IOP PUBLISHING PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY

外文期刊目录刊号：610B0001 ISSN：0002-9629 期数：12刊名：American Journal of the Medical Sciences.译名：《美国医学科学杂志》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0002 ISSN：0065-2598 期数：刊名：Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.译名：《实验医学与生物学进展》出版者：Plenum Publishing Corp.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0003 ISSN：1098-3015 期数：8刊名：Value in Health.译名：《医疗评估》出版者：Blackwell Science, Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0004 ISSN：0066-4219 期数：1刊名：Annual Review of Medicine. (Print Only)译名：《医学年评》出版者：Annual Reviews Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0004/IP ISSN：期数：1 刊名：Annual Review of Medicine. (Print and Online) 译名：《医学年评》（印刷版与网络版）出版者：Annual Reviews Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0009-2/D ISSN：期数：52刊名：Reference Update. (Deluxe Abstracts Edition on Diskette) 译名：《生物医学文献》(豪华文摘版)(软盘)出版者：Institute for Scientific Information Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0010 ISSN：0098-7484 期数：48刊名：JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association.译名：《美国医学会志》出版者：American Medical Association-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0011 ISSN：1087-2418 期数：6刊名：Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation.出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0012 ISSN：1099-498X 期数：12刊名：Journal of Gene Medicine.译名：《基因医学杂志》出版者：John Wiley & Sons Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0013 ISSN：0022-1007 期数：13刊名：Journal of Experimental Medicine. (Print Only)译名：《实验医学杂志》出版者：Rockefeller University Press刊号：610B0013/I ISSN：期数：24刊名：Journal of Experimental Medicine. (Online Only)译名：《实验医学杂志》（网络版）出版者：Rockefeller University Press--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0013/IP ISSN：期数：13刊名：Journal of Experimental Medicine. (Print & Online)译名：《实验医学杂志》（印刷版与网络版）出版者：Rockefeller University Press--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0014 ISSN：1931-5244 期数：12刊名：Translational Research: the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.译名：《转化研究:实验室与临床医学杂志》出版者：Harcourt - Mosby Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0015 ISSN：0025-7974 期数：6刊名：Medicine.译名：《医学》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0016 ISSN：0028-4793 期数：52刊名：New England Journal of Medicine.译名：《新英格兰医学杂志》出版者：Massachusetts Medical Society--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0017 ISSN：0028-9264 期数：13刊名：News of New York.出版者：Medical Society of the State of New York--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0022/C ISSN：期数：12刊名：MEDLINE Site Enhanced on CD-ROM. (1966+, Dialog OnDisc, Standalone)译名：《医学索引光盘增强版》（1966+）出版者：DIALOG公司上海办事处，--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0026 ISSN：1067-733X 期数：12刊名：Med Ad News.译名：《医药广告消息》出版者：Engel Publications--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0030 ISSN：0891-3358 期数：52刊名：Current Contents: Clinical Medicine.译名：《近期期刊目次：临床医学》出版者：Institute for Scientific Information Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0031-1 ISSN：0011-5029 期数：12刊名：Disease-a-Month.译名：《每月一病例》出版者：Harcourt - Mosby Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0033 ISSN：0733-8627 期数：4刊名：Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America.译名：《北美急救医学临床》出版者：Harcourt - W.B. Saunders Co.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0035 ISSN：0735-6757 期数：7刊名：American Journal of Emergency Medicine.译名：《美国急救医学杂志》出版者：Harcourt - W.B. Saunders Co.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0036/C=1 ISSN：期数：12刊名：New BioMedical Collection Advance (Medline, Drug Information Full-text / IPA Combination, SilverPlatteron Disc, 2-4 CC User, Base Price)译名：《新版生物医学专辑》（光盘，2-4用户）出版者：Ovid Technologies刊号：610B0037 ISSN：1060-5487 期数：10刊名：Journal of AHIMA.译名：《美国卫生信息管理学会志》出版者：American Health Information Management Association-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0038 ISSN：1062-8606 期数：6刊名：American Journal of Medical Quality. (Print Only)译名：《美国医疗质量杂志》出版者：Sage Publications Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0040 ISSN：1535-3141 期数：12刊名：Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. (Print Only)译名：《食源性病原体与疾病》出版者：Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0042 ISSN：0001-1843 期数：48刊名：American Medical News.译名：《美国医学会新闻》出版者：American Medical Association-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0043 ISSN：1557-2625 期数：6 刊名：Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.译名：《美国家庭药品管理委员会杂志》出版者：American Board of Family Practice-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0045 ISSN：1079-4220 期数：6刊名：Real Living with Multiple Sclerosis.译名：《多发性硬化症病人的真实生活》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0047 ISSN：1533-029X 期数：4刊名：Point of Care; The Journal of Near-Patient Testing and Technology.译名：《医护要点：床旁检测技术》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0049 ISSN：0748-8157 期数：4刊名：Frontiers of Health Services Management.译名：《保健业管理新领域》出版者：Foundation of the American College of Healthcare Executives刊号：610B0050 ISSN：0883-5381 期数：6刊名：Healthcare Executive.译名：《保健管理者》出版者：American College of Healthcare Executives--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0051 ISSN：0197-2510 期数：12刊名：JEMS. (Journal of Emergency Medical Services)译名：《急症医疗服务杂志》出版者：Harcourt - Mosby Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0053-A/W ISSN：期数：刊名：MD Consult Core Collection. (Online Ed., 1 Concurrent User)译名：《医疗资讯集萃》(网络版,1个并发用户)出版者：MD Consult--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0057 ISSN：0007-5140 期数：4刊名：Bulletin of the History of Medicine.译名：《医学史通报》出版者：Johns Hopkins University Press--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0061 ISSN：1087-3309 期数：6刊名：Science & Medicine.译名：《科学与医学》出版者：Science & Medicine--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0062 ISSN：期数：6刊名：Journal of GXP Compliance.译名：出版者：Institute of Validation Technology--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0064 ISSN：0894-587X 期数：6刊名：Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.译名：《精神卫生管理政策》出版者：Kluwer Academic - Plenum Publishers--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0069 ISSN：1931-4485 期数：4刊名：Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal.译名：《高级紧急护理杂志》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins刊号：610B0070/I ISSN：期数：3刊名：Journal of Biocommunication. (Online Ed.)译名：《生物医学传播杂志》(网络版)出版者：BioCommunications Association-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0080 ISSN：1040-2446 期数：12刊名：Academic Medicine.译名：《学院医学》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0083 ISSN：0027-2507 期数：6刊名：Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine.译名：《蒙特西奈医学杂志》出版者：John Wiley & Sons Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0091 ISSN：0894-1912 期数：4刊名：Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions.译名：《卫生保健职业继续教育杂志》出版者：John Wiley & Sons Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0113 ISSN：0038-4348 期数：12刊名：Southern Medical Journal.译名：《南部医学杂志》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0167 ISSN：0196-0644 期数：12刊名：Annals of Emergency Medicine.译名：《急救医学纪事》出版者：Harcourt - Mosby Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0176 ISSN：0025-6196 期数：12刊名：Mayo Clinic Proceedings.译名：《梅奥诊所记录》出版者：Dowden Publishing Company-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0191 ISSN：0145-6008 期数：12刊名：Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.译名：《酒精中毒；临床与实验研究》出版者：Blackwell Publishing, Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0199 ISSN：0272-989X 期数：6刊名：Medical Decision Making.译名：《医疗决策》出版者：Sage Publications Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0200 ISSN：0893-7400 期数：12刊名：Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants.译名：《美国医师助理协会志》出版者：Medical Economics Publishing Co. Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0202 ISSN：1040-1334 期数：4刊名：Teaching and Learning in Medicine. (Print Only)译名：《医学教与学》出版者：Taylor & Francis, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0211 ISSN：1050-6934 期数：6 刊名：Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants.译名：《医学移植长期效应杂志》出版者：Begell House Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0212 ISSN：0938-9016 期数：6刊名：Pain Digest.译名：《疼痛辑要》出版者：Springer-Verlag New York Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0222 ISSN：0094-3509 期数：12刊名：Journal of Family Practice.译名：《家庭医学实践杂志》出版者：Appleton & Lange-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0223 ISSN：1077-5587 期数：6刊名：Medical Care Research and Review. (Print Only)译名：《医疗研究与评论》出版者：Sage Publications Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0235 ISSN：0736-4679 期数：8刊名：Journal of Emergency Medicine.译名：《急救医学杂志》出版者：Harcourt - W.B. Saunders Co.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0236 ISSN：0301-5629 期数：12刊名：Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.译名：《超声在医学和生物学中的应用》出版者：Harcourt - W.B. Saunders Co.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0237 ISSN：1080-6032 期数：4刊名：Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.译名：《野外与环境医学》出版者：Allen Press Inc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0238/C2 ISSN：期数：12刊名：MEDLINE Standard. (Silverplatter on Disc, Rolling 6 Years, Standalone User, Base Price) 译名：《医学索引光盘银盘公司标准版》(回溯6年,单机版，基础价)出版者：Ovid Technologies--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0238/C2=1 ISSN：期数：12刊名：MEDLINE Standard. (Silverplatter on Disc, Rolling 6 Years, 1 Sim. User, Base Price) 译名：《医学索引光盘银盘公司标准版》(回溯6年，1个并发用户，基础价)出版者：Ovid Technologies--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0246 ISSN：1083-3668 期数：6刊名：Journal of Biomedical Optics.译名：《生物医学光学杂志》出版者：International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0247 ISSN：1080-9775 期数：22刊名：Biomedical Safety and Standards.译名：《生物医学安全与标准》出版者：Lippincott Williams & Wilkins--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0251 ISSN：1530-5627 期数：10刊名：Telemedicine Journal and e-Health. (Print Only)译名：《远程医疗杂志与电子保健》出版者：Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0263 ISSN：1090-3127 期数：4刊名：Prehospital Emergency Care.译名：《入院前的急救护理》出版者：Taylor & Francis Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0264 ISSN：期数：6刊名：ASAM News.译名：《ASAM新闻》出版者：American Society of Addiction Medicine-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0329 ISSN：0730-0832 期数：8刊名：Neonatal Network.译名：《新生儿网络》出版者：National Association of Neonatal Nurses.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610B0626 ISSN：1541-1052 期数：12刊名：Healthcare Benchmarks and Quality Improvement.译名：《保健基准与质量改进》出版者：Thomson American Health Consultants, Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0726 ISSN：1551-7489 期数：6刊名：Journal of Opioid Management.译名：《阿片素管理杂志》出版者：Prime National Publishing Corp.