华南理工大学2015年《626英语综合水平测试》考研专业课真题试卷

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with - or even looking at - a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.It‘s a sad reality - our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings- because there‘s2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn‘t know it,3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the4 :―Please don‘t approach me.‖What is it that makes us feel we need to hid5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as ―weird.‖ We fear we‘ll be 7 . We fear we‘ll be disru ptive.Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to turn our phones. ―Phones become our security blanket,‖ Wortmann says. ―They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .‖But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn‘t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters todo the unthinkable:―Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how the would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on thier own,‖ The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn‘t expect a positi ve experience, after they 17 with the experiment, ―not a single person reported having been embarrassed.‖18 these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1.[A]ticket [B]permit [C]signal [D]record2.[A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much3.[A]beaten [B]guided [C]plugged [D]brought4.[A]message [B]code [C]notice [D]sign5.[A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from6.[A]misinterpreted [B]misapplied [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched7.[A]fired [B]judged [C]replaced [D]delayed8.[A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar9.[A]comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D]angry10.[A]attend [B]point [C]take [D]turn11.[A]dangerous [B] mysterious [C]violent [D]boring12.[A]hurt [B] resist [C]bend [D]decay13.[A]lecture [B]conversation [C]debate [D]negotiation14.[A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers15.[A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design16.[A]voyage [B]flight [C]walk [D]ride17.[A]went through [B]did away [C]caught up [D]put up18.[A]In turn [B]In particular [C]In fact [D]In consequence19. [A]unless [B]since [C]if [D]whereas20. [A]funny [B]simple [C]logical [D]rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C,or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys，people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people‘s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at were work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.―Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home.‖Write one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske.In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes, ―It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.‖ Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn‘t measure is whether people are still doing work when they‘re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who say home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch—up—with—household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it‘s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it‘s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they‘re supposed to be doing：working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure; Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life—sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done,there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they‘re teenagers, threatened with complete removal ofall electronic devices. Plus, they‘re your family. You cannot fire your family. You ne ver really get to go home from home.So it‘s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co—workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1，most previous surveys found that home .[A]was an unrealistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske，who are likely to be the happiest at home？[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C]Childless wives[D]Working fathers23.The blurring of working women‘s roles refers to the fact that .[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word ―moola‖（Tine 4，Para 4）most probably means .[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that .[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear－cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college student – those who do not have a parent with a college degree –lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower than and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created ―a paradox‖ in that recruiting first-generation student, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has ―continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close.‖ An achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having parent with four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant of undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with four-year degree.Their thesis – that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact – was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students ―struggled to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‗rules of the game,‘ and take advantage of college resources,‖ they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don‘t talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowle dge how social class can affect students‘ educational experiences, many first-generationstudents lack of sight about why they are struggling and do not understand students ‗like them‘ can improve.‖26. Recruiting more first-generation students has .[A]. reduced their dropout rates[B]. narrowed the achievement gap[C]. missed its original purpose[D]. depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because .[A]. the problem is solvable[B]. their approach is costless[C]. the recruiting rate has increased[D]. their findings appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first-generation students .[A]. study at private universities[B]. are from single-parent families[C]. are in need of financial support[D]. have failed their college29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students .[A]. are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]. can have a potential influence on other projects[C]. may lack opportunities to apply research projects[D]. are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that .[A]. universities often reject the culture of their middle-class[B]. students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]. social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences.[D].colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, ―the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more em otional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,‖ said Harvard Business School prof essor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. ―If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 5 00 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passio n. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn‘t talk about energy; we didn‘t talk about passion.‖Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very ―team‖-oriented—and no t by coincidence. ―Let‘s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it‘s still a big de al. It‘s not explicitly conscious; it‘s the idea that I‘m a coach, and you‘re my team, and we‘re in thi s together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselv es as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.‖These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, incr ease allegiance to the firm. ―You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be a ssociated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, pass ion, and purpose,‖ said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The ―mommy wars‖ of the 1990s are still going on today, pr ompting arguments about why women still can‘t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg‘s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, ban dwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your ―passion,‖you‘ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going ho me for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it , companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, ―You can get p eople to think it‘s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.‖ In a workplace that‘s fundament ally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn ,office languages become_____.[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32.‖Team‖-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_____.[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to_____.[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] forster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_____.[A]voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is ture about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it.[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense.[C]Companies find it to be fundamental.[D] Regular people mock it but accept it.Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. Thisfigure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent) from is its year level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is ―yes,‖ they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purpose was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36.Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37.Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven‘t seen the weakness of the market.38.Involuntary part-time employment in the US____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than befor the recession.39.It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-times to get insurance.[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance.[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members.[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance.40.The text mainly discusses_____.[A] employment in the US.[B] part-timer clssification.[C] insurance through Medicaid.[D] Obamacare‘s trouble.PART BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Don‘t fear responsibility for your life[C]Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F]Experience helps you grow[G]There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, ―Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.‖I do completely agree that fears are just the product of own luxuriant imagination.42.If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset thancan be designed in to the present.43.Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going to through tough times. You can beeasily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III Translation46. DirectionsTranslate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Think about driving a route that‘s very familiar. It could be your comminutes to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist step turn like the back of your hand. On these steps of trips it‘s easy to lose concentration is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect. People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don‘t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterward, when we come to think back on it, we can‘t remember the journey well because we didn‘t pay much attention to it. So we as sume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. DirectionsSuppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a note to1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and2)call for volunteersYou should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)。

2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）英语How long can human beings live？Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is (1) to live no longer than 120 years．However，110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live--if he or she is (2) healthy and lucky．Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!Yet，our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce (3)．They wear out，and as a result，we get old and (4) die．Even though we can't live forever，we are living a (5) life than ever before．In 1900，the average American life span （寿命） was only 47 years，but today it is 75 years! When does old age begin then？Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the (6)line between middle age and old age．After all，many older people don't begin to experience physical and mental (7)until after age 75．People are living longer because more people (8) childhood．Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature，many children died of common childhood (9)．Now that the chances of dying (10) are much lower，the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care．On the whole，our population is getting older．The(11) in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life．Some people fear such changes will be for the worse，while some see(12)，not disaster，many men and women in their"golden years"are healthy，still active，and young in (13) if not in age．As the society grows old，we need the (14) of our older citizens．With long lives ahead of them，they need to (15) active and devoted．1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D.desperately5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D.permission15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay16. Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned （1） ______farm, which looked almost abandoned.（2） ______ （ lucky）, he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearly （3） ______ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what （4）______ （leave）.The cow was their only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass（5） ______ it began to rain heavily. While making great efforts to run away, she （6） ______ （fall） over the hill and died. Then the Johnson tried to make a living （7） ______ the cow. In order to support his family, Mr.Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables. Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees （8） ______ （sell） the wood. Thinking about his children's clothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market （9） ______ people from the town met regularly.Now it occurred to （10） ______ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)APeter loved to shop used articles．Almost a month ago，he bought popular word game that used little pieces of wood with different letters on them．As he was purchasing it，the salesgirl said，"Uh，look，the game box haven't even been opened yet．That might be worth some money．"Peter examined the box，and，sure enough，it was completely covered in factory-sealed plastic．And he saw a date of 1973on the back of the box．"You should put that up for auction （拍卖） on the Internet，and see what happens．"the salesgirl said．"Yes，you're right．People like something rare．"Peter agreed，"I can't imagine there being very many unopened boxes of this game still around 40years later．""Don't forget to tell me if you sell it．"the salesgirl smiled．"No problem．"Peter said．After he got home，Peter went online to several auction websites looking for his game．But he couldn't find it．Then he typed in the name of the word game and hit Search．The search result was 543websites containing information about the changes of the game．Over the years，the game had been produced using letters in different sizes and game boards in different colors．He also found some lists of game fans looking for various versions of the game．Peter emailed some of them，telling them what he had．Two weeks later，Peter went back to the shop．"Hello．Do you still remember the unopened word game？"The salesgirl looked at him for a second，then recognized him and said，"Oh，hi!" "I've got something for you，"Peter said．"I sold the game and made 1，000．Thankyouforyoursuggestion．"Hehandedherthree 100bills．"Wow!"the salesgirl cried out．"Thank you，I never expected it．"17. Which of the following best describes Peter's word game？ ______A. It was made around 40 years ago．B. It had game boards in different sizes．C. It was kept in a plastic bag with a seal．D. It had little pieces of wood in different colors．18. What did the salesgirl probably think of Peter's word game？ ______A. Old and handy．B. Rare and valuable．C. Classic and attractive．D. Colorful and interesting19. Peter got the names of the game fans from ______ ．A. an auctionB. the InternetC. a game shopD. the second-hand shop20. What happened at the end of the story？ ______A. Peter gave the girl﹩300 as a reward．B. The salesgirl became Peter's friend．C. Peter returned the word game for﹩1，000．D. The salesgirl felt confused to see Peter again．21. What is the main theme of the story？ ______A. It's important to keep a promise．B. It's great to share in other people's happiness．C. We should be grateful for the help from others．D. Something rare is worth a large amount of money．BWhen I was nine years old，I loved to go fishing with my dad．But the only thing that wasn't very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldn't catch anything．I usually got pretty upset and kept asking him why．He always answered，"Son，if you want to catch a fish，you have to think like a fish"，I remember being even more upset then because，"I'm not a fish!"I didn't know how to think like a fish．Besides，I reasoned，how could what I think influence what a fish does？As I got a little older I began to understand what my dad really meant．So，I read some books on fish．And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings．I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded animal and therefore is very sensitive to water temperature．That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer．Besides，water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade．Yet，fish don't have any eyelids（眼皮） and the sun huts their eyes…The more I understood fish，the more I became effective at finding and catching them．．When I grew up and entered the business world，I remember hearing my first boss say，"We all need to think like sales people．"But it didn't completely make sense．My dad never once said，"If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman．"What he said was，"You need to think like a fish．"Years later，with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers．It is not an easy job．I will show you how in the following chapters．22. Why was the author upset in fishing trips when he was nine？ ______A. He could not catch a fish．B. His father was not patient with him．C. His father did not teach him fishing．D. He could not influence a fish as his father did．23. What did the author's father really mean？ ______A. To read about fish．B. To learn fishing by oneself．C. To understand what fish think．D. To study fishing in many ways．24. According to the author，fish are most likely to be found ______ ．A. in deep water on sunny daysB. in deep water on cloudy daysC. in shallow water under sunlightD. in shallow water under waterside trees．25. After entering the business world，the author found ______ ．A. it easy to think like a customerB. his father's fishing advice inspiringC. his first boss's sales ideas reasonableD. it difficult to sell services to poor people26. This passage most likely comes from ______ ．A. a fishing guideB. a popular sales bookC. a novel on childhoodD. a millionaire's biography．CDaniel Anderson，a famous psychologist，believes it's important to distinguish television's influences on children from those of the family．We tend to blame TV，he says，for problems it doesn't really cause，overlooking our own roles in shaping children's minds．One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child's ability to think and to understand the world．While watching TV，children do not merely absorb words and images （影像）．Instead，they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see．Actually，children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows．Furthermore，as many teachers agree，children understand far more when parents watch TV with them，explaining new words and ideas．Yet，most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room．Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment．But according to Anderson，the amount of time spent watching televisionis not related to reading ability．TV doesn't take the place of reading for most children；it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation，such as listening to the radio and playing sports．Things like parents'educational background have a stronger influence on a child's reading．"A child's reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads．"Anderson says．Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ （智商） scores and affects school performance．But here，too，Anderson notes that no studies have proved it．In fact，research suggests that it's the other way around．"If you're smart young，you'll watch less TV when you're older，"Anderson says．Yet，people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers．For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children．However，by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed，Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences．27. By watching TV，children learn ______ ．A. images through wordsB. more than explicit meaningsC. more about images than wordsD. little about people's psychology28. An educational program is best watched by a child ______ ．A. on his ownB. with other kidsC. with his parentsD. with his teachers29. Which of the following is most related to children's reading ability？ ______A. Radio-listeningB. Television-watchingC. Parents'reading listD. Parents'educational background30. Anderson believed that ______ ．A. the more a child watches TV，the smarter he isB. the younger a child is，the more he watches TVC. the smarter a child is，the less likely he gets addicted to TVD. the less a child watches TV，the better he performs at school31. What is the main purpose of the passage？ ______A. To advise on the educational use of TV．B. To describe TV's harmful effects on children．C. To explain traditional views on TV influences．D. To present Anderson's unconventional ideas．DIt was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction．Each class had unique characteristics．In recent years，many writers have begun to speak the'decline of class'and'classless society'in Britain．And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class．But pronouncing the death of class is too early．A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90percent of people still placing themselves in particular class； 73percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society； and 52percent thought there were still sharp class differences．Thus，class may not be culturally and politically obvious，yet it remains an important part of British society．Britain seems to have a love of stratification．One unchanging aspect of a British person's class position is accent．The words a person speaks tell her or his class．A study of British accents during 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice，Most people said this accent sounded'educated'and'soft'．The accents placed at the bottom in this study，on the other hand，were regional（地区的）city accents．These accents were seen as'common'and'ugly'．However，a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least．This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice．In recent years，however，young upper middle-class people in London，have begun to adopt some regional accents，in order to hide their class origins．This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed．However，the 1995pop song'Common People'puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may'want to live like common people'they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life．32. A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain ______ ．A. it is time to end class distinctionB. most people belong to middle classC. it is easy to recognize a person's classD. people regard themselves socially different33. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______ ．A. varietyB. most people belong to middle classC. authorityD. qualification34. The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as ______ ．A. regionalB. educatedC. prejudicedD. unattractive35. British attitudes towards accent ______ ．A. have a long traditionB. are based on regional statusC. are shared by the AmericansD. have changed in recent years36. What is the main idea of the passage？ ______A. The middle class is expandingB. A person's accent reflects his classC. Class is a key part of British societyD. Each class has unique characteristics．37. 首先阅读下列活动介绍：A BA Night of Glamor and Intrigue at ShanghaiBund in 1930To celebrate Asia heritage month ，Trendy New York is proud to present"Cheongsam Night out-A date with Cheongsam beauties in Shanghai Bund 1930"． May 16，9：00PM-May 17，12：00AM ．EDT 330West 40th Street ，New York ．NY 10018Picking Partners-NEW YORKFeaturing adaptations from Chinese and Western classic ，including works from Chinese Academy Award-winning composer Tan Dun ，the Beijing Guitar Duo teamed up with Cuban guitar virtuoso Manuel Barrueco （right ） for a China West Concert at the New York Historical Society on April 23．C DHeroes of History ：Legacy of My ChineseFamilyJoin us as actress Tina Chen recounts thefascinating story of three generations ofher mother's family and their contributions to the history of China ． Friday ，May 8，6：30PM-7：30PMChina Institute 125East 65th Street ，New York ，NY 10065Great shorts-NEW YORK A photography exhibition held by HAN Media to celebrate its founding in New York City on April 24，featuring three emergingChinese photographers ； Yingxi Michael Shi ，Haiyin Lin and Liming Guan ，whose works have appeared in publications such asVogue ，ELLE ，The New York Times and others ．E FForbidden delights-NEW YORK The first session of the China Institute in America short course Beijing ：The City Through Its Architecture opens on Wednesday ．Nancy S ．Steinhardt discusses the Forbidden City and Beijing's imperial architecture ．Kunqu Society ，the classical Chinese theater which combines singing ，dancing and acting to literary works by masters of Ming and Qing Dynasties ，performing introduces four signature plays of Kunqu Master Jiqing Zhang to American audiences ．Sunday ，April 19，2：00PM ，ESTMiller Theatre at Columbia University2960Broadway ，New York ，NY 10027(1) Edward Leonardo Norton ，connoisseur of Chinese and Japanese antiques ．He has a strong interest in classical Chinese literary works ．He even starts going to evening classes to learn classical Chinese at Columbia University ． ______(2) Daphne Sui-yuan Tan ，former director of National Association ofPhotographers ．After reading some history books on how the first group of Chinese immigrants survived in America of the 19th century ，she has become keen on her own family history and that of others ． ______(3) Sharon Collins ，pop singer and amateur photographer ．Her marriage with a serious music critic has drawn her to his world ，so she is now crazy about classical music and will not miss any chance to attend a concert with her husband ． ______(4) Michelle Higgins ，eminent photographer and columnist for quite a fewinternationally-known travel magazines ．Recently ，she has shown great interest in photo exhibits which feature young artists with Islamic or Chinese background ． ______(5) Caroline Hugo，famous writer and influential movie critic．Last year her fantasy story which involved the mysterious Forbidden City received critical acclaim．Now she is conceiving a romance that has Shanghai of the 1930s as the setting． ______ ．38. 你接受了一项写作任务，为英语校报写一篇科技报道．[写作内容]请根据以下信息，介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术．内容包括：[写作要求]只能用5个句子表达全部内容；[评分标准]句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯．(1)(2)(3)39. On the first day of her work，Sally found that a class full of problems was waiting for her．Six t eachers had quit before her．When she walked in to the classroom，it was chaos：two boys were fighting in the far corner，yet the rest of the class seemed not to notice them；some girls we re chatting and some were running about；paper，food packages and other garbage were littered around…Just when she was about to speak，a student rushed in and pushed her aside!He was twenty minutes late! Sally walked onto the platform，picked up a piece of chalk and wrote on the blackboard："Rule 1：We are family!"All students stopped to look at her．And she continued with Rule 2，Rule 3…In the following weeks，Sally worked out 10class rules and posted them on the walls of the classroom．She patiently explained all the rules to the students and r equire everyone to follow them．Surprisingly，Sally was not driven out like the former teachers；instead，she won respect from the students．Over the year，she witnessed gradual change in the class．At the graduation ceremony，just as she expected，she was very proud to stand with a class of care，manners and confidence．[写作内容]1．用约30个词概括上文的主要内容．2．用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法，内容包括：（1）你们班最突出的问题是什么？（2）针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规？（3）你认为班规会带来什么影响？[写作要求]（1）作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文的句子．（2）作文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称．[评分标准]概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯．答案和解析1~15.【答案】A、D、C、A、B、D、C、A、D、B、A、B、A、C、D【解析】1．A 考查动词辨析根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁．故选A．2．D 考查副词辨析根据上下文可知，此处表示110岁很可能是任何一个人可能会希望活的最长的年龄---如果一个人非常的健康和幸运，人们希望能活到110岁，故选D．3．C 考查副词辨析根据句意可知，这里表示人类细胞不能永远无止境地自我繁殖，所以人才会变老．故选C．4．A 考查副词辨析根据语境可知，get old 的最终结果就是死亡，所以用eventually 表示"最终"．故选A．5．B 考查形容词比较级辨析根据上下文的语境可知，美国人的平均寿命从47岁增长到75岁，B项符合语境，故选B．6．D 考查形容词辨析．根据句意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了．dividing line分界线，故选D．7．C 考查名词辨析．根据上文提到的65岁作为中年和老年的分界线已经过时了，再结合空后的"until after age 75"可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C．8．A 考查动词辨析．根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选A．9．D 考查名词辨析．根据上文的"modern medicine"可知，此处选disease符合语境，故选D．10．B 考查形容词辨析．句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理．poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的．根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去．故选B．11．A 考查名词辨析．根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A．12．B 考查名词辨析．根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B．13．A 考查名词辨析．句意：现在，很多处在"黄金年龄"的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻．mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动．根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A．14．C 考查名词辨析．句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献．protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许．根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C．15．D 考查动词辨析．句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神．sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持．根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献．故应选D．本文是一篇说明文．话题围绕人类的寿命展开．人的寿命是有限的，随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成了社会的一个趋势，我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献．解答此类题目可遵循以下步骤：第一步，通读全文，了解文章大意，获得整体印象，同时初选出一批较有把握的答案．第二步，边核对初选答案边补填留下的空格．如果短文难度较大，则可复读几遍，核对和确定答案．有些空一时决定不了，可作个记号，待复查时再确定．第三步，复查定稿．从整体理解角度出发，仔细审核答案，确保意义上、语法上没有错误，同时对遗留下来的少数几个空格作最后选择．16.【答案】【小题1】a【小题2】Luckily【小题3】for【小题4】was left【小题5】when【小题6】fell【小题7】without【小题8】to sell【小题9】where【小题10】him【解析】1.句意：他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快废弃了。

