西北师范大学2015年《1004法语》攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

西北师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题博士研究生入学考试英语试题考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25％)Section A: Spot DictationDirections: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will he read only once. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage, there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (1)____the learning of English vocabulary. The results were urprising. I'll (2) ____three of them.firstly, most of the stcrdeaats think that (3) ____every word ill English has just one meaning. This is, of course:, completely (4) ____to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will show this. The student will (5) ____find seven or eight meanings listed for (6) ____simple' words.Why, then, have these students made such a mistake:' One reason irnay be that they're .ill (7) ____. students. Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning, and one meaning only. Another reason., of course,could be the way in Which these Student, Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner English. (M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-, on the other sloe, a single \ti'ord in the (Q) native language.'l°he second attitude that (10) ____from the findings isequally mistaken. (11) ____all the students think that every word in English has an exact (12)____equivalent. Again, this is far from the trijth. Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a (13) ____in the student's native languial c. "there are other (l4) ____ill translation which we won't mention here. (:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation (15) ____is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work on this (16) ____failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another (17) ____in the students' thinking. They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they're in a (18) ____to use it correctly. This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly (19) ____for English. The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What, then, is the best way to increase one's vocabulary? This can be answered in threewords-observation, (20) ____and repetition.Section B: Multiple ChoiceDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21. A) It had no efFect on living cells. 13) It had effects on living cells. C) It had effects only on children.I)) It had effects only on adults.22. A) An increasing number of cancers in children.I3) A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C) A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1)) A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23. A) 446. 13) 464. C ) 223. 1))234.24. A) Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R) Because other scientists have not studied his results yet.C.) Because he discovered nodirect link between disease and electricity.D) Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25. A) Health and environment.B) Electric current and the energy field. C) Electricity and cancer.D) Electrical workers and cancer.Section C: Question and AnswerDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard. Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26. Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27. Why do many small town doctors work long hours? 28. What is the growing problem in theUnited States? 29. How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in 1979?30. Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a reward o€5,000 dollar to?Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%),Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receive specialized training, and thisis____A) refused B) discouragedC) denied D) forbidden32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her____A) whirl B) shiftC) shiver D) shake33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have____the task of teaching advanced English tomore than 500 non-English majors.A) inclined B) hesitatedC) afforded D) undertaken34. The press demands that politicians____the sources of their income.A) betray B) concealC) disclose D) renew35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong____A) philosophy B) idealismC) morality D) personality36. One new____to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.A) approach B) solutionC) manner D) road37. To maintain public____is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.A) custom B) confidenceC) security D) simplicity38. All was dark in the district except for a candle____through th curtains in one of houses.A) glimmering B)glitteringC) flaming D) blazing39. One of the stands____and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A) destroyed B) collapsedC) corroded D) ruined40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) ____smile, "Not me!"A) contemptible B) amusingC) contagious D) contemptuous41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is____to argument.A) impervious B) imperceptibleC) impassable D) blunt42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to beA) inquisitive B) impatientC) acquisitive D) informative43. He____between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A) hovered B) lurchedC) wavered D) fluctuated44. We are prepared to satisfy all your____claimA} legitimate B) legibleC) intimate D) legislative45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact____of the English word ' stile'.A) equivalent B) copyC) counterpart D) meaning46. The prizes will be____at the end of the school year.A) distributed B) attributedC) granted D) contributed47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly____by the Italian Ambassador.A) sustained B) maintainedC) retained D) entertained48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality____to us and our friends.A) extended B) expandedC) expended D) awarded49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) ____ way soon, the two countries will certainly go to war.A) amiable B) amicableC) inimical D) unfriendly50, If I may be so____as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A) generous B) humbleC) proud D) bold51. If you take a(n) ____course like her you can learn English in less than two years.A) intensive B) extensiveC) expansive D) retentive52. After a year's hard work I think I am____to a long holiday. 