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0736 ISSN：1553-5592 期数：10刊名：Journal of Hospital Medicine. (FTE Small)译名：《医院医学杂志》（小型机构）出版者：John Wiley & Sons Inc.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610B0738 ISSN：1521-4710 期数：12 刊名：Journal Watch Women's Health.译名：《杂志摘要：妇女保健》出版者：Massachusetts Medical Society-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0001 ISSN：1403-4948 期数：8 刊名：Scandinavian Journal of Public Health.译名：《斯堪的纳维亚公共卫生杂志》附《增刊》出版者：Sage Publications Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0002 ISSN：0007-1420 期数：4刊名：British Medical Bulletin.译名：《英国医学通报》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0003 ISSN：0959-8146 期数：51刊名：BMJ; British Medical Journal.译名：《英国医学杂志》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0003/I ISSN：期数：51刊名：BMJ; British Medical Journal. (Online Only)(Small FTE) 译名：《英国医学杂志》（网络版）（小型机构）出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0004 ISSN：0140-6736 期数：52刊名：Lancet, The.译名：《柳叶刀》出版者：Lancet Publishing Group--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610C0005 ISSN：0300-9734 期数：3刊名：Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, with Supplements.译名：《乌普萨拉医学科学杂志》附《瑞典增刊》出版者：Taylor & Francis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0006 ISSN：0141-0768 期数：12刊名：Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.译名：《皇家医学会志》出版者：Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0007 ISSN：0969-1413 期数：4刊名：Journal of Medical Screening.译名：《医学筛选检查杂志》出版者：Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0008 ISSN：1356-5524 期数：6刊名：Evidence-Based Medicine.译名：《循证医学》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group刊号：610C0010 ISSN：0022-5045 期数：4刊名：Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences.译名：《医学与相关科学史杂志》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0013 ISSN：1470-2118 期数：6刊名：Clinical Medicine.译名：《临床医学》出版者：Royal College of Physicians-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0018 ISSN：1460-4582 期数：4刊名：Health Informatics Journal. (Print Only)译名：《保健信息学杂志》出版者：Sage Publications Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0019 ISSN：0960-1643 期数：12刊名：British Journal of General Practice, The.译名：《英国全科医疗杂志》出版者：Royal College of General Practitioners-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0020 ISSN：0098-2997 期数：6刊名：Molecular Aspects of Medicine.译名：《医学分子问题》出版者：Elsevier Science-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0021 ISSN：0895-6111 期数：8刊名：Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics.译名：《计算机化医学影象与图学》出版者：Elsevier Science刊号：610C0026 ISSN：1090-3801 期数：10刊名：European Journal of Pain.译名：《欧洲疼痛杂志》出版者：Elsevier Science, Harcourt Publishers Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0027 ISSN：1361-8415 期数：6刊名：Medical Image Analysis.译名：《医学图像分析》出版者：Elsevier Science刊号：610C0028 ISSN：0197-5897 期数：4刊名：Journal of Public Health Policy.译名：《公共卫生政策杂志》出版者：Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0030 ISSN：0308-0226 期数：12刊名：British Journal of Occupational Therapy.译名：《英国职业治疗法杂志》出版者：College of Occupational Therapists Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0051 ISSN：1368-5031 期数：12刊名：International Journal of Clinical Practice.译名：《国际临床实践杂志》出版者：Blackwell Publishing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0053 ISSN：0143-5221 期数：12刊名：Clinical Science.译名：《临床科学》出版者：Portland Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0066 ISSN：0025-7273 期数：4刊名：Medical History.译名：《医学史》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0073 ISSN：0032-5473 期数：12刊名：Postgraduate Medical Journal.译名：《研究生医学杂志》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0074 ISSN：0032-6518 期数：12刊名：Practitioner.译名：《医师》出版者：CMP Information Ltd.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610C0078 ISSN：0036-9330 期数：4刊名：Scottish Medical Journal.译名：《苏格兰医学杂志》出版者：Hermiston Publications Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0085 ISSN：0022-2593 期数：12刊名：Journal of Medical Genetics.译名：《医学遗传学杂志》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0092 ISSN：0308-0110 期数：4刊名：Medical Education.译名：《医学教育》出版者：Wiley-Blackwell-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0092/IP ISSN：期数：4刊名：Medical Education. (Print and Online)译名：《医学教育》（印刷版与网络版）出版者：Wiley-Blackwell-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0093 ISSN：0277-9536 期数：24刊名：Social Science and Medicine.译名：《社会科学与医学》出版者：Elsevier Science-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0094 ISSN：1750-8460 期数：12 刊名：British Journal of Hospital Medicine.译名：《英国医院医术杂志》出版者：Mark Allen Publishing Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0097 ISSN：0021-9290 期数：16刊名：Journal of Biomechanics.译名：《生物力学杂志》出版者：Elsevier Science-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0101 ISSN：0049-4755 期数：4刊名：Tropical Doctor.译名：《热带医师》出版者：Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0104 ISSN：0300-0605 期数：6刊名：Journal of International Medical Research.译名：《国际医学研究杂志》出版者：Cambridge Medical Publications Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0105 ISSN：0306-9877 期数：12刊名：Medical Hypotheses.译名：《医学假说》出版者：Elsevier Science, Harcourt Publishers Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0106 ISSN：1753-8157 期数：4 刊名：Informatics for Health & Social Care.译名：《健康与社会保健信息学》出版者：Taylor & Francis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0107 ISSN：0014-2972 期数：12刊名：European Journal of Clinical Investigation.译名：《欧洲临床诊查杂志》出版者：Wiley-Blackwell-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0112 ISSN：0306-4603 期数：12刊名：Addictive Behaviors.译名：《瘾癖》出版者：Elsevier Science-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0115 ISSN：0306-6800 期数：12刊名：Journal of Medical Ethics.译名：《医学伦理学杂志》出版者：BMJ Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0116 ISSN：0277-6715 期数：30刊名：Statistics in Medicine.译名：《医学统计学》出版者：John Wiley & Sons Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0117 ISSN：1357-3039 期数：12刊名：Medicine - UK Edition.译名：《医学－英国版》出版者：Lancet Publishing Group-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0122 ISSN：1741-3842 期数：4刊名：Journal of Public Health.译名：《公共卫生杂志》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0126 ISSN：0269-2163 期数：8刊名：Palliative Medicine.译名：《缓解医学》出版者：Hodder Arnold Journals-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0128 ISSN：0951-631X 期数：3刊名：Social History of Medicine.译名：《医学社会史》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0145 ISSN：0968-8080 期数：2刊名：Reproductive Health Matters.译名：《生育健康》出版者：Elsevier Science-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0146 ISSN：1078-8956 期数：12刊名：Nature Medicine.译名：《自然医学》出版者：Macmillan Magazines Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0146=1 ISSN：1078-8956 期数：12刊名：Nature Medicine. (Individual Price)译名：《自然医学》(个人价）出版者：Macmillan Magazines Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0147 ISSN：1357-633X 期数：8刊名：Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.译名：《远程医疗与远程护理杂志》出版者：Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0148 ISSN：1359-6535 期数：8刊名：Antiviral Therapy.译名：《抗病毒疗法》出版者：International Medical Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0176/IP ISSN：期数：12刊名：Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. (Print and Online)译名：《细胞和分子医学杂志》(印刷版与网络版)出版者：Blackwell Publishers Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0188 ISSN：1362-1017 期数：6刊名：Nursing in Critical Care.译名：《危重病护理》出版者：Blackwell Publishing Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0189 ISSN：1025-3890 期数：6刊名：Stress.译名：《压力》出版者：Taylor & Francis Ltd-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0201 ISSN：1462-4753 期数：12 刊名：British Journal of Community Nursing.译名：《英国社区护理杂志》出版者：Mark Allen Publishing Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0206 ISSN：1478-6354 期数：6刊名：Arthritis Research & Therapy.译名：《关节炎研究与治疗》出版者：BioMed Central Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0273 ISSN：0360-5310 期数：6 刊名：Journal of Medicine and Philosophy.译名：《医学与哲学杂志》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0146 ISSN：1078-8956 期数：12刊名：Nature Medicine.译名：《自然医学》出版者：Macmillan Magazines Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0146=1 ISSN：1078-8956 期数：12 刊名：Nature Medicine. (Individual Price)译名：《自然医学》(个人价）出版者：Macmillan Magazines Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0147 ISSN：1357-633X 期数：8 刊名：Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.译名：《远程医疗与远程护理杂志》出版者：Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0148 ISSN：1359-6535 期数：8刊名：Antiviral Therapy.译名：《抗病毒疗法》出版者：International Medical Press Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0176/IP ISSN：期数：12刊名：Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. (Print and Online) 译名：《细胞和分子医学杂志》(印刷版与网络版)出版者：Blackwell Publishers Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0188 ISSN：1362-1017 期数：6刊名：Nursing in Critical Care.译名：《危重病护理》出版者：Blackwell Publishing Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0189 ISSN：1025-3890 期数：6刊名：Stress.译名：《压力》出版者：Taylor & Francis Ltd-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0201 ISSN：1462-4753 期数：12刊名：British Journal of Community Nursing.译名：《英国社区护理杂志》出版者：Mark Allen Publishing Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0206 ISSN：1478-6354 期数：6刊名：Arthritis Research & Therapy.译名：《关节炎研究与治疗》出版者：BioMed Central Ltd.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0273 ISSN：0360-5310 期数：6刊名：Journal of Medicine and Philosophy.译名：《医学与哲学杂志》出版者：Oxford University Press-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 刊号：610C0274 ISSN：1753-8351 期数：3 刊名：International Journal of Workplace Health Management.译名：《国际工作场所健康管理杂志》出版者：Emerald--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610CC001 ISSN：0921-8068 期数：6刊名：Excerpta Medica, Section 36: Health Policy, Economics and Management.译名：《荷兰医学文摘，第36辑：卫生政策、经济学与管理》出版者：Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610CC060 ISSN：0332-3102 期数：10刊名：Irish Medical Journal.译名：《爱尔兰医学杂志》出版者：Irish Medical Organization--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610CC061 ISSN：0300-9572 期数：12刊名：Resuscitation.译名：《复苏》出版者：Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.刊号：610E0002 ISSN：0012-0472 期数：52刊名：DMW; Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift.译名：《德国医学周刊》出版者：Georg Thieme Verlag--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610E0003 ISSN：0949-2321 期数：12刊名：European Journal of Medical Research.译名：《欧洲医学研究杂志》出版者：I.Holzapfel Publishers Munich--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610E0007 ISSN：0946-2716 期数：12刊名：Journal of Molecular Medicine. (Text in English)译名：《分子医学杂志》出版者：Springer Verlag--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610E0008 ISSN：0723-5003 期数：12刊名：Medizinische Klinik.译名：《医学临床》出版者：Springer Verlag--------------------------------------------------------------------------------刊号：610E0009 ISSN：0026-1270 期数：6刊名：Methods of Information in Medicine. (Text in English)。

