context and meaning

On Context and Meaning

12级英语D班，赖惠珊，NO.12

Linguists have classified context from different perspectives and for different aims.

For example, context may be classified into broad and narrow ones according to their

scopes; notional and situational ones according to their content; emotional and

rational ones according to their emotions; implicit and explicit ones according to

expressing forms, etc. However, the most widely used way is to draw a distinction

between two major types:linguistic context and non-linguistic context, which can be

illustrated as the following.

There are two Types of context.

1)Linguistic context

It refers to all the words that go before or come after the word in question. There

are three main types of lingustic context.

A. Lexical context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a particular

On Context and Meaning

12级英语D班，赖惠珊，NO.12

Linguists have classified context from different perspectives and for different aims. For example,

context may be classified into broad and narrow ones according to their scopes; notional and

situational ones according to their content; emotional and rational ones according to their

emotions; implicit and explicit ones according to expressing forms, etc. However, the most widely

used way is to draw a distinction between two major types:linguistic context and non-linguistic

context, which can be illustrated as the following.

There are two Types of context.

1)Linguistic context

It refers to all the words that go before or come after the word in question. There are three

main types of lingustic context.

A. Lexical context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a particular word appears or

Ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｑ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　Ｕｔｉｅｒｅｎｃｅ　Ｓ　Ｍｅ（］ｎｉｎｑ　——一ｆｒ０ｍ　ｔｈｅ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　卢翎婧　（重庆师范大学　重庆４０１３３１）　中图分类号：ＨＯ　文献标识码：Ａ　文章编号：１００８—９２５Ｘ（２０１２）０５—００２９—０２　

