南开大学神经外科学2018--2019年考博真题

微观部分一、许多省区都把汽车工业作为本省的支柱产业，请用经济学原理分析，汽车工业的发展是否能促进我国经济的良性循环。

二、白领的月薪为几万元，而工人才几百元，请用经济学原理分析，现阶段我国收入差距过大的原因。

三、如果不考虑契约的风险性，“公司+农户”模式是否农民增收的有效途径。

四、证明利润一定时成本最小化问题和成本一定时利润最大化问题是对偶问题。

五、建立经济学模型，说明药品价格高是否因为中间环节太多。

“药品价格居高不下，最大的问题在于药品流通的中间环节太多，经过一、二、三级批发之后，药价就上去了。

药店之所以比医院便宜，关键在于减少了中间环节，消灭了中间商。

”中国制药工业近几年发展很快，生产力严重过剩，药品种类多而且替代性强，增加了医院的选择空间，哪一类药品加价空间大，医院就采购哪个品种，这是“规矩”，全国的医院没有例外。

没有办法强迫医院不要这样做而去改卖最便宜的药。

这是抬升药价的一个重要环节。

药品价格形成的关键性症结是因为流通环节过于庞杂，还有医院的垄断渠道。

医院是药业市场的需求终端，对于药品消费有着主宰权。

在中国药品消费总量中，医院占到80%，另外20%则从药店或其他渠道销售。

这种情形决定了医院在药品消费中扮演着一种不可替代的角色。

1.资源配置效率的含义是什么？X非效率的含义是什么？两者有何区别？2.逆向选择现象及其原因3.某产品市场有两家企业，每家企业的边际成本均为0，已经市场需求曲线为P(Y)=100-Y，其中Y=y1+y2, 竞争均衡下的总产出？企业为古诺竞争者，y2给定条件下，求企业1的最佳产量？每个古诺均衡下的产量？卡特尔下总产出？如果1是追随者，2是领导者，计算每个企业在斯塔格伯均衡下的产出？4.如果研究中国垄断和收入分配的关系，你将如何进行课题设计？5.阿罗不可能定理是用四个条件来规定的。

请对阿罗不可能定理作出定义，并解释这四个条件中每一个条件都是不可缺少的。

6.法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯(Walras)最早研究了竞争性市场体系的均衡问题并提出了瓦尔拉斯法则(Walras’Law)，试证明瓦尔拉斯法则。

华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤: 指头部受钝力作用后所引起的以脑白质轴索弥散性损伤为主要特征的一种脑组织损伤。

2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿：指伤后首次检查时无血肿，而在以后的检查中发现了血肿，或在原无血肿的部位发现了新的血肿，此种现象可见于各种外伤性颅内血肿。

3. 先天性脑积水：由于脑组织先天性发育异常所致的脑积水称为先天性脑积水。

形成脑积水的原因可能是脑脊液的分泌和吸收之间失去平衡，即脑脊液产生过多或吸收障碍。

此外，脑脊液循环通路阻塞也是引起先天性脑积水的重要原因。

4. 颅内压增高：是神经外科常见的临床病理综合症，是颅脑损伤、脑肿瘤、脑出血、脑积水和颅内炎症等所共有征象，由于上述疾病使颅腔内容物体积增加，导致颅内压持续在2.0（2002O）以上，从而引起的相应的综合症。

二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')①一般治疗密切观察生命体征变化；禁食禁水，并适量补液；疏通大便；保持呼吸道通畅，必要时切管切开；吸氧；②病因治疗③降颅内压治疗④应用激素，减轻脑水肿，有助于缓解颅内压增高⑤对症治疗⑥其他治疗，如冬眠疗法、脑脊液体外引流、巴比妥治疗、辅助过度换气、抗生素治疗等2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')第一期：肿瘤局限于内听道，仅有听神经受累的表现：听力下降、耳鸣、眩晕和眼球震颤第二期：肿瘤进入脑池，除上述症状进一步加重外，出现前庭性共济失调，头痛，面部和角膜感觉迟钝第三期：肿瘤压迫脑干，除上述症状进一步加重以外，还可出现面神经功能异常，后组颅神经受累的表现，并有颅内压增高的表现：复视，视力减退，头痛，此外，常有明显的小脑症状3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')⑴经颅手术：适合于体积巨大、哑铃型、肿瘤向鞍旁生长者。