一《Science》1 内容简介《Science》是由著名科学家托马斯·爱迪生创办于1880年，是由美国科学促进会支持的综合性科技周刊，在国际科技界享用很高的声誉，对推动科技进步发挥着重点作用。

主要报道科学新闻、科研论文、综述、科研发展趋势，向全世界公布一周内国际性的科技重大新闻，发表精选出的世界上最有突破性、对科学发展产生很大影响的的学术论文，也是世界上发行量最大的科技期刊之一。

其办刊宗旨是认科学家掌握科学前沿发展动态，紧跟科技发展趋势。

《Science》的主要栏目：报告(Reports)――发表新的有广泛意义的重要研究成果。

报告要包括摘要和引言。

参考文献应在30条以内。

研究文章(Research Articles)――发表反映某一领域的重大突破的文章。

技术评论(Technical Comments)――讨论《科学》周刊过去6个月内发表的论，并给予原文章作者答复评论的机会。

评论和答复都要得到评议和必要的编辑。

讨论的提要刊登在印刷版，全文刊登在电子版。

《科学》指南(Science's Compass)――提供由科学家或其他专家撰写的对当前科学问题的评论。

包括：来信(Letters)，政策论坛(Policy Forum)，科学与社会短文(Essays on Science and Society)，书评及其它(Books et al.)，研究评述(Perspectives)，综述(Review)，技术总揽Tech.Views。