10,A) entailed B) deservedC) entitled D) satisfied53. Thousands of people____from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A) emigrate B) leaveC) abandon D) immigrate54, lie was a member of the Hillary____that conquered Mount Everest.A) mission B) invasionC) experiment D) expedition55. It was my sad duty to____the news of John's death to his family.A) submit B) breakC) say D) proclaim56. He____himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A) discerned B) distinguishedC) discriminated D) extinguished57. She____his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A) inclined B) declinedC) denied D) disinclined58. He was____with attempted robbery and held in custody..A) accused B) prosecutedC) charged D) arrested59. What the witness said in court was not____with the statement he made to the police.A) prevalent B) relevantC) consistent D) coincident60. Molly has always beep a(n) ____child; she becomes ill easily.A) delicate B) gloomyC) energetic D) confident61. There are some very beautifully____glass windows in the church.A) designed B) drawnC) marked D) stained62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n) ____on the wheels of progress.A) obstacle B) brakeC) break D) block63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with____in all departments.A) decreases B) subtractionsC) reductions D) accounts64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is____that he will recover and is treated with sympathy, his painwill often disappear.A) assumed B) assuredC) informed D) proved65: Although most birds have only a____sense of smell, they have acute vision.A} genuine.B) negativeC) negligible D) condensed66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be____with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B) committedC)consigned D) assigned67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to____if you fail in your examination.A) complain B) blameC) mistake D) fault68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go,so the game looked completely____A) irresistible B) irremissibleC} irreplaceable D) irretrievable69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed, for it was____timedwith the plane's take-off.A) spontaneously B) instantaneouslyC} simultaneously D) conscientiously70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to____who hard fired first.A) encounter B) highlightC} testify D) identifyPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate witheach other. He was standing a t the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like theword `More?'The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€ sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words.A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71. The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA) Sagan had turned his backB) it was part of the game they were playingC) he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD) Sagan wanted him to do this72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin haddone, the directorA) didn't seem to think it was unusualB) thought Sagan was jokingC) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD) asked him if he knew other words73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed toA) help them to travel fast in waterB) arrange sounds in different structuresC) respond to different kinds of soundD) communicate with humans through sound74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA) each sound has a different meaningB) each sound is different from the otherC) there is a system of writingD) they have a structure or grammar（2）Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried. I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join anexercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and Davidsometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could always end an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times.I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out ofthe house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn.1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,A) took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB) tool: the same responsibility as her husbandC) took more blame when things went wrongD) felt equally guilty when things went wrong77. Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A) "It was your fault!"B) "Maybe you're right."C) "It's none of your business."D) "It's none of my business."78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA) they hide their feelingsB) they lock themselves in their bedroomC) they have promised not to be mad at each otherD) they dare to face them79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways except A) that they share their free timeB) that they make their decisions togetherC) that they talk to each otherD) that they deal with their troubles together80. The best title for the passage isA) First MarriageB) Second MarriageC) DivorceD) Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to apage of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB) it is more distinguishedC) it is more expensiveD) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA) house for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) real antiques for sale83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements, according to thewriter?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A) They used to be voluntary.B) They used to use display type.C) They were all the same size.D) They were more formal.85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to the writer?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C）Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers. .（4）Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "ChurchTimes" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles, and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly."Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must takesomething yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water.Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of thewhole class. He looked round fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physicsexperiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then. After asking if anyonewas in difficulties, and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything, he retired to hischair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion.86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thievingC) he was cruelD) he believed in strict discipline87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu becauseA) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC) they were afraid of their science mastersD) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like tradersB) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC) they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholicdrink.B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA) the whole class was looking so innocentB) he was a suspicious man by natureC) there was no teacher in the roomD) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could that be?'she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.。