术后注意处理鼻腔分泌物、术后出血、头痛、垂体功能低下、低钠血症、脑脊液鼻漏、尿崩症、视力减退并注意饮食及休息。

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（经济学）真题
《微观经济学》
1、简述福利经济学第一，第二定理。

2、辨析钻石产量增加，持有钻石的效用是否降低。

3、一厂商处于长期均衡生产水平，现价格变化，分析短期长期影响。

4、计算消费者剩余变化。

补偿性变化和等值性变化。

5、计算要素需求函数，利润函数，和最优要素投入量，这个题目很怪。

6、证明凸性的三个定义等价。

7、给了共享单车市场和网约车市场的市场结构变化，论述市场结构变化对效率和福利的影响。

8、给了材料说明网络效应是外部性的一种，论述传统的外部性公共政策是否合适;比较共享单车和滴滴的网络效应模式，并论述其早期补贴的效果。

《宏观经济学》：
1、新古典增长理论关于收敛的论述，并简述新古典增长理论缺陷。

2、简述李嘉图等价。

3、简述卢卡斯批判
4、计算一个两期效用最大化模型，不难。

5、计算索洛中性型（技术进步在资本上）新古典增长模型收敛路径，及产出和资本的增长率。

6、给了材料，三问分别是论述现代货币数量论和传统货币数量论的区别;凯恩斯主义和货币主义对货币政策的区别;凯恩斯主义和货币主义对通货膨胀的区别。

7、给了材料，分别论述结合增长理论，我国改革开放40年的增长源泉是什么;经济增长方式由高速到高质量转变的重要性;中等收入扩大的意义。

中山医科大学1998年招收攻读博士研究生入学试题神经病学1.眼肌麻痹的原因（眼斜视的定位定性）。

2.脑脊液中糖、氯化物升高\降低的原因、机理。

3.难治性癫痫的治疗。

4.蛛网膜下腔出血的并发症及防治。

5.脑血管病的研究进展。

6.神经遗传病的研究进展。

7.帕金森氏病的研究进展。

（5-7 三题任选一题即可）吉林大学神经科2003考博部分试题名词解释：颈内动脉盗血综合症；完全性失语；颅底压迹；体象障碍问答题：上矢状窦血栓的病因，诊断多发硬化的诊断标准肌无力危象的分类、与格林巴利的鉴别列举三种皮质下痴呆及其诊断依据脑出血急性期治疗进展何谓遗传性疾病？Charcot-Marie-Tooth病的临床表现部分性癫痫的分类及药物治疗复旦大学０３年神经病学博士入学考部分试题名词解释：睫脊反射；眼心反射；Dejerine-Klumpke syndrome；Hornersyndrome；变形性肌张力异常；抓握反射；Parinaud syndrome；Foster Kennedysyndrome;hunt syndrome;问答题：１、肝豆状核变性铜代谢障碍的机制；２、脱髓鞘疾病的病理特点及多发性硬化的表现；３、脑囊虫病感染途径及临床症状；４、小脑上动脉梗塞的表现；５、下丘脑的组成及损害表现；６、脊柱C5-T2病变表现；中山医科大学2001年招收攻读博士研究生入学试题神经病学1、SAH 的病理、并发症及其发病机制2、帕金森病的治疗现状3、癫痫的药物治疗4、脊髓压迫症的鉴别诊断5、肌营养不良的产前诊断6、头痛伴眼肌麻痹的诊断7、MS 的病理及发病机制不知是哪个学校的：96年：名词：分离性感觉障碍铅管样强直群集性头痛ALZHEIMER病问答：格林巴利综合征的诊断及鉴别诊断婴儿痉挛症又称什么综合征，试述其主要临床表现和脑电图特征急性单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的临床表现什么是腔隙性梗塞，它有几种主要的临床表现。

97年：名词：Wallenberg syndrome ,Brown-Sequard syndrome ,Gilles de laTourett syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome ,hunt syndrome问答：脑血栓形成急性期治疗，EP的诊断和鉴别诊断，偏头痛的临床类型及临床表现，多发性硬化的诊断标准及治疗。

2009年，我来到南开大学，我的考博之路开始了，这里师兄和师姐们向给我介绍了南开大学考博的经验，并且极力推荐我们报考，因为考南开有三大好处：第一，南开大学极其公平，差不多是全国高校考博中最为公平的，分数透明，试题统一，几乎没有走关系和做手脚的机会。