华南理工大学2014年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）626华南理工大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学，外国语言学及应用语言学共12页Part I.Reading Comprehension(60marks,2marks each)Directions:There are6passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage1A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement(CIRCLE)at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations,and a2008study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes.But there's no easy way to see what those figures mean in real life.During the presidential campaign,Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change;as the reality of life under a new administration settles in,some of those supporters might become disillusioned.As the nation moves further into the Obama presidency,will politically engaged young people continue to support the president and his agenda,or will they gradually drift away?The writers of Generation O(short for Obama),a new Newsweek blog that seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters,want to answer that question.For the next three months,Michelle Kremer and11other Obama supporters,ages19to34,will blog about life across mainstream America,with one twist:by tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration,the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it means to be young and politically active in America today.Malena Amusa,a24-year-old writer and dancer from St.Louis sees the project as a way to preserve history as it happens.Amusa,who is traveling to India this spring to finish a book,then to Senegal to teach English,has ongoing conversations with her friends about how the Obama presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those ideas,along with her global perspective,into her posts.She's excited because,as she puts it,"I don't have to wait [until]15years from now"to make sense of the world.Henry Flores,a political-science professor at St.Mary's University,credits this younger generation's political strength to their embrace of technology."[The Internet]exposes them to more thinking,"he says,"and groups that are like-minded in different parts of the country start to come together."That's exactly what the Generation O bloggers are hoping to do.The result could be a group of young people that,like their boomer parents,grows up with9/13a strong sense of purpose and sheds the image of apathy they've inherited from Generation X.It's no small challenge for a blog run by a group of ordinary—if ambitious—young people,but the第1页。

华南理工大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷一（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：综合考试(含政治学、经济学)适用专业：行政管理共 1 页一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.国家机构2.政教分离3.人道主义政治观4.边际替代率5.有效需求6.抑制性通货膨胀二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.简述重商主义者托马斯·曼为将金银输出国外的政策进行辩护的基础。

2.简述经济增长极限论的基本观点。

3.简述影响需求价格弹性的因素。

4.简述约翰·密尔的“代议制政府是理想的政府形式”的思想。

5.简述哈灵顿的“均分与选择”的原则。

6.简述无产阶级政党在国家政权中的政治领导作用。

三、论述题 (每题20分, 四题选作三题，共60分)1.结合我国的就业情况，谈谈你对凯恩斯就业理论的认识。

2.改革开放之前，我国城镇人口的基尼系数为0.18左右，现在基尼系数已接近0.4，这说明我国的收入分配发生了变化？如何认识这种变化？3.试论述民主集中制原则在社会主义国家机构设置和组织实践中的体现。

4.试论证：“民主是现代政治文明的本质特征，社会主义政治文明是新型现代政治文明。

”的观点。

备注：综合考试满分为150分。

华南理工大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：综合考试(含政治学、经济学)适用专业：行政管理共 1 页一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、国家权力机关2、政教分离3、政治价值评价4、负的外在性5、消费函数6、边际替代率二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1、为什么完全竞争的市场机制可以导致帕累托最优状态？2、简述需求规律的含义及其特例。

3、简述厂商使用生产要素所遵循的利润最大化原则。

4、简述行为主义政治学思想。

5、为什么说政治的核心是政治权力？6、简述社会主义国家宗教长期存在的原因。

1101华南理工大学2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语(A卷)适用专业：全校所有专业Passage 1The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of e veryone’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.A.1). The author’s attitude tow ards the current situation in the exploitation ofnatural resources is___.A) positive B) neutral C) suspicious D) critical2). According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that________.A) they had no idea about scientific forestryB) they had little or no sense of environmental protectionC) they were not aware of the significance of nature studyD) they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials3). It can be inferred from th e passage that earlier generations didn’t realize________.A) the interdependence of water, soil, and living thingsB) the importance of the proper land useC) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floodsD) the extraordinary rapid growth of population4). With a view to correcting the mistakes of our forefathers, the authorsuggests that ________.A) we plant more treesB) we be taught environmental science, as well as the science of plantsC) environmental education be directed toward everyoneD) we return to nature5). What does the author imply by saying “living space … is figured …also in cubic volume above the earth” (lines 8 - 9, Para. 3)?A) Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.B) Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.C) We need to take some measures to protect space.D) We must create better living conditions for both birds and animals.Passage 2Material culture refers to the toucha ble, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, fell, used —that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphonyorchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information revolution”, a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.6).Research into the material culture of a nation’s is of great importance because___________.A) it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB) it can reflect the development of the nationC) it helps understand the nation’s past and presentD) it can demonstrate the nation’s civilization7). It can be learned from this passage that ________.A) the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern and Chinese musicB) Near Eastern music had influence on the instruments in the symphony orchestraC) the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern and Western musicD) the musical instruments in the symphony were developed on the basis of Near Eastern music8). According to the author, music notation is important because________.A) it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able to read itB) it tends to standard folk sings when it is used by folk musiciansC) it is the printed version of standardized folk musicD) it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs9).It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music_____.A) has brought about an information revolutionB) has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computersC) has given rise to new forms of music cultureD) has given to the transformation of traditional musical instruments10). Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced by computers.B) Music cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D) The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect. Part III. TRANSLATION AND WRITING (70 points)Directions: Read the following text and finish Task A and Task B respectively.The United States is in the midst of an energy revolution. (1)We have led the world in combined oil and natural gas production for three years running, pushing ahead of energy exporters like Russia and Saudi Arabia. Electricity generation from renewables is soaring as well: wind generation has tripled since 2008 and generation from solar is up more than tenfold. Meanwhile, U.S. gasoline consumption—which as recently as 2005 was projected to rise steadily into the future—has actually fallen 5 percent since that time. This has contributed to cutting our oil imports nearly in half, helping to narrow the U.S. trade deficit to its smallest share of GDP since the 1990s.Much of this revolution has been driven by a dynamic private energy sector which has furnished the new innovations and the entrepreneurial risk-taking necessary for these historic increases in American energy production. But it has been supported and advanced by the three prongs of the Administration’s All-of-the-Above energy strategy: supporting economic growth and job creation; enhancing U.S. energy security, and laying the foundation for a clean energy future.This All-of-the-Above energy strategy is not merely compatible with reduced greenhouse gas emissions, it is an essential part of how we achieve that goal. At the same time that we have seen this energy boom, we have also seen a 10 percent reduction in carbon emissions from 2007 to 2013—the largestimproving energy efficiency at existing coal-fired power plants;increasing utilization of existing natural gas plants;adding new low-emission power sources like wind and nuclear; and increased energy efficiency.。

华南理工大学2015自主招生题：物理、数学用英文出题华南理工大学2015自主招生题：物理、数学用英文出题华工：物理、数学用英文出题昨天中午12点，华工自主招生笔试结束。

记者询问多位考生获悉，华工自主招生考卷满分100分，100道不定项选择题。

内容涉及语文、数学、英语、生物、物理、化学、政治、计算机等学科。

中华人民共和国国歌的作词作曲者是谁?社会主义核心价值观是什么?哪些词语出自《庄子》?智能手机上的指南针，应用的是什么原理?陀螺仪还是重力感应?生物还涉及到D N A扩增，PCR技术等话题。

多位同学反映：“考题难度一般。

”有文科生反映，五六道计算机题只能“靠蒙”。

一位来自安徽合肥一中的考生还告诉记者，他觉得有几道题考题本身就有错误。

有趣的是，还有约五六道物理、数学考题是用英文出题，考生说，另外还有好些类似脑筋急转弯的考题。

“说实在，不难，但有点杂。

”社会主义核心价值观是什么?中华人民共和国国歌的词曲作者是谁?哪些词语出自《庄子》……昨日(6月13日)上午，华南理工大学自主招生笔试开锣。

有家长透露，从祖国各地前来的考生多达3500多人。

不过，记者在阳光高考网查询华工2015年自主招生报名审核通过的考生名单，人数显示有5687人次。

华工自主招生分为A类、B类和C 2类考生，面试入围资格名单于昨日22：00后在招生工作办公室网站上公布。

华工招办称，最终获得面试入围资格人数不超过800人，最终录取总人数不超过当年本科总计划数的5%。

所有类别面试时间为6月14日。

所有C类考生面试时需提供奥赛类证书原件。

陪考“来一趟不容易”开销动辄几千元上午9点，笔试开始，家长们护送孩子到考场，记者晃荡过去，能听到一溜溜来自外地，尤其是北方的浓重乡音。

在3000多人中有不少来自外地省份的考生。

鲜少有考生一人独自前来，大多由家长甚至全家陪同。

高铁坐了9小时“成本太高，我们光坐高铁就坐了9个小时，700多元的票，三个人就是2000多……”一位从河北而来的赵姓家长对记者“诉苦”，来一趟真不容易，还只能跑一所，其他来不及。