《Science》CALIS订购起始于1995年10月，JSTOR西文过刊全文库为1880-1996年，Academic Search Elite(EBSCO学术期刊大全)为1997年至今。

2 操作2.1 浏览检索2.1.1期刊浏览检索点击”Brower”期刊按照卷列在页面上，点击有用的卷号，其中的各期列在页面上，再点击期号，列出所包含的文章的题录格式，有三种排列方法，点击“Table of Contents”即按照目录表排列，点击“Author Index”按著者排列，点击“Subject Index”按照主题排列。

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My Wish: Scientists Inventing CurativeMedicationsIn the vast and intricate tapestry of human desires, my wish stands out as a beacon of hope and aspiration. It is a wish that is both personal and universal, one that resonates with the hearts of millions around the globe. My wish is for scientists to invent curative medications that can vanquish the illnesses that plague our world, bringing healing and relief to countless lives.The world we live in is a beautiful yet challenging place. It is filled with wonders that inspire and amaze us, but it is also a realm where sickness and disease often cast a dark shadow. Diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, and diabetes have been relentless foes, stealing the joy and vitality from countless lives. They not only affect the individuals directly but also have a profound impact on their families and loved ones. The emotional and financial toll of these illnesses is immeasurable, and it is a burden that is too heavy for many to bear.My wish is for a future where these diseases are no longer a threat. I envision a world where scientists haveunlocked the secrets of the human body and have developed medications that can target and destroy the root causes of illness. Imagine a world where cancer is no longer a death sentence, where Alzheimer's can be reversed, and where diabetes is a manageable condition rather than a life-altering diagnosis. Such a future would be a beacon of hope for millions, offering a chance at a healthier, happier life.The journey to achieving this wish will be long and arduous. It will require the dedication and perseverance of scientists from all fields, collaborating to unlock the mysteries of the human body and the diseases that afflict it. It will involve years of research, experiments, and clinical trials, all in the hope of finding the cures that will change lives.But I believe that it is a journey worth taking. The potential benefits of such discoveries are immense, not only for those directly affected by illness but also for society at large. A healthier population would mean less burden on healthcare systems, increased productivity, and a greater sense of well-being and optimism.Moreover, the pursuit of such cures would also drive innovation and technological advancements in other fields. The research and development that would be required would lead to new techniques and tools that could have applications in other areas of science and medicine. The knowledge gained from such studies would expand our understanding of the human body and its complexities, paving the way for future discoveries and advancements.As an individual, I may not be able to single-handedly bring about such a transformation. But I can contribute to the effort by supporting research and innovation, by staying informed about the latest developments in medicine, and by spreading awareness about the importance ofscientific research. I can also inspire others to join mein this wish, creating a movement of hope and aspiration that can help drive progress.In conclusion, my wish is for a future where science and medicine have conquered the illnesses that plague our world. It is a wish that is rooted in hope and aspiration, a belief that through the dedication and perseverance of scientists, we can create a healthier, happier world forall. While the journey ahead may be challenging, I believe that with each step forward, we are bringing our wishcloser to reality.**我的心愿：科学家发明治愈药物**在人类纷繁复杂的愿望织锦中，我的愿望如同一座希望与志向的灯塔。

journal of physics d模板摘要：一、期刊基本信息1.期刊名称：Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics2.影响因子：2.721（2014-2015年）3.所属学科：物理-物理：应用4.出版周期：每周5.出版年份：1970年6.出版社：IOP Publishing Ltd.二、投稿与审稿经验1.审稿周期：约70天2.审稿过程：大改3.状态变化：投稿后一个月变为awaiting decision，随后变为awaiting referee report正文：Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics是一本知名的SCI二区杂志，主要涵盖物理-物理：应用领域的研究。

该期刊成立于1970年，由IOP Publishing Ltd出版，每周出版一次。

2014-2015年的影响因子为2.721，表明其在相关领域的学术影响力较高。

对于投稿作者来说，Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics的审稿周期较为合理，大约需要70天。

一位投稿作者表示，自己在投稿后一个月时，状态已变为awaiting decision。

然而，几天后状态又变为awaiting referee report，推测原因是编辑又找了更多审稿人。

在这个过程中，作者经历了大改的过程，最终完成了审稿。

总的来说，Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics是一本具有较高影响力的SCI期刊，对于物理领域的研究者来说，投稿于此期刊具有较高的价值。

审稿周期相对合理，但审稿过程可能因审稿人的增加而有所延长。

肿瘤放射治疗常用英文缩写RTRadiotherapy,Radiation Therapy放疗，放射治疗放射治疗是利用放射线治疗肿瘤的一种方法，是当今治疗肿瘤的三大手段之一。

据统计，大约有60～70%恶性肿瘤患者需要接受放射治疗。

有些恶性肿瘤通过放疗可以得到根治，并可能获得同类同期肿瘤的手术治疗的疗效，且可保存所在的器官及其功能。

IMRTIntensity Modulated Radiation Therapy调强放射治疗调强放射治疗与以往放射治疗技术不同，它通过调节各个方向照射野的野内射线的强度产生非均匀照射野，达到肿瘤的高剂量三维适形分布和危及器官的低剂量分布，从而提高肿瘤的照射剂量，尽可能地减少危及器官和正常组织的受量，最终提高肿瘤局部的控制率，改善肿瘤患者的生存质量。

MLCMultiLeaf Collimator多叶准直器，多叶光栅MLC最初设计主要是用于替代射野挡铅，后来发展成了IMRT的基础，控制叶片运动可实现静态MLC和动态MLC调强。

QA & QCQuality Assurance & Quality Control质量保证和质量控制放射治疗的QA是指经过周密计划而采取的一系列必要的措施，保证放射治疗的整个服务过程中的各个环节按国际标准准确安全的执行。

这个简单的定义意味着质量保证有两个重要内容：质量评定，即按一定标准度量和评价整个治疗过程中的服务质量和治疗效果；质量控制，即采取必要的措施保证QA的执行，并不断修改服务过程中的某些环节，达到新的QA级水平。

－－摘自胡逸民主编《肿瘤放射物理学》p612。

AAPMAmerican Association of Physicists in Medicine美国医学物理学家协会AAPM FACT SHEETThe AAPM:A scientific, educational, and professional organization of more than 4,700 medical physicists. Headquarters are located at the American Center for Physics inCollege Park, MD, with a staff of 20, Annual budget is over $5M. Publications include a scientific journal ("Medical Physics"), technical reports, and symposium proceedings.Medical Physics:An applied branch of physics concerned with the application of the concepts and methods of physics to the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It is allied with medical electronics, bioengineering, and health physics.Medical Physicists:Most have an MS or Ph.D. in medical physics, physics, radiation biology, or a related discipline, and training in clinical medical physics. Clinical training may be obtained through a residency traineeship or a postdoctoral program of one or two years in a hospital. Clinical medical physicists are employed in medical schools, hospitals or clinics, or are in private practice. These physicists divide their time between clinical service and consultation, research and development, and teaching. Some medical physicists work in industrial or research positions, and have no clinical responsibilities.Medical Physicist's Role:Medical physicists contribute to the effectiveness of radiological imaging procedures by assuring radiation safety and helping to develop improved imaging techniques (e.g., mammography CT, MR, ultrasound). They contribute to development of therapeutic techniques (e.g., prostate implants, stereotactic radiosurgery), collaborate with radiation oncologists to design treatment plans, and monitor equipment and procedures to insure that cancer patients receive the prescribed dose of radiation to the correct location.Medical physicists are responsible for ensuring that imaging and treatment facilities meet the rules and regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and various State Health Departments.Medical Physicist Credentials:The American Board of Radiology certifies medical physicists, as does the American Board of Medical Physics. Medical physicists contribute to the education and certification of radiologists and radiation oncologists. Many are members of physician organizations such as the American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, and the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.Salaries for clinical medical physicists are derived from technical payments to hospitals and sharing of physicians' professional reimbursement, or through fee-for-service in private practice.-------From /org/aapm_fact_sheet.htmlSADSource to Axis Distance源轴距放射源到机架旋转或机器等中心的距离。

