt, butter, cheese, beef，chicken（鸡肉），fish（鱼肉），pork，meat非食品类：paper, glass(玻璃），wood, cotton, rain，snow，chalk3. 表示总称的词：food, fruit, drink, clothing, money, furniture，population4.抽象名词：work，weather, news, advice, music, fun, time, knowledge, information5.研究学科：maths, physics, politics【真题链接】1.______ we had making snowmen last Sunday! (2009天津）A What a great funB What great funC How a great funD how great fun2. There ____ a lot of good news in today's newspaper.A. isB. areC. wasD. Were三、名词的所有格名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。
英语四级语法精讲状语从句(1)大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。
希望通过本专题的学习，考生能对四级语法有更全面的掌握！状语从句状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型；eg：I got up late.I was late for school.Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因状语从句）I got up late，so I was late for school. （结果状语从句）1. 地点状语：地点状语从句通常由where，wherever，everywhere 引导；eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.Wherever=no matter whereEverywhere they went, they were warmly received.Where there is a will, there is a way.where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下；eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.concentrated on ：集中于……。
(内部资料) 2018.1目录第一讲名词第二讲冠词第三讲代词第四讲数词第五讲介词第六讲形容词和副词第七讲连词第八讲情态动词第九讲非谓语动词第十讲时态第十一讲被动语态第十二讲祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲宾语从句第十四讲定语从句第十五讲状语从句第十六讲主谓一致第十七讲情景交际第十八讲词义辨析附录I 重点短语概述一、概述语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学，研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态)，研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序，句子种类)。
二、英语词类词类英语作用在句中成分例词1名词n.表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother, son 2形容词adj.表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big, small 3数词num.表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine, first 4代词pron.代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he, him, his 5动词v.表示动作或状态谓come, write 6副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very, slowly 7冠词art.用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a, an, the8介词prep.用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for, from, to 9连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and, but, if 10感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh, ow三、句子成分句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分，主语和谓语。
除了主语和谓语，句子有时还有其他成分，宾语、定语、状语、表语等。
主语：一般位于句首，说明所要讲述的对象或主体，表示要说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。
We often practise speaking English after class.Your father’s car is new.Watching English films is a good way to learn English.谓语：位于主语之后，说明主语的情况（动作或状态）---“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。
初三英语Unit1-6复习(语法部分)知识精讲【同步教育信息】一. 本周教学内容：Unit 1-6 复习（语法部分）（一）现在完成时（The Present Perfect Tense）1. 动作发生于一个非确定的过去的时间（过去的时间并不重要或根本不知道），但它的结果仍对现在有影响.I have read the letter， and I know what it is about.2. 动作发生在过去，目前仍在继续或刚刚结束，常和“for”加上“一段时间”，或“since”加上“一个确切的过去的时间”连用。
“for”用于过去的一段时间. （动词必须是可以延续的）He has been there for six months. 他去那有6个月了。
（直到现在）He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里。
（直到现在）“since”用于过去的一个确切的时间，意思是“从那时一直到现在”，总是和完成时一齐用，而且不能省略。
（主句动词必须是可以延续的）since +一段时间＋ago；since＋一个时间点；since＋从句。
如：He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.He has stayed here since 3 o’clock.Tim has been in Nantong since January.自从1月份以来Tim一直都在南通。
（现在仍在南通）注意：“since”后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.他打小时候起就对收集硬币感兴趣。
（现在还是如此）He has taught English since he came here.现在完成时常和短语“up to now /till now”，“so far”（意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在）连用。
![高考英语语法_虚拟语气详解_练习精讲[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/a0a87db1d5d8d15abe23482fb4daa58da0111c8a.png)
虚拟语气陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
如：0-0There are two sides to every question./ 0-1Were you busy all day yesterday?祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。