第二，南开竞争不激烈，一般情况下只要每门60分以上就可以考上，因为每个导师可以招两个人，而实际上往往没有两个人可以过线。

第三，考试题目也比较正规而简单，5道简答，2-3道计算，2道论述，答题和改卷的不确定性也较低。

师兄还告诉我们，我们学校应届生考南开大学的博士生是从来没有落榜的。

于是我决定，报考南开。

我复习的很充分，英语不但认真做阅读，做翻译，还背了7篇作文范文，还天天听VOA，BBC之类的快速听力，就连考博十年真题汇编的词汇我也大部分背下来了。

微观看了高鸿业、范里安现代观点、马斯克莱尔（这本浏览而已），范里安高级和微观经济学十八讲；宏观看了高鸿业、曼昆、多恩布什和罗默。

而且都不止看了一遍。

2月初，我已复习的精熟，带着厚厚的笔记本和资料回到家过年，这个时候，我已经不需要书本，因为书本上的有用知识点和重要的论述已经被我详细的抄在笔记本上了，我也不需要单词表，因为我已经把托福单词、考博词汇、六级词汇、常用词组和历年考博真题中的难词全部整理在电脑上的一个EXCEL表里了。

寒假的那些天，我就将自己的资料过了几遍，保证不后退。

2月25日，我再次回到学校，开始了半个月的冲刺，3月10日，我开始了考博之旅，5点钟坐上绿皮车轰隆隆来到天津，早晨排了2个小时的队伍报了名，不知道为什么考博的报道和考试差了两天，10号报道，而12号才考试，我不是天津考生，只好等在天津，为了省钱，让师兄给我找了地方住。

这时候的心情非常紧张，真是度日如年，我找到南开经济学院可以上自习的地方，花了点时间看了看真题，想想自己会不会做，其实这时候的感觉就是基本上都会，但是都有些模糊，只能在有压力的时候被压出来。

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（病理及眼科学）真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一例说明。

眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

神经外科学考试题及答案1. 神经外科学的定义是什么？*神经外科学是专门研究和治疗中枢神经系统和周围神经系统疾病的医学学科。

它涉及到对大脑、脊髓、神经和周围血管系统的疾病的诊断、手术治疗和康复。

*2. 神经外科学的发展历史如何？*神经外科学的发展历史可以追溯到古代埃及和希腊时期。

然而，现代神经外科学真正发展起来是在19世纪末和20世纪初，随着手术技术的改进和神经科学的进展。

最早的神经外科手术包括颅内手术和脑膜切除术，而现在神经外科学已扩展到包括各种神经系统疾病的治疗，如脊髓损伤、脑肿瘤和脊柱疾病。

*3. 神经外科学的常见手术有哪些？*神经外科学的常见手术包括：*- *脑切除术：用于治疗脑肿瘤、癫痫和脑损伤等疾病。

*- *脑室镜手术：通过小孔径镜子引导进行脑室内疾病的治疗。

*- *脊柱手术：用于治疗脊柱损伤、脊柱肿瘤和脊柱退行性疾病。

*- *周围神经手术：用于治疗周围神经系统疾病，例如坠脱、神经纤维瘤和神经痛。

*- *脑深部电刺激术：用于治疗帕金森病和其他运动障碍疾病。

*- *颅面整复手术：用于修复颅面骨折和创伤。

*4. 神经外科学的研究领域有哪些？*神经外科学的研究领域包括：*- *神经临床病理学：研究神经系统疾病的病理机制和病因。

*- *神经外科手术技术：研究和改进各种神经外科手术技术，以提高手术效果和患者康复。

*- *神经再生和康复：研究神经系统损伤后的再生和康复机制，以及相应的治疗方法。

*- *神经影像学：研究和应用各种神经影像学技术，如MRI和CT扫描，进行神经系统疾病的诊断和监测。

*- *神经科学：研究神经系统的结构、功能和发育，以进一步了解神经系统疾病的发病机制。

*5. 神经外科学在健康护理中的重要性是什么？*神经外科学在健康护理中起着至关重要的作用。

神经系统是人体最为重要的系统之一，负责控制和协调身体的各种功能。

当神经系统出现疾病或损伤时，它会对个体的生活质量和功能造成严重影响。

神经外科学通过诊断和治疗神经系统疾病，能够帮助患者恢复正常功能并提高生活质量。

历年考博外科题目总汇. .1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。

胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。

Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。

Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。

Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。

Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。

甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child-1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。

胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。

Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。

Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。

Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。

Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。

甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child：二问答1 PMC（甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌）及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。

南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。