目　录2013年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2014年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2015年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Grammar & Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．Whenever you see an old film, you can’t help being struck by the appearance of the actresses—their hair styles and make-up look dated, their general appearance is in fact slightly _____.A. classicB. fancifulC. derangedD. ludicrous【答案】D【解析】句意：每次看老电影，女演员出场之时，你都会感到很震惊，她们的妆容和发型都过时了，她们的相貌总的来说都有点滑稽。

本题考查的是词义辨析，ludicrous滑稽的；荒唐的，符合题意，故为正确答案。

classic经典的；古典的。

fanciful想象的；稀奇的。

deranged疯狂的；精神错乱的。

2．When an American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient prosperous city on the _____ Ayia Irini, the archaeologists discovered a graceful Goddess.A. promontoryB. outpostC. traitsD. channel【答案】A【解析】句意：当一支美国探险队于阿伊亚•依里尼海角的古城里发现了一座庙宇之时，考古学家发现了一座优雅的女神雕像。

2004年西北师范大学教育技术学硕士研究生试题教育学（－）一．选择题（每题1分，共10分）1．“不愤不启，不悱不发“原则出自于( )。

A 《说文解字》 B《学记》 C《孟子》 D《论语》2．《论演说家的培养》一书是（）的作品。

A 柏拉图 B亚里士多德 C昆体良 D德谟克里特3．最早在大学里开设教育学课程的学者是（）。

A 孔子 B赫尔巴特 C 康德 D 夸美纽斯4．教育实验法一般分为（）三种类型。

A 单组实验法、等组实验法、循环实验法B 现场实验法、课堂实验法、学校实验法C 设计实验法、理论实验法、假设实验法D 物理实验法、心理实验法、教学实验法5．主张活动课程论的教育家是（）。

A 斯宾塞、赫尔巴特 B杜威、克伯屈 C洛克、斯宾塞 D卢梭、赫尔巴特6．“学科结构运动“的倡导者是美国著名的教育家（）。

A T．W．舒尔茨B S．布鲁纳C 斯金纳D 奥苏贝尔7．“教学与发展实验“是由前苏联教育家（）倡导的。

A 凯诺夫 B赞科夫 C苏霍姆林斯基 D 马卡连科8．终身教育是法国教育家（）于二十世纪六十年代提出的。

A 朗格朗 B马斯洛 C 泰勒 D 福科9．后现代主义课程论的主要代表人物是（）A 博比特B E．多尔C 斯腾豪斯D 泰勒10．学生的思想品德结构是由（）构成。

A 政治立场、思想观点、道德品质 B人生观、世界观、价值观C 知、情、意、行 D思想观点、道德品质、心理健康二．名词解释：（每题8分，共40分）课程个体内差异评价法教育制度陶冶学习理论三．简答题：（每题10分，共60分）1．马克思主义教育的基本观点有哪些？2．世界课程政策的发展趋势是什么？3．应如何进一步改革我国现行学校教育制度？4．当代“教学“的新观念是什么？5．我国中小学德育内容有哪些？6．美育的任务是什么？四．论述题：（每题20分，共40分）1．随着教育改革的深入和素质教育的全面推进，要求从根本上转变学生的学习方式。

结合我国家基础教育课程改革，谈谈你对学习方式及从根本上转变学生的学习方式问题的认识。

西北师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试业务课试题适用专业名称：学科教学、教育管理、小学教育、学前教育、现代教育技术、科学与技术教育、心理健康教育考试科目名称：教育综合科目代码：333注意：1、请将答案直接做到答题纸上，做在试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。

2、除答题纸上规定的位置外，不得在卷面上出现姓名、考生编号或其他标志，否则按违纪处理。

一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准2、德育3、分斋教学法4、生活教育理论5、导生制6、恩物7、元认知8、品德二，简答题（每题10分，共80分）1、简述颜元对学校教育的改革。

2、夸美纽斯在教育学上的地位和贡献。

3、怎样培养学生的学习动机。

4、学校心里健康教育的途径。

5、学记的教学原则。

6、学校管理的发展趋势。

7、列举中小学常见的教学方法。

8、文艺复兴时期教育特点。

三，论述题（每题，15分，共30分）1、材料：黑龙江某学校的班主任在教师节期间向学生索要礼物，被曝光。

据此分析教师应该具有的品德。

2、学校教育在人的发展中起什么作用？为什么？2015年西北师范大学333教育综合真题答案一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准【解析】课程标准是依照课程计划的要求，每门学科以纲要的形式编定的、有关学科教学内容的指导性文件。

它规定某门学科的性质与地位，是教材编写、教学、评估与考试命题的依据，是国家管理与评价课程的基础。

编写课程标准是课程开发的重要步骤。

课程标准的结构：说明部分、课程目标部分、内容标准部分、课程实施建议部分。

2、德育【解析】德育的概念有广义和狭义之分，广义的德育是指教育者根据一定社会的要求和受教育者身心发展的规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的政治素质、思想素质、道德素质、法律素质等，以促使他们成为合格的社会成员的过程。

它包括政治教育、思想教育、道德教育和法律教育。

狭义的德育专指道德教育。

教育者根据一定历史时期社会的道德要求和个体的品德心理发展规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的道德素质，使他们具有正确的道德观念、丰富的道德情感、坚强的道德意志、热切的道德观念和较高的道德实践能力，不断提升他们的道德境界的教育过程。

