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《英国文学历史回顾》刘炳善中文版.doc 英国文学历史回顾
英国文学历史可以追溯到数千年前的古代时期。
英国文学的发展经历了不同的时期和风格的变迁，展现出了丰富的文学作品和深远的影响。
古代文学
古代英国文学主要包括口头传统和民间文学。
这些作品多以诗歌形式表达，内容涉及神话、传说、英雄故事等。
其中最著名的是《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
文艺复兴时期
文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时代。
此时期的作品具有艺术性和人文主义思想。
最著名的作家包括威廉·莎士比亚、克里斯托弗·马洛等。
18世纪启蒙运动
18世纪启蒙运动时期，英国文学开始关注理性、自由和人权等议题。
这一时期的代表作家有约翰·洛克、詹姆斯·汤姆逊等。
现代主义和后现代主义
20世纪是英国文学发展的重要时期。
现代主义和后现代主义兴起，文学风格多样化。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、T·S·艾略特等作家的作品影响深远。
当代文学
现代英国文学多样性和包容性逐渐增强。
不少作家关注社会问题，作品涉及各个领域。
此时期的代表作家有J·K·罗琳等。
英国文学历史回顾展示了英国文学的发展脉络和多样性。
每个时期都有其独特的特点和思想价值，为我们提供了深度思考和欣赏的机会。
以上是对英国文学历史回顾的简要介绍，希望对您有所帮助。
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI。
Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫：the national epic of the Anglo—SaxonsEpic： long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated。
e。
g。
Homer's Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features：ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration： a rhetorical device， meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement： expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340（?)~1400（首创“双韵体"，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父"。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》.)The father of English poetry。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学简史》是刘炳善教授所著的一本英国文学史专业书籍，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的英国文学发展历程。
本书在中文读者中具有广泛影响和较高的学术价值。
本书主要分为三个部分，第一部分是中世纪的英国文学，主要包括由传说和史诗构成的古代英格兰文学、以基督教为主题的中世纪文学和由英法文学相互影响形成的中古英语文学。
其中，史诗《贝奥武夫》、《绿骑士》等被视为中世纪英国文学的杰作，为之后的文学创作提供了丰富的源泉。
第二部分是文艺复兴时期的英国文学，这一时期英国文学经历了以人文主义为特色的文艺复兴，文学形式更加多样化和精致化。
该时期的代表作品有《十四行诗》、《伊丽莎白一世》和《尤里西斯》等。
另外，威廉·莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期英国最杰出的文学家之一，他的戏剧作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出与研究。
第三部分是现代英国文学，该时期从19世纪末开始，这一时期的文学形式多元化、题材广泛，代表作品有狄更斯的《双城记》、王尔德的《道林·格雷的画像》、毛姆的《月亮与六便士》等。
而且，20世纪的英国文学家更加注重试验和探索，如乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》、沃尔夫的《海浪》、休斯的《鹰》等。
整本书对英国文学的演进和发展进行了详细而全面的描述，准确地呈现了英国文学的核心价值和独特魅力。
在中文读者中，该书被视为英国文学史研究的经典之作，为英国文学爱好者和专业学者提供了绝佳的参考资料。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21：00第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学第一章：英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21:00第一部分:早期和中世纪英国文学第一章:英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生 Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（Volpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学复习要点（教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》英国文学复习要点（教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》）Part One: Early and Medieval 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.*2. Romance （名词解释）(1).The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval romance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2).A long composition describing the life and adventures ofa noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3).One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.The Nature of the Romance:(4). The Nature of the Romance:Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feudal morality.The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle.The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.*3. Piers the Plowman. Over 7000 lines, written by William Langland.*4. Ballad民谣（名词解释）1.A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. The story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, s with graphic simplicity and force. suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.2.the subjects of Ballad:(1) the struggle of young lovers who are fight against the feudalism(2) the conflict between love and wealth(3) the cruelty of jealousy(4) the criticism of the civil war(5) the matters of class struggles. 5. Character of Robin Hood1.Robin Hood--- A legendary English hero of many ballads, who robbed the rich to give to the poor; a popular model of courage, generosity and justice.2. strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted, affectionate. Hatred to the cruel oppressors, love for the poor and the downtrodden *6. Geoffrey Chaucer桥搜: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.Troditional form for english poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentameter.8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and itssignificance.*9. Renaissance（名词解释）1. a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.*10.Thomas More——Utopia*11. Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.In 1609 appeared Shakespeare’s sonnets.The Sonnets were written over a number of years, probably beginning in the early 1590s.12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets) Spenserian Stanza （名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almost certainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima. Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene. John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St. Agnes.*14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）*16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家。
《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题第1章早期和中世纪的英国文学1.1 复习笔记早期英国文学Early English LiteratureⅠ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成）1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）A. Brief Introduction（简介）Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。
