翻译理论与技巧个性课程大作业提交终版

华中师大学网络学院《翻译理论与技巧》练习测试题在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。

每空1分。

共10分。

1．翻译是跨（）、跨（）、跨（）的交际活动。

2．篇章的粘连分（）粘连和（）粘连两大类，粘连的目的是实现篇章的（）。

3．社会符号学的翻译标准是（）相符、（）相似。

4．格赖斯的（）原则和利奇的（）原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。

5. 社会符号学翻译法以礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据，以符号学的意义观为核心。

语言符号具备三种意义，它们是（）意义、（）意义和（）意义。

6. 语言对比是研究语言在（）中产生的意义。

7. 泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则：A．译文应完整地再现原文的（）。

B．译文的（）（）应与原文的性质相同。

C．译文应像原文一样（）。

8. 汉语语法呈（）性，英语语法呈（）性。

9. 严复的三字翻译标准是_____、_____、____。

10. 鲁迅认为翻译标准可以用________和________这四个字来表示。

11．翻译的过程是______、_______和________。

12．英语翻译成汉语时，英语称之为____________________，汉语称之为______________。

13．翻译按其工作方式来分，有______ ________ __________三种。

14．许渊冲提倡文学翻译要做到_____________、_____________和________________。

15．在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的容，有保持原文的形式—特别是保持原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等，这种译法叫做___________。

16．把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句是________法。

17．翻译按其处理方式来分，有________、________和__________。

18．翻译是“从语义到文体在译入语中用最（）而又最（）的对等语再现原语的（）。

”19．从翻译的手段来看，翻译可分为（）、（）和（）。

一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。

Family PortraitMy mother, who is seventy years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my father. This picture of my mother is about a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it has fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it.The young in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My mother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving “smile lines” that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my mother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark-brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken fifty years ago, my mother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today. The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and bellow the collar. The smocking (tiny rows of gathered material) looks hand-done. The skirt, which covers my mother’s calves, is straight and made of light wool or flannel. My mother is wearing silver drop earrings. They are about two inches long and roughly shield-shaped. On her left wrist is a matching bracelet. My mother can’t find this bracelet now, despite the fact that we spent hours searching through the attic for it. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, square-cut stone.The story behind the picture is as interesting to me as the young woman it captures. Mom, who was earning twenty-five dollars a week as a file clerk, decided to give her boyfriend (my father) a picture of herself. She spent almost two weeks’ salary on the skirt and blouse, which she bought at a fancy department store downtown. She borrowed the earrings and bracelet from her older sister, my aunt Dorothy. The ring she wore was a present from another young man she was dating at the time. Mom spent another chunk of her salary to pay the portrait photographer for the hand-tinted print in old-fashioned tones of brown and tan. Just before giving the picture to my father, she scrawled at the lower left, “Sincerely, Beatrice.”When I studied this picture, I react in many ways. I think about the trouble that Mom went into in order to impress the young man who was to be my father. I laugh when I look at the ring, which was probably worn to make my father jealous. I smile at the serious, formal inscription my mother used at this stage of the budding relationship. Sometimes I am filled with a mixture of pleasure and sadness when I look at this frozen long-ago moment. It is a moment of beauty, of love, and—in a way—of my own past.照片我的母亲已经是七十高龄。

法语翻译理论与技巧Théorie et techniques de traduction【课程编号】RZ53502 【课程类别】专业任选课【学分数】2 【先修课程】基础法语【学时数】32【适用专业】应用法语一、教学目的、任务本课程主要系统介绍一些基本翻译理论和基本规律，训练学生在词义、语序、语法形式、修辞手段等方面对翻译过程的把握，并通过大量练习来增强掌握翻译基本规律的能力，逐步提高翻译技能。

通过本课程的学习，学生应了解法汉两种语言的差异，理解两种不同文化对翻译的影响，掌握翻译的基本规律和常用的翻译技巧。

二、课程教学的基本要求：在介绍翻译理论与技巧的同时，要注意结合适当例子使理论与技巧更为浅显易懂。

在教学过程中，要将理论讲解、课堂练习、课后作业相结合，不断提高学生的翻译技巧和能力。

三、教学内容和学时分配（一）总论（或绪论、概论等） 2 学时（课堂讲授学时+课程实验学时）主要内容：翻译的概念、分类、翻译史教学要求：通过对翻译概念的不同阐述，说明翻译不仅是不同语言和文字之间的相互转换活动，也是一项跨文化交际活动；介绍中国翻译史及历史上一些著名的翻译家及其代表作。