1. IOP Publishing Limited (“IOP”) agrees to publish:Manuscript Title: Physical Characteristics of Nozzle-generated Gliding Arc Discharge PlasmaAuthors: Sheng-yong Lu, Xiao-ming Sun, Chang-ming Du, Liang Yu, Yong Ren, Xiao-dong Li, Jian-hua YanJournal : Plasma Source Science and Technology2. Transfer of Copyright Agreement2.1 On acceptance for publication the undersigned author(s) (“Author”) of the Article assigns exclusively to IOP worldwide copyright in the Article for the full term and for all media and formats in all material published as part of the Article, which expression includes but is not limited to the text, abstract, tables, figures, graphs, video abstracts and other multimedia content but excludes any other item referred to as supplementary material.2.2 If any of the Named Authors are Government employees, on acceptance for publication the Author shall grant IOP a royalty free exclusive licence for the full term of copyright for all media and formats to do in relation to the Article all acts restricted by copyright worldwide.2.3 On acceptance for publication the Author shall grant IOP a royalty free non-exclusive licence for the full term of copyright for all media and formats to do in relation to any supplementary material deemed to be part of the Article all acts restricted by copyright worldwide.3. Author Rights3.1 IOP grants the Named Authors the rights specified in 3.2 and 3.3. All such rights must be exercised for non-commercial purposes, if possible should display citation information and IOP’s copyright notice, and for electronic use best efforts must be made to include a link to the on-line abstract in the Journal. Exercise of the rights in 3.3 additionally must not use the final published IOP format but the Named Author’s own format (which may include amendments made following peer review).3.2 The rights are:3.2.1 To make copies of the Article (all or part) for teaching purposes;3.2.2 To include the Article (all or part) in a research thesis or dissertation;3.2.3 To make oral presentation of the Article (all or part) and to include a summary and/or highlights of it in papers distributed at such presentations or in conference proceedings; and3.2.4 All proprietary rights other than copyright.3.3 The additional rights are to:3.3.1 Use the Article (all or part) without modification in personal compilations or publications of a Named Author’s own works (provided not created by third party publisher);3.3.2 Include the Article (all or part) on a Named Author’s own personal web site;3.3.3 Include the Article (all or part) on web sites of the Institution (including its repository) where a Named Author worked when research for the Article was carried out; and3.3.4 No sooner than 12 months after publication to include the Article (all or part) on third party web sites including e-print servers, but not on other publisher’s web sites.4. SignatureIn signing this Agreement the Author represents and warrants that the Article is the original work of the Named Authors, it has not been published previously in any form (other than as permitted under clause 3.2.2 which fact has been notified to IOP Publishing Ltd in writing), all Named Authors have participated sufficiently in the conception and writing of the Article, have received the final version of the Article, agree to its submission and take responsibility for it, and submission has been approved as necessary by the authorities at the establishment where the research was carried out.The Author warrants that he/she signs this Agreement as authorised agent for all Named Authors and has the full power to enter into this Agreement and to make the grants it contains, that the Article has not been and will not be submitted to another publisher prior to withdrawal or rejection, it does not infringe any third party rights, it contains nothing libellous or unlawful, all factual statements are to the best of the Author’s knowledge true or based on valid research conducted according to accepted norms, and all required permissions have been obtained in writing.All Named Authors assert their moral rights.Author’s s ignature DateSignature on behalf of Institution Date。

插上科学的翅膀飞英语作文650字医学With the advancement of science and technology, the medical field has also undergone earth-shaking changes. Doctors are no longer limited by traditional methods and can use a variety of scientific instruments to diagnose and treat diseases. This has significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of medical treatment and hasgreatly benefited patients.One of the most important applications of science in medicine is the use of medical imaging technology. Through the use of X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, doctors can now visualize the internal organs and structures of the body in great detail. This allows them to diagnose diseases much earlier and more accurately than was possible before. For example, a CT scan can be used to detect a tumor in the lungs, while an MRI can be used to visualize the brain and spinal cord.Another important application of science in medicine isthe use of laboratory tests. These tests can be used to analyze blood, urine, and other bodily fluids to detect the presence of disease. For example, a blood test can be used to detect the presence of cancer cells, while a urine test can be used to detect the presence of infection.In addition to imaging technology and laboratory tests, science has also led to the development of new drugs and treatments. For example, the development of antibiotics has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, while the development of chemotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer.The use of science in medicine has led to a number of benefits for patients. First, it has led to a more accurate diagnosis of diseases. Second, it has led to the development of more effective treatments. Third, it has led to a reduction in the cost of medical care.Of course, the use of science in medicine also has some potential drawbacks. One drawback is that it can be expensive to develop and use new medical technologies.Another drawback is that new medical technologies can sometimes have side effects.Overall, the use of science in medicine has had a positive impact on the health and well-being of patients. It has led to more accurate diagnoses, more effective treatments, and a reduction in the cost of medical care. However, it is important to be aware of the potential drawbacks of using science in medicine and to weigh these drawbacks against the benefits.Here are some specific examples of how science has been used to improve medical care:The development of the polio vaccine has led to the virtual elimination of polio in the United States.The development of antibiotics has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.The development of chemotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer.The development of medical imaging technology has led to more accurate diagnoses of diseases.The development of laboratory tests has led to the detection of diseases earlier and more accurately.These are just a few examples of how science has been used to improve medical care. The future of medicine holds even more promise, as scientists continue to develop new and innovative ways to diagnose and treat diseases.。