直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。
公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。
B. Influence（影响）①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).③Roman road was built for military purposes.④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。
English Literature HistoryOld and Medieval English LiteratureOld English Literature (mid-4th C-mid 11th C)Language: Anglo-Saxon (old English)Society: tribal society~feudalismBelief: Christianity (7th C)Literature: poetryRomance 冒险故事，传奇: knightfamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfthe earliest literaturethe national epic (叙事史诗) of the English people (Anglo-Saxons)Denmark storyalliteration, metaphors, understatements 保守的说法Medieval English Literature (1066-the end of 14th C)Norman conquest-Feudalismstyles:romancelegendstorypoemsMessenger of humannism;Founder of English realism;Father of English poetry;Master of Modern English languages;Pioneer of English Renaissance.representative writersWilliam LanglandPiers the Plowman 耕者皮尔斯a picture of feudal English (over 7000 lines)in the form of a dream visionusing symbolism (to relate truth)Geoffery ChaucerIntroductionIn English literature history, London dialect was first used towrite.Achievements :Founder of English RealismThe Father of English PoetryMessenger of humanismFounder & Master of modern English languagePioneer of the English RenaissanceThe Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集the 1st time to use "heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)" by middleEnglish124 stories panned but 24 finished and 2 unfinishedThe English RenaissanceRenaissance: 14th C-17th C, English Renaissance: 15th C-17th C.Literary Features:translation works (French/Italian/Lation/Greek)poetryadventurous storiesdramaprose writingCharacteristics:Keen interests and curiosity for classicsAspiration for humanity, humanism is the key note of Renaissance.Utopia: an ideal communist societySir Philip Sidney: a poet and critic poetryAstrophel and Stella, Apology for poetryWalter RaleighDiscovery of GuianaEdmund Spenser (1552-1599)The Faerie Queen 仙后 (written for Queen Elizabeth)The Shepherd Calendar (modern English)Francis BaconThe founder of English materialist/modern science in English.The first essayistOf StudiesThe wording of this essay is elegant with parallelstructures and long sentences. It shows Bacon's greattalent in language and offers many proverbs.New InstrumentHe even invented the fridge.Advance of LearningWilliam ShakespeareMain Features:realistic writingimitation and adaptationdeversifies writing skills and methods: song, sonnet, coupletand blank verseFour Great ComediesA Midsummer Night's DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like ItTwelfth NightFour Great TragediesMacbethKing LearHamletOthelloThe English Bourgeois Revolution (Transitional Period)John Milton三大史诗 epicsParadise Lost (1667): blank verse. Plots originated from Old Testament旧约Theme: a revolt against God's authorityParadise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671): poetical dramaComments about himpolitical in both his life and his artwrote the greatest epic in English literaturemaster of the blank versegreat stylisthas always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majestry ofexpressionJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim's Progress 朝圣之路: a religious allegory but like real personwritten in prison because of his exclusive reading of the BibleJohn Donnefamous for peculiar conceits 妙喻Founder of the Metaphysical schoolFeatures of the school:philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange imagesJohn DrydenRestoration Literature (1660-1788) 复辟时期a period of reaction and degenerationpwith the restoration of the Stuart monarchy 斯图亚特王朝, a whiteterror set in. Some of the revolutionary leaders were cruelly executed,and Puritans indiscriminately [不分清红皂白] repressed.Forerunner of the Classicism in Britain (in Restoration Period)All for Love (a tragedy)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (literary criticism)18th Century English Literature (the end of 17th C-18th C [1798], the Enlightment Intellectual Movement-Bourgeois Movement)Steel and AddisonRichard SteeleThe Tatlerstyleshumour, intimacy, eleganceJoseph AddisonThe SpectatorDifferent from the version today, this newspaper applied series ofvirtual figures as writers to publish their essays.Their contributionsTheir writings afford a new code social morality for the risingbourgeoisie.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18thIn the hands of Addison and Steele,the English essay had completelyestablished its as a literary genre. Using it as a form of charactersketching and storytelling, they ushered 开启 in the dawn of modernEnglish novel.Neo-ClassicismAlexander PopeworksEssay on CriticismEssays on ManThe Rape of LockThe DunciadcommentsAn outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of theclassical school in the first half of the 18th century.A diligent reader.He style depends on his great patience in elaborating his art.The most important representative of English classical poetry.RealismThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature.Jonathan SwiftworksGulliver's Travels (satire)Lilliput 小人国 → British government/partiesBrobdingnag 大人国 → British policies+political and regionalmeasuresLaputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan →philosopher, scientist, inventor, critic and historianThe Country of the Houghnhnms → wars, hypocrisy of thelawA Modest Proposal (irony)The Battle of Books 书战A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 (parable)The Drapper's Letters 一个麻布商的书信Daniel DefoeForerunner of English realistic novelRobinson CrusoeThe prototype of the early black slaves, the budding ofcolonialism. [早期黑奴的原型，殖民主义的萌芽]Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisie at theearlier stage of its development.Henry FieldingFounder of English realistic novel.He set up the theory of realism in literary creation.Father of the English novel.stylesIn a series of letters, in the mouth of the principal characterdirectly by the author.Satire (Humorous satire and grim satire)Belief in the educational function of novel.worksJoseph AndrewsJonathan WildTom JonesSamuel RichardsonPamela——the first epistolary [书信的] novelSmolletRoderick Random (a picaresque novel 流浪汉小说)Pererine PickleHunphry ClinkerSentimentalismA transitional form of writingemphasize too much emotion rather than reasonoptimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanity RepresentativesLaurence SterneTristram ShandyRichard SheridanThe School of ScandalSamuel JohnsonDictionaryLetter to Lord Chesterfieldthe writer's declaration of independenceOliver Goldsmithpoem——heroic coupletThe TravellerThe Deserted VillagenovelThe Vicar of Wakefield(sentimental novel)comedyThe Good-Natured ManShe Stoops to ConquerThe Citizen of the WorldEdward GibbonThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*Thomas GrayA representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets墓园派诗人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardsentimenal poetry <the best poem ever had in Britain>Pre-romanticismin the latter of the 18th centuryrepresentativesRobert Burnsa pre-romantic/a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of 19th CworksSong of InnocenceSongs of Experiencethe contrast: the world: light, harmony, peace and love → thepower of evil, the great misery and pain of the people's lifeconcise in the use of language, mysteriouswriting stylesemphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality,showing revolutionary passion against classical tradtition,followed by ShelleyWilliam Blakea great Scottish national poetworksA Red Red RoseAuld Lang Synefeatures of writingScottish dialecta poet of peasant and Scotish peopleplain languageinfluence from Scottish folk songs and balladsmusical quality of his poems19th Century English Literature (Industrial Revolution[内]/FrenchRevolution[外]/Independence of the US[背景])Romanticism: Romantic Movement (Lyrical Ballads, 1798)*William WordsworthThemes of his worksnature and common people's livesLyrical Balladsis a starting point and a manifesto of romaticism period inBritain.The PreludeI Wandered Lonely as A CloudTo the CuckooLines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey5 "I"s in RomanticismimaginationintuitionidealisminspirationindividualitySamuel Taylor ColeridgeTheme: supernaturalworksThe Rime of the Ancient MarinerKubla Khan*George Gordeon ByronworksDon JuanChilde Harold's Pilgrimage (Spenserian Stanza)commentsByron is a leading romanticist. His verse was easy,fluent andnatural beauty. Byron's diction, though unequal and frequentlyfaulty, has on the whole of freedom, copiousness and vigor. Hisdescriptions are simple and fresh and often bring vivid objectsbefore the reader. Byron's poetry employed the Ottra Rima fromItalian mock-heroic poetry.*Percy ShelleyworksQueen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unboundlyrical dramaIt is different from the Greek myth, and the difference has aspecial meaning.Ode to the West Wind 西风颂*John KeatsworksOde to AutumnOde on a Grecian UrnHis poetry is different from Byron's and Shelley's because these twoemphasize more on revolution but Keats's is for building a beautifulpure world. Generally, he wrote in pursuit of beauty.Charles LambThe Essays of Eliahumorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers*Walter ScottFounder and great master/father of the historiacal novel.His death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature.novels:Rob RoyIvanhoefeatures of his novels:gift of vivifying the pasthistorical events are closely interwoven with the facts ofindividualsfates of ordinary peopleromantica Tory 英国保守党党员, i.e. a conservative in politicsRealism (Realistic Movement, 1836, Victorian Period)English critical realismgave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,and showed a profound sympathy for the common peoplefeaturesthe struggling of the proletariat (/ˌprəʊlɪ'teərɪət/, 无产阶级) for itsrightcritical ideas occupied great placewomen writers stood on the stage of literature*Charles DickensworksThe Pickwick Papers (1st novel)Olive TwistDombey and SonDavid CopperfieldA Tales of Two Citiesfeatures of his novels:an encyclopaedic knowlege of Londoninexhaustible 无穷无尽的 powers of character creationa strong narrative impulsea highly individual and inventinve prose styleVanity Fair —— a novel withou a herooriginated from John Byron's The Pilgrims's Progress*Jane AustenworksPride and Prejudicewriting featuresthin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country societygood at writing young girlsmodest satirewitty dialoguesthe protagnist: Darcya young girl who rejects an offer of marriage because theyoung nobleman who makes it has been rude to her faimily.*Charlotte BronteJane EyreJane Eyre, daughter of a poor parson, loses both of her parentsshorlt after her birth.her aunt → charity school → Rochester → Rev. Rivers → marriedRochestercriticism of the bourgeois system of education*Emily BronteWuthering HeightsBronte姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但是其作品有明显的浪漫主义色彩，如包含一些supernatural elements，特别提现在《呼啸山庄》中。
刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲刘炳善的《英国文学简史》是一本介绍英国文学发展历程的经典教材，概述了英国文学的重要人物、作品和流派。
以下是一个复习提纲，旨在帮助你回顾和理解这本书的内容。
一、古英国文学时期（公元前7世纪-公元1066年）1.早期史诗作品：《贝奥武夫》、《克赖斯人的诗歌》等。
2.宗教文学：《贝德的致辞》、《入埋土地的经文》等。
3.亚瑟王传说：《亚瑟王之死》、《卢梭勒》等。
二、中英文学时期（1066年-1485年）1.诺曼底征服后的影响：法语文学的传入。
2.米德尔英语文学：《切阿通匹恩的罗曼斯》等。
3.文人和教士的作品：《福尔莫尔的诗集》、《金马伦的伊莎贝拉》等。
三、文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）1.文艺复兴思潮的传入。
2.威廉·莎士比亚及其作品：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
3.其他重要诗人和作品：约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》、培根的《新科学》等。
四、十七世纪文学（1603年-1660年）1.皇家主义文学：本·琼森的《包涵的破碎》等。
2.牧歌诗和骑士诗：约翰·唐纳的《简·卡特琳之歌》等。
3.讽刺文学：约纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》等。
五、启蒙运动时期（1660年-1798年）1.小说的发展：丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》、萨缪尔·理查森的《帕梅拉》等。
2.詹姆斯·汤姆逊和约翰·洛克的作品。
3.威廉·布莱克和威廉·华兹华斯的浪漫主义作品。
六、浪漫主义时期（1798年-1832年）1.华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦的作品。
2.珀西·比希·雪莱、约翰·济慈和简·奥斯丁的作品。
3.疲软派和托马斯·哈代的作品。
七、维多利亚时期（1832年-1901年）1.查尔斯·狄更斯和查尔斯·达尔文的作品。
2.奥斯卡·王尔德和罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森的作品。
《英国文学发展史》刘炳善中文版.doc英国文学发展史英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，有着丰富的历史和独特的发展道路。
本文将简要介绍英国文学的发展史。
古代英国文学古代英国文学可以追溯到史前时期的口头传承文化。
在公元前5世纪，罗马帝国征服不列颠岛后，拉丁语文学开始对古代英国文学产生影响。
古代英国文学的代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《亚瑟王传说》等。
中世纪英国文学中世纪英国文学主要以宗教文学为主。
修道院和教堂是文学创作和传播的中心。
著名的中世纪英国文学作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》和《彷徨者之歌》等。
文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期。
在这个时期，人文主义思想兴起，对艺术和文学的研究成为热门话题。
著名的文艺复兴作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和伊丽莎白一世等。
17世纪英国文学17世纪英国文学的代表作品是诗人约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》。
此外，该时期还出现了一系列著名的宗教和政治著作。
18世纪英国文学18世纪英国文学的代表作品是亨利·菲尔丁的小说《汤姆·琼斯》。
此时英国文学开始流行小说和戏剧等形式。
维多利亚时代维多利亚时代是英国文学发展的重要时期。
查尔斯·狄更斯、疯狂病人、乔治·艾略特等作家的作品深刻地反映了当时社会的方方面面。
现代英国文学现代英国文学的代表作品有《飘》、《1984》等。
这个时期的文学作品在思想和形式上都有了很大的创新。
以上是关于英国文学发展史的简要介绍。
随着时间的推移，英国文学继续发展，并且对世界文学产生了深远影响。
资深翻译家河大教授刘炳善22日去世享年83岁他是我国资深翻译家、外国文学专家，编写的英文版《英国文学简史》20余年来一直作为全国大学教科书。
他是我国著名的莎士比亚研究专家、国际莎士比亚协会会员，因莎士比亚原著语言晦涩难懂，他耗费十多年编出的巨著《英汉双解莎士比亚大词典》，一经出版便轰动世界。
2010年12月22日23时50分，再差9天就到了2011年，83岁的他在开封去世。
在最后的日子里，他还操心着词典续编的最后工作，去世当天还做了6张词语卡片。
他就是河南大学外语学院教授、博士生导师刘炳善。
他的去世，不仅是河大的损失，也是中国外语界的损失。
遗憾研究即将完成之际因病离世“先生是带着遗憾去的，去世当天还牵挂着他的研究工作。
”12月22日13时40分，刘辰诞教授赶到医院时，刘炳善教授在轮椅上直喘气，而此前一个小时，他还在做新确认的两部莎士比亚剧作的词语卡片。
刘辰诞是河南大学外语学院院长，也是刘炳善的得意门生之一。
他告诉记者，近几年来，英美陆续出版的莎士比亚全集先后纳入了两部新确认的莎士比亚佚作：传奇剧《两个高贵的亲戚》、历史剧《爱德华三世》，而刘炳善此前出版的《英汉双解莎士比亚大词典》并没有囊括这两部作品。
“他一直感到遗憾，所以近来一直在对这两部作品进行研究。
”“还有60张卡片就完成了，再给我20天时间就能做完了。
”这是刘炳善去世前几天对刘辰诞说的话。
“言犹在耳，可是他却不在了。
老天太残忍了，为什么不再多给他些时间呢，哪怕再给20天时间让他把研究搞完也好，那样先生也不会带着遗憾离去。
”刘辰诞说，“除了完成这两部作品的注释，先生还准备写回忆录、翻译一些散文，可是这些他都没法去弄了。
”“先生平时比较严肃，但是上课时比较风趣。
”刘辰诞读本科和硕士时都师从刘炳善，他向记者讲述了先生上课时的趣事。
“一次上英国戏剧课，讲到中国古代和英国大臣觐见君主礼仪的不同时，为了方便学生理解，他将两只手握在一起，做古时候文武大臣朝见君王时双手执笏的样子，令学生忍俊不禁。
《英国文学演进史》刘炳善中文版.doc 《英国文学演进史》刘炳善中文版简介《英国文学演进史》是刘炳善所著的一本关于英国文学发展历程的书籍。
本文档将对该书进行简要介绍。
内容概述《英国文学演进史》涵盖了英国文学的演进历程，从中世纪晚期一直延伸至现代。
该书以时间线为基础，按照不同的历史时期，介绍了各个时期的文学发展特点和代表作品。
结构该书分为多个章节，每个章节都以一个特定的历史时期为中心展开叙述。
以下是该书主要章节的简要概述：1.中世纪晚期：介绍了英国文学在中世纪晚期的发展状况，包括骑士文学和宗教文学等。
2.文艺复兴时期：探讨了文艺复兴对英国文学的影响，介绍了莎士比亚等重要作家及其作品。
3.18世纪启蒙运动：介绍了启蒙运动对英国文学的推动作用，包括强调理性和科学的作品。
4.浪漫主义时期：探讨了浪漫主义时期对英国文学的影响，包括布莱克和拜伦等作家的作品。
5.维多利亚时代：介绍了维多利亚时代英国文学的特点，包括狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹等作家的作品。
6.现代主义时期：探讨了现代主义对英国文学的影响，包括乔伊斯和伍尔夫等作家的作品。
重要作品《英国文学演进史》中介绍了一系列重要的文学作品，这些作品代表了各个历史时期的文学成就。
以下是其中的一些例子：- 中世纪晚期：《坎特伯雷故事集》- 文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》- 18世纪启蒙运动：斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》- 浪漫主义时期：拜伦的《唐璜》- 维多利亚时代：狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》- 现代主义时期：乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》总结《英国文学演进史》为读者提供了一份系统的英国文学发展历史，涵盖了多个重要历史时期和作家的作品。
这本书可以帮助读者更好地了解英国文学的演进过程和文学作品的变迁。
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21:00第一部分:早期和中世纪英国文学第一章:英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
Part 1. Early and Medieval English Literature Epic Beowulf 贝奥武甫(the national epic of the English people)striking feature: alliteration头韵, metaphors暗喻 and understatements低调陈述. BalladFolk literatureThe Robin Hood Ballads罗宾汉民谣Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340-1400The Messenger of Humanism, the first Realistic writer, the founder of English poetry and master ofEnglish Language 他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人长诗：翻译法语The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇; 改编意大利Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集(英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作)one of the monumental works in ELTCT is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stands of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick of wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church.Chaucer’s English, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet). 2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. 