其它教学环节：对什么是翻译展开课堂讨论，让学生发表自己的见解（二）第一章…… 2 学时（课堂讲授学时+课程实验学时）主要内容：翻译的特征、翻译的标准、翻译的步骤教学要求：通过对翻译特征的介绍阐明翻译在人类历史发展过程中及现代社会中的作用；讲解历史上不同翻译家对翻译标准的理解和看法；通过举例阐明翻译的步奏。

其它教学环节：课堂讨论不同翻译标准的特征及优缺点（三）第二章…… 6 学时（课堂讲授学时+课程实验学时）主要内容：法汉语言结构、句序的对比教学要求：通过举例对比法汉两种语言在语言结构、句序方面的异同，引导学生在翻译过程中在尊重原文内容与形式的同时，尽量使用符合目的语习惯的句子来进行翻译。

其它教学环节：通过课堂练习和对课后作业的讲评来比较和发现法汉两种语言在结构、句序上的异同（四）第三章…… 6 学时（课堂讲授学时+课程实验学时）主要内容：语义类型与语义选择、翻译中的意义单位、篇章逻辑问题教学要求：介绍法语词汇的语义特征，特别强调由于法语单词一词多义的现象非常普遍，在语义选择上要特别慎重，在查阅词典时要注意选择符合上下文语境的意思，不能望文生义；同时强调篇章的逻辑关系，一旦发现译文中出现前后逻辑不通时，很可能是因为对原文某处的理解出现错误，因此需要回头仔细研读原文，并对译文进行纠正。

翻译理论总结期末在现代全球化的背景下，翻译作为一种重要的跨文化交流方式，发挥着不可或缺的作用。

翻译理论作为研究翻译实践的基础，是翻译工作者必须掌握的重要知识。

本文将综述翻译理论的重要概念、发展历程和主要流派，从而对翻译实践提供指导和启示。

一、翻译理论的重要概念1. 翻译翻译是指将一种语言的信息转化为另一种语言的过程。

它不仅仅是语言的互译，还涉及到思维方式、文化背景等因素。

2. 等效等效是指在翻译过程中，力求使目标语言能够传达出原文同样的意义和效果。

等效主张在翻译理论中占据重要地位，它涉及到文化差异、语言差异等问题。

3. 重译重译是指对一篇已经翻译过的文本重新进行翻译。

它是翻译实践中的一种特殊形式，可以通过不同解读和译者的风格差异来实现更好的翻译效果。

4. 归化与异化归化与异化是翻译理论中常用的两个概念，它们分别指代将目标语文化与源语文化“融合”或“保留”的翻译策略。

归化主张将目标语文化中的表述方式与理解习惯作为翻译的依据，而异化则更加强调源语文化的独特性。

二、翻译理论的发展历程1. 传统翻译理论传统翻译理论以源语为中心，更加注重语言的形式对称性，重视忠实于原文，以达到“无损”的目标。

2. 功能对等理论功能对等理论是在20世纪70年代后期兴起的，提出了等效的概念，并关注功能与意义在翻译中的重要性。

该理论明确了译者在翻译过程中应对源语和目标语读者进行调整的任务。

3. 文化转移理论文化转移理论提出了文化因素在翻译中的重要作用。

它强调翻译不仅仅是语言的转移，还涉及到文化背景、思维方式等因素。

这一理论对于跨文化交流的研究具有重要指导意义。

4. 重译和再翻译理论重译和再翻译理论强调翻译是一个不断发展的过程，通过对已有翻译作品的再审视和重新翻译，可以实现更好的翻译效果。

这一理论提醒翻译者不仅要注重翻译策略，还要不断提升自己的翻译水平。

三、翻译理论的主要流派1. 源语导向理论源语导向理论以源语为中心，强调翻译要忠实于原文，力求实现“无损”翻译。

《翻译理论与实践》期末考试试卷与答案Ⅰ. Directions: Translate the following passage into English, using the words and phrases given below.（1小题*40=40）史蒂芬·霍金博士是世界上最著名的理论物理学家之一。