如：0-2Never be late again!/ 0-3Don’t forget to turn off the light.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如：0-4If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.一真实条件与非现实条件真实条件表示现实情况中可能实现的情况而非真实条件表示与现实情况相反的假想。
1-1 If the working conditions are not too bad, I will accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我会接受这项工作。
(真实条件)1-2 If the working conditions were not too bad, I would accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我就接受这项工作了。
(非真实条件)(事实是The working conditions are too bad,、I won't accept the job)1-3 He said if he failed, he would have another try.他说他如果失败，他还会再试一次。
(真实条件)1-4 If he had failed, he would have had another try.如果他失败的话，他会再试一次的。
(非真实条件)(事实是He didn't fail and he didn't have another try.二非真实条件句2.1 if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。
2022-2023学年七年级英语下册期末考试满分必刷题核心语法（学生版）语法精讲1情态动词can的用法1.can的个性展示can本身有一定含义,但不能独立存在,它必须与动词原形一起构成谓语.情态动词can没有人称和数的变化.2.can的具体用法3.can的句式表演4.can的巧记口诀表能力,要用can.陈述句里记特点.肯定can后加动原,否定can后not连.疑问句,can提前.肯定回答“Yes,主语＋can”.否定回答“No,主语＋can't.,”记心间.语法精练1.用所给单词的适当形式填空1.I can't________ (write) stories, Can you help me, Mary?2. My mother can________ (speak) English very well.3.What can your brother________ (do)?4.Miss Lin can't play the piano, but she can________ (sing)well.5.Little Tom can draw, but he________ (can not) dance.II.单项选择1.(2022·百色中考)- ________ you tell us a story in English?-I think I can do it. Let me try.A. NeedB. CanC. ShouldD. Must2.(2022·北京中考)- ________ I take photos here?-Sorry, you can't. It's not allowed in the museum.A. MustB. NeedC. CanD. Will3.We should learn some basic life skills since we________ depend on our parents some day.A. canB. can'tC. mustD. mustn't4. -What kind of music do you like?-I like music that I________ dance to.A. canB. mustC. shouldD. need5.(2022·成都中考)-There is a new art museum in our city. You________ miss it.-Thank you. I won't.A. can't C. needn'tIII.按要求改写句子(每空一词)1.My father can speak English well.(改为一般疑问句)________ your father________ English well?2.Tom can ride a horse.(改为否定句)Tom________ ________ a horse.3.Mr.Green can do Chinese kung fu.(对画线部分提问)________ ________ Mr. Green________?4.Can Tom and Jim draw pictures?(作肯定回答)Yes, ________ ________.5.play,can,Cindy,well,the,guitar(连词成句)___________________________________________________________________________________________?语法精讲2一、频度副词二、一般现在时三、句式结构语法精练1.用所给单词的适当形式填空1.Mary usually________ (go) shopping with her mother on Sunday.2. ________ (do)Peter________ (take)a shower in the evening or in the morning?3.Lisa________ (not do) her homework in the evening.4.She never________ (eat) hamburgers for lunch.5.-What time Jack________ (go) to bed?-At 10:30 p.m.II.按要求改写句子(每空一词)1.Mr. Green usually goes to work at seven o'clock.(改为一般疑问句) ________ Mr. Green usually________ to work at seven o'clock?2.Anna always plays volleyball after school.(改为否定句)Anna________ plays volleyball after school.3.I do my homework at home on weekends.(改为否定句)I________ ________ my homework at home on weekends.4.Lisa sometimes eats bread for breakfast.(对画线部分提问)________ ________ ________ Lisa________ bread for breakfast? 5.They usually exercise in the morning.(用he改写句子)________ usually________ in the morning.语法精讲3一、how引导的特殊疑问句1.直接由how引导的特殊疑问句2.由“how+形容词／副词”引导的特殊疑问句二、交通方式的表达语法精练I.根据句意填写疑问词(组),完成句子1.- _________ does Linda get to school?-She takes the bus.2.- _________ _________ does it take you to get home from work? -About twenty minutes.3.- _________ _________ is it from here?-One hundred kilometers.4.-I walk to school. _________ about you, Jane?-I ride my bike.5.- _________ _________ people are there in the photo?-Six.II.单项选择1.(2022·安徽滁州凤阳博文国际学校期末) I usually_________ to the bus stop, and then go to school by bus.A. by bikeB. on my bikeC. in my bikeD. ride my bike2.- _________ does Bob usually go to work?-He usually rides his bike.A. WhatB. HowC. WhereD. Who3.(2022·浙江杭州萧山城区期中)-Excuse me. _________ is it to the East Station?