3.he make the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English RenaissanceThomas More托马斯·莫尔The greatest of the English humanists and the one of the forerunner of modernsocialist thought Utopia乌托帮 Greek words “no place” ideal commonwealth conversation between More and voyager Hythloday Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury, ruler eager for warBook two: ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no povertyFrom everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his need; separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.Edmond Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Poet’s Poet The Faerie Queene 仙后 dedicated to Queen ElizabethThe Shepherd’s Calendar牧羊人日记mark the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England Morden English. Spencer was the first master to make the language the natural music of his poetic effusions.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626The founder of English materialist philosophy Founder of modern science in England: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; New Instrument新工具 Inductive Method of reasoningFirst English essayist: Essay subjects: love, truth, friendship, parents &children, beauty, studies, riches, youth &age, garden, death…Precision准确, clearness清晰, brevity简洁, force力度ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托夫·马洛The most gifted of the “university wits”The greatest of the pioneers of Englishdrama Tamburlaine帖木耳(ambition); The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(wealth);Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(knowledge) humanist colour insatiable thirst for knowledge剧作意义：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power. 2.theme:praise individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the convictions of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. 3.the heroes are merely individualists. their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of ShakespeareWilliamShakespeare莎士比亚1564-16161.he is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2.his dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.3.his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.4.he was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.5.he was a great master of the EL. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the EL.The popularity of S is aworldwidephenomenon The Comedy of Errors错误的喜剧; Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 Measure for Measure一报还一报/请君入瓮Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳; Othello奥塞罗;Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶tragi-comedy King Lear李尔王;Macbeth麦克白;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦; Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;Much Ado about Nothing无事生非;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们儿; Pericles佩里克尔斯Julius Caesar朱利亚斯·凯撒； Cymbeline辛白林;As You Like It皆大欢喜; The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;Twelfth Night第十二夜; The Tempest暴风雨;The Sonnets十四行诗⑴His drama relies not so much on characters as on witty speech and situation. His plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry.⑵This period is S’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life. There is a great lift in characterization. Heroines⑶The third period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”(give somber pictures of the world) . The tragic note is aggravated.⑷The fourth period is the period of romantic drama. HenryⅧ Global TheatreThe Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大喜欢;Twelfth Night第十二夜The general spirit is optimism. Young people just freed from feudal fetters/youth love and ideal of happiness/humanist ideal/fight against destiny/mould their own fate.The Great Tragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特a man genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit. 1.humanist/free from medieval prejudices and superstitions/cherish a profound reverence for man/firm belief in man’s power and destiny. 2.love of man. 3.intellectual genius is outstanding/a close observer of man and manners. Melancholy: character/penetrating habit of mind/impossible ideal/personal wrong& fate of the country/active energy Othello奥塞罗new man of the R/integrity, sincerity,loftiness of mind/falsehood truth/evil good/tragedy of humanismKing Lear李王尔national unity and royal responsibility,divide up/insincere flattery/genuine love/betray trust/condemnMacbeth麦克白complicated contradictory/courageous clever/pray of ambition/tyrants oppressors/doom to defeat Part 3. The English Bourgeois Revolution PeriodJohn Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674Paradise Lost失乐园(greatest epic in English Literature); Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙表面:to justify the way God to man/to advocate submission to the Almighty 实际:a revolt against God’s authority Adam& Eve: Milton’s belief in the power of man/craving for knowledgeSatan: real hero of the poem/a conquered and banished giant/obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hellPolitical in life and art; wrote greatest epic/influence is omnipresent; master of blank verse; stylist/grand style; sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionJohn Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程(religious allegory)1678出狱后 Vanity Fair名利场Bunyan cherish deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and judges. His prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of