博士研究生二外法语试题（A卷）姓名: _______ 专业: _______学号: _______ 成绩: _______I. Cochez sur la fiche la réponse exacte.1. Je ne comprendrai ____ comment de telles sottises peuvent te faire rire! (B)A. toujoursB. jamaisC. encoreD. longtemps2. En le retrouvant parmi les suivants, sa femme s’est ____ de joie. (C)A. exclamerB. exclaméC. exclaméeD. exclamaite3. L’Assemblée peut être ____ par lè président. (C)A. dissolueB. dissolveC. dissouteD. dissoudre4. Je dors ____ depuis que j’ai déménagé. (D)A. le mieuxB. meilleurC. le meilleurD. mieux5. ____ je ne serais pas à l’heure, commencez à préparer repas. (A)A. Au cas oùB. QuandC. LorsqueD. Tandis que6. Dites-nous ____ cette information est bien exacte! (C)A. est-ce queB. queC. siD. comme7. Un vagabond marche seul dans une rue de Londres ____ une triste nuit d’hiver.A. enB. surC. pendantD. par8. Je m’entends bien mai ntenant avec mes grands-parents, mais quand j’étais jeune, ____. (C)A. je leur obéissaisB. je ne les obéissais jamaisC. je ne leur obéissais jamaisD. je n’y obéissait jamais9. Les sociaux ____ garderont des positions ____ dans le gouvernement. (A)A. démocrates; clefsB. démocrate; clefC. démocrate; clefsD. démocrates; clef10. Cette jupe te va bien; elle est de la couleur de ____ yeux. (B)A. tonB. tesC. vosD. votreII. Complétez les phrases suivantes avec les termes convenables.1. La marchandise doit être livrée en huit jours.2. Ce sont des dépenses de première nécessité.3. Le passeport est valable jusque ’au 12 juillet 2005.4. Une dizaine de personnes l’entouraient.5. Soyez respectueux comme doivent l’ être les enfants bien élevés.6. On ne vend pas d’ essence ici.7. Celui qui n’a pas de volonte est semblable à un vaisseau sans gouvernail.8. Vous devez traverser au feu vert.9. En le voyant, elle a été saisie d’un fol espoir.10. Nous avons assez de temps pour vous aider.11. Elle a oublé ce dont nous avons parlé ce jour-là.12. J’aime bien cette ville où beaucoup de grands hommes sont nés, ont vécu et sontmorts.13. Le sujet sur lequel elle travail est passionnant.14. Ce june homme a une qualité remarquable, celle de réfléchir bien avant d’agir.15. Le lac près duquel nous habitons est plein de poisons.16. C’est ce à quoi nous songeons.17. Les exercices que tu fais sont moins difficiles que les miens.18. J’aime bien la Bretaghe. Nous y passons toutes nos vacances.19. Aujourd’hui, c’est la fête nationale, on rentre chez soi pour passer quelques joursfériés.20. Elle fait beaucoup d’efforts pour être médecin. Elle le sera.III. Complétez les phrases suivantes en mettant les verbes au temps et au mode convenables.1. Son père lui ordonna (revenir) de revenir sur ses pas.2. Elle préfère ne pas (coucher) se coucher trop tard.3. Les vêtements (acheter) ayant été achetés pendant les soldes ne pourrons pas êtrerepris.4. Tu es gentil de m’aider, mais (attendre) attends, il faut que je vérifie si j’ai bien tout.5. Les enfants (porter) portant leurs cartables sont entrés dans la classe.6. La musique classique qu’ils m’ont (faire) fait écouter l’autre jour les intéressebeaucoup.7. La revue que je (emprunter) (j') ai empruntée lundi dernier est très intéressante.8. L'aéroport de Shanghai reçoit un grand nombre de voyageurs (venir) venant dedifférents pays du monde.9. Il a été renversé par une voiture (traverser) en traversant la rue.10. (Négliger) Ayant négligé de prendre un billet trois jours à l'avance, il n'a pas eu deplace dans le train.IV. Compréhension écriteTEXTE ALe bonheur de la vie de familleChaque matin, mon fils Jacques se réveille en premier et prend son petit -déjeuner à sept heures. Pour l'instant , la maison est encore calme. Puis, mon mari, Edgar, se lève. Dès qu' il entre dans la cuisine, il allume la radio parce qu'il aime écouter les actualités. Mais Jacques n'est pas d'accord. Il préfère boire son café et lire le journal dans le calme et la tranquillité. Alors, la dispute quotidienne entre le père et le fils commence.Au premier étage, on peut entendre ma belle-fille -la femme de Jacques- crier après ses deux enfants, Félix et Jeannette, parce qu'ils vont être en retard s'ils ne se lèvent pas tout de suite.Ensuite mon second fils Robert, qui est au chômage , sort de sa chambre très en colère car il y a trop de bruit et