626华南理工大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学，外国语言学及应用语言学共 16 页Part I. Vocabulary (20 marks)Section OneDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one word underlined, followed by three possible choices. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to this word. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. (10 marks)1.To espouse their new theory, scientists have made repeated empirical studies.a.negateb.illustratec.support2.His account of the war includes a lot of extraneous details.a.irrelevantb.relevantc.related3.Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring was a seminal work.a. historicb. historicalc. innovative4.She knew very well that she was an erratic tennis player so she continued practicinghard with might and main.a.incompetentb.changeablec.accomplished5.It is well-known nowadays that motivation is a primary factor in language learning.a.aptitudeb.intelligencec.incentive6.Some critics have praised James Michener’s epic novels for their facts but deploredtheir characterizations.mentedb.ridiculedplimented7.Louise May Alcott’s novel Little Women, which recounts the experiences of the fourMarch sisters during the American civil War, is largely autobiographical.a.praisesb.narratesc.exaggerates8.The fertility of natural world and the ideas of birth, death, and resurrection appear asrecurring themes through mythology.a.repeatedb.reliablec.respected9.Critics have traced the genesis of Mark Twain’s central themes to his boyhoodexperiences.a.meaningb.structurec.origin10.In the book Autobiography of Values, the aviation hero Charles Lindbergh reveals hisparadoxical and often sobering thoughts on life.a.contradictoryb.mysticc.paramount11.A fable is a didactic tale focused on a single character trait.a.instructiveb.muddledc.legendary12.This English teacher categorizes students in her class into seven basic groups.a.clarifiesb.classifiesc.channel13.Mr. Johnson has just published an erudite work on the history of the Roman Empire.a. scholarlyb. significantc. monumental14.We all felt puzzled at these equivocal words in his article.a.equivalentb.ambiguousc.lucid15.. Mary McCarthy’s satires are couched in a prose style that has a classic precision.a.expressedb.veiledc.fused16.We admire her, but we cannot endorse her recent statements on pragmatics.a.improveb.understandc.approve17.Although scientists can form a hypothesis about the origin of this phenomenon,neither humans or machines can measure it in terms of its function.a.reportb.speculationc.conclusion18.He is really a congenial colleague and we all like him a lot.a.pleasantb.hard-workingc.cooperative19.Theodore Dreiser was one of the first American novelists to portray immoralcharacters without condemnation.a.hostilityb.sadnessc.blame20.I love to read his novels because he always expresses his ideas in a succinct style.a.artisticb.humorousc.conciseSection TwoDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one underlined word or phrase. Write down its Chinese equivalent on the Answer Sheet. (10 marks)1.The researcher may be drawing on several conflicting premises and traditions in theproject design.2.Interaction, then, is viewed as domain of activity in its own right and not as anexpression of psychological idiosyncrasies and dispositions.3.CA has not only generated a substantial and cumulative body of findings about thenature of interaction, but it has developed as a distinctive sociological method for theanalysis of social activities. .4.Alice Hamilton helped bring about legislation aimed at rectifying factory conditionsdetrimental to the health of workers.5.What most of these approaches have in common is that they focus almost exclusivelyon coherence.6.Windows in early New England houses were large enough to provide only minimallight and ventilation. .7.The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its resemblances to life, but by itsimmeasurable distance from life.8.One of Willa Cather’s major preoccupations in her writing was the need for artists tofree themselves from inhibiting influences.9.In Chapter 1, Taylor notes that large amounts of qualitative data are now beingarchived for use by future researchers.10.Some of the ideas of New historicism have yoked an epistemological skepticismabout assured historical truth to a notable nervousness of grand narratives.11.The action in James Baldwin’s novel Go Tell It on the Mountain spans two days inthe lives of several members of a strict religious sect.12.If the British novel and the British culture of 1910 seemed split and in need ofreconciliation, then it was offered one kind of answer in the work of E.M. Forster, whose Howards End appeared that year. .13.Age is one of the variables which seem to determine the attitude of an older persontoward conformity.14.The original sentence starts from the historical perspective, which makes sense sincethe theme of the exhibition is industrial history.15.To give you some indication of the types of results that you may expect, I looked attwo criteria: length and number of replies. .16. Over the Fifties the social theme flourished, one of the most significant figures beingAngus Wilson himself.17.One identifying feature of academic articles, which has been of interest to researchers,is the reporting of reference to the previous research. .18.‘New patterns’, new types of discourse, new adventures were an important theme ofthe writing of the Seventies, especially among women writers whose work had been invigorated by feminism.19.Rather, genealogy is concerned with describing the procedures, practices, apparatusesand institutions involved in the production of discourse and knowledge, and their power effects.20. Some people say that women who cannot see this are battling against a fundamentaltruth of evolution. However, despite the prevalence of these attitudes, change is on the way.Part II. Reading Comprehension (50 marks)Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.(1)Critics call it “a human zoo.” Tour companies consider it a tourist attraction. Whichever is the case, the long-necked women of Padaung have become an important source of money for several small villages on the border of Thailand and Myanmar.Each year around 10,000 tourists visit three small villages along the Thai/Myanmar border to see the famous long-necked women. The attraction is a tradition which requires women to stretch their necks by wearing brass coils, or rings. Originally from the Padaung tribe, the women and their families have been running from Myanmar to Thailand since the 1980s to escape poverty and war. Their new lives are very different from their lives as farmers in Myanmar. Now they spend their days talking with tourists, posing for pictures, and selling handmade souvenirs.When a Padaung girl turns 5, a thick coil of brass is wrapped around her neck. At different times in her life, more rings are added until her neck carries up to 25 of them, weighing 5 to 10 kilos. The rings push up her chin and press down her collarbone, making her neck longer.Pa Peiy is a young woman with 20 neck coils. When asked to describe her early years of neck stretching, Pa Peiy said, “At first it was painful, but now it’s OK. Now sleeping, eating, working … everything is OK. But I cannot take it off, so this is my life.” Truly it is her life. Pa Peiy’s neck is now so weak that if she takes off the coils, her head will fall forward and she will strop breathing.Despite the discomfort, Padaung women in Thailand continue to wear the rings even though the tradition has almost disappeared in Myanmar. The simple reason for this fact is that there is money in it.Ma Nang, a graceful woman with 24 neck rings, explains that in Myanmar she had worked hard growing food. Today, she sits while tourists take pictures of her. In one month she makes seventy to eighty dollars. Ma Nang added, “Sometimes I’m tired of tourists always looking at me, but it’s easy work and good money for my family.”Each year, as the long-necked women become more and more popular, the controversy about them increases. In a hotel in Thailand, tourists discuss whether or not to visit Nai Soi. Sandra Miller, from Toronto, Ontario, feels that it’s fine to visit Nai Soi. She explained, “I don’t really see a problem. I mean, this is their tradition, and so, if I go, it’slike I’m helping them to preserve it. Spending my money is also helping them to feed their families and so on. They need the tourists.”Frederick Johnson, a visitor from Seattle, Washington, disagrees. “Actually I don’t see that we’re preserving tradition at all,” Johnson explained. “This tradition has already died in Myanmar. These women are just harming their bodies to … to entertain us. It’s degrading for these women. It’s like paying to go see animals in a zoo.”For now, the future of the long-necked women is easy to predict. As long as there are tourists who will pay to see them, they will continue to wrap their daughters’ necks. The controversy continues, with one side seeing the villages as examples of how tourism can save dying traditions, and others criticizing it as harmful and degrading to the Padaung women.1.What is the main idea of this passage?a.Traveling to Thailand.b.Women’s fashion trends.c. A controversy related to tourism.d.The political conflict in Myanmar.2.In these villages, what is the attraction for tourists?a.Learning about the history of Thailand.b.Visiting the farms of the Padaung people.c.Seeing women who stretch their necks with coils.d.Buying coils for tourists to wear around their necks.3.In paragraph 2, all of the following reasons why the Padaung people moved toThailand are mentioned EXCEPT ________.a.to escape warb.to make moneyc.to start a new lifed.to work on farms4.According to the author, why do the women continue the neck-stretching tradition?a.To make money.b.To remember the past.c.To escape farming.d.To crate controversy.5.What is the best way of describing Nai Soi?a. A tradition from Myanmar.b. A hotel for tourists in Thailand.c. A woman with coils on her neck.d. A village with long-necked women.6.What can be inferred about Sandra Miller?a.She thinks that the tradition of wearing coils is dead.b.She is going to visit a village of long-necked women.c.She traveled to Thailand to help long-necked womend.She believes the coils are physically dangerous to the women.7.In paragraph 8, which of the following is NOT an opinion expressed by FrederickJohnson?a.The tradition of the long-necked women ended when they left Myanmar.b.The long-necked women are hurting themselves physically.c.Tourists are treating the long-necked women like animals.d.The long-necked women are good entertainment for tourists.8.The word “degrading” in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning to ________.a.entertainingb.disrespectfulc.interestingd.disappointing(2)Early French visitors to the wilderness of the Lower Mississippi Valley were impressed by the hostility of the Natchez Indians. The LaSalle voyagers, who in 1682 stopped beneath the steep bluff on which the tribe resided, were sure that the Indians were plotting “some evil design” and were “resolved to betray and kill us.” Jesuits journeyed to the Natchez villages soon after the birth of the Louisiana colony at Biloxi in 1699, but so fruitless was their work that the mission was abandoned eight years later. The priests were shocked by the “barbarous” and “vicious” natives. Whether the Natchez were more unreceptive to Gallic ways than were neighboring Indians is moot, but certainly the French encountered in them a strong and unusual tribe.9.The Jesuits began their work at the Natchez villages ________.a.in 1699b.in 1682c.around 1707d.around 168010.How did the Natchez respond to the French?a.They abandoned their mission.b.They founded the Louisiana colony at Biloxi.c.They were very hostile to the Frenchd.They were receptive to French ways.11.The one thing about the Natchez that most impressed early French settlers was________.a.their unfriendlinessb.their numbersc.their highly developed civilizationd.their methods of government12.What quality was not attributed to the Natchez?a.Barbarity.b.Viciousness.c.Insanity.d.Strength.（3）By the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century a number of our Eastern institutions – Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania – had some of the necessary ingredients of a university, but hardly yet the point of view. They were little clusters of schools and institutes. Indeed, just after the Revolution, the schools of Pennsylvania and Harvard had assumed the somewhat pretentious title of university, and shortly after the University of Virginia was founded under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. In the South, Georgia and later North Carolina began to rise. The substance in all these was mainly lacking, though the title was honored. There were rather feeble law, medical, and divinity schools, somewhat loosely attached to these colleges. It has been commonly recognized, however, that the first decade after the close of the Civil War, that is, from about 1866 to 1876, was the great early flowering of the university idea in America.13.In the opinion of the author of this passage, in 1825 ________.a.only Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania could truly be called universities.b.all American educational institutions could justifiably claim to be universitiesc.those institutions which called themselves unvisited were not justified in doing sod.no American institution of higher education had any of the necessary ingredientsof a universe14.Thomas Jefferson founded ________.a.the University of Pennsylvaniab.Harvardc.The University of Virginiad.The university of Georgia15.The words “little cluster” most nearly mean __________.a.small groupsb.small collegesc.small buildingsd.small organizations16.The university idea really began to develop ________.a.in the first quarter of the nineteenth centuryb.just after the Revolutionc.during the last quarter of the nineteenth centuryd.just after the Civil War（4）In a very broad sense, legislation plays the same role in civil law countries as judicial decisions play in common law countries. Legislative rules provide the starting point which lawyers and judges work toward their goal, the most just solution for the problem at hand. Usually the statute provides a clear answer to the problem. In those cases, the statute is strictly applied, more because it is just than because it is a statute. Because of this it often appears that legislation is the law and that the judge’s role is simply to apply automatically the ready-made solutions provided by the legislature. Nevertheless, there are a great many cases where the judge’s role is far more creative.17. When civil law lawyers and judges strictly apply a statute, it is usually because__________.a.it provides a just solution to a problemb.statutes are laws, and must be obeyedc.the judge’s role is always simply to apply automatically the ready-made solutionsprovided by the legislatured.the role of the civil law judiciary is never really creative18. Judicial decisions in common law countries play the same role as ________.a.legislation in common law countriesb.legislation in civil law countriesc.U.S. Supreme Court interpretationsmon law decision in civil law countries19. A “statute” is ________.a. a judicial decisionb. a just solution to a problemc. a lawd.the goal of lawyers and judges20. When the author says that “the judge’s role is far more creative” he means that________.a.the judge, not the legislature, makes the lawb.the judge applied that solution provided by the legislaturec.the judge creates some cases he triesd.the judge often does more than just apply the law（5）A century ago, the overwhelming majority of people in developed countries worked with their hands: on farms, in domestic service, in small craft shops and in factories. There was not even a word for people who make their living other than by manual work. These days, the fastest-growing group in the developed world are knowledge workers – people whose jobs require formal and advanced schooling.At present, this term is widely used to describe people with considerable theoretical knowledge and learning: doctors, lawyers, teachers, accountants, chemical engineers. But the most striking growth in the coming years will be in “knowledge technologist”: computer technicians, software designers, analysts in clinical labs, manufacturing technologists, and so on. These people are as much manual workers as they are knowledge workers; in fact, they usually spend far more time working with their hands than with theirbrains. But their manual work is based on a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge which can b acquired only through formal education. They are not, as a rule, much better paid than tradition skilled workers, but they see themselves as professionals. Just as unskilled manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the twentieth century, knowledge technologist are likely to become the dominant social – and perhaps also political – force over the next decades.Such workers have two main needs: formal education that enables them to enter knowledge work in the first place, and continuing education throughout their working lives to keep their knowledge up to date. For the old high-knowledge professionals such as doctors, clerics and lawyers, formal education has been available for many centuries. But for knowledge technologists, only a few countries so far provide systematic and organized preparation. Over the next few decades, educational institutions to prepare knowledge technologists will grow rapidly in all developed and emerging countries, just as new institutions to meet t new requirements have always appeared in the past.What is different this time is the need for the continuing education of already well-trained and highly knowledgeable adults. Schooling traditionally stopped when work began. In the knowledge society it never stops. Continuing education of already highly educated adults will therefore become a big growth area in the next society. But most of it will be delivered in non-traditional ways, ranging from weekend seminars to online training programmers, and in any number of places, from a traditional university to the student’s home. The information revolution, which is expected to have an enormous impact on education and on traditional schools and universities, will probably have an even greater effect on the continuing education of knowledge workers, allowing knowledge to spread near-instantly, and making it accessible to everyone.All this has implications for the role of women in the labor force. Although women have always worked, since time immemorial the jobs they have done have been different from men’s. Knowledge work, on the other hand, is “unisex,” not because of feminist pressure, but because it can be done equally well by both sexes. Knowledge workers, whatever their sex, are professionals, applying the same knowledge, doing the same work, governed by the same standards and judged by the same results.The knowledge society is the first human society where upward mobility is potentially unlimited. Knowledge differs from all other means of production in that is cannot be inherited or bequeathed from one generation to another. It has to be acquired anew by every individual, and everyone starts out with the same total ignorance. And nowadays it is assumed that everybody will be a “success” – an idea that would have seemed ludicrous to earlier generations. Naturally, only a tiny number of people can reach outstanding levels of achievement, but a very large number of people assumed they will reach adequate levels.The upward mobility of the knowledge society, however, comes at a high price: the psychological pressures and emotional trauma of the rat race. Schoolchildren in some countries may suffer sleep deprivation because they spend their evenings at a crammer to help them pass their exams. Otherwise they will not get into the prestige university of their choice, and thus into a good job. In many different parts of the world, schools are becoming viciously competitive. That this has happened over such a short time – no more than 30 or 40 years – indicates how much the fear of failure has already permeated the knowledge society.Given this competitive struggle, a growing number of highly successful knowledge workers of both sexes – business managers, university teachers, museum, directors, doctors – “plateau” in their 40s. They know they have achieved all they will achieve. If their work is all they have, they are in trouble. Knowledge workers therefore need to develop, preferably while they are still young, a non-competitive life and community of their own, and some serious outside interest – be it working as a volunteer in the community, playing in a local orchestra or taking an active part in a small town’s local government. This outside interest will give them the opportunity for personal contribution and achievement.21. According to the writer, a hundred years ago in the developed world, manual workers________.a.were mainly located in rural areasb.were not provided with sufficient educationc.were the largest single group of workersd.were the fastest growing group in society22. The writer suggests that the most significant difference between knowledgetechnologists and manual workers is ________.a.their educational backgroundb.the pay they can expectc.their skill with their handsd.their attitudes to society23. He predicts that in the coming years, knowledge technologist ________.a.will have access to the same educational facilities as professional peopleb.will have more employment opportunities in educational institutionsc.will require increasing mobility in order to find suitable educationd.will be provided with appropriate education for their needs24. According to the writer, the most important change in education this century will be________.a.the way in which people learnb.the sorts of things people learn aboutc.the use people make of their educationd.the type of people who provide education25. The writer says that changes in women’s role ________.a.means women are now judged by higher standardsb.have led to greater equality with men in the workplacec.are allowing women to use their traditional skills in new waysd.may allow women to out-perform men for the first timePart III. Critical Reading (30%)Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow. Write down your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1)Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.——Friedrich Engels, “In Memory of Karl Marx”1. Write a short complete sentence in your own words stating the main idea.2. Why does the writer use the word ‘hitherto’?(2)It is obvious that there is a great deal of difference between being international and being cosmopolitan. All good men are international. Nearly all bad men are cosmopolitan. If we are to be international we must be national. And it is largely because those who callthemselves the friends of peace have not dwelt sufficiently on this distinction that they do not impress the bulk of any of the nations to which they belong. International peace means a peace between nations, not a peace after the destruction of nations, like the Buddhist peace after the destruction of personality. The golden age of the good European is like the heaven of the Christian: it is a place where people will love each other; not like the heaven of the Hindu, a place where they will be each other. And in the case of national character this can be seen in a curious way. It will generally be found, I think, that the more a man really appreciates and admires the soul of another people the less he will attempt to imitate it; he will be conscious that there is something in it too deep and too unmanageable to imitate. The Englishman who has a fancy for France will try to be French; the Englishman who admires France will remain obstinately English. This is to be particularly noticed in the case of our relations with the French, because it is one of the outstanding peculiarities of the French that their vices are all on the surface, and their extraordinary virtues concealed. One might almost say that their vices are the flower of their virtues.——G. K. Chesterton, “French and English”3. Write a complete sentence in your own words that expresses the main idea.4. By what means does the author reveal his opinion in the above passage?5. What can you infer from the fifth sentence, “…those who call themselves the friends of peace have not dwelt sufficiently on this distinction that they do not impress the bulk of any of the nations to which they belong”?(3)The acceptance or rejection of abstract linguistic forms, just as the acceptance or rejection of any other linguistic forms in any branch of science, will finally be decided by their efficiency as instruments, the ratio of the results achieved to the amount and complexity of the efforts required. To decree dogmatic prohibitions of certain linguistic forms instead of testing them by their success or failure in practical use, is worse than futile; it is positively harmful because it may obstruct scientific progress. The history of science shows examples of such prohibitions based on prejudices deriving from religious, mythological, metaphysical, or other irrational sources, which slowed up the developments for shorter or longer periods of time. Let us learn from the lessons of history. Let us grant to those who work in any special field of investigation the freedom to use any form of expression which seems useful to them; the work in the field will sooner or later lead to the elimination of those forms which have no useful function. Let us be cautious in making assertions and critical in examining them, but tolerant in permitting linguistic forms.。