乍一看，他是一个坐在电动轮椅上个子矮小的人。

他在攻读博士学位时得了一种无法治愈(incurable) ALS病。

虽然这种病没有日渐恶化，但有一段时间霍金无法面对他失去正常行动和讲话的能力这一事实。

直到他与一个叫简的女孩订婚后才又振作起来。

现在，霍金博士保持每天工作8小时以上，并取得了令全球瞩目的成就。

II.Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.（2小题*30=60）1.The Yellow River ranks the third longest in Asia and the sixth longest in the world. The word “yellow” describes the muddy water of the river. The Yellow River，one of several rivers for China to live on，originates from Qinghai，flows through nine provinces, and finally pours into the Bohai Sea. The river basin is not only the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization，but also the most prosperous region in the early history of China. However,due to the frequent devastating floods, it has caused many disasters. In the past few decades,the government has taken various measures to prevent disasters.2.With China’s reform and opening up, many young people tend to hold Western-style weddings these days. The bride wears a white wedding dress at the wedding, because white is considered as a symbol of purity. However, in traditional Chinese culture, white is often used in funerals, so be sure to remember that white flowers must not be used as a gift to the patient, especially not to the seniors or patients in critical conditions. Similarly, the cash gift cannot be packed in a white envelope, but in a red envelope.翻译理论与实践参考答案1.Dr. Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous theoretical physicists in the world. At firstsight he is a small figure in an electric wheelchair. When he worked for PHD, he had incurable ALS. Though the disease didn’t worsen day by day, but for some time Hawking couldn’t face up to the fact that he lost his abilities to move and speak normally. He didn’t pull himself together until he was engaged to a girl, Jane. Now, Prof. Hawking keeps up working more than 8 hours a day and has made great achievements which draw global attention to.2.黄河是亚洲第三、世界第六长的河流。

翻译理论与实践（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）刘国忠2578706*************.cnTopics at first:1. 解读汉译英《教学大纲》2. 解读汉译英《考试大纲》3. 汉译英学习指导①重要性②特性③实践性汉译英精典教材：1. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基喻天根《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻天根上海外语教育出版社 1980.92.《汉英翻译基础》陈宏薇上海外语教育出版社 1998/23.《英汉互译实用教程》宋天锡等国防工业出版社2000/14.《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译）增订本冯庆华上海外语教育出版社2002/55.《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚外语教学与研究出版社2002/46.《翻译教学：实务与理论》刘宓庆中国对外翻译出版公司2003/1•汉译英主要内容：•一、汉译英实务教学•二、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析•三、汉译英练习与评析•—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英实务教学主要内容一、汉英词语对比二、汉英句法基本差异（一）汉英句子的主语比较三、汉英句法基本差异（二）汉语谓语动词的分析和翻译四、被动语态的翻译五、汉译英中的主谓定位六、汉译英中的句子整合问题增补内容：七、如何避免翻译中的Chinglish八、汉英翻译中的文化传递九、公示语的翻译十、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析十一、汉译英练习与评析—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英学习指导（一）如何保证翻译课的教学效果1.以―正当程序‖保证翻译质量无论英译汉，还是汉译英，译文都需要准确、通顺，这是翻译的基本要求。

表达准确的基础是对原文的准确理解：译者必须准确地理解原文的每个词、每句话和作者的意图。

表达通顺的基础是对译入语的熟练运用。

我们在做汉译英时，存在一个天然的劣势：由于英语不是我们的母语，做到表达的准确和通顺相当困难。

Family PortraitMy mother, who is seventy years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my father. This picture of my mother is about a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it has fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it.The young in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My mother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving “smile lines” that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my mother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark-brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken fifty years ago, my mother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today. The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and bellow the collar. The smocking (tiny rows of gathered material) looks hand-done. The skirt, which covers my mother’s calves, is straight and made of light wool or flannel. My mother is wearing silver drop earrings. They are about two inches long and roughly shield-shaped. On her left wrist is a matching bracelet. My mother can’t find this bracelet now, despite the fact that we spent hours searching through the attic for it. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, square-cut stone.The story behind the picture is as interesting to me as the young woman it captures. Mom, who was earning twenty-five dollars a week as a file clerk, decided to give her boyfriend (my father) a picture of herself. She spent almost two weeks’ salary on the skirt and blouse, which she bought at a fancy department store downtown. She borrowed the earrings and bracelet from her older sister, my aunt Dorothy. The ring she wore was a present from another young man she was dating at the time. Mom spent another chunk of her salary to pay the portrait photographer for the hand-tinted print in old-fashioned tones of brown and tan. Just before giving the picture to my father, she scrawled at the lower left, “Sincerely, Beatrice.”When I studied this picture, I react in many ways. I think about the trouble that Mom went into in order to impress the young man who was to be my father. I laugh when I look at the ring, which was probably worn to make my father jealous. I smile at the serious, formal inscription my mother used at this stage of the budding relationship. Sometimes I am filled with a mixture of pleasure and sadness when I look at this frozen long-ago moment. It is a moment of beauty, of love, and—in a way—of my own past.照片我的母亲已经是七十高龄。