il ne peut pas faire la grasse matinée . Donc, il prend ses cigarettes et quitte la maison avec notre chien Snoby.Puis, comme d'habitude, mon petit-fils Félix s'énerve car il ne peut pas se laver les dents : sa soeur a la mauvaise habitude de passer beaucoup de temps dans la salle de bains. Il se demande si elle va au lycée pour draguer les garçons ou pour passer lebaccalauréat .Eh bien moi, pendant ce temps , je prends ma tasse de thé et je m'installe dans le salon pour regarder la télé ; mais, parfois, il y a tellement de bruit dans cette maison que je suis obligée de monter le volume au maximum. Vous savez, à mon age, on n'entend plus très bien !Questions：1．Qui raconte l'histoire ? （B）A) la tanteB) la grand-mèreC) la voisineD) la cousine2. Chaque matin, Jacques se dispute avec son père : （B）A) car Jacques n'aime pas les actualitésB) car Jacques aime prendre son petit-déjeuner dans le calmeC) car Edgar veut lire son journalD) car Edgar aime chanter à la radio3. La mère crie après ses enfants : (C)A) parce que Félix et Jeannette se lèvent trop tôtB) parce que Jeannette se dispute avec son frèreC) parce qu'ils vont être en retardD) parce que le petit-déjeuner est prêt4. Robert est : (C)A) le cousin de Félix et JeannetteB) leur pèreC) leur oncleD) le beau-frère d'Edgar5. Robert quitte la maison parce que : (B)A) il veut acheter le journalB) il ne peut pas dormir à cause du bruitC) il doit promener le chienD) il veut fumer une cigarette6. A votre avis, quel âge a Jeannette ? (C)A) 8-10 ansB) 12-14 ansC) 17-18 ansD) 25-30 ans7. Félix n'est pas content car : (B)A) il ne sait pas se laver les dentsB) il ne peut pas utiliser la salle de bainsC) sa soeur aime draguer les garçons au lycéeD) il va être en retard8. La grand-mère s'installe dans le salon : (C)A) pour boire son café et regarder la télévisionB) pour boir e son thé et faire un jeu vidéoC) pour boire son thé et regarder la téléD) pour se reposer9. La grand-mère monte le volume du son de la télé car : (B)A) elle est folle et ne voit plus très bienB) elle est sourde et il y a trop de bruitC) elle n'arrive pas à dormirD) c'est son programme de télévision préféré10. A votre avis, quels adjectifs correspondent à cette (drôle de) famille ? (A)A) nombreuse et bruyanteB) nombreuse et calmeC) joyeuse et organiséeD) triste et sérieuseTEXTE BInvitation en BourgogneMademoiselle Juliette Lambert14, avenue des MimosasBeaune, le 30 mars 1998.Ma chère Juliette,Je suis très heureux de te confirmer que mes parents sont enfin d'accord : ils t' invitent dans notre résidence secondaire en Bourgogne pour les prochaines vacances. Si tu acceptes, tu vas découvrir cette belle région et ses vignobles , goûter les meilleurs vins, apprécier la cuisine bourguignonne – notre gastronomie est très réputée.On va pouvoir également faire des excursions, visiter une usine et voir comment on fabrique la fameuse moutarde de Dijon. Il ne faut pas non plus oublier les balades dans les ruelles du vieux quartier de la ville, ni la possibilité de mieux connaître l'histoire car nous avons beaucoup de monuments.J'attends ta réponse avec impatience et espère te revoir très bientôt.Bien amicalement,PierreQuestions：1. Pierre est heureux parce que : (B)A) il aime JulietteB) il habite en BourgogneC) ses parents invitent Juliette2 . Juliette va rencontrer Pierre : (B)A) dans un hôtelB) dans sa maison de vacancesC) dans sa maison, en ville3 . Pierre espère que : (A)A) Juliette va accepterB) Juliette va refuserC) Juliette va écrire4 . Combien de régions y a-t-il en France ? (B)A) 15B) 22C) 385 . Juliette va aller en Bourgogne : (C)A) pour la dernière foisB) pour la deuxième foisC) pour la première fois6 . Comment s'écrit le verbe 'apprécier' au présent, 1ère personne du pluriel ? (B)A) nous appréçonsB) nous apprécionsC) nous appréçons7 . Quel est le mot qu'on ne doit pas utiliser avec le verbe 'visiter' ? (B)A) un muséeB) un amiC) une usine8 . Chassez le mot intrus : (C)A) la moutardeB) le ketchupC) le vin9 . Dans ' il ne faut pas ', l'infinitif de ' faut ' est : (B)A) fauterB) falloirC) fautir10 . Quel adjectif est le contraire de ' vieux ' ? (C)A) agéB) ancienC) recentV. Traduisez les phrases suivants en chinois.1. On va jouer du Beethoven.【大家将演奏贝多芬的作品。