[考研类试卷]2015年华南理工大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 It's been a nail-biting couple of weeks waiting for my results.2 Dear me, those girls were even as nervous as brick.3 These constant changes in the weather beat me.4 He gave up the sword for the plough.5 I could have laughed to read her thoughts.6 It is essential that the mechanic or technician understand well the characteristics of battery circuits and the proper methods for connecting batteries or cells.7 They were understandably reluctant to join the battle.8 The curtain has parted; the mystery is being dispelled.9 They love to read and be read to.10 You will be updated on the final tour dates and details of the itinerary in October.11 A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it is good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.12 Greenland was not a continent, as people thought.13 Power banks are restricted in your carry-on luggage.14 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.汉译英15 港人治港，高度自治。

626华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：外国语言文学performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering “reasons” for their“choice”.We called this effect “choice blindness”, echoing change blindness,the phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z - and. Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about self-knowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with decision making, it is very difficult to know about it from the “inside”: one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of s ubjectivity.As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalizations after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt - and prove it - that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering might develop into truesymptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labeling, and so on) we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback (“I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it”), which we suspect lies behind the formation of many everyday preferences.We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participant’s choice without them noticing, we created two sets of “magical” jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all s witches.We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cell phones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.Gervais, discovers a thing called “lying” and what it can get him. Within days, M ark is rich, famous, and courting the girl of his dreams. And because nobody knows what “lying” is? he goes on, happily living what has become a complete and utter farce.It’s meant to be funny, but it’s also a more serious commentary on us all. As Americans, we like to think we value the truth. Time and time again, public-opinion polls show that honesty is among the top five characteristics we want in a leader, friend, or lover; the world is full of sad stories about the tragic consequences of betrayal. At the same time, deception is all around us. We are lied to by government officials and public figures to a disturbing degree; many of our social relationships are based on little white lies we tell each other. We deceive our children, only to be deceived by them in return. And the average person, says psychologist Robert Feldman, the author of a new book on lying, tells at least three lies in the first 10 minutes of a conversation. “There’s always been a lot of lying,” says Feldman，whose new book, The Liar in Your Life, came out this month. “But I do think we’re seeing a kind of cultural shift where we’re lying more, it’s easier to lie, and in some ways it’s almost more acceptable.”As Paul Ekman, one of Feldman’s longtime lying colleagues and the inspiration behind the Fox IV series “Lie To Me” defines it，a liar is a person who “intends to mislead,”“deliberately,” without being asked to do so by the target of the lie. Which doesn’t mean that all lies are equally toxic: some are simply habitual –“My pleasure!”-- while others might be well-meaning white lies. But each, Feldman argues, is harmful, because of the standard it creates. And the more lies we tell, even if th ey’re little white lies, the more deceptive we and society become.We are a culture of liars, to put it bluntly, with deceit so deeply ingrained in our mind that we hardly even notice we’re engaging in it. Junk e-mail, deceptive advertising, the everyday p leasantries we don’t really mean –“It’s so great to meet you! I love that dress”– have, as Feldman puts it, become “a white noise we’ve learned to neglect.” And Feldman also argues that cheating is more common today than ever. The Josephson Institute, a nonprofit focused on youth ethics, concluded in a 2008 survey of nearly 30,000 high school students that “cheating in school continues to be rampant, and it’s getting worse.” In that survey, 64 percent of students said they’d cheated on a test during the past year, up from 60 percent in 2006. Another recent survey, by Junior Achievement, revealed that more than a third of teens believe lying, cheating, or plagiarizing can be necessary to succeed, while a brand-new study, commissioned by the publishers of Feldman’s book, shows that 18-to 34-year-olds--- those of us fully reared in this lying culture --- deceive more frequently than the general population.Teaching us to lie is not the purpose of Feldman’s book. His subtitle, in fact, is “the way to truthful relationships.” But if his book teaches us anything, it’s that we should sharpen our skills — and use them with abandon.Liars get what they want. They avoid punishment, and they win others’ affection. Liars make themselves sound smart and intelligent, they attain power over those of us who believe them, and they often use their lies to rise up in the professional world. Many liars have fun doing it. And many more take pride in getting away with it.As Feldman notes, there is an evolutionary basis for deception: in the wild, animals use deception to “play dead” when threatened. But in the modem world, the motives of our lying are more selfish. Research has linked socially successful people to those who are good liars. Students who succeed academically get picked for the best colleges, despite the fact that, as one recent Duke University study found, as many as 90 percent of high-schoolers admit to cheating. Even lying adolescents are more popular among their peers.And all it takes is a quick flip of the remote to see how our public figures fare when they get caught in a lie: Clinton keeps his wife and goes on to become a national hero. Fabricating author James Frey gets a million-dollar book deal. Eliot Spitzer’s wife stands by his side, while “Appalachian hiker” Mark Sanford still gets to keep his post. If everyone else is being rewarded for lying，don’t we need to lie, too, just to keep up?But what’s funny is that even as we admit to being liars, study after study shows that most of us believe we can tell when others are lying to us. And while lying may be easy, spotting a liar is far from it. A nervous sweat or shifty eyes can certainly mean a person’s uncomfortable, but it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re lying. Gaze aversion, meanwhile, has more to do with shyness than actual deception. Even polygraph machines are unreliable. And according to one study, by researcher Bella DePaulo, we’re only able to differentiate a lie from truth only 47 percent of the time, less than if we guessed randomly. “Basically everything we’ve heard about catching a liar is wrong,” says Feldman, who heads the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Ekman, meanwhile, has spent decades studying micro-facial expressions of liars: the split-second eyebrow arch that shows surprise when a spouse asks who was on the phone; the furrowed nose that gives away a hint of disgust when a person says “I love you.” He’s trained everyone from the Secret Service to the TSA, and believes that with close study, it’s possible to identify those tiny emotions. The hard part, of course, is proving them. “A lot of times, it’s easier to believe,” says Feldman. “It takes a lot ofThere were, however, different explanations of this unhappy fact. Sean Pidgeon put the blame on “humanities departments who are responsible for the leftist politics that still turn people off.” Kedar Kulkarni blamed “the absence of a culture that privileges Learning to improve oneself as a human being.” Bethany blamed universities, which because they are obsessed with “maintaining funding” default on th e obligation to produce “well rounded citizens.” Matthew blamed no one，because i n his view the report’s priorities are just what they should be: “When a poet creates a vaccine or a tangible good that can be produced by a Fortune 500 company, I’ll rescind my comment.”Although none of these commentators uses the word, the issue they implicitly raise is justification. How does one justify funding the arts and humanities? It is clear which justifications are not available. You cannot argue that the arts and humanities are able to support themselves through grants and private donations. You cannot argue that a state’s economy will benefit by a new reading of “Hamlet.” You can’t argue -- well you can, but it won’t fly -- that a graduate who is well-versed in the history of Byzantine art will be attractive to employers (unless the employer is a museum). You can talk as Bethany does about “well rounded citizens,” but that ideal belongs to an earlier period, when the ability to refer knowledgeably to Shakespeare or Gibbon or the Thirty Years War had some cash value (the sociologists call it cultural capital). Nowadays, larding your conversations with small bits of erudition is more likely to irritate than to win friends and influence people.At one time justification of the arts and humanities was unnecessary because, as Anthony Kronman puts it in a new book, “Education’s End: Why Our Colleges and Universities Have Given Up on the Meaning of Life，” it was assumed that “a college was above all a place for the training of character, for the nurturing of those intellectual and moral habits that together from the basis for living the best life one can.”It followed that the realization of this goal required an immersion in the great texts of literature, philosophy and history even to the extent of memorizing them, for “to acquire a text by memory is to fix in one’s mind the image and example of the author and his subject.”It is to a version of this old ideal that Kronman would have us return, not because of a professional investment in the humanities (he is a professor of law and a former dean of the Yale Law School), but because he believes that only the humanities can address “the crisis of spirit we now confront” and “restore the wonder which those who have glimpsed the human condition have always felt, and which our scientific civilization, with its gadgets and discoveries, obscures.”As this last quotation makes clear, Kronman is not so much mounting a defense ofthe humanities as he is mounting an attack on everything else. Other spokespersons for the humanities argue for their utility by connecting them (in largely unconvincing ways) to the goals of science, technology and the building of careers. Kronman, however, identifies science, technology and careerism as impediments to living a life with meaning. The real enemies, he declares，are “the careerism that distracts from life as a whole” and “the blind acceptance of science and technology that disguise and deny our human condition.” These false idols，he says，block the way to understanding. We must turn to the humanities if we are to “meet the need for meaning in an age of vast but pointless powers,”for only the humanities can help us recover the urgency of “the question of what living is for.”The humanities do this, Kronman explains, by exposing students to “a range of texts that express with matchless power a number of competing answers to this question.” In the course of this program —Kronman calls it “secular humanism”—students will be moved “to consider which alternatives lie closest to their own evolving sense of self?” As they survey “the different ways of living that have been held up by different authors,” they will be encouraged “to enter as deeply as they can into the experiences, ideas, and values that give each its permanent appeal.” And not only would such a “revitalized humanism” contribute to the growth of the self,it “would put the conventional pieties of our moral and political world in question” and “bring what is hidden into the open — the highest goal of the humanities and the first responsibility of every teache r.”Here then is a justification of the humanities that is neither strained (reading poetry contributes to the state’s bottom line) nor crassly careerist. It is a stirring vision that promises the highest reward to those who respond to it. Entering into a conversation with the great authors of the western tradition holds out the prospect of experiencing “a kind of immortality” and achieving “a position immune to the corrupting powers of time.”Sounds great, but I have my doubts. Does it really work that way? Do the humanities ennoble? And for that matter, is it the business of the humanities, or of any other area of academic study, to save us?The answer in both cases, I think, is no. The premise of secular humanism (or of just old-fashioned humanism) is that the examples of action and thought portrayed in the enduring works of literature, philosophy and history can create in readers the desire to emulate them. Philip Sydney put it as well as anyone ever has when he asks (in “The Defense of Poesy” 1595), “Who reads Aeneas carrying old Anchises on his back that wishes not it was his fortune to perform such an excellent act?” Thrill to this picture of42.What does Anthony Kronman oppose in the process to strive for meaningful life?A.Secular humanism.B. Careerism.C. Revitalized humanismD. Cultural capital.43.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article?A.Sidney Carton killed himself.B.A new reading of Hamlet may not benefit economy.C.Faust was not willing to sell his soul.D.Philip Sydney wrote The Defense of Poesy.44.Which is NOT true about the author?A.At the time of writing, he has been in the field of the humanities for 45 years.B.He thinks the humanities are supposed to save at least those who study them.C.He thinks teachers and students of the humanities just learn how to analyze literary effects and to distinguish between different accounts of the foundations of knowledge.D.He thin ks Kronman’s remarks compromise the object its supposed praise.45.Which statement could best summarize this article?A.The arts and humanities fail to produce well-rounded citizens.B.The humanities won’t save us because humanities departments are too leftist.C.The humanities are expected to train character and nurture those intellectual andmoral habits for living a life with meaning.D.The humanities don’t bring about effects in the world but just give pleasure to those who enjoy them.Passage fourJust over a decade into the 21st century, women’s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana—in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000 women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of women’s progress. Newsweek ranked 165countries, looking at five areas that affect women’s lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing datafrom the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined. But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation’s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly.“Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can’t be measured.And cross-cultural comparisons can t account for difference of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,”she said. “There’s a simulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”46.What does the author think about women’s progress so far?A.It still leaves much to be desired.B.It is too remarkable to be measured.C.It has greatly changed women's fate.D.It is achieved through hard struggle.47.In what countries have women made the greatest progress?A.Where women hold key posts in government.B.Where women’s rights are protected by law.C.Where women’s participation in management is high.D.Where women enjoy better education and health care.48.What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?A.They care little about political participation.B.They are generally treated as equals by men.C.They have a surprisingly low social status.D.They are underrepresented in politics.49.What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation's top office?A.It does not necessarily raise women's political awareness.B.It does not guarantee a better life for the nation's women.C.It enhances women's status.D.It boosts women's confidence.50.What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?A.Give women more political power.B.Stimulate women's creativity.C.Allow women access to education.D.Tap women's economic potential.Passage fiveThe idea that government should regulate intellectual property through copyrights and patents is relatively recent in human history, and the precise details of what intellectual property is protected for how long vary across nations and occasionally change. There are two standard sociological justifications for patents or copyrights: They reward creators for their labor, and they encourage greater creativity. Both of these are empirical claims that can be tested scientifically and could be false in some realms.Consider music. Star performers existed before the 20th century, such as Franz Liszt and Niccolo Paganini, but mass media produced a celebrity system promoting a few stars whose music was not necessarily the best or most diverse. Copyright provides protection for distribution companies and for a few celebrities, thereby helping to support the industry as currently defined, but it may actually harm the majority of performers. This is comparable to Anatole France's famous irony, "The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges." In theory, copyright covers the creations of celebrities and obscurities equally, but only major distribution companies have the resources to defend their property rights in court. In a sense, this is quite fair, because nobody wants to steal unpopular music, but by supporting the property rights of celebrities, copyright strengthens them as a class in contrast to anonymous musicians.Internet music file sharing has become a significant factor in the social lives of children, who download bootleg music tracks for their own use and to give as gifts to friends. If we are to believe one recent poll done by a marketing firm rather than social。