-About half an hour by taxi.A. How manyB. How longC. How farD. How old4.- _________ do you visit Uncle Tom?-Once a week.A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon语法精讲4一、祈使句1.祈使句的定义表示请求、命令、建议、警告、劝说等的句子叫祈使句.在祈使句中,肯定句一般以动词原形开头,通常省略主语you;否定句在动词原形前加don't.2.祈使句的句式结构3.祈使句用法口诀祈使句,祈使句,请求、命令或建议.主语是you常省去,动词原形开头记.否定形式要注意,句首要把don't加.要讲客气用please,句首、句末没关系.二、must和have to辨析1.两者均意为“必须”.must更强调说话者的主观意愿,have to强调客观需要,意为“不得不”.2.must一般只表示现在,没有人称和数的变化;而have to则可以用于不同的时态,有人称和数的变化.3.两者的否定式含义大不相同.mustn't 意为“不准;禁止”,而don't have to意为“不必”.【注意】以must开头的一般疑问句,其肯定回答用must;否定回答用needn't或don't have to.语法精练1.用所给单词的适当形式填空1. _________ (finish)your homework first.2. _________ (not come) to the zoo before 6 o'clock, please.3.Please_________ (be) quiet in the room.4.No_________ (swim) in the river!5.They have to_________ (do) their homework when they get home.II.单项选择1.(2022·广西河池凤山期末) _________ play the guitar here, Jack. It's too noisy.A. Can'tB. NoC. Don'tD. Doesn't2.(2022·湖南郴州期末)-Jack, _________ leave the dirty dishes in the kitchen!-Sorry, Mom.A. can'tB. doesn'tC. don't3.(2022·湖南株洲攸县期末) _________ run in the hallway, children!A. Don'tB. NotC. Can't4.(2022·江西宜春期末)-Can I go out with Lisa, Dad?-Yes, but you_________ come back home before five o'clock, You'll have an art lesson then.A. mustB. canC. mustn'tD. can't5.(2022·浙江宁波海曙区期中)We_________ be noisy in the library and we_________ keep the books clean.A. have to; mustB. must; can'tC. have to; can'tD. can't; have to语法精讲5一、形容词形容词修饰名词,用以说明事物或人的性质和特征.它通常在句子中作定语、表语或宾语补足语等.二、特殊疑问句1.定义及答语特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句,其结构为“特殊疑问词十一般疑问句?”回答特殊疑问句不能用yes或no.回答时要针对具体情况来作出回答.2.特殊疑问词特殊疑问词分为两类:疑问代词和疑问副词,其用法归纳如下:【注意】由why引导的特殊疑问句,一般要用because引导的从句来回答.because是连词,作“因为”讲,其后要接一个句子来陈述理由.例如:-Why does she do that?-她为什么要那样做?-Because she wants to help the person.-因为她想帮助那个人.语法精练I.单项选择1.(2022·江西赣州兴国期末)-Don't be_________. Jack! Help me clean the room right now!-OK, Mom.A. afraidB. lazyC. shyD. quiet2.(北京海淀区期中) _________ is Jenny from?-She comes from the US.A. WhatB. WhoC. WhenD. Where3.(2022·广西北海期末)- _________ do you like this book?-Because it's exciting.A. WhyB. WhatC. HowD. Who4.(2022·福建莆田期末)My brother is very_________. He can always make new things.A. smartB. busyC. kind5.- _________ was the car invented?-It was invented in 1885.A. WhenB. WhichC. WhoD. WhereII.对画线部分提问(每空一词)1.Linda doesn't like math because it's difficult._________ _________ Linda_________ math?2.I can see some books on the table._________ can you_________ on the table?3.Mr. Green often goes to work at 7:30 in the morning._________ _________ Mr. Green often go to work?4.Lions are from South Africa._________ _________ lions from?5.Most students go to school by bus._________ _________ most students go to school?。
七年级英语上册Unit 1语法写作讲解一、语法精讲（一）含be动词的一般现在时【用法详解】（1）歌谣：be动词有三个，am、is还有are; 我（I）用am, 你（you）用are;is连着他（he）、她（she）、它（it）；单数名词用is, 复数全部都用are.Eg:I am a good girl.我是一个好女孩。
You are my best friend.你是我最好的朋友。
He is from England.他来自英国。
She is my sister.她是我姐姐。
It is a cute dog.它是一条可爱的狗。
The boy is clever.那个男孩很聪明。
They are in the same school.他们在同一所学校。
The dogs are small.那些狗很小。
（2）歌谣：be动词多变化，am, is 还有are；变否定很简单，not放在be后面；变疑问往前提，句首大写莫迟疑；还有一点要注意，句末问号别忘记。
注意：在含有be动词的句子，变否定句时在be动词后加not；变一般疑问句把be动词提前。
Eg:(1)I am a good girl.-- I’m not a good girl.-- Are you a good girl?肯定回答：Yes, I am .否定回答： No, I’m not.(2)He is from English.-- He isn’t from English.-- Is he from English?肯定回答：Yes, he is.否定回答：No, he isn’t.(3)They are in the same school.-- They aren’t in the same school.-- Are they in the same school?肯定回答：Yes, they are.否定回答：No, they aren’t（3）be动词的缩略式：肯定式：I’m = I am; you’re = you are; he’s = he is; she’s = she is;it’s = it is; we’re = we are; they’re = they are否定式：I’m not; you aren’t; he isn’t; she isn’t; it isn’t;we aren’t; they aren’t（4）系动词Be的用法：在一般现在时中，be后常加形容词、名词、介词短语等做表语，说明身份、年龄、状态等。
专接本英语重点语法精讲第一章时态和语态第一节时态时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和体态。