IOP P UBLISHING P HYSICS IN M EDICINE AND B IOLOGY Phys.Med.Biol.52(2007)6849–6864doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/23/005Investigation of depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infantsA Blasi1,S Fox2,N Everdell1,A Volein2,L Tucker2,G Csibra2,A P Gibson1,J C Hebden1,M H Johnson2and C E Elwell11Biomedical Optics Research Lab,Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering,Malet Place Engineering Building,University College London,London WC1E6BT,UK2Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development,Henry Wellcome Building,Birkbeck College,University of London,Malet Street,London WC1E7HX,UKE-mail:ablasi@Received20June2007,infinal form19September2007Published8November2007Online at /PMB/52/6849AbstractNear-infrared spectroscopy has been used to record oxygenation changes in thevisual cortex of4month old infants.Our in-house topography system,with30channels and3different source–detector separations,recorded changes in theconcentration of oxy-,deoxy-and total haemoglobin(HbO2,HHb and HbT)inresponse to visual stimuli(face,scrambled visual noise and cartoons as rest).The aim of this work was to demonstrate the capability of the system to spatiallylocalize functional activation and study the possibility of depth discriminationin the haemodynamic response.The group data show both face stimulation andvisual noise stimulation induced significant increases in HbO2from rest,but theincrease in HbO2with face stimulation was not significantly different from thatseen with visual noise stimulation.The face stimuli induced increases in HbO2were spread across a greater area across all depths than visual noise inducedchanges.In results from a single subject there was a significant increase ofHbO2in the inferior area of the visual cortex in response to both types ofstimuli,and a larger number of channels(source–detector pairs)showed HbO2increase to face stimuli,especially at the greatest depth.Activation maps wereobtained using3D reconstruction methods on multi source–detector separationoptical topography data.(Somefigures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)1.IntroductionNear-infrared spectroscopy has been used extensively to monitor changes in the concentration of oxy and deoxyhaemoglobin resulting from neural activity in the human brain(Obrig and 0031-9155/07/236849+16$30.00©2007IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK68496850A Blasi et al Villringer2003,Hoshi2003,Koizumi et al2003,Aslin and Mehler2005,Bunce et al2006). The technique is non-invasive,affordable and portable.It has found widespread application in studying brain function in infants during visual(Meek et al1998),auditory(Sakatani et al1999,Nissila et al2004),olfactory(Bartocci et al2000)and motor(Hintz et al2001) stimulation.More recently,NIRS has been used to investigate the neural basis of more complex cognitive abilities during thefirst year of life(Baird et al2002,Wilcox et al2005, Csibra et al2004,Pe˜n a et al2003,Minagawa-Kawai et al2007,Bortfeld et al2007),with a view to characterize functional brain development.Current state of the art of NIRS technology is limited to the measurement of the haemodynamic activation of the outer layer of the cortex,as shown by Monte Carlo simulation of near-infrared light propagation on models of the adult head(Okada et al1997).However, whereas in adults the spatial profile of near-infrared light remains quite superficial,i.e.,in the grey matter of the cortex,in the neonate head,an increase in the source–detector spacing increases the interrogated volume of tissue into deeper layers(Fukui et al2003).This provides an opportunity to extend the use of NIRS technology to thefield of developmental cognitive neuroscience(where techniques such as positron emission tomography(PET)and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)have more limited application).For these studies,it is necessary to interrogate regions beyond the superficial layers of the cortex and to introduce depth discrimination into NIRS functional activation measurements.There have been several studies that have used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate haemodynamic responses to visual stimuli in the occipital cortex of human infants.To date, the majority of these studies have used simple stimuli such as a chequerboard or white light (Kusaka et al2004,Hoshi et al2000,Taga et al2003).There is,however,a substantial body of evidence measuring neural correlates of face perception in infants using behavioural and ERP methods(Halit et al2003,de Haan et al2002,Tzourio-Mazoyer et al2002).Faces are so important to humans that we have specialized brain areas for processing them(Kanwisher et al1997).Newborn infants orient to schematic face stimuli(Farroni et al2005)and can discriminate faces within thefirst days of life(Pascalis et al1995).In a previous study,we used stimuli of face and scrambled face photographs to investigate responses in the occipital cortex(Csibra et al2004).This study demonstrated that NIRS could be used to detect haemodynamic activation in response to faces in both infants and adults.However,spatial localization of the activation was fairly limited,as only a two channel system was used,with probes positioned one pair on the frontal and the other pair on the visual cortex(NIRO300, Hamamatsu Photonics).Over the last decade,a number of optical topography systems have been developed that allow multiple measurements of attenuation over a large area of tissue(Yamashita et al1999, Takahashi et al2000,Franceschini et al2003,Everdell et al2005,Kusaka et al2004,Colier et al2001).However,the two-dimensional maps produced by most optical topography systems originate from equally spaced source–detector pairs and provide no depth information.NIR tomography data can be used for3D image reconstruction(Benaron et al2000,Bluestone et al2001,Gibson et al2006),which can in turn be integrated with functional magnetic resonance imaging(Zhang et al2005)for better localization of the activation.Although optical tomography has the capability to provide full3D images,the acquisition time of the system is typically in the region of minutes and the heavy attenuation of light across the infant head restricts its use to measurements in neonates(with less than11cm head mean diameter).Our NIR optical topography system has a sensor pad array of16laser diode sources (8at780nm and8at850nm)and8avalanche photodiode detectors(Everdell et al2005)and uses a frequency multiplexed approach to record signals from all sources that a detector can receive light from.We can,therefore,record from up to30source–detector pairs(or channels)Investigation of depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infants6851 with only8source and8detector points.We have designed the distribution of the source and detector points on the sensor pad not only to maximize the number of channels,but also to include three different source–detector separations interrogating three different depths within the infant head.The aim of this study was to investigate haemodynamic responses to a complex visual stimulus in4month old babies by using our in-house topography system with30channels and 3different source–detector separations to cover not only a large portion of the surface of the visual cortex but also to interrogate different depths within the cortex.2.Methods2.1.SubjectsData were recorded from12healthy4month old babies(6boys and6girls,mean±SD age126±6days)at the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Babylab,Birkbeck, University of London.A total of38babies were selected to participate in the study,although 26babies had to be excluded from the analysis because of excessive head movement and/or failure to look at the stimulus for a sufficient length of time.Ethical approval was obtained for this study from the local ethics committee and informed written consent was obtained from all the parents.2.2.ProtocolThe protocol used in our studies was similar to that used in a previous study in which measurements were made with two source–detector pairs(Csibra et al2004).The babies sat comfortably on their parent’s lap facing a video screen and were encouraged to watch the screen for as long as possible.The stimuli were presented in a cyclic loop,starting with animated cartoons to attract the babies’attention.After at least10s of cartoons,10different face images were presented at a rate of one per second.This was followed by at least10s of cartoons,after which10visual noise images were presented,again at a rate of1per second. For each trial,the infants had to look continuously for a minimum of4s to the cartoons before either the face or noise stimuli were presented.Face stimuli were full colour images offive female faces and visual noise stimuli were artificially constructed images with the same spatial frequencies and colour distribution as the faces(Goffaux et al2003;seefigure1).The study lasted for as long as the baby was willing to look at the images(typically between3and12min).2.3.InstrumentationNIRS data were recorded using the UCL topography system(Everdell et al2005),with a sensor pad of16sources(8at780nm and8at850nm),which are illuminated simultaneously and8detectors operating in parallel.The system uses a frequency multiplexed approach allowing rapid data acquisition with a good signal-to-noise ratio(56dB)andflexibility in the source detector geometry used in the array.Fourier transform software is employed to demultiplex multiple source signals which are each modulated at a different frequency ranging from2kHz to4kHz.The frequencies are kept within one octave to avoid interference from harmonics.The mean power emitted by each laser diode is approximately2mW.Each source and detector is coupled to the scalp via a1mm diameter multimode opticalfibre.For these studies,a custom made optode array was designed as shown infigure2.6852A Blasi et al (a)(b)Figure1.Example of(a)FACE and(b)NOISE stimuli used in the