购买考研、考博历年真题资料，请到 |考研秘籍网 查询清单、购买下载电子版真题626华南理工大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学共 14 页Part I. Vocabulary (20 marks)Section OneDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one word underlined, followed bythree possible choices. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to this word. (10 marks)1.Truth in established fields of science can be provisional and can be proven wrong inthe light of later knowledge.a.temporaryb.prudentc.provocative2.The current acting versions of many of Shakespeare’s plays are abridgement.a.expansionb.truncationc.revision3.You probably have heard the charge of plagiarism used in disputes within thepublishing and recording industries.a.intellectual theftb.copyrightc.acknowledgment4.Is human language a genetic endowment?a.talentb.endurancec.faculty5.My memory is exact and circumstantial.a.abridgedpletec.reckless6.On many occasions, the maxims will be breached.a.unified第1页购买考研、考博历年真题资料，请到 |考研秘籍网 查询清单、购买下载电子版真题。

870
华南理工大学
2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：语言学和英美文学基础知识
适用专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学
870
华南理工大学
2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：语言学和英美文学基础知识
适用专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学
870
华南理工大学
2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：英语语言文学综合
适用专业：外国语言文学。

2015年华南理工大学626英语综合水平测试考研真题(总分146, 做题时间180分钟)Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passages and make ONE choice that **plete or answer each of the statements or questions after thepassages.(60 marks, 2 marks each)Passage 1A **mon misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group—college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers—a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Salppho,that the social scientists use to sum up **mon perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact ofphysical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as manager ________.Awomen should always dress fashionablyBa person’s property or debts do not matter muchCa person’s outward appearance isn’t a critical qualificationDwomen should not only be attractive but also high-mindedSSS_SINGLE_SELThe result of research carried out by social scientists show that________.Agood-looking women aspire to managerial positionsBwomen in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellCpeople generally do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestDattractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not SSS_SINGLE_SELExperiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ________.Athey give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsBthey do not usually act according to the views they supportCthey tend to observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepDthey tend to base their judgment on the individual’s accomplishments SSS_SINGLE_SEL“Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ________.Abeing attractive is not always an advantage for womenBgood-looking women always get the best of everythingCattractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsDattractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positionsSSS_SINGLE_SELIt can inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.Agood looks are important for women as they are for menBphysically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellChandsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areDphysically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellPassage 2We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automationcalls for round-the clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12:00 midnight to 8:00a.m. one week, 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. the next, and 4:00 p.m. to12:00 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhy is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” no mere academic one?ABecause sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.BBecause few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.CBecause people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.DBecause shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.SSS_SINGLE_SELThe main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in________.Athe fact that people working at night are often less effectiveBthe fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workersCthe disturbance of the daily cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentlyDthe inconveniences that are brought about to the workers by the introduction of automationSSS_SINGLE_SELThe best solution to implementing the 24-hour working system seems ________.Ato employ people who work on night shifts onlyBto create better living conditions for night workersCto have longer shiftsDto change shifts at longer intervalsSSS_SINGLE_SELIt is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because ________.Athe temperature reverses when the routine is changed.Bpeople have higher temperature when they’re working efficiently.Cbody temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back.Dbody temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich of the following statements is NOT true?ADisturbed sleep occurs more frequently among shift workers.BBody temperature may serve as an indication of a worker’s performance.CThe strains of alternate day and night work can be relieved by changing the shift at longer intervals.DTaking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.Passage 3The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660 ’s was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument.First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that point to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery —yet in other cases it included both. The Handins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.This possibility has important ramifications. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A **pelling explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland Virginia legislatures” passed during and after the 1660’s?AThe acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as well as of White servants.BThe acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving the position of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.CThe acts had a different effect on the position of White servants than did many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.DThe acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants to remain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.SSS_SINGLE_SELWith which of the following statements regarding the status of Black people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660’s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?AAlthough Black people were not legally considered to be slaves, they were often called slaves.BAlthough subject to some discrimination, Black people had a higher legal status than they did after the 1660’s.CAlthough sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, Black people were not legally considered to be slaves.DAlthough often not treated the same as White people, Black people, like many White people, possessed the legal status of servants.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of the following about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?AThe source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.BRacial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneouslyCRacial prejudice most often took the form of the imposition of inherited status, one of the attributes of slavery.DBecause of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racial prejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.SSS_SINGLE_SELThe passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception of slavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of________.Aextending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesBhastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.Cmitigating some of the conditions of slavery for Black people in these coloniesDdelaying the introduction of slavery into the English coloniesSSS_SINGLE_SELThe author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre and Tannenbaum for the treatment accorded Black slaves in the English colonies of North America to be ________.Aambitious but misguidedBvalid but limitedCpopular but suspectDpremature and illogicalPassage 4The train began to slow down among the fields. I looked out and saw a wooden platform and a board with “Aberdovey” on it. And there too,was Arthur looking anxiously up and down the train. With him was a large vicar, overflowing with boisterous greetings, as I got out.“We may as well walk up,” said Arthur, “I fear there’s no taxi to be had.” As we left the station he pointed to a black box on wheels, drawn by an unbelievably old horse, driven by an unbelievably old man. “That is the Aberdovey bus plying between station and town. You tell old Rushell where you want to be put down, climb in, bang the door as a sign that you are safe, and in time he starts. We shall see him presently on the road; it’s about all the traffic we have.”It was a goodish walk from the station, for the town straggled along between the hill and the estuary, including on its way a real pot with a bright-funnelled little streamer tied up at the quay. I was amused with the walk and glad to stretch my legs after being cooped up so long. The vicar accompanied us most of the way, not from parochial mission, as I at first imagined, but, as I learned later, because he had nothing else to do, and my arrival was a bit of an event, a trifle to add to the gossip. I was amazed at the way in which both he and Arthur turned on Welsh, as though from a tap, whenever they met an acquaintance, which was about every hundred yards.At last the vicar said good-bye. He was very stout and didn’t want to do our final climb. The tiny house that Arthur had obtained for his mother was at the end of a tiny row, lodged precariously on atiny ledge of the hillside. We could reach the house only by a rough and very steep path. At the open door stood Mrs. Hughes, with a “Well, well, well, and here you are at last.” It is curious how a mere tone of voice can make you feel at home at once. A meal was all ready, and as I felt upon it heartily I was able to amuse Arthur and his mother with the story of my journey; he, poor fellow, had been at the station since two o’clock, off and on.SSS_SINGLE_SELThe vicar who was with Arthur, ________.Awas bursting with newsBwas overwhelmed with emotionCwelcomed the writer exuberantlyDgreeted the writer unenthusiasticallySSS_SINGLE_SELThe writer and his friends didn’t think it was worth taking the bus because ________.Ait didn’t go far enoughBit only went from the stationCthey didn’t want to ride in a black boxDthe horse was too old to walk uphillSSS_SINGLE_SELFrom the passage we understand that the writer was glad to walk as ________.Ahe liked walking long distancesBhe found walking amusingChe had long legsDhe was stiff after his long journeySSS_SINGLE_SELThe writer first thought that that vicar accompanied Arthur and him ________.Afrom boredomBfrom politenessCout of a sense of dutyDto obtain informationSSS_SINGLE_SELThe house that Arthur’s mother live in was ________.Aon a by-passBon the highwayCin a lay-byDoff the beaten trackSSS_SINGLE_SELFrom the information given in the passage, it would appear that ________.AArthur and the vicar spoke only welshBOnly Arthur and the vicar spoke WelshCArthur and the vicar only spoke Welsh to each other.DArthur and the vicar only spoke Welsh sometimesSSS_SINGLE_SELHow do we know that Mrs. Hughes was glad to meet the writer?Afrom the words she saidBby the way she spokeCfrom her homely appearanceDfrom her curious voiceSSS_SINGLE_SELWhat makes us think that the writer arrived later than expected?AHe said the train had been delayed.BHe said the journey had been amusing.CArthur had had to make frequent trips to the station.DArthur had been waiting at the station since two o’clock.Passage 5Anyone who thinks exploration always involves long journeys should have his head examined. Or better he should put on his oldest clothes and go off in search of a junk shop. There are three kinds - one full of discarded books, one full of discarded Government equipment, and one full of discarded anything. A junk shop may have four walls and a roof or it may be no more than a trestle-table in an open air market; but there is one infallible test: no genuine junk shopkeeper will ever pester you to make up your mind and buy something. And you are no true junk shopper if you march purposefully round the shop as if you knew exactly what you wanted. You must browse, gently chewing the cud of your idle thoughts, and nibbling here and there at a sight or a touch of the goods that lie about you. Yet you must also possess a penetrating glance, darting your eyes about you to spot the treasures that may lurk beneath the rubbish. This is what makes junk shopping such a satisfying voyage of exploration. You never know what interesting and unexpected thing you may discover next. For in a true junk shop, not even the proprietor is always quite sure what his dusty stock conceals. There is always the chance that you may pick up a first edition, a pair of exotic ear-rings, a piece of early Wedgwood china, or a cine camera - and possess it for the price of fifty cigarettes.But this kind of treasure hunt is only a sideline to the true junk shopper. The real attraction lies in finding something that catches your own especial fancy, though everybody else may pass it by.When you begin junk shopping half the attraction is that you go with absolutely no intention of buying anything. You spend your first couple of Saturday afternoons, ambling round among dusty shelves, savouring a page or a chapter as you please, or fingering the piles of oddments that litter counters or tables. At first, be warned, don’t try to buy. You may, indeed you should, ask the price of thisand that; but just to give you an idea of what the junk shopkeeper thinks you might be willing to pay him.Later, you will find yourself returning a second and third time to something which has caught your fancy. And when you can hold back no longer, bargaining begins in earnest. This is the other great attraction of the true junk shop. Not only may it hold every conceivable product from every imaginable country; it also transports you to the mediaeval market place or the oriental bazaar, where no price is fixed until buyer and seller have waged a friendly war together, and proved each other’s mettle. And this is where your old clothes become important: let no one take you for a rich connoisseur, or you will find yourself paying a rich man’s prices. And avoid at all costs the suspicion of an American accent, or in spite of the good nature of all good junk shopkeepers, you will be for it.SSS_SINGLE_SELThe author equates junk hunting with exploration because both involve ________.Aa spirit of adventureBcareful preparationCtravelling long distanceDdiscovering unheard of placesSSS_SINGLE_SEL“gently chewing the cud of your idle thoughts” (in Para. 1) implies that the junk hunter is ________.Anot thinking of anythingBpondering on this and thatCthinking of many things at the same timeDeating sweets or gum as he wanders aroundSSS_SINGLE_SELWhat quality does the author consider a good junk hunter should possess?Aperfect eyesightBalertnessCcasualnessDimpatienceSSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, a true junk hunter hopes to ________.Afind a bargainBdiscover something newCdiscover something exoticDfind something invaluableSSS_SINGLE_SELBy asking the price of an object, the junk hunter gets a good idea of ________.Aits valueBhow much to offerCits ageDthe shopper’s evaluationSSS_SINGLE_SELWhy does a junk shop remind the author of a market or bazaar?Atheir location is similarBthey sell the same kind of goodsCtheir method of selling is the sameDthe customers always quarrel before buyingSSS_SINGLE_SELFrom the passage we understand that speaking with an American accent will ________.Aincrease the price of the goodsBdecrease the chance of being cheatedCengender friendliness in the shopkeeperDarouse suspicion in the junk shopkeeperCritical ReadingDirections: Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow. (40 marks, 4 marks each)(1)Though the number of court-ordered cesareans（剖腹产）is small, each one symbolizes a disturbing trend— the encroachment on the rights of the pregnant woman; the view of her as the “jar” or “container” of the next generation. In Wisconsin, for example, a sixteen-year-old pregnant girl was held in detention for her “lack [of] motivation or ability to seek prenatal c are.” In Michigan and Illinois, courts have permitted the child to sue its mother for damaging it during pregnancy. And, in a number of states, legislation has been introduced to expand the law on child abuse to cover the fetus. This would permit after-the-fact prosecution of women who do anything during pregnancy (smoke, drink, use drugs, refuse treatment) that damages the offspring.Public support for measures of this kind is surprisingly strong. A recent Gallup poll found that almost half of those surveyed agreedthat a woman should be legally liable for damaging her child by drinking or smoking during pregnancy. People were about equally split on whether a woman should be held liable for refusing a cesarean.Doctors are no more in agreement than the general public. The reason for the dissension is that our technological prowess has leapt ahead of our ethical and legal thinking. In the past, obstetricians had one patient: the mother. But new technology has opened up a much greater window on what ’s going o n with the fetus throughout gestation.But the interests of the fetus are sometimes in conflict with the interests or desires of the mother—if a mother disagrees with medical advice or is reckless about how her actions affect the unborn child. In these cas es, who is to defend the “right” of the fetus?Today, the question is whether our new understanding of gestation creates a need for special legislation to protect the interests of the fetus. The legions of infants born deformed mentally retarded, or addicted to drugs are a burden to society as a whole as well as the individual parent...SSS_TEXT_QUSTIWhat is the issue being discussed in this passage?SSS_TEXT_QUSTIAccording to the tone of the writer, whose rights should the law protect? Please cite evidence in the essay to support your view.SSS_TEXT_QUSTIWhat do “measures of this kind” refer to? Do you agree to the view that “Public support for measures of this kind is surprisingly strong”? Please support your view with the evidence from this essay(2)I’m a 21-year-old black born to a family that would probably be considered lower-middle class—which in my mind is a polite way of describing a condition only slightly better than poverty. Let’s just say we rarely if ever did the winter-vacation thing in the Caribbean. I’ve often had to defend my humble beginnings to a most unlikely group of people for an even less likely reason. Because of the way I talk, some of my black peers look at me sideways and ask, “Why do you talk like you’re white?”I should’ve asked her a question I’ve wanted an answer to for years: how does one “talk white”? The silly side of me pictures a rabid white foam spewing forth when I speak. I don’t use Valley Girl jargon, so that’s not what’s meant in my case. Actually, I’ve pretty much deduced what people mean when they say that to me, and the implications are really frightening.As a child, I found it hard to believe that’s what people meant by “talking proper”; that would’ve meant that good grade and standard English were equated with white skin, and that went against everything I’d ever been taught. Running into the same type of mentality as an adult has confirmed the depressing reality that for many blacks, Standard English is not only unfamiliar, it is socially unacceptable.James Baldwin once defended black English by saying it had added “vitality to the language,” and even went so far as to label it a language in its own right, saying, “Language [i.e., black English] is a political instrument” and a “vivid and crucial key to identity.” B ut did Malcolm X urge blacks to take power in this country “any way y’all can”? Did Martin Luther King, Jr. say to blacks, “I has been to the mountaintop, and I done seec the Promised Land”? Toni Morrison, Alice Walker and James Baldwin did not achieve their eloquence, grace and stature by using only black English in their writing. Andrew Young, Tom Bradley and Barbara Jordan did not acquire political power by saying, “Y’all crazy if you ain’t gon vote for me.” They all have **mand of Standard English, and I don’t think that knowledge takes away from their blackness or commitment toblack people.—Adapted from “What’s Wrong with Black English” by Rachel L. JonesSSS_TEXT_QUSTI。