博士研究生二外法语试题（A卷）姓名: _______ 专业: _______学号: _______ 成绩: _______I. Cochez sur la fiche la réponse exacte.1. Je ne comprendrai ____ comment de telles sottises peuvent te faire rire! (B)A. toujoursB. jamaisC. encoreD. longtemps2. En le retrouvant parmi les suivants, sa femme s’est ____ de joie. (C)A. exclamerB. exclaméC. exclaméeD. exclamaite3. L’Assemblée peut être ____ par lè président. (C)A. dissolueB. dissolveC. dissouteD. dissoudre4. Je dors ____ depuis que j’ai déménagé. (D)A. le mieuxB. meilleurC. le meilleurD. mieux5. ____ je ne serais pas à l’heure, commencez à préparer repas. (A)A. Au cas oùB. QuandC. LorsqueD. Tandis que6. Dites-nous ____ cette information est bien exacte! (C)A. est-ce queB. queC. siD. comme7. Un vagabond marche seul dans une rue de Londres ____ une triste nuit d’hiver.A. enB. surC. pendantD. par8. Je m’entends bien mai ntenant avec mes grands-parents, mais quand j’étais jeune, ____. (C)A. je leur obéissaisB. je ne les obéissais jamaisC. je ne leur obéissais jamaisD. je n’y obéissait jamais9. Les sociaux ____ garderont des positions ____ dans le gouvernement. (A)A. démocrates; clefsB. démocrate; clefC. démocrate; clefsD. démocrates; clef10. Cette jupe te va bien; elle est de la couleur de ____ yeux. (B)A. tonB. tesC. vosD. votreII. Complétez les phrases suivantes avec les termes convenables. marchandise doit être livrée en huit jours.2.Ce sont des dépenses de première nécessité.3.Le passeport est valable jusque ’au 12 juillet 2005.4.Une dizaine de personnes l’entouraient.5.Soyez respectueux comme doivent l’être les enfants bien élevés.6.On ne vend pas d’ essence ici.7.Celui qui n’a pas de volonte est semblable à un vaisseau sans gouvernail.8.Vous devez traverser au feu vert.9.En le voyant, elle a été saisie d’un fol espoir.10.Nous avons assez de temps pour vous aider.11.Elle a oublé ce dont nous avons parlé ce jour-là.12.J’aime bien cette ville oùbeaucoup de grands hommes sont nés, ont vécuet sont morts.13.Le sujet sur lequel elle travail est passionnant.14.Ce june homme a une qualité remarquable, celle de réfléchir bien avantd’agir.15.Le lac près duquel nous habitons est plein de poisons.16.C’est ce à quoi nous songeons.17.Les exercices que tu fais sont moins difficiles que les miens.18.J’aime bien la Bretaghe. Nous y passons toutes nos vacances.19.Aujourd’hui, c’est la fête nationale, on rentre chez soi pour passerquelques jours fériés.20.Elle fait beaucoup d’efforts pour être médecin. Elle le sera.III. Complétez les phrases suivantes en mettant les verbes au temps et au mode convenables.1.Son père lui ordonna (revenir) de revenir sur ses pas.2.Elle préfère ne pas (coucher) se coucher trop tard.3.Les vêtements (acheter) ayant été achetés pendant les soldes ne pourronspas être repris.4.Tu es gentil de m’aider, mais (attendre) attends, il faut que je vérifie si j’aibien tout.5.Les enfants (porter) portant leurs cartables sont entrés dans la classe. musique classique qu’ils m’ont (faire) fait écouter l’autre jour lesintéresse beaucoup. revue que je (emprunter) (j') ai empruntée lundi dernier est trèsintéressante.8.L'aéroport de Shanghai reçoit un grand nombre de voyageurs (venir)venant de différents pays du monde.9.Il a été renversé par une voiture (traverser) en traversant la rue.10.(Négliger) Ayant négligé de pren dre un billet trois jours à l'avance, il n'apas eu de place dans le train.IV. Compréhension écriteTEXTE ALe bonheur de la vie de familleChaque matin, mon fils Jac ques se réveille en premier et prend son petit -déjeuner à sept heures. Pour l'instant , la maison est encore calme. Puis, mon mari, Edgar, se lève. Dès qu' il entre dans la cuisine, il allume la radio parce qu'il aime écouter les actualités. Mais Jacques n'est pas d'accord. Il préfère boire son café et lire le journal dans le calme et la tranquillité. Alors, la dispute quotidienne entre le père et le fils commence.Au premier étage, on peut entendre ma belle-fille -la femme de Jacques- crier après ses deux enfants, Félix et Jeannette, parce qu'ils vont être en retard s'ils ne se lèvent pas tout de suite.Ensuite mon second fils Robert, qui est au chômage , sort de sa chambre très en colère car il y a trop de bruit et il ne peut pas faire la