study.The8source optodes and8detector optodes were arranged to allow recording from a total of30channels(source–detector pairs)with12channels having a source detector spacing of1.43cm,9channels having a source–detector spacing of1.78cm and9channels havinga source–detector spacing of2.20cm.The12channels with source–detector separations of1.43cm were assumed to be interrogating nearest to the surface depth(referred as shallow depth),the9channels with source–detector separations of 1.78cm were assumed to be interrogating mid-depth(intermediate depth)and the9channels with source–detector separations of2.20cm were assumed to be interrogating furthest from the surface(greatest depth).The optodes were held in the array using a lightweight aluminium shell lined with soft light absorbing foam,which was held on the head using a Coban strap(figure3).The centre of the array was positioned over the visual cortex between O1and O2(10–20electrode placement system,Jasper1958).NIRS data were acquired at10Hz.2.4.Behavioural monitoringA video recording was made of each infant.Following the study,the video was reviewed by an experimenter who coded the amount of time the babies looked at each stimulus.This was thefirst step in the selection of valid trials.For a trial to be considered valid,the baby had to be looking at the screen for at least4s prior to the stimulus onset and then look for at least8s during the presentation of the stimulus.Trials during which the infant was not attending to the screen or where there was excessive head movement were rejected from further analysis.A minimum of four trials with each type of stimulus were required to include a baby in the study.2.5.Data processing2.5.1.Data rejection.The recorded attenuation measurements for each data set were initially inspected and channels that showed evidence of poor signal-to-noise ratio(SNR<5dB, measured in the4s pre-stimulus onset period)together with a large standard deviation inInvestigation of depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infants6853Sources Detectors14 mm1.43 cm, 12 channels1.78 cm, 9 channels2.20 cm, 9 channelsInion1.43 cm s-d sep. (shallow depth)LeftRight1.78 cm s-d sep. LeftRightLeftRight2.20 cm s-d sep. (greatest depth)Figure 2.(a)Optode array design incorporating three source–detector separations.(b)Source–detector pairs at each spacing,and their position on the back of the subject’s head with Oz (international 10/20system,represented with a blue cross)as a reference.Note that the intermediate and large source–detector separation channels share the same midpoint,but the regions probed do not coincide.Also,the channels with shorter source–detector separations are placed in slightly different regions to the intermediate and largest source–detector channels.the rest period across all trials (>1.8µM),mismatch in attenuation at the two wavelengths (possibly due to the foam from the pad obstructing one of the fibres in the source optode,evaluated by comparing the variability of the attenuation signal from each wavelength in the rest period)or saturation of the detector (detection of physiologically unrelated oscillations around 1Hz by spectral analysis),were rejected from further analysis.The average number of channels rejected per baby was 6,with a minimum of 1channel rejected (in 1baby)and a maximum of 9channels rejected (in 2babies).If the rejected channels were all clustered around a specific area of the pad for the same source–detector separation,the baby was excluded from the study.At most,three neighbouring channels were allowed to be rejected for each depth,with a total maximum of 10channels for a single baby.6854A Blasi et alFigure3.Photograph of an optode arrayfixed over the occipital cortex of a four month old infant.2.5.2.Data analysis.For each participant,the signal was low-passfiltered and divided into 24s sections.Each section consisted of4s of rest prior to stimulus presentation,(pre-stimulus baseline);10s of stimulus(either face or noise)and10s of rest post-stimulus(post-stimulus baseline).For each of these sections,the attenuation data were detrended with a linearfit between thefirst and last4s of the block,where we assumed all stimulus effects on the signal had subsided.Then,the pre-processed data were converted into changes in the concentration of HbO2and HHb using the modified Beer Lambert law and assuming a differential pathlength factor for infants(Duncan et al1995).For each infant,we averaged trials grouped by stimulus type and we obtained a time course of the mean change in HbO2and HHb at each channel and for each stimulus type.Statistical comparisons were made within each channel between baseline(zero)and maximum increase of HbO2,HHb and HbT(=HbO2+HHb)with each stimulus type for the group of infants with good data for that particular channel.Further analysis of the channels with a significant increase of the signals was conducted to compare the maximum increase of HbO2between the two types of stimulus.One baby was selected as the representative of the responses to the presented stimuli.Maximum HbO2increase was analysed for this subject and a3D reconstruction of the activation was carried out.It must be noted that it was necessary to present cartoons in the rest period in order to keep the infants’attention on the screen.The significant signal changes quoted in the results are,therefore, changes from this‘rest’condition in which cartoons were presented.2.5.3.Image reconstruction.The multiple source–detector separations available from this array allow for three-dimensional(3D)tomographic image reconstruction which provides better overall image quality than the more usual two-dimensional mapping technique(Boas et al2004).We chose to reconstruct3D images using the Rytov approximation(Arridge 1999)in which measured changes in log(amplitude), y,are assumed to be related to changes in the optical absorption, x,by the matrix equation y=A x,where A is the Jacobian or sensitivity matrix.A was calculated using a software package known as TOAST(Arridge et al2000)by solving the diffusion equation using thefinite element method applied to a finite element mesh of tetrahedra with quadratic interpolation functions,which was generated using Netgen(Sch¨o berl1997).Images were generated by Tikhonov regularization of theInvestigation of depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infants6855Face Noise 1.43 cm(shallow depth)1.78 cm2.20 cm(greatest depth) Max [HbO2], P < 0.05Max [HbO2] and [HbT] , P < 0.05Figure4.Map of channels for group data,at each source–detector separation,showing significantmaximum increase in HbO2and joint HbO2–HbT for FACE and NOISE stimuli.For each channel,we obtained a set of maximum signal increase values,one per infant.Then,within each channel,we tested whether the maximum increase was significantly different from zero.Moore–Penrose generalized inverse x=A T(AA T+λI)−1 y,where the regularization parameterλwas set to10%of the largest singular value of AA T and I is the identity matrix.3.ResultsFor each source–detector pair,we obtained one time series of the change in HbO2,HHb and HbT per baby.We measured the maximum increase of each with respect to the pre-stimulus baseline level in the interval between4and13s post-stimulus onset.Analysis of HbO2increase(group averaged)showed that in face trials,(a)at the shallow depth,there was a significant increase in the signal in three channels,most clustered in the inferior part of the pad;(b)there was only one channel at the intermediate depth with a significant HbO2 increase;and(c)at the largest source–detector separation,four channels showed a significant signal increase.Additionally,at the greatest depth,two channels also had an increase in HbT. Figure4shows the channels with HbO2and joint HbT–HbO2significant increases with face and noise stimulation.Although not reflected infigure4,two channels at the greatest depth(13 and23)also showed an increase in HHb.The same analysis performed in noise trials found a significant increase in HbO2in one channel,the same one at intermediate depth where an HbO2 increase was detected with face stimulation.HbT increased in channels17(shallow depth) and6(greatest depth),whereas HHb increased in channels2(intermediate source–detector separation)and6.It is interesting to note that where there was an increase in HbO2,HbT did not necessarily change.Our results show that HbO2is the chromophore with most sensitivity to change after stimulation;therefore our results from now on will focus on changes in HbO2. Time of peak range of HbO2in face trials at the channels where its increase was significant was between5.1and11.6s after stimulus onset.The corresponding range for noise trials was between7.3and11.5s.Post-hoc analyses of the maximum increase in HbO2in face and noise trials on the channels shown infigure4with paired T-test only detected a significantly different increase in face versus noise trials(P<0.05)in channel6,at the greatest depth.Analysis of the time course of HbO2between4and13s post-stimulus onset with two-way repeated measure analysis of the variance using‘time’and‘trial’as factors,shows a significant effect6856A Blasi et al of‘time X trial’in channels17(shallow depth,P<0.001),25(intermediate depth,P=0.020) and23(greatest depth,P<0.001),suggesting the change in time of the signal depends on the type of stimulus.Statistical comparison of haemodynamic activation across infants may conceal important effects in the results because(a)there may be differences in the location of peak activation between babies,(b)the signal change may have had a different time course in different babies, and because of(c)the slight variations in the exact position of the probe on the infant head.For this reason we present an analysis for a single infant(identified as baby A),who was chosen because there were sufficient number of face(8)and noise(9)trials for statistical power in her recording.Figure5shows the averaged time course of HbO2(in mean±SE)across8face