2016年华南理工大学626英语综合水平测试考研真题(总分150, 做题时间180分钟)Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passages and make ONE choice that **plete or answer each of the statements or questions after thepassages.(60 marks, 2 marks each)Passage 1Fall is staggering in, right on schedule, with its baggage of chilly nights, spectacular, heart-stoppingly beautiful leaves. People will travel up and down the East Coast just to stare at it—a whole season of leaves.Where do the **e from? Sunlight rules most living things with its golden edicts. When the days begin to shorten, a tree reconsiders its leaves. All summer it feeds them so they can process sunlight, but in the dog days of summer the tree begins pulling nutrients back intoits trunk and roots, reduces and gradually chokes off its leaves. A dry layer of cells forms at the leaves’ slender stems, then scars over. Undernourished, the leaves stop producing the pigment chlorophyll, and photosynthesis ceases. Animals can migrate, hibernate, or store food to prepare for winter. But where can a tree go? It survives by dropping its leaves, and by the end of autumn only a few fragile threads of fluid-carrying xylem hold leaves to their stems.A turning leaf stays partly green at first, then reveals spots of yellow and red as the chlorophyll gradually breaks down. Dark green seems to stay longest in the veins. During the summer, chlorophyll dissolves in the heat and light, but it is also being steadily replaced. In the fall, on the other hand, no new pigment is produced, and so we notice the other colors that were always there, right in the leaf, although chlorophyll’s shocking green hid them from view. With their camouflage gone, we see these colors for the first timeall year, but they were always there, hidden like a vivid secret beneath the hot glowing greens of summer.An odd feature of the colors is that they don’t seem to have any special purpose. Animals and flowers color for a reason—adaptation to their environment—but there is no adaptive reason for leaves to color so beautifully in the fall any more than there is for the sky or ocean to be blue. It’s just one of the haphazard marvels theplanet presents every year. We find the sizzling colors thrilling, and in a sense they cheat us. Colored like living things, they signal death and disintegration. In time, they will become fragile and, like the body, return to dust. They are as we hope our own fate will be when we die: Not to vanish, just to sublime from one beautiful state into another. Though leaves lose their green life, they bloom with urgent colors, as the woods grow mummified day by day, and Nature becomes more carnal, mute, and radiant...SSS_SINGLE_SELThe signal for a tree to begin its preparation for winter is when________.Anights feel chilly days become shorterBdays become shorterCthere is less nutrientsDthe weather turns drierSSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, the leaves’ color changing process should be traced back to ________.Athe blooming spring daysBthe dog days of summerCthe late autumn daysDthe previous winterSSS_SINGLE_SELWe just see green in summer because ________.Atrees can only produce chlorophyllBtrees in green can easily get more nutrientsCenough sunlight provides strong green colorsDchlorophyll is strong enough to cover other colorsSSS_SINGLE_SELAthe fragile plantsBthe blooming flowersCthe dying human bodyDthe God-created wonderSSS_SINGLE_SELWhich of the following will the author agree?AThe ocean chooses blue color to match the surroundings.BThe spectacularly colored leaves signal the end of life.CLeaves change color in autumn for adaptive purpose.DPeople hope for a more beautiful world after death.Passage 2Imagine a world in which everyone uses all the energy they want, yet dependence on oil, with its attendant smog and green-house-gas emissions, is a thing of the past. This utopia is plausible—many would say probably. It is one in which hydrogen, rather than fossil fuels, is central to our energy economy.Vehicles could use hydrogen in a variety of ways. Some researchers favor the introduction of electric cars powered solely by fuel cells, **bine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. Others say that conventional car engines can be converted to run on hydrogen with relatively minor modifications. Experts are also split over whether, as a temporary step towards a full hydrogen economy, vehicles shouldinitially use on-board equipment to extract hydrogen from fossil fuels.Infrastructure issues play a big role in the debate over which approach should be taken. The lack of an existing system for storing and distributing hydrogen presents a dilemma. Car manufacturers do not want to sell vehicles that people cannot fuel, and **panies do not want to spend money developing a hydrogen distribution infrastructure when there are no hydrogen cars on the road. The equation becomes **plicated with fuel cells because they have yet to be produced in large numbers and their long-term reliability has not been proven.This deadlock could be broken by “reformers”, which would allow hydrogen cars to run on fossil fuels. Reformers can break down the hydrocarbons in fossil fuels and so liberate hydrogen. Natural gas, for example, can be reformed by heating it together with water and a nickel-based catalyst. The result is a series of reactions whose products are carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Other fossil fuels, including petrol or gasoline, can be reformed in a similar way.Hydrogen cars fitted with reformers would still run on petrol, but would reform it into hydrogen. Advocates of the technology say that this would give **panies the confidence to produce the vehicles, and so provide a fresh impetus for fuel-cell development. Several car manufacturers, including General Motors and DaimlerChrysler, are now working with Ballard Power Systems, a fuel-cell producer based in Burnaby, near Vancouver, to develop vehicles that are powered by fuel cells fed by reformers.But reformers still produce carbon dioxide, and for many environmentalists, this is enough to rule them out. In addition, it has to be taken into account that hydrogen vehicles with reformers are also technologically **plex and costly to build than straightfuel-cell cars.SSS_SINGLE_SELIn this article, what is introduced as the most promising substitute for fossil fuels?AFuel cells.BReformers.CHydrogen.DHydrocarbons.SSS_SINGLE_SELAThey don’t believe applying the new technology will be profitable.BThe infrastructure system is not ready to support hydrogen-fed cars.CMass production of fuel cells is still difficult in terms of technology.DConsumers do not have belief in the long-term reliability of new fuels.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich is NOT included as the problems with the “reformers”?AFossil fuels are used in the hydrogen-fed cars.BReformers promote the fuel-cell development.CBurning reformers will release carbon dioxide.DBuilding vehicles with reformers is expensive.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhy did General Motors and DaimlerChrysler favor reformers?ABecause they have confidence in fuel cells.BBecause they want to protect the environment.CBecause cars can still store fossil fuels to produce hydrogen.DBecause reformers are the necessary step towards a better economy.SSS_SINGLE_SELThe main idea of this article is ________.AHow to have cars run on hydrogen remains a problem.BExperts still argue whether hydrogen is the best substitute.CThe long-talked-about energy utopia will be realized in near future.DCar manufacturers and **panies can’t come to an agreement.Passage 3Dr. Joseph Bell, the eminent surgeon and medical instructor, had all people wide-eyed with his deductive acrobatics.“A patient walked into the room where I was instructing the students, and his case seemed to be a very simple one. I was talking about what was wrong with him. ‘He has been a soldier in a Highland regiment, and probably a bandsman.’ I pointed out the swagger in his walk, suggestive of the Highland piper; while his shortness told me that if he had been a soldier, it was probably as a bandsman. But the man insisted he was nothing but a shoemaker and had never been in the army in his life. This was rather a floorer, but being absolutely certain, I told two of the strongest clerks to remove the man to a side room and strip him. Under his left breast I instantly detected a little blue D branded on his skin. He was an army deserter. That was how they used to mark them in the Crimean days. He confessed having played in the band of a Highland regiment in the war against the Russians.”Of all the Edinburgh undergraduates, it was Conan Doyle who was the most deeply impressed by his incredible mentor. One time when the young Doyle was working as Dr. Bell’s assistant, a patient entered and sat down. “Did you like your walk over the golf links today, as you came in fr om the south of the town?” inquired Dr. Bell. The patient replied: “Why, yes, did Your Honor see me?” Dr. Bell had not seen him.“Conan Doyle could not understand how I knew,” Dr. Bell related later, “but on a showery day such as that had been, the reddish clayat bare parts of the golf links adheres to the boot, and a tiny part is bound to remain. There is no such clay anywhere else.”Thus, Conan Doyle’s five years as a struggling medical student—and his months serving his uncanny Scotch instructor—gave him both the idea for the character and much of the material that helped make him a world-famous author. But actually, when he graduated from Edinburgh University in 1881, Doyle intended to be a doctor. He nailed up his oculist’s shingle in a suburb of Ports mouth and waited for patients. Six years later he was still waiting. Lacking a practice, desperate for any kind of income, Doyle turned to writing. He decided to try a detective story. And for it he wanted a new kind of detective. Perhaps he looked at the photograph of Dr. Bell which he kept on the mantelpiece of his study. At any rate, he thought of Bell, and, thinking of him, hit upon his detective.He called him Sherlock Holmes after an English cricketer and Oliver Wendell Holmes.SSS_SINGLE_SELDr. Bell decided that the patient (in the 2nd paragraph) was asoldier mainly because of ________.Ahis being shortBhis way of walkingChis refusal to be strippedDthe mark under his breastSSS_SINGLE_SELWhat did Conan Doyle learn in Edinburgh University?AWriting.BSurgery.CDeduction.DMedicine.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhat is true about Conan Doyle?AHe began writing stories to make a living.BHe had been one of Dr. Bell’s best students.CHe had always dreamed to be a famous writer.DHe had learned much from Dr. Bell about deduction.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich contributed to Conan Dolye’s finally becoming a famous author?AHis intimate relationship with Dr. Bell.BHis good memory and deductive capability.CHis interest in detective stories and his skills with words.DHis medical knowledge and working experience with Dr. Bell.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich of the following is NOT true about Dr. Bell and his deductive ability?ASeeing the patient was not tall, Dr. Bell could tell with certainty he was a solider.BFrom the clay attached to the boot, Dr. Bell knew where the person came from.CBy observing how people walked, he could tell what profession they were probably in.DConan Doyle was much impressed by Dr. Bell’s deductive feats while working together.Passage 4A few months before, as I was visiting Texas, I heard the taped voice used to guide passengers to their connections at the Dallas Airport announcing items in both Spanish and English. This trend is likely to continue; after all, for some southwestern states like Texas, where the largest minority is now Mexican-American, Spanish was the first written language and the Spanish style lives on in the western way of life.Shortly after my Texas trip, I sat in a campus auditorium at the University of Wis consin at Milwaukee as a Yale professor―whose original work on the influence of African cultures upon those of the Americas has led to his ostracism from some intellectual circles—walked up and down the aisle like an old-time Southernevangelist,dancing and drumming the top of the lectern, illustrating his points before some Afro-American intellectuals and artists who cheered and applauded his performance. The professor was “white.” After his lecture, he conversed with a group of Milwaukeeans―all of whom spoke Yoruban, though only the professor had ever traveled to Africa.Such blurring of cultural styles occurs in everyday life in the United States to a greater extent than anyone can imagine. Yet members of the nation’s present educational and cultural elite still cling to the notion that the United States belongs to some vaguely defined entity they refer to as “Western civilization,” by which they mean, presumably, a civilization created by people of Europe, as if Europe can even be viewed as completely uninfluenced by the rest of the world. Is Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, which includes Turkish marches, a part of Western civilization? Or the late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century French paintings, whose creators were influenced by Japanese art? And what of the cubists, through whom the influence of African art changed modem painting? Or the surrealists, who were so impressed with the art of the Pacific Northwest Indians that, intheir map of North America, Alaska dwarfs the lower forty-eight states in size?Are the Russians, who are often criticized for their adoption of “Western” ways by Tsarist dissidents in exile, members of Western civilization? And what of the millions of Europeans who have black African and Asian ancestry, black Africans having occupied severalEuropean countries for hundreds of years? Are these “Europeans” a part of Western civilization? Or the Hungarians, who originated across the Urals in a place called Greater Hungary? Or the Irish, who came from the Iberian Peninsula?Even the notion that North America is part of Western civilization because our “system of government” is derived from Europe is being challenged by Native American historians who say that the founding fathers Benjamin Franklin especially, were actually influenced by the system of government that had been adopted by Iroquois hundreds of years prior to the arrival of Europeans.