grasse matinée . Donc, il prend ses cigarettes et quitte la maison avec notre chien Snoby.Puis, comme d'habitude, mon petit-fils Félix s'énerve car il ne peut pas se laver les dents : sa soeur a la mauvaise habitude de passer beaucoup de temps dans la salle de bains. Il se demande si elle va au lycée pour draguer les garçons ou pour passer le baccalauréat .Eh bien moi, pendant ce temps , je prends ma tasse de thé et je m'installe dans le salon pour regarder la télé ; mais, parf ois, il y a tellement de bruit dans cette maison que je suis obligée de monter le volume au maximum. Vous savez, à mon age, on n'entend plus très bien !Questions：1．Qui raconte l'histoire ? （B）A) la tanteB) la grand-mèreC) la voisineD) la cousine2. Chaque matin, Jacques se dispute avec son père : （B）A) car Jacques n'aime pas les actualitésB) car Jacques aime prendre son petit-déjeuner dans le calmeC) car Edgar veut lire son journalD) car Edgar aime chanter à la radio3. La mère crie après ses enfants : (C)A) parce que Félix et Jeannette se lèvent trop tôtB) parce que Jeannette se dispute avec son frèreC) parce qu'ils vont être en retardD) parce que le petit-déjeuner est prêt4. Robert est : (C)A) le cousin de Félix et Jeanne tteB) leur pèreC) leur oncleD) le beau-frère d'Edgar5. Robert quitte la maison parce que : (B)A) il veut acheter le journalB) il ne peut pas dormir à cause du bruitC) il doit promener le chienD) il veut fumer une cigarette6. A votre av is, quel âge a Jeannette ? (C)A) 8-10 ansB) 12-14 ansC) 17-18 ansD) 25-30 ans7. Félix n'est pas content car : (B)A) il ne sait pas se laver les dentsB) il ne peut pas utiliser la salle de bainsC) sa soeur aime draguer les garçons au lycéeD) il va être en retard8. La grand-mère s'installe dans le salon : (C)A) pour boire son café et regarder la télévisionB) pour boir e son thé et faire un jeu vidéoC) pour boire son thé et regarder la téléD) pour se reposer9. La grand-mère monte le volume du son de la télé car : (B)A) elle est folle et ne voit plus très bienB) elle est sourde et il y a trop de bruitC) elle n'arrive pas à dormirD) c'est son programme de télévision préféré10. A votre avis, quels adjectifs correspondent à cette (drôle de) famille ? (A)A) nombreuse et bruyanteB) nombreuse et calmeC) joyeuse et organiséeD) triste et sérieuseTEXTE BInvitation en BourgogneMademoiselle Juliette Lambert14, avenue des MimosasBeaune, le 30 mars 1998.Ma chère Ju liette,Je suis très heureux de te confirmer que mes parents sont enfin d'accord : ils t' invitent dans notre résidence secondaire en Bourgogne pour les prochaines vaca nces. Si tu acceptes, tu vas découvrir cette belle région et ses vignobles , goûter les meilleurs vins, apprécier la cuisine bourguignonne –notre gastronomie est très réputée.On va pouvoir également faire des excursions, visiter une usine et voir comment on fabrique la fameuse moutarde de Dijon. Il ne faut pas non plusoublier les balades dans les ruelles du vieux quartier de la ville, ni la possibilité de mieux connaître l'histoire car nous avons beaucoup de monuments.J'attends ta réponse avec impatience et espère te revoir très bientôt.Bien amicalement,PierreQuestions：1. Pierre est heureux parce que : (B)A) il aime JulietteB) il habite en BourgogneC) ses parents invitent Juliette2 . Juliette va rencontrer Pierre : (B)A) dans un hôtelB) dans sa maison de vacancesC) dans sa maison, en ville3 . Pierre espère que : (A)A) Juliette va accepterB) Juliette va refuserC) Juliette va écrire4 . Combien de régions y a-t-il en France ? (B)A) 15B) 22C) 385 . Juliette va aller en Bourgogne : (C)A) pour la dernière foisB) pour la deuxième foisC) pour la première fois6 . Comment s'écrit le verbe 'apprécier' au présent, 1ère personne du pluriel ?(B)A) nous appréçonsB) nous apprécionsC) nous appréçons7 . Quel est le mot qu'on ne doit pas utiliser avec le verbe 'visiter' ? (B)A) un muséeB) un amiC) une usine8 . Chassez le mot intrus : (C)A) la moutardeB) le ketchupC) le vin9 . Dans ' il ne faut pas ', l'infinitif de ' faut ' est : (B)A) fauterB) falloirC) fautir10 . Quel adjectif est le contraire de ' vieux ' ? (C)A) agéB) ancienC) recentV. Traduisez les phrases suivants en chinois.1. On va jouer du Beethoven.【大家将演奏贝多芬的作品。