所谓体态是指动作发生的方式或事物所处的状态，包含一般体、进行体、完成体，英语谓语动词时态意义主要是通过谓语动词形式本身的变化实现的。
英语中，表示动作发生的时间有四种：现在、过去、将来和过去将来。
四种时间和四种体态的结合就构成了英语谓语动词的16种时态：一般现在时该时态表示习惯性的动作、讲话时人或事物的特性或状态以及客观真理等。
谓语动词除第三人称单数需要在动词后面加-s夕卜，其余人称均用原型动词（be 和have动词形式随着人称的不同变化）。
该时态常跟有一个含有频度或现在概We have been living here for ten years.We have lived here for years. J［译文］我们在这儿住了十年了。
b.在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时那么表示动作在过去已结束。
例如：The students have been preparing for the exam.学生们一直在准备考试。
（还在进行）The students have prepared for theexam.学生们为考试作了准备。
（已经结束）♦现在完成进行时不适用于状态动词，表示状态动词的延续，只可用现在完成时。
例如：They have known each other since 1970. J从1970年起，他们就相互认识了。
He has hoped that he has an opportunity to have college education.他一直希望有机会上大学。
2）现在完成进行时在过去场合中的变化形式是过去完成进行时，其形式为：had + been +现在分词。
She asked me what I had been doing these years.她问我这些年在干些什么。
高一英语第一册语法精讲：V-ing 形式的用法（1）人教版【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容v-ing 形式的用法（1）二、知识精讲动名词和现在分词统称为v-ing形式；是非谓语动词的一种。
v-ing形式的各种时态和语态：注：否定式在v-ing前加not。
（一）回忆动名词：是具有名词性质的v-ing形式；或者可以说是由动词变来的名词。
所以我们说动名词和其他的名词一样，在句子中可以作主语，宾语，表语，有时也可作定语。
（二）现在分词：是具有形容词或副词特点的v-ing形式；所以说现在分词在句子中可作定语，宾语补足语，表语和状语。
观察本单元及下单元课文中的一些句子，体会各句中v-ing形式的用法：1. If we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.如果我们情绪低落或者感到孤独，那么没有比看到好友的笑脸让人感觉更好的事了。
（现在分词作定语时，如果是一个单词，通常位于其修饰的名词之前，即：前置定语）2. In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.在法国，有人看到同样的姿势，会以为是零的意思。
（如果是一个短语，要位于其修饰的名词之后，即：后置定语）△讲解：现在分词作定语时，被修饰的名词与现在分词为主谓关系；通常表示正在进行的动作；有时也表示经常性的或持续性的动作。
如：→ a sleeping boy一个正在睡觉的男孩→ the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳→ The man standing at the door will sing us a song.（= The man who is standing at the door …）站在门口的那个男人将为我们唱一首歌。
语法概要英语句子：按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句)。
简单句5种：1. 主+谓。
2. 主+系+表。
3. 主+谓+宾。
4. 主+谓+双宾。
5. 主+谓+宾+宾补。
双宾和宾补的判断方法：I gave her a Teddy Bear.We elected John monitor.句子成分(9种)：主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立成分。
基本成分：主、谓、表、宾、补。
附属成分：定、状、同位语、独立成分。
复合句(主从句)中的从句共分3大类：名从(4种)、形从(定从)、副从(状从)。
名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。
主语从句(谓语用单数)：引导词：连词that/whether (不作成分，但不可省，whether不能换作if)。
连接代词：what, who, whom, whose,which以及whatever, whoever,whomever, whosever, whichever.(均不可省)连接副词：when, where, why, how以及whenever, wherever, however. (均不可省)如果以上从句过长，则用it替代，作形式主语。
it作形式主语的从句常见类型：1). It is+过去分词+that…It is known that…It is believed that…It is said that…It is expected that…It is reported that…It is alleged that…It is rumored that…It is estimated that…2). It is+形容词+that…It is easy that…It is difficult that…It is certain that…It is possible that…It is likely that…It is important that…It is obvious that…3). It +不及物动词+that…It s eems that…It appears that…It happens that…It turns out that…It occurs to sb that…4). It is+名词(短语)+that…It is a shame that…It is a pity that…It is an honor that…It is common knowledge that…It is no wonder that…It is no accident that…It is no rarity that…whether与if的用法区别：whether:(1).无论，不管 引导让步状；(2).是否 引导名词从。
目录一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态） .................... 错误!未定义书签。
二、不定式................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
三、动词的时态和语态 .............................................. 错误!未定义书签。
一般现在时的特例........................... 错误!未定义书签。
一般过去时的注意点......................... 错误!未定义书签。
一般将来时的注意点......................... 错误!未定义书签。
四、非谓语动词 .............................. 错误!未定义书签。
五、复合式谓语 .............................. 错误!未定义书签。
六、动词的虚拟语气 .......................... 错误!未定义书签。
七、状语从句 ................................ 错误!未定义书签。
1、时间状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
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3、原因状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
4．条件状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
5．让步状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
6．目的状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
7．结果状语从句............................ 错误!未定义书签。