Ｉ　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　Ｗｈａｔ　ｉｓ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ？Ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｗｏｒｄ　ｈａｓ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ　ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ　ｏｆ　ｙｅａｒｓ　ｂｙ　ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｅｒｓ，ｌｏｇｉｃｉａｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｓ．Ｇｅｒｍａｎ　ｆａｍｏｕｓ　ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｅｒ　Ｌｕｄｗｉｇ　Ｗｉｔｔｇｅｎｓｔｅｉｎ　ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ａ　ｗｏｒｄ　ｉｓ　ｉｔｓ　ｕｓｅ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｋａｔｚ’ｓ　ｔｈｅｏｒｙ　ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｉｓ　ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａ１．　ｎ１ｅ　ｗａｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ　ａｒｅ　ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ　ｉｎｔｏ　ｐｈｒａｓｅｓ　ａｎｄ　ｐｈｒａｓｅｓ　ｉｎｔｏ　ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ　ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ　（Ｓａｅｅｄ，１　９９７：２３５）．Ｊａｃｋｅｎｄｏｆｆ’ｓ　Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｕａｌ　Ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｓ　ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ　ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇ　ｍｅｎｔａｌ　ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｎｄ　Ｇ．　Ｌｅｅｃｈ　ａｌｓｏ　ｇａｖｅ　ｕｓ　７　ｔｙｐｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｉｎ　ｈｉｓ　Ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｓ．Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ，　ｔｈｅｒｅ　ａｒｅ　ｔｗｏ　ｍａｊｏｒ　ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ：　ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ａｎｄ　ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｔｏ　ｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｔｗｏ　ｔｅｒｍｓ，ｗｅ　ｃａｎ　ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔ　ａｓ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ（Ｓａｅｅｄ，１９９７：２３５）：　Ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ　ｉｎ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ＝ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｓ　Ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔｅｄ　ａｗａｙ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｕｓｅｓ＝ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｓ　Ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｉｓ，ｗｅ　ｋｎｏｗ　ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｓ　ｏｎｌｙ　ａｎａｌｙｚｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅ　ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｓｅｒｓ，ｂｕｔ　ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｓ　ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｄｏｓｅ　ｒｅｌａｔｅ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ’ｓ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ—　ｉｎｇ　ａｎｄ　ｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅａｌ　ｗｏｒｌｄ．ａｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｓ　ｔｏ　ｓａｙ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｗｉｌｌ　ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｈａｎｄ，ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ　ｔｏ　Ｓａｅｅｄ（１　９９７），ｔｈｅ　ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅ　ｉｓ　ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ　ｏｒ　ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ）　ｐｉｅｃｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ａｎｄ，ｏｉｌ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｒａｒｙ　ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ　ａｒｅ　ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ　ｇｒａｍｍａｔｉｃａｌ　ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ　ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓ　ｐａｐｅｒ　ｉｓ　ｇｏｉｎｇ　ｔｏ　ｆｏｃｕｓ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅ’ｓ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ａｓｐｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｓ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｊｕｓｔ　ｉｎ　ｏｒｄｅｒ　ｔｏ　ｓｈｏｗ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｐｌａｙｓ　ａｎ　ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ　ｒｏｌｅ　ｉｎ　ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｄｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．　ＩＩ　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｓ　ｐａｙｓ　ｍｕｃｈ　ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　ｏｎ　ｗｈａｔ　ｋｉｎｄ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ｉｓ　ｕｓｅｄ　ｉｎ，ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｐｏｉｎｔ，ｔｈｅ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎ—　ｍｅｎｔ　ｍａｙ　ｍｅａｎｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．Ａｎｄ　Ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏ１３　Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ　Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ　Ｌｅａｒｎｅｒ’ｓ　Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ—Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ　Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，ｏｉｌ　ｏｎｅ　ｈａｎｄ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｒｅｆｅｒｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｗｏｒｄｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｃｏｍｅ　ｉｕｓｔ　ｂｅｆｏｒｅ　ａｎｄ＂ａｆｔｅｒ　ａ　ｗｏｒｄ，ｐｈｒａｓｅ　ｏｒ　ｓｔａｔｅ—　ｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｈｅｌｐ　ｙｏｕ　ｔｏ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｉｔｓ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｓｏ　ｉｎｔｏｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｇｒａｍ—　ｎｌａｒ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｗａｙ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｗｏｒｄｓ　ｏｒ　ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓ　ｗｉｌｌ　ａｆｆｅｃｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．ａｎｄ　ｗｅ　ｃａｎ　ｓａｙ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｔｈｒｅｅ　ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ　ａｒｅ　ａｌｌ　ｉｎｃｌｕｄ—　ｅｄ　ｉｎ　Ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｅ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．Ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｈａｎｄ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｒｅｆｅｒｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｔ—　ｕａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ　ｈａｐｐｅｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈｅｌｐｓ　ｙｏｕ　ｔｏ　ｕｎｄｅｒ－　ｓｔａｎｄ　ｉｔ．ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ．ｔｈｉｓ　ｉｓ　Ｎｏｎ—ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｉｓ　ｄｉ—　ｖｉｄｅｄ　ｉｎｔｏ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｏｆ　Ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｏｆ　Ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ．Ｓｅｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ　ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｃｈａｒｔ（Ｎｉｕ　Ｑｉａｎｇ，１９９９）．　Ｔｈｉｓ　ｃｈａｒｔ　ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ　ｓｈｏｗ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．ｂｕｔ　Ｚｈｕ　Ｆａｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（２００４：６０）ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｗｅ　ｃａｎ　ａｎａｌｙｚｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｏｎ—　ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ　ｔｈｒｅｅ　ｐａｒｔｓ：１１　ｔｈｅ　ｋｎｏｗｎ　ｉｎｆｏｒ—　ｍａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　ａ　ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　２）ｔｈｅ　ｔｉｍｅ，ｔｈｅ　ｐｌａｃｅ，ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ’ｓ　ｇｅｎ—　ｄｅｒ、ａｇｅ、ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｓｔａｔｕｓ　３）ｃｏｍｍｏｎ　ｓｏｃｉａｌ　ａｎｄ　ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ　ｂａｃｋ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｐｈｏｎｅｔｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｓｙｎｔａｃｔｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｎｏｎ－ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　广————Ｌ＿１　Ｍｏｒｐｈｅｍｅ　ｔ　Ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ　Ｅ　Ｇｎｅｒａｌｋｎｏｗｌｄｇｅｅ山ｔｕ　

ＣｏＮＴＥ×Ｔ　ＡＮＤ　ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ　ＩＮ　ＶＥＲＢＡＬ　ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＣＡＴＩｏＮ　

＿申酉分类号一　＿Ｈ０一…一一……一一………爻献ｊ　鹂一　……～……一　一＿变章编号：一　ｂｂ－８－：９２８ｋ（２ｄ　ｉ６＝＿　ｍ二６　…　

篷　一ｉｎ　Ｂｅｖｅ￣＆ｌ　ａｒｅａｓ，椭ａｎｄ　ｆｏ。ｕｎｄ—ｔｈ讹ａｔ：ｍｅａｎｎｇ　ｏｆｆｉｃａｌｃｅ，　ｃｏｎｔｘｔ　ｐＭｙｉｎｇ￣ａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｄ　ｉｓｃｏｕｒ）（ｓｅ　ｓｕｒｐａ　ｓ　ｅｓ豢ｒ爹ｏｌｅ　ｉｎｔｈ　ｅ　ｍ辫ｅａｎ　ｉｎ￣ｏ　ｆ　ｗｒｉｔｅｎｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ　嚣柳蜊女恬，　詹　加　珈　恬　，ｍｅ￣ｎｌｎｇ　ｉｓ　ｉｎｓ婚　ｆｒｏｍ　ｃｏｎ￥ｅｘｔ。　Ｉ｜。　Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ　ｃｏｎ％ｅｘ￣　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１　Ｉ　ｎｔｒｏｄｕｏｔ　ｉ　ｏｎ　Ｄｉ　ｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ　ｓ　ｍａｋｅ　ｕｐ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａ１　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．　Ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ　ｃａｎ　ｎｏｔ　ｂｅ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ　ｏｎｌｙ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ｉｔｓｅｌｆ，ａｎｄ　ｏｎｌｙ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ，ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ　ｉｎ　ｏｒｄｅｒ　ｔｏ　ｍｏｒｅ　ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｉｔｓ　ｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．　Ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃｓ．ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｉ　ｓ　ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ　ｗｈｉ　ｌｅ　ｓｔａｔｉｅ　ｉｓ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ　ｉｎ　ｔｅｒｍｓ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ａｎｄ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｉｎ　１ｉｇｈｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ａｎｄ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｔｈｅ　ｐａｐｅｒ　ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｔｏ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｉｎ　ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ　ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｓ．Ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ，ｗｅ　ｆｉｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｗｏｒｋｓ　ｗｅ１１　ｗｉｔｈ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｏｆ　ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ，ｔｈａｔ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｗｏｒｋｓ　ｂｅｔｔｅｒ　ｗｉ　ｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｒｅ１ｉｅｓ　ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ　ｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．　Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ２　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　２．１　Ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｉ　ｓ　ａ　ｖｅｒｙ　ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ　ｒｏ１ｅ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．　９０　Ｙｅａｒｓ　ｂｅｆｏｒｅ　ｔｈｅ　２０ｔｈ　ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，１ｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｓ　ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｆｆｅｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ　ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｌｎｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｆｒｏｍ　ａ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ．Ｗｈｅｎ　ｉｔ　ｉｓ　ｎｏｗ　ｔｈｅ　２０ｔｈ　ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ，ｔｈｅ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｈａｓ　ｂｅｃｏｍｅ　ａ　ｈｏｔ　ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　ｏｆ　１ｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｓｉｄｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ａｂｌｅ　ｔｏ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｅａｃｈ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｌｙ　ａｎｄ　ｉｎ　ｏｒｄｅｒ　ｔｏ　ｍａｋｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｇｏ　ｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ，Ｔｈｅ　ｆｉｒｓｔ　ｔｈｉｎｇ　ｎｅｅｄｅｄ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｉｓ　ｂｅｉｎｇ　ｕｓｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ　ｍｕｓｔ　ｈａｖｅ　ａ　ｃｏｍｍｏｎ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ，ａｎｄ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｏｓｔ　ｂａｓｉｃ．Ｉｎ　ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｂｏｔｈ　ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ　ｍｕｓｔ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｒｅｇｏｉｎｇ　ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ　ｏｆ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ａｌｓｏ　ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ　ｍｕｃｈ　ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ　ｅｘｃｅｐｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ：ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｅｕｌｔｕｒａｌ　ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ：　ｔｏｎｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ，ｆａｃｉａｌ　ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ：ｃｈａｔ　ｓｉｔｅｓ，　ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ：ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ．　Ｔｈｅ　ｔｗｏ　ｓｉｄｅｓ　ｍｕｓｔ　ｆｕｌ１ｙ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｒｅ　１ａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｔｈｕｓ，ｔｈｅｙ　ｃａｎ　ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ　ｃａｒｒｙ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｅａｔｉｏｎ．　２．２　Ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ａｎｄ　Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｔｈｉ　ｓ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｆｏｌ１ＯＷＳ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ａｎｄ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．Ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ：ｊｕｓｔ　ａｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ　ｗｏｒｌｄ，ｉｎ　ａ　ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ　ｓｔａｔｅ，ｐｒｅｖｉＯＵＳ　ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ　ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ　ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｅｘｔ　Ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ　ｍｏｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ　ｓｅｔ　ｕｐ　ｓｏ　ｆａｒ，ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｉｓ　ｎｏ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｉｎ　ｐｕｒｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ：Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓ　ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ　ｍｕｔｕａｌ　ａｃｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｓｔａｒｔ　ｔｏ　ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．’’　２．３　Ｔｈｅ　Ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ　ｏｆ　Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｉｓ　ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ　ａ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｎｏｒ　ｓｏｉｉｄ　ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ，　ｂｕｔ　ａ　ｄｙｎａｍｉ　ｃ　ａｎｄ　ｄｅｖｅ１　ｏｐｉｎｇ　ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ．Ｖｅｒｂａ１　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｔｓｅ１ｆ　ｉ　ｓ　ａ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｐｒｏｃｅＳＳ．Ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｈａｓ　ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ　ｉｔ．Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｉｓ　ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ　ａｒｅａｓ．　２．３．１　Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ　Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｉｔｙ　Ｍａｎ　ｉ　ｓ　ａ　ＳＯＣｉａｌ　ａｎｉｍａｌ，ｗｈｏ　ｈａｓ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｉｎｈｅｒｉｔｉｎｇ　ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ　ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅｉｒ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ｗｈｅｎ　ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ　ｕｐ，　ｗｉｔｈ　ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ　ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ．Ｔｈｕｓ．ｉｎ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．　ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ　ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ　ａｌｓｏ　ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｖｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｓｉｄｅｓ．　２．３．２　Ｎｏｎ一１ｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　Ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ　Ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｓｏｍｅ　ｅｘｔｅｎｔ　ｉｓ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ａ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ　ｔｅｘｔｕａｌ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｂｕｔ　ｗｅ　ｃａｎ　ｎｏｔ　ｄｅｎｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ’ｓ　ｖｏｉｃｅ，ｔｏｎｅ　ｆｏｃｕｓ，ｆａｃｉａｌ　ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ，　ｂｏｄｙ　ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ，ｔｈｅ　１ｏｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ，　ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ，ａｎｄ　ｓｏ　ｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈ　ａｆｆｅｃｔ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｓｉｄｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｖｅ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．Ｔｈｉｓ　ｎｏｎ一１ｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｗｉ１１　ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ　ａ　ｓｔｒｏｎｇ　ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ　ｅｆｆｅｃｔ．　２．３．３　Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｎｅｓｓ　Ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｉｓ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｅｘｔ　ｏｆ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｕａｌ　ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ　ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｎｇ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｔｅｘｔ　ａｒｅ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ，ｂｕｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ｓｕｃｈ　ａｓ　ｖｉ　ｓｕａ１　ｓｅｎｓｅ　ａｎｄ　ｈｅａｒｉｎｇ　ｓｅｎｓｅ　ｂｒｉｎｇｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ，　ｔｏｎｅｓ，ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｓｉｄｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｓ　ｄｙｎａｍｉ　ｃ．　２．３．４　Ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ　Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ　ｄｅｐｅｎｄｓ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｂａｓｉｃｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｘｔ　ｏｆ　ｓｔａｔｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｓｉｄｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｖｅｒｂａｌ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｍｕｓｔ　ｂｅ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　１　ｉ　ｔｅｒａｌ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ，　ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ　ｗｉ　ｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｇｉｖｅｎ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｎ　ｗｅ　ｃａｎ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｅａｃｈ　ｏｔｈｅｒ