1.What is translation?(1)翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠：《翻译理论与技巧》1985)。

(2)翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

(Translation is a linguistic practice of employing one language to realize the thoughts expressed in another language exactly and completely.) (张培基, 1983)(3)Translation, essentially, is the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written or said in another language. （钟述孔）(4)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。

）(Eugene A. Nida, 1984)(5)Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). （翻译是用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。

浙江广播电视大学英语专业(开放本科)《翻译理论与实践》期末复习题型：一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）二、翻译句子。

（每小题3分，共30分）三、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分）四、案例分析题（每小题10分，共10分）一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。

A. 语内翻译B. 语际翻译C. 符际翻译D. 以上选项都正确2. 下面哪个选项是错误的？_________。

A. dry goods：纺织品B．white goods：白色的货物C．white wine：白葡萄酒D．toilet water：花露水3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适？________。

A. 这是特殊报盘，不以我方通常折扣为条件。

B. 这是特惠报盘，我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。

C. 此系特惠报盘，不另加我方通常折扣。

D. 这是特殊报盘，不局限于我们通常折扣。

4．下面哪句话的描述是错误的？________。

A．美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。

B．“动态对等”原则是指，运用交际理论和信息论的原理，将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较，使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。

C．奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。

D．翻译求的是“形式对等”，而非”动态对等”。

5．_________提出了“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。

A．尤金.奈达B．泰特勒C．许渊冲D．鲁迅6. 下面哪个配对是错误的？_____。

A．赤脚医生：barefoot doctor B．纸老虎：paper tigerC．to show one’s cards：摊牌D．大海捞针：look for a needle in seaD B C D C D7.哪句话的描述是正确的？______。

翻译理论与实践黑河学院智慧树知到答案2024年第一章测试1.Молоко бежит, сними его с огня!选择бежит的正确释义：（）A:跑，奔跑B:奔驰，急驶C:延伸, 伸展D:流, 淌；溢出答案:C2.В соревновании все бригады претендуют на первое место.选择претендуют的正确释义：（）A:觊觎B:断言，主张C:声称D:追求，力争答案:D3.Дело не в размерах дарования, а в соблюдении законов искусства —вхудожественной правдивости.选择正确的译文：（）。

A:问题并不在于天赋的大小，而在于是否符合艺术的规律——艺术的真实。

B:问题并不在于天赋的规模，而在于符合艺术的规律——艺术的真实。

C:问题并不在于天赋的高，而在于符合艺术的规律——艺术的真实。

D:问题并不在于天赋的高低，而在于是否符合艺术的规律——艺术的真实。

答案:D4.下列名词与ленинизм翻译方法相同的是：（）A:октябрятаB:баянC:обломовщинаD:танк答案:C5.下列成语翻译恰当的是：（）。

A:лица нет 没脸B:в три ручья 熙熙攘攘C:Дай палец- и локоть откусит. 得寸进尺。

D:Со стороны виднее. 旁观者清。

答案:CD6.校对译文，判断глупенькая翻译是否恰当："Поцелуй же ручку у барина, глупенькая", —сказала ей Арина.“亲亲老爷的手啊，傻丫头”，阿丽娜对她说。

（）A:错 B:对答案:B7.校对译文，判断ни слуху ни духу: как в воду канул翻译是否恰当：Ждал Матюха Гритория месяц, другой, но не было от того ни слуху нидуху: как в воду канул. (Балакин)等马秋赫·格里戈里等了一个月又一个月，可是他却没有任何声音，就像掉进水里一样。

第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。

2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。

3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。

五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。

4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。

5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。

我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。

五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。

1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。

1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。

莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。

他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。

1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。

虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。

当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。

翻译理论与实践作业班级：2011英研：金美学号：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、倒置法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：1）You could be mad as a mad dog at the way things went.你可以像疯狗那样对周围的一切愤愤不平．（出处：电影《返老还童》2） A she sailed into it.在他航行中找到的。

（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）3）Spanzurati it! Place the neck and lathe!吊死她！用绳子勒死她！（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）4）I was told you came to London Thi to find a crew.我听说你到伦敦找一个船员。