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhy did the Dallas airport announcement speak both Spanish and English?AThe majority people living there is Mexican.BThe airport announcer was of Spanish origin.CSpanish and English are official languages there.DSpanish is a required second language for Texas residents.SSS_SINGLE_SELWe can learn from the second paragraph that.Athe author of the passage was an Afro-AmericanBthe language spoken in Milwaukee was YorubanCthe Yale professor lectured on African culturesDthe audience came from some Southern statesSSS_SINGLE_SELWhat does “Western civilization” mean according to some American educational and cultural elite?AEuropean culture without the influence of other civilizations.BAmerican culture which originated from mainland Europe.CThe European cultural courses taught in high schools.DWestern ways of living by Russian dissidents in exile.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, which of the following is pure without other cultural influence?ABeethoven’s Ninth Symphony.BLate 19th and 20th century French paintings.CAmerican system of government.DThe art of Pacific Northwest Indians.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the author, which of the following has an Indian contribution?AYoruban dancing.BFestival marches.CEighteenth century paintings.DGovernment system.Passage 5Many people find New York an unattractive city to inhabit because of the physical filth, and while, God knows, the city is filthy, I doubt that that element plays an important role in our decision to leave. Naples is far dirtier, and so are Bombay and countless other cities,but a tolerance for dirt seems to grow where some fondness exists. Tangiers is one of the dirtiest cities in the world, yet a friend of mine who possesses flawless taste lives in the casbah there and would live nowhere else. A few days ago in Central Park I saw a man leaning on a litter can drinking a carton of orange juice, and when he finished he tossed the container not in the receptacle but on the ground.I don’t understand this, but there is a lot about New York I don’t understand. Mainly, I don’t understand why the city has no soul, no detectable hea rtbeat, why the chief element in the city’s emotional economy is indifference. I think that’s what sent me on my way. Vienna almost suffocates the Viennese with care, Paris manages to imbue her own with an obsession for their fulfillment, San Francisco exudes a pride that even gathers to her heart total strangers; but the key to New York’s character is that it doesn’t really care about anything. Across the court from the Manhattan apartment that I have occupied for the past few years is a dog that quite often hurls insults into the darkness, a few of which my dog refuses to accept service on and makes a tart reply. I think I yearn for the people of New York to do somewhat the same thing; I would like to think they possess a nature that could be stimulated by something.A number of New Yorkers have been driven from the city by fear; by the feeling that they are besieged and that if they venture too far from their neighborhoods they will be mugged or, worse, murdered. I have never been mugged or physically molested in any way, possibly because my large build does not make me an ideal prospect for a hoodlum. Yet I recall the lady who was buying a magazine in the Port Authority Bus Terminal one evening when a stranger walked up and disemboweled her with a butcher knife. Later arrested, he told police that he didn’t know the lady but “just felt like killing somebody.” It’s impossible to protect oneself from such madness, and I think it is the fool in New York who is not a coward at heart.I recall, too, the New Year’s Eve when, after a dinner party, a friend of mine went down to the street to get a taxicab and the cab veered too quickly and hit him. His wife and I took him in the cab to Lenox Hill Hospital, and while we were trying to get emergency treatment for him the cabdriver was screaming at us for his fare. A few weeks ago a fifteen-year-old girl was raped on a subway train. The next day the police expressed the opinion that the girl was partially responsible for the act because she had entered a car in which there were no other passengers. All of these things may happen in other large cities, and undoubtedly do, but they reflect a lack ofcaring, a sickness of the soul, that I find difficult to accept and impossible to forget.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhat’s the meaning of the word “filthy” in the first sentence?AFlawy.BDirty.CUnattractive.DImportant.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the author, ________ is the key character of the city New York.AsuffocationBobsessionCprideDindifferenceSSS_SINGLE_SELThe man killed the lady with a butcher knife because ________.Athe lady didn’t pay for the magazineBthe lady was the only person he didn’t knowCthe man was a new butcherDthe man just wanted to killSSS_SINGLE_SELWhy was the cabdriver screaming at the author and his friends?AHe was hit by the taxicab.BHe didn’t want any emergency treatment.CHe was asking for the money.DHe refused to take the responsibility.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhich of the following was not the reason why the author left New York?APhysical filth.BLack of caring.CMadness.DIndifference.Passage 6My grandmother in Bacon County, Georgia, raised biddies: tiny cheeping bits of fluff that city folk allow their children to squeeze to death at Easter. But city children are not the only ones who love biddies; hawks love them, too. Hawks like to swoop into the yard and carry off one impaled on their curved talons. Perhaps my grandmother, in her secret heart, knew that hawks even then were approaching the time when they would be on the endangered species list. Whether she did or not, I’m sure she often felt she and her kind were already on the list. It would not do.I’ll never forget the first time I saw her get rid of a hawk. Chickens, as everybody knows, are cannibals. Let a biddy get a spot of blood on it from a scrap or a raw place and the other biddies will simply eat it alive. My grandmother penned up all the biddies except the puniest one, already half pecked to death by the other cutelittle bits of fluff, and she set it out in the open yard by itself. First, though, she put arsenic on its head. I―about five years oldand sucking on a sugar-tit—saw the **e in low over the fence, its red tail fanned, talons stretched, and nail the poisoned biddy where it squatted in the dust. The biddy never made a sound as it was carried away. My gentle grandmother watched it all with satisfaction before she let her other biddies out of the pen.Another moment from my childhood **es instantly to mind was about a chicken, too; a rooster. He was boss cock of the whole farm, a magnificent bird nearly two feet tall. At the base of a chicken’s throat is its craw, a kind of pouch into which the bird swallows food, as well as such things as grit, bits of rock and shell. For reasons I don’t understand t hey sometimes become craw-bound. The stuff in the craw does not move; it remains in the craw and swells and will ultimately cause death. That’s what would have happened to the rooster if the uncle who practically raised me hadn’t said one day: “Son, we got to fix him.”He tied the rooster’s feet so we wouldn’t be spurred and took out his castrating knife, honed to a razor’s edge, and sterilized it over a little fire. He soaked a piece of fine fishing line and a needle in alcohol. I held the rooster on its back, a wing in each hand. With the knife my uncle split open the craw, cleaned it out, then sewed it up with the fishing line. The rooster screamed and screamed. But it lived to be cock of the walk again.SSS_SINGLE_SELWhat’s the possible meaning of the word “biddies”(Paragraph 1)?ABaby hawks.BBaby chickens.CBaby birds.DBaby boys.SSS_SINGLE_SELHow did the author’s grandmother get rid of a hawk?ABy penning up all the biddies.By pecking her biddies to death.CBy giving it a poisoned biddy.DBy putting arsenic on its head.SSS_SINGLE_SELAccording to the passage, what’s the organ for a chicken to digest food?ACraw.BGrit.CRock.DShell.SSS_SINGLE_SELBeing “cock of the walk” means being a ________.Aweak roosterBlovely cockCboss roosterDcrippled cockSSS_SINGLE_SELFrom the passage, we can infer ________.AThe author’s relatives were very kind.BLife on a farm was not very romantic.CThe author liked his childhood very much.Farmers had to treat sick chickens by themselves.Critical ReadingDirections: Read the following passages and answer the question.(40 marks, 4 marks each)Passage 7I dated a woman for a while—a literary type, well-read, lots of books in her place—whom I admired a bit too extravagantly, and one Christmas I decided to give her something unusually nice and, I’m afraid, unusually expensive. I bought her a set of Swift’s Works—not just any set but a scarce early-eighteenth-century edition; then I wrapped each leather-bound volume separately and made a card for each volume, each card containing a carefully chosen quotation from Swift himself. I thought it was terribly romantic; I had visions of her opening the set, volume by volume, while we sat by the fire Christmas Eve sipping cognac and listening to the Brandenburg Concertos.How stupid I am sometimes! She, practical woman that should have known she was, had bought me two pairs of socks and a shirt, plus a small volume of poems by A. R. Ammons. She cried when she opened the Swift. I thought they w ere tears of joy, but they weren’t. “Ican’t accept this,” she said. “It’s totally out of proportion.” She insisted that I take the books back or sell them or keep them for myself. When I protested she just got more upset, and finally she asked me to leave and to take the books with me. Hurt and perplexed, I did. We stopped seeing each other soon after that. It took me weeks to figure out what I had done wrong. “There’s a goat in all of us,” R. P. Blackmur wrote somewhere, “a stupid, stubborn goat.”To my c redit, I’m normally more perspicacious about the gifts I give, and less of a show-off, But I have it in me, obviously, to be, as my ex-girlfriend said, totally out of proportion: to give people things I can’t afford, or things that betoken an intimacy that doesn’t exist, or things that bear no relation to the interests or desires of the person I’m giving them to. I’ve kicked myself too often not to know it’s there, this insensitivity to the niceties of gift-giving.The niceties, of course, not the raw act of giving (and certainly not the thought) are what count. In most cultures, most of them more sensible than our own, the giving of gifts is highlyritualistic―that is, it is governed by rules and regulations; it is under strict social control. It is also, more or less explicitly, an exchange. None of this giving with no thought of receiving; on the contrary, you give somebody something and you expect something backin return―maybe not right away but soon enough. And it is expected to be of more or less equivalent value; you can be fairly certainthat nobody is going to one-up you with something really extravagant like a scarce set of Swift, or else turn greedy on you and give you a penny whistle in return for a canoe. And once that’s under control, the giving and receiving of gifts is free to become ceremonious, an occasion for feasting and celebration. You can finish your cognacs,in other words, and get down to the real business of the evening.SSS_TEXT_QUSTIWhat kind of a Christmas Eve did the author expect when he bought his date a set of Swift’s Works?SSS_TEXT_QUSTIWhy did the author’s date cry when she opened the Swift?SSS_TEXT_QUSTIWhat’s the basic rule for gift giving?Passage 8Not so long ago, for most people, listening to radio was a single task activity. Now it is rare for a person to listen to the radio and do nothing else.Even TV has lost **mand of our foreground. In so many households the TV just stays on, like a noisy light bulb, while the life of the family passes back and forth in its shimmering glow.A sense of well-**es with this saturation of parallel pathways in the brain. We choose mania over boredom every time. “Humans have never, ever opted for slower,” points out the historian Stephen Kent.We catch the fever―and the fever feels good. We live in the buzz. “It has gotten to the point where my days, crammed with all sorts of activities, feel like an Olympic endurance event: the everyday athon,” confesses Jay Walljasper in the Utne Reader.All humanity has not succumbed equally, of course. If you make haste, you probably make it in the technology-driven world. Sociologists have also found that increasing wealth and increasing education bring a sense of tension about time. We believe that we possess too little of it. No wonder Ivan Seidenberg, an American **munications executive, jokes about the mythical DayDoubler program his customers seem to want: “Using sophisticated time-mapping **pression techniques, DayDoubler gives you access to 48 hours each and every day. At the higher numbers DayDoubler becomes less stable, and you run the risk of a temporal crash in which everything from the beginning of time to the present could crash down around you, sucking you into a suspended time zone.”Our culture views time as a thing to hoard and protect. Timesaving is the subject to scores of books with titles like Streamlining Your Life; Take Your Time; More Hours in My Day. Marketers anticipate our desire to save time, and respond with fast ovens, quick playback, quick freezing and fast credit.We have all these wa ys to “save time,” but what does that concept really mean? Does timesaving mean getting more done? If so, does talking on a cellular phone at the beach save time or waste it? If you can choose between a 30-minute train ride, during which you can read, and a 20-minute drive, during which you cannot, does the drive save ten minutes? Does it make sense to say that driving saves ten minutes from your travel budget while removing ten minutes from your reading budget?”These questions have no answer. They depend on a concept that is ill-formed: the very idea of timesaving. Some of us say we want to save time when really we just want to do more and faster. It might be simplest to recognize that there is time and we make choices about how to spend it, how to spare it, how to use it and how to fill it.Time is not a thing we have lost. It is not a thing we ever had. Itis what we live in.”。