and9 noise trials for baby A.For this baby,there was activation associated with both face and noise stimulations in the inferior channels of the array at intermediate and greatest depths.Analysis of the maximum HbO2increases across the face trials for this baby showed(a)a significant increase in the signal in all the channels in the inferior two rows of the pad(13,16,19,23, 26and29)for the greatest depth(P<0.05)and(b)a significant increase in channel18in the intermediate source–detector separation.After visual noise onset,there was an increase of HbO2in(a)channels16,19and23in the greatest depth(P<0.05)and(b)channels 15and25in the intermediate depth.However,when face activation was compared to noise activation by evaluating the magnitude of the amplitude increase from the baseline level in a 4–13s post-stimulus onset window(two-tailed T-test),no significant differences were found. Channel6for baby A was discarded from the analysis due to the poor quality of its intensity signals.We averaged baby A’s data across channels by grouping them by source–detector separation to enhance the depth discrimination capabilities of the system by smoothing out the noise(figure6).We found that,for baby A,activation with face induced an increase in the HbO2signal that was significantly different from the baseline only at the greatest depth(P< 0.05).Furthermore,this increase was larger with face than with noise stimuli(paired T-test, P<0.05).No significant changes were detected in the depth-averaged HHb signal.Figure7shows tomographic reconstructed images of peak HbO2changes in baby A in a slice6mm thick(averaged between6and12mm from the surface of the scalp)and with an area of85×85mm(24×24×1in pixels).The top and bottom of thefigure correspond to superior and inferior parts of the visual cortex.Figure7(a)shows that with face stimulation there is a noticeable increase in HbO2in the lower area of the visual cortex spread to both sides of the midline.With visual noise stimulation(figure7(b)),the maximum increase in HbO2 is shifted towards the central region of the visual cortex with a possible region of decrease in HbO2adjacent to the maximum HbO2increase.Reconstruction of face HbO2change with noise as a reference did not provide any additional information.This was expected as statistical analysis did notfind any difference in processing face or noise stimuli in any single channel for baby A.4.DiscussionWe used a multi-channel NIRS system for measuring haemodynamic response to complex visual stimuli in4month old infants,extending previous work by our group with a dual channel system(Csibra et al2004).The aim of this work was twofold:on the one hand,to differentiate responses to noise and face stimuli in the visual cortex of infants;on the other hand,to test whether our NIRS system was able to pick up haemodynamic activation with some depth resolution.Additionally,we have tentatively used the multi-distance topographyInvestigation of depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infants6857Mshallow depth (1.43 cm)Mtime (s)Mtime (s)time (s)time (s)Baby A(a) Mintermediate depth (1.78 cm)MMMMMtime (s)Mtime (s)Mtime (s)MBaby A(b)Figure 5.Averaged time course data for changes in HbO 2for each source–detector separation for a single baby (baby A).(a)Shallow depth (1.43cm s–d separation);(b)intermediate depth (1.78cm);(c)greatest depth (2.21cm).Stimulus periods are the shaded areas.data with a 3D image reconstruction algorithm originally designed for tomography data.The current state of the algorithm is limited in the depth dimension,so our preliminary results show where in the surface of the pad the activation occurs,but only in a slab as thick as the depth sensitivity of the three source–detector separations combined.6858A Blasi et alMgreatest depth (2.20 cm)MMMMMtime (s)Mtime (s)Mtime (s)MBaby A(c)Figure 5.(Continued.)MBaby AMtime (s)MFigure 6.Averaged HbO 2data for all channels at each source–detector separation for a single baby (baby A).Black and red lines represent the HbO 2time course with face and noise stimulation,respectively.The shaded area represents the stimulation period.Our group data suggest that face stimulation activates a larger area of the visual cortex than does visual noise stimulation,as there were more channels with significant HbO 2increase with face (8channels)than with noise (1channel)stimuli.Thus the data show there are-40-30-20-10010203040[HbO ], Time elapsed: 13.7 s., Face trials.µM[HbO 2], Time elapsed: 13 s., Noise trials.-40-30-20-10010203040µM∆∆Figure 7.Reconstruction of baby A’s optical topography data (HbO 2change)from all channels,projected in a single plane (24×24×1pixels).The black arrow on the lower axes represents theapproximate position of the midline.(a)Face stimulation.(b)Noise stimulation.differences between face activation and rest and between noise activation and rest,although these differences are less prominent in the latter case.Of those channels with HbO 2increase associated with face stimulation,three were found at the smallest source–detector separation (shallow depth channels).No significant changes in either HHb or HbT concentration were seen in these channels.At the intermediate depth there was a consistent increase in HbO 2at one channel (channel 25)with both types of stimulation.At the greatest depth,the significant increase in HbO 2and HbT was spread across the interrogated area,but the haemodynamic response seemed to be stronger at the inferior part of the probe.The spatial localization of the signal increase observed in the lower half of the pad placed across the midline and centred on Oz (international 10/20system),and regardless of depth,is in agreement with topography studies where visual stimulation was used with 2–6.5month old infants (Wilcox et al 2005,Taga et al2003).The design of the array(figure2(a))means that the mid-point of the1.78cm and2.20cm source–detector separations occur at the same point making the grid geometry for the intermediate and greatest depths identical.The grid geometry for the shallow depth is different and depends upon more source–detector pairs(12pairs compared to9for the intermediate and greatest depths).Taking this into account,the percentage of channels with significant activation at shallow depth is8.3%,intermediate depth is3.7%and at the greatest depth is14.8%.It would appear then that the deepest channels seem to be picking up more activation.However,it should be pointed out that,although the array is relatively small,the shallow channels do not measure in the exact same positions as the other channels.This may have affected the differences seen between the number of channels activated at the shallow depth and the other two depths.Even though the number of channels with face-induced increase in HbO2was greater than the number of channels with noise-induced changes,we were only able to pick up differences between face and noise trials in three of these channels,one at each depth.Our results suggest that the difference between the haemodynamic response to face and visual noise stimuli over the visual cortex is expressed more in the change in amplitude of the signal than in its spatial localization.It is possible that these differences could be more easily measured on other parts of the cortex(Kanwisher et al1997).The observed direction of HbO2change agrees with previous NIRS functional activation studies of the visual cortex in infants(Meek et al1998,Wilcox et al2005,Taga et al2003)(in newborns to3month olds).There is some discrepancy in the directional changes in HHb in infant studies,with reports of HHb increasing(Meek et al1998),decreasing(Taga et al2003) or being dependent on location(Wilcox et al2005).The latency to the peak of HbO2increase in our data ranged between5.1and11.6s post-stimulus onset.This range is slightly wider than that reported in Taga et al(2003),where visual stimulation in infants with a reversing checkerboard induced a response in the visual cortex that peaked between8and10s post-stimulus onset.A faster rise to peak(4.2±2.0s)was reported by Meek et al(1998).This difference may be due to the setup used in the latter,with a single source–detector pair and a larger separation between them(3.5cm).The type of stimulus may also influence the speed of the response as olfactory stimulation induced an haemodynamic response starting5–10s after stimulus onset and peaking about30s later (Bartocci et al2000),and object processing in the visual cortex induced a response with a plateau starting10s post-stimulus onset that peaked25–35s later(Wilcox et al2005).A number of groups have been developing NIRS systems that incorporate depth resolution information.Most are time-gated systems(Selb et al2005,Contini et al2006),which have the disadvantage of low sampling rate and long stabilization/cooling times,but the advantage of good spatial resolution and penetration depth(Strangman et al2002).One advantage of our system is that by using software to decode the signal from each source modulated at a different frequency,it is easily adapted to different probe designs,and consequently enables the area and depths of the interrogated volume to be easily tailored to the requirements of any study.For the present study,we chose multiple source–detector separations to investigate whether any depth discrimination in the NIRS data could be seen.When averaging the group data per depth(all channels at each source–detector spacing), we found a significant increase in HbO2at intermediate and greatest depths with face stimulation,but no significant increase at any depth with noise stimulation nor a significant difference between face and noise maximum increases.Figure6shows the depth averaged results for baby A.In this case,the increase in the signals with face stimulation was significant at the greatest depth and it was larger than with noise stimulation.This suggests there may be some discrimination in the response as a function of depth.Channel by channel analysis。