西北师范大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《教育综合》试题
考试科目名称：教育综合科目代码：333
考试日期：2012年1月日
(答案一律做在答题纸上，做在试题上无效) (试题共2页)
一、概念解释(每小题5分，共30分)
1．教育目的
2．发现法
3．课程
4．教师专业发展
5．骑士教育
6．朱子读书法
二、简答题(每小题10分，共40分)
1．简述马斯洛需要层次理论以及对教育的启示。

2。

简述教育的文化功能。

3．简述学校教育制度确立的依据。

4．简答“百日维新”中的教育改革措施。

三、论述题(每小题20分，共80分)
1．有研究根据教师的领导方式将教师分为强制专断型、仁慈专断型、放任自流型和民主型，如果你是一名教师，你会选择哪种领导方式对待学生，为什么?
2．论述贺拉斯·曼的教育思想。

3．《学记》中的主要教学原则有哪些，试对其进行简要阐述。

4．说明建构主义的基本观点及其对教育改革的意义。

西北师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试业务课试题适用专业名称：学科教学、教育管理、小学教育、学前教育、现代教育技术、科学与技术教育、心理健康教育考试科目名称：教育综合科目代码：333注意：1、请将答案直接做到答题纸上，做在试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。

2、除答题纸上规定的位置外，不得在卷面上出现姓名、考生编号或其他标志，否则按违纪处理。

一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准2、德育3、分斋教学法4、生活教育理论5、导生制6、恩物7、元认知8、品德二，简答题（每题10分，共80分）1、简述颜元对学校教育的改革。

2、夸美纽斯在教育学上的地位和贡献。

3、怎样培养学生的学习动机。

4、学校心里健康教育的途径。

5、学记的教学原则。

6、学校管理的发展趋势。

7、列举中小学常见的教学方法。

8、文艺复兴时期教育特点。

三，论述题（每题，15分，共30分）1、材料：黑龙江某学校的班主任在教师节期间向学生索要礼物，被曝光。

据此分析教师应该具有的品德。

2、学校教育在人的发展中起什么作用？为什么？2015年西北师范大学333教育综合真题答案一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准【解析】课程标准是依照课程计划的要求，每门学科以纲要的形式编定的、有关学科教学内容的指导性文件。

它规定某门学科的性质与地位，是教材编写、教学、评估与考试命题的依据，是国家管理与评价课程的基础。

编写课程标准是课程开发的重要步骤。

课程标准的结构：说明部分、课程目标部分、内容标准部分、课程实施建议部分。

2、德育【解析】德育的概念有广义和狭义之分，广义的德育是指教育者根据一定社会的要求和受教育者身心发展的规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的政治素质、思想素质、道德素质、法律素质等，以促使他们成为合格的社会成员的过程。

它包括政治教育、思想教育、道德教育和法律教育。

狭义的德育专指道德教育。

教育者根据一定历史时期社会的道德要求和个体的品德心理发展规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的道德素质，使他们具有正确的道德观念、丰富的道德情感、坚强的道德意志、热切的道德观念和较高的道德实践能力，不断提升他们的道德境界的教育过程。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。