2015年六月硕士英语考试真题PAPER ONEPART ILISTENING COMPREHENSION(25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. It was wet.B. It was blood-stained.C. It was dirty with dust.D. It was torn.2. A. Doctors can fix his problem.B. Health care is very expensive.C. It is too small a problem to get treated.D. Doctors can do nothing about his problem.3. A. Smoking is stupid.B. Smoking is cool.C. Smoking in public places is offensive.D. Smoking one cigarette is enough.4. A. Come back quickly.B. Move ahead with the line.C. Answer the call.D. Remember this place.5. A. He enjoys watching Peking Opera.B. He doesn’t drink tea very often.C. He knows nothing about Peking Opera.D. He is not interested in Peking Opera.6. A. 858-405-3410.B. 405-858-3410.C. 885-450-4310.D. 848-405-3140.7. A. She doesn’t want their relations mentioned.B. No one else will help the man except herself.C. The man has always been in trouble.D. She’ll help the man out of any trouble.8. A. John’s career differs from that of his family members.B. John is a family member with a bad reputation.C. John will not stay in jail for a long time.D. John has been driven out of the family.9. A. She smells something burning.B. She dislikes the smell in the house.C. She feels something is wrong.D. She is afraid that the house is on fire.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Because they can better imitate new sounds.B. Because they know more about language learning.C. Because they have many experienced teachers.D. Because they can already speak one language.11. A. To learn the two languages simultaneously.B. To focus on his first language development.C. To choose one of the two languages to learn.D. To learn the secondlanguage at school age.12. A. Between five and eight.B. The moment one is born.C. As early as possible.D. Between eleven and thirteen.Mini-talk Two13. A. Because of the high salary students demanded.B. Because of the postponed search for jobs.C. Because of the economic recession.D. For lack of competent candidates.14. A. 45,000 dollars.B. 62,000 dollars.C. 54,000 dollars.D. 26,000 dollars.15. A. To prepare admission applications.B. To conduct interviews among teachers.C. To improve their chances of employment.D. To offer lectures on fire fighting.Section C (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recordingyou areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. It uses a heating element that vaporizes a __________ (2 words).17. E-cigarettes are designed to look like real cigarettes as a method of helping people_________(3 words).18. A recent study…has shown e-cigarette use among school students in the U.S.______________ (3 words) between 2011 and 2012.19. The ______________ (2 words) of e-cigarettes among young peoplehas raised concerns froma number of organizations.20. …in order to ensure the safety and quality of e-cigarettes, and that their marketing and salesare ________________ (3 words).PART IIVOCABULARY(10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)Directions:There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.21. A belief in something greater than ourselves sustains us when we are in pain or scared.A. encouragesB. undergoesC. feedsD. prolongs22. Those strict regulations, if implemented, would block youths from buying these products.A. facilitateB. intendC. stabilizeD. hinder23. Because of climate change, some endangered species may experience drastic habitat losswithin 5 years.A. minimalB. severeC. rationalD. virtual24. After many years of marriage there are just too many incentives to remain together.A. defectsB. barriersC. stimuliD. outcomes25. The cultural values embodied in different parenting styles are never explicit in any society.A. vaguely expressedB. clearly statedC. publicly knownD. well inherited26. City dwellers know what it is like to drive on heavily congested roads during rush hour.A. migrantsB. touristsC. inhabitantsD. motorists27. A person’s basic attitudes will give you a clue as towhether that person is ambitious.A. with reference toB. in view ofC. on condition ofD. in line with28. The price of new homes is surging– in part because houses are getting bigger in the US.A. shrinkingB. soaringC. sprawlingD. swaying29. Languages are so diverse that the speakers of one are not intelligible to speakers of the otherwithout special preparation.A. sophisticatedB. delicateC. fragileD. different30. According to current projections, the world population will hit nearly 11 billion by 2100.A. programsB. promisesC. predictionsD. promotionsSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored AnswerSheet.31. NBC has announced the decision to ______ Brian Williams as Anchor of NBC Nightly News.A. suspendB. ceaseC. haltD. pause32. This professor was eager to ______ what has greater impact on parenting practices.A. make outB. look outC. turn outD. find out33. Women are demonstrating extraordinary strength while destroying the_____ of the ―weakersex.‖A. distinctionB. convictionC. stereotypeD. consensus34. If you are looking for an apartment, this consultancy can help you ______ a neighborhood toyour personality and needs.A. contributeB. compelC. abandonD. match35. Sick or unhealthy workers are unable to function______ and their performance suffers.A. optimallyB. conspicuouslyC. vividlyD. inevitably36. During the exam, the room was silent ______ the sound of pens on paper.A. other thanB. except forC. apart fromD. up to37. It is significant that about half of the vocabulary of modern English is ______ Romance origin.A. inB. fromC. toD. of38. There are predictions that some rural private colleges are doomed because of declining______.A. enrollmentB. condolenceC. punctualityD. succession39. Men who are conscientious are more likely to eat right and______ an exercise routine.A. account forB. stick toC. bring aboutD. divert from40. Imagination is critical to scientific research, and knowledge without imagination is______.A. cognitiveB. robustC. barrenD. intellectualPART IIICLOZE TEST(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank inthe passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosenwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Demand for higher education is rising rapidly across the world, with record numbers of people ___41___ to a degree or equivalent qualification. This is putting tremendous pressure on universities to innovate their model in order to stay ___42___ and deliver on the promise of economic mobility.However, ___43___ the rapid and profound technological advancements that have come to define recent history, the business of higher education has largely remained ___44___ for centuries. Universities are under mounting scrutiny as costs rise and ___45___ for employment remain dim. Employers are quick to point out the problems with the educational system, but are hesitant to ___46___ responsibility. Then, where does the future of universities lie?Meeting the global demand for a highly skilled workforce will require acute ability to foresee disruptive trends ___47___ deliberate, measured risks. Universities that successfully ride the wave of change will ___48___ a balance between tradition and technology, forge innovative partnerships and demonstrate value. Policy-driven structural reforms ___49___ technology will produce winners and losers. But those that take the leap to think globally, act ___50___, capitalize on big data will emerge as industry leaders.41. A. inspiring B. expiring C. aspiring D. inquiring42. A. competitive B. conservative C. provocative D. demonstrative43. A. due to B. despite C. as for D. now that44. A. vigorous B. spontaneous C. flawless D. static45. A. perspectives B. aspects C. prospects D. impacts46. A. assume B. consume C. resume D. presume47. A. composed of B. accompanied by C. compared with D. known to48. A. overwhelm B. combat C. eliminate D. strike49. A. in the absence of B. in the way of C. in conjunction with D. in the wake of50. A. naturally B. locally C. actually D. vividlyPART IVREADING COMPREHENSION(45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, andthen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneTo improve everything from fuel economy to performance, automotive researchers are turning to ―mechatronics‖, the integration of mechanical systems with new electronic components and software control. Because lives will depend on such mechatronic systems, Rolf Isermann, an engineer in Germany, is using software that can identify and correct flaws in real time to make sure the technology functions perfectly.In order to do mechatronic braking right, Isermann’s group is developing software that tracks data from three sensors: one detects the flow of electrical current to the brake actuator; a second tracks the actuator’s position; and the third measures its clamping force. Isermann’s software analyzes those numbers to detect faults and flashes a dashboard warning light, so the driver can get the car serviced before the fault leads to failure.―I think people are now b ecoming aware electronic devices are safer than mechanical ones, for you can build in fault diagnoses and fault tolerance‖ says Karl Hedrick, a mechanical engineer.Isermann is also working to make engines run cleaner. He is developing software that detects ignition problems. Because it’s not practical to have a sensor inside a combustion chamber, Isermann’s system relies on data from sensors that measure oxygen levels in exhaust and track the speed of the mechanism that delivers the engine’s force to whee ls. Tiny fluctuations in this speed accompanied by changes in emissions reveal failures of ignition, when the software can warn the driver or automatically fix the problem.Partnerships with manufacturing companies merge the basic research with industry’s development of such technologies in actual cars. Isermann says that ―80 to 90 percent of the innovations in engines and cars these days are due to electronics and mechatronics.‖ Mechatronic systems were found mainly in aircraft and industrial equipment or in small precision components. But new applications in cars have increased the number of groups working on mechatronics. The trend has been fueled by falling prices for microprocessors and sensors, stricter vehicle-emissions regulations, and automakers’ w illingness to enhance their vehicles with additional comfort and performance features.Although the luxury market looms largest today - new high-end models from BMW contain over 70 microprocessors that control more than 120 tiny motors - mechatronics will be moving into wider car markets within five years. With software like Isermann’s on board, the electronic veins of these new driving machines should be as sturdy and reliable as steel.51. This passage is intended to describe the______.A. various definitions of mechatronicsB. application of mechatronics to automobilesC. problems with quality of cars and solutionsD. partnerships between engineers and auto makers52. The underlined words ―fuel economy‖ in the first paragraph probably mean______.A. fuel efficiencyB. the price of gasolineC. oil economyD. economic growth53. Isermann is trying to keep cars running cleaner by______.A. placing sensors inside the combustion chamberB. warning drivers of potential problemsC. identifying problems with the engineD. measuring the amount of car exhaust54. It can be concluded from this passage that mechatronics______.A. has led to a decline in the prices of sensorsB. is attracting fewer companies than beforeC. is unlikely to make cars more comfortableD. will be used more widely in auto manufacture55. New models of BMW are mentioned to suggest that ______.A. BMW cars are regarded as luxuriesB. mechatronics-based cars are quite fastC. mechatronics is essential to BMW carsD. mechatronics will raise the price of cars56. The author’s attitude to mechatronics is ______.A. suspicionB. rejectionC. criticismD. welcomePassage TwoGoldberg, a plant molecular biologist at the University of California, expresses despair at the persistent need to confront what he sees as false fears over the health risks of genetically modified (GM) crops. Particularly frustrating to himis that this debate should have ended decades ago, when researchers produced a stream of compelling evidence: ―Today we’r e facing the same objections we faced 40 years ago.‖Across campus, David Williams, a cellular biologist, has the opposite complaint. ―A lot of naive science has been involved in pushing this technology,‖ he says. ―Thirty years ago we didn’t know that when you throw any gene into a different genome, the genome reacts to it. But now anyone in this field knows the genome is not a static environment. Inserted genes can be transformed by several different means, and it can happen generations later.‖ The result, he insists, could very well be potentially toxic plants slipping through testing.Williams concedes that he is among a tiny minority of biologists raising sharp questions about the safety of GM crops. But he says this is only because the field of plant molecular biology is protecting its interests. Funding, much of it from the companies that sell GM seeds, heavily favors researchers who are exploring ways to further the use of genetic modification in agriculture. He says that biologists who point out health or other risks associated with GM crops—who merely report or defend experimental findings that imply there may be risks—find themselves the focus of vicious attacks on their credibility, which leads them to keep quiet.Whether Williams is right or wrong, one thing is undeniable: despite overwhelming evidence that GM crops are safe, the debate over their use isgrowing louder. Proponents say the technology is the only way to feed a warming, increasingly populous world. Critics claim we interfere withnature at our peril.Skeptics would argue that this debate is a good thing—that we cannot be too cautious when coping with the genetic basis of food supply. To researchers such as Goldberg, however, the persistence of fears about GM foods is nothing short of irritating. ―Despite millions of genetic experiments involving every type of organism on earth,‖ he says, ―and people eating billions of meals without a problem, we’ve gone back to being ignorant.‖So who is right: advocates of GM or critics? Only time can answer you.57. Goldberg is convinced that GM crops______.A. pose a risk to healthB. are quite safe to eatC. should be subject to criticismD. are worth questioning58. David Williams raises concerns about ______.A. the potential toxicity of GM cropsB. the reliability of genome researchC. the future development of geneticsD. the verified toxicity of GM crops59. Paragraph Three is focused on ______.A. how biology companies protect their own interestsB. why Williams raises sharp questions about GM cropsC. who points out problems associated with GM cropsD. what the majority of biologists think of GM crops60. It can be concluded from Paragraph Four that ______.A. critics of GM foods outnumber proponentsB. more people will stop consuming GM foodsC. the debate over the use of GM foods will continueD. people are ignorant of the safety of GM foods61. The underlined words in Paragraph Four probably mean ______.A. far from irritatingB. anything but irritatingC. a little bit irritatingD. absolutely irritating62. This passage aims to describe______ genetically modified foods.A. the benefits ofB. the controversy aboutC. the prospects ofD. the disadvantages ofPassage ThreeHistorians of the American civil war find themselves in the same unenviable position as Shakespeare scholars: so thoroughly have their fields of study been explored that finding a nearly virgin corner is all but impossible. But Don Doyle has broken new ground in an enlightening and compellingly written book, ―The Cause of All Nations‖. More than any previous study, it tells the story of how America’s civil war was perceived, debated a nd reacted to abroad, and how that reaction shaped the course of the war at home.At the war’s outset, however, things were not so simple. Southern diplomats framed their struggle in accordance with liberal principles of self-determination. They judged the conflict, Mr Doyle notes, to be ―one arising naturally between industrial and agricultural societies, not freedom and slavery as the North believed.‖The North’s response, meanwhile, was uncompromising, legalistic and violent. America’s secretary of state threatened to ―wrap the whole world in flames‖, promising total war on any state that dared aid the South.Most histories of the civil war turn inward at the end and examine the war’s consequences and legacy for America. Mr Doyle turns outward to show how important America’s civil war was to the rest of the world: liberty and democracy defeated slavery and the landed gentry.The Union’s victory had wider impacts. In Spain, Queen Isabella, fearing American naval power, ended the attempted re-colonization of Santo Domingo. Ulysses Grant, a civil-war general, turned his military attention to Mexico, where Napoleon III had installed an Austrian, Maximilian, as emperor. When the threat of an alliance between France and the South was smashed, Napoleon withdrew his support and in 1867 Maximilian was executed by Mexican troops. Across the ocean, Britain’s republicans marched to victory that same year. Democracy had not just survived, but flourished.After Lincoln’s death, a French newspaper wrote that he ―represente d the cause of democracy in the largest and the most universal understanding of the word. That cause is our cause, as much as it is that of the United States.‖ In honor of the Union’s victory a French artist crafted a statue out of copper sheeting, a figure representing freedom, tall and proud, holding a torch high. The Statue of Liberty stands today in New York harbor, the copper now green with age, her gaze fixed across the Atlantic on Europe.63. Shakespeare is mentioned in the first paragraph to illustrate that________.A. historians of the civil war should learn from ShakespeareB. new discoveries are easy concerning the cause of the civil warC. the civil war has been studied as extensively as possibleD. the civil w ar and Shakespeare’s works are known worldwide64. The book entitled ―The Cause of All Nations‖ is focused on ______.A. the impact of the civil war on other countriesB. factors that caused the outbreak of the civil warC. the political difference between the North and SouthD. the consequences of the civil war for America65. The North regarded the civil war as a war ______.A. between industrial and agricultural statesB. between slaves and slave-ownersC. between freedom and slaveryD.between the government and people66. Paragraph Four is mainly concerned with ______.A. the effect of incidents abroad on the civil warB. contributions of Europeans to the Union’s victoryC. numerous conflicts between European countriesD. effects of the Union’s victory on other countries67. According to this passage, which of the following statements is true?A. The author of this passage thinks highly of this book by Don Doyle.B. The Statue of Liberty was crafted in honor of Abraham Lincoln.C. The North won the civil war with the support from Europe.D. The civil war was caused by French diplomatic policies.68. This passage is probably a ______.A. personal letterB. research paperC. book reviewD. fairy talePassage FourMost people under 30 consider email an outdated mode of communication used only by ―old people‖. Instead, they text or post to Facebook. They attach documents, photos, videos, and links to their text messages and Facebook posts the way people over 30 do with email. Many people under 20 now see Facebook as a medium for the older generation.For them, texting has become the primary mode of communication. It offers privacy phone calls don’t and immediacy email can’t. Crisis hotlines have begun accepting ca lls from at-risk youth via texting with two big advantages: they can deal with more than one person at a time, and pass the conversation on to an expert without interrupting the conversation.However, texting discourages thoughtful discussion or detail. Addictive problems are compounded by texting’s immediacy. Emails take some time and they require that you take the step of explicitly opening them. Text messages magically appear on the screen and demand immediate attention. Add to that the social expectation that an unanswered text feels insulting to the sender, and you’ve got a recipe for addiction: you receive a text, which activates your novelty center s. You respond and feel rewarded. ―More! More! Give me more!‖In a famous experiment, neuroscientists placed a small electrode in the brains of rats, in a region known as the pleasure center that ―lights up‖ when gamblers win a bet or drug addicts take cocaine. A lever in the cage allowed the rats to send a small electrical signal directly to this center. Boy how they did! They liked it so much that they did nothing else. They forgot all about eating and sleeping. Long after they were hungry, they ignored tasty food if they had a chance to press that little bar. The rats just pressed the lever over and over again until they died of starvation and exhaustion.Each time we dispatch a text message, we feel a sense of accomplishment, and our brain gets a small amount of reward hormones telling us we accomplished something. Each time we check a Twitter feed or Facebook update, we encounter something novel and feel more connected socially and get more reward hormones. But remember, it is the dumb, novelty-seeking portion of the brain that induces this feeling of pleasure, not the planning, scheduling, higher-level thought centers in the brain. You can now decide for yourself whether email-, Facebook- and Twitter-checking constitute a neural addiction.69. The most popular mode of communication for those under 20 is ______.A. emailB. FacebookC. textingD. phone calls70. Paragraph Three is focused on ______.A. advantages of email over text messagesB. addiction and immediacy caused by textingC. benefits of sending text messagesD. the need to answer a text message71. An experiment is mentioned in Paragraph Four as evidence that______.A. rats enjoy playing electronic gamesB. animals are mal-treated in a laboratoryC. rats are too stupid to survive an experimentD. addiction or obsession can be fatal72. It seems to the author that the sense of accomplishment ______.A. is of health benefit to humansB. can induce reward hormonesC. mainly depends on email aloneD. helps overcome addiction73. The author of this passage believes that checking email, Twitter and Facebook ______.A. can help maintain social relationsB. contributes to planning and thoughtC. may induce a neural addictionD. can expose you to something novel74. This passage is intended to ______.A. discourage the use of cell phonesB. tell us to stop using email if possibleC. describe adverse effects of textingD. tell us how to prevent addiction to textingPassage FiveI’m writing this after hearing the apparently encouraging news that a new lung cancer treatment is capable of giving sufferers a possible ―extra 200 days‖ of life. Another morning, another ―battle against cancer‖ fought, and in this case won – sort of.Yet I find myself rather in sympathy with the one in five Dutch doctors who, it was reported this week, would consider helping someone die even if they had no physical problems but were ―tired of living‖. Because these doctors have the maturity to face the fact that life has a natural end.The weary truth is that there are just so many ―battles‖, and they appear to be multiplying all the time. A new drug to treat strokes.A breakthrough in the ―war‖ against heart disease. We are fed, daily, the hopeful news: fatal disease is slowly on the retreat. But there’s always one more, and sooner or later we all lose.An extra 200 days for lung cancer sufferers. I found myself wondering – what kind of days? Of course, all days may seem worth living when death is approaching. But sometimes the endless quest to extend our days seems fruitless. In the constant narratives of ―triumphs‖ over disease, we are not engaged in a struggle against disease, but death itself. We are only partially rational beings – and at the non-rational level, we believe medicine will save us from our fates.Most cancers are driven by random mistakes in cell division that are outside our control. Yet for many the thought won’t quite go away. Thus, we are never quite at peace, because we are。