Bible.John Donne Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions约翰·多恩(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden约翰·德莱顿Father of E criticism All for Love一切为了爱 An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗（most famous prose composition）Restoration period/Model on literature of France/classicism prevailing/reason, law and orderHe was the forerunner of the English classic school of literature in the next century. Heroic couplet/ principle verse formPart 4. The Eighteenth CenturyJoseph Addison 约瑟夫·艾迪生The Tatler 闲话者报 The Spectator 旁观者报贡献: 1.Their writing afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3.The English easy had completely established itself as a literary genre.Richard Steele 理查德·斯梯尔Alexander Pope蒲柏Satire!! An Essay on Criticism论批评; The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记; The Dunciad 愚人记Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest poet of the classical school in the first half the 18th century. Pope was a diligent reader. His style depends upon his great patience in elaborating his art. Most important representativeJonathan Swift 斯威夫特1667-1745Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.He hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous./ he seems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression he wish to convey. In simple, direct and precise prose, he is almost unsurpassed in EL./ he is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly.Danniel Defoe 丹尼尔·迪福1660-1731Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记 one of the forerunners of the English realistic novelsAttach great importance to the moulding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment/ is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of development/ does not condemn Negro-slavery Defoe was a kind of jack-of-trades. Journalism &authorship/ pure naked English: smooth, easy, colloquial, never coarse.Samuel Richardson理查逊Pamela帕米拉（Virtue Rewarded贞洁回报） first English psycho-analytical novel心理分析小说1.it discarded the “impossible and marvellous” accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.2.its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction道德说教.3.it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. Richardson “had enlarged the knowledge of human nature”/ his technique to show character as personalitiesHenry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754Founder of the English realistic novelFather of the English novel(established once for all the forms of the modern novel)Joseph Andrew约瑟·安德鲁 disgusted with the excessive sentimentality and poor ethics of PamelaJonathan Wild大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传 satirical novel/exposes the English bourgeois society and mock political syst The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯portrays the real life of men without disguise/ expose the hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working masses who are driven by want to crime.现实主义小说：The basis of Fielding’s work is the exact observation and study of real life. The centre of Fielding’s work philosophy is MAN, common earthly man with his earthly interests, needs and passions.小说的特点：1.展开方式told directly by the author/full, free, clear and straightforward, give personal explanation 2.Satire无处不在，两种：humorous satire which is mean to be instructive and corrective/grim satire which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling classes. 3.he believed in the educational function of the novel(moral teaching). 4.he is a master of style/easy unlaboured and familiar/sentence logical and musical rhythm.Tobias Smollett 斯摩莱特Use the form of Picaresque novels流浪汉小说, the novel of travels and adventures 被Dickens效仿—Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·谢立丹The School for Scandal造谣学校a great comedy of manners/gives a brilliant portrayal and biting satire of E high societyThe Rivals对手He was the most important English playwright of the 18th century.William Blake Songs of Innocence天真之歌; Songs of Experience经验之歌; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚布莱克1757-1827姻1.the whole temper of his genius was essentially opposed to the classical(=formalism) tradition of that age.2.his revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley.Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 National poet of Scotland Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗:A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;Auld Lang Syne他的诗歌：1.Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a various of subjects.2.Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship, which describes the poet’s own emotions with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the reader’s heart.3.patriotism4.was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution5.sympathy for the miseries of the Negro slaves transported from their African motherland to America.6.achieved success in the field of satire.7.characterized by humour and lightheartedness/optimismHis great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old song tradition. His peasant origin and environment especially aided him in mastering the happy simplicity, humour, directness and optimism.Part 5. Romanticism in EnglandWilliam Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）marked the break with classicism and the beginning of Romantic revival The Solitary Reaper孤独的刈麦女; Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺旁(lyrical hymn of thanks to nature)He based his poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”/ individual sensations, for example, pleasure, excitement and enjoyment as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Wordsworth’s poetry id distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasant was the best of all.George GordonByron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788-1824拜伦的诗在清末传入中国Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德游记;Don Juan唐·璜(16000lines long, in 16 cantos, written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed a bababcc)It is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. His aim in writing it was “to remove the cloak which the manners and the maxims of high society throw over their secret sins, and show them to the world as they really are”（揭去上流社会以冠冕堂皇的方式掩盖下的罪恶面纱，.让人们看到真实世界）He call this poem an “epic satire”,“a satire on abuse of the present state of society.(历史讽刺诗/对现今社会恶习弊端的绝佳讽刺)Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西·比希·雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab麦布女王a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealthThe Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的起义; The Masque of Anarchy女王的假面舞会; Ode to the West Wind西风/云雀颂Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯symbolized the victory for man’s struggle against tyranny and oppressions.The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of those noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themselves to the just cause of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants.小的时候：displayed a inclination for independent thinking and a strong love of literature/glorified freedom, exposed tyranny and expressed his sympathy for the oppressed.Byron called Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew.’ Mrs. Shelley wrote: “Shelley loved the people; and respected them as often more virtuous, as always more suffering, and therefore more deserving of sympathy.”John Keats 约翰·济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜; Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂; Ode To Autumn秋颂; Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂Of the numerous short poems by Keats, the most important are his sonnets and odes.It is said that all Keats’s personality seems to be breathed onto his odes,Poor, obscure and brutally attacked during his short lifetime, Keats became well-known after death.Part 6. English Critical RealismThe Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(the supreme epic of English life/naïve youthful optimism);Oliver Twist雾都孤儿( improbability/unconvincingness/sympathize miseries/not know responsible);The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子(open & ruthless attack/money power); David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(favorite);Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870Bleak House荒凉山庄; Hard Times艰难时世(frontal attack upon the whole moral and ethical system); Little Dorrit小杜丽(imprisonment); A Tale of Two Cities双城记(French Revolution/ where there is oppression, there is revolution/against privileged classes); Great Expectation远大前程; Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友Politically and ideologically, he was a Radical. He showed great concern about social problems, supported all proposals for social reform, advocated an increase of democracy in all spheres of life, and championed the cause of the oppressed. His love for the working people is deep and sincere. As a novelist, he is remembered first of all for character-portrayal.Upper class—“outcasts of humanity”; lower class—his enthusiastic readersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷1811-1863Vanity Fair名利场(a classical example of social satire up to the present day) Bunyan—Pilgrim’s ProgressIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society.Rebecca/Becky Sharp: money-grubbing instinct/gifted/keen sense of humour and deep understanding of human Amelia Sedley: a tame, sentimental but useless womanJane Austin 简·奥斯丁1775-1817Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见; Sense and Sensibility理智与情感; Emma爱玛; Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion劝诫; Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺She is at her best in writing about young girls, because she understood them astonishingly well.Bronte Sisters夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮·勃朗特1816-1855Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre简爱 criticism of the bourgeois system of education (Lowood—obedient slaves for the rich) In her novels,Charlotte attacked the greed,pretty tyranny and lack of culture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people.Emily Bronte: Wuthering Height呼啸山庄 hierarchy等级制度Heathcliff is a rebel against the bourgeois matrimonial system/love crushed by the class prejudice/the oppressed becomes the oppressor/theme: a full human life in a capitalist society was impossible of attainment.Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷Gaskell盖斯凯尔Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿George Eliot艾略特(Mary Ann Evans)Adam Bede亚当·贝德; The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊; Silas Marner织工马南Part 7. Prose-writers & Poets of the Mid & Late 19th centuryThomas Carlyle 卡莱尔1795-1881Sartor Resartus旧衣新裁; The French Revolution法国大革命;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜(the history of the world is the biography of great men)Alfred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892The Princess公主; Maud默德; 名诗：Ulysses尤利西斯; Break, Break, Break; Crossing the Bar过沙洲In Memoriam 悼念集 in memory of A.H.Hallam, his close friend and the fiancé of his sisterThe poet tried to find some consolation for himself and for the pious Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faith by the new discovery in scienceIdylls of the King国王之歌 based on the stories of King Arthur and his Knights of Round Table “灵与肉的永恒冲突”Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁1812-1889Men and Women男人和女人; The Ring and the Book指环与书;My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人His principle achievement ies in his introducing to English poetry a new form, the dramatic monologue戏剧独白. /though for most part Lyric in expression, Dramatic in principle, and so many utterance of so many imaginary persons, not mine./a dramatic story in his work is not told through action but by the monologue of the characters concerned.Elizabeth Browning Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗;The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭泣George Gissing 吉辛1857-1903New Crub Srreet新格鲁勃街The most significant figure in the period of transition from Victorian to the modern novel.Robert LouisStevensonTreasure Island金银岛史蒂文森1850-1894Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 Spokesman of the aesthetic movement 长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子剧作：Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性; 悲剧:Salome莎乐美Both of them are typical unwholesome products of the decadent literary trend.颓废文学倾向的不健康产物Part 8. 20th century English literatureSamuel Butler 勃特勒1835-1902The Way of All Flesh众生之路; Erewhon埃瑞洪; Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞洪 Erewhon=nowhere Satirize the sham morality of the British BourgeoisieJoseph Conrad康拉德1859-1924Lord Jim吉姆老爷;Nostromo诺斯特罗莫; An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨后殖民主义Henry James 亨利·詹姆士Daisy Miller黛西米勒(international theme); The Wings of the Dove鸽翼; The ambassadors使节; The Golden Bowl金碗Forerunner of the “stream of the consciousness” literatureHis fundamental theme is the innocence of the New World and the corruption(and wisdom) of the Old.Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 Representative of E critical realistic at the turn of the 19thcentury Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥;Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝:filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom/ Fatal circumstance and tragic coincidenceJude the Obscure无名的裘德:the theme is “a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit” and “the contrast between the ideal life a man wish to lead and the squalid real life he was fated to lead”/epitomizes Hardy’s longing for spiritual values and his despair of them Wessex Novel—the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.环境与性格小说George BernardShaw萧伯纳1856-1950Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产; Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业; Major Barbara巴巴拉少校; Pygmalion 卖花女; Arms and Man武器与人（condemns militarism and wars）He laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeoisie society/by the brilliant dialogue between the characters/pretty bourgeois and idealistic nature of Shaw’s philosophy/his exposure of the capitalist society is very significant/among the most mportant representative of critical realism in modern English literatureWilliam Butler Yeats叶芝1865-1939The Tower塔; The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯; The Wild Swans at Coole库勒的野天鹅Symbolist poetThomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965The Waste Land荒原 a landmark in E poetry, ending the Romantic period and signifying the emergence of Modernism.Expressed the disillusionment of a generation of intellectuals. Symbols taken from ancient myths are used in the poem to describe the decay and fragmentation of Western culture.Four Quarters四重奏 the main ideas are time and eternityTradition and the Individual Talent传统与才智David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(Oedipus Complex); The Rainbow虹(rainbow is a symbol of “the rounded perfection of relationship” between men and women); Women in Love恋爱中的女人(expresses his ideal of love and marriage as “a pure balance of two single beings); Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人D. H. Lawrence is well-known for his novels written under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis. He an original novelist, whose artistic achievement has been affirmed by many critics. He was dissatisfied with the Western industrial civilization.James Joyce 乔伊斯1882-1941A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像; Ulysses尤利西斯; Finnegans Wake芬尼根的守灵He was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century, whose work shows a unique synthesis of realism, the “stream of consciousness” and symbolism.三位一体Virginia Woolf The V oyage Out远航; Mrs. Dalloway达罗卫夫人; To the Lighthouse到灯塔去; Orlando奥兰多;The Waves海浪;伍尔芙1882-1941The point of departure in Virginia Woolf’s literary experimentation lay in her rejection of realism. In her novels, the element of plot and story is reduced as far as she could. They become series of impressions, musings, and reflections.。
