现代分离科学与技术复习题题库

现代化学分离技术期末考试试题卷②一、选择题(每小题2分，共30分)1.能够除去发酵液中钙、镁、铁离子的方法是（）A过滤B萃取 C 离子交换 D 蒸馏2.超滤膜截留的颗粒直径为( )A 0.02～10µmB 0.001～0.02µmC <2nmD < 1nm3.下列哪一个是速率分离过程（）A.蒸馏B.吸收C膜分离D离心分离4.气体渗透过程的推动力是（）A浓度差B范德华力C压力D直流电场5.反渗透主要用于（）分离。

A.悬浮物B.不含固形物的料液C. 小分子有机物质溶液D. 电解质溶质6.下列哪种作用力不是分子间作用力（）A色散力B共价键C诱导力D取向力7.等温等压下进行的以浓度差为推动力的典型的膜技术分离过程是（）。

A反渗透B超滤 C 电渗析 D 透析8.下列哪一个是平衡分离过程（）A蒸馏B吸收C膜分离D离心分离9.气体渗透是利用气体的（）不同，渗透性不同的原理进行分离的过程。

A分子半径B压力 C 温度D气体组成10.反渗透的前处理通常需要加FeCl3进行絮凝，目的是去除水中的（）。

A微生物 B金属氧化物C胶体D有机污染物11.蛋白质的回收与浓缩可选用（）。

A超滤B反渗透C微滤D电渗析12.当压力逐渐增加，膜面形成浓差极化时，通量（）。

A增加放缓 B下降 C维持不变D达到极大值13.对于电渗析器，增加（），可提高脱盐效率。

A级B膜对数 C段D水量14.反渗透传质机理可以用“优先吸附-毛细孔流动”模型解释，该模型认为反渗透膜材料为（）。

A亲水膜B疏水膜C离子交换膜D荷电膜15.那一种膜孔径最小（）A反渗透B超滤C微滤 D 纳滤二、填空(每小题1分，共20分)1.以浓度差为推动力的膜过程有、、。

（写出三种即可）2.衡量分离的程度用___________表示，处于相平衡状态的分离程度是____________。

3.按操作压力不同，蒸馏分为____________、_____________和减压蒸馏4.分离剂可以是___________和_____________。

期末复习题一、最佳选择题，每题2分，共20分。

每题的备选项中只有一个最佳答案。

1. 分离化学中的纯度概念是( )A. 分离过程中目标化合物浓度增加B. 溶液中溶剂蒸发掉，溶液中所有组分浓度同程度增加的过程C. 通过分离操作使产物纯度增加的过程。

D. 表示纯化产物主组分含量高低或杂质多少2. 在常量分离中，当溶液中的金属离子还剩下( )时，即可认为沉淀完全。

A. 10-3mol/LB. 10-4 mol/LC. 10-5 mol/LD. 10-6 mol/L3. 用8-羟基喹啉从水溶液中萃取Al3+，组成的萃取体系是( )A. 简单分子萃取体系B. 中性络合萃取体系C. 螯合萃取体系D. 离子缔合萃取体系4. 下列体系中，形成协萃体系的是( )A. 乙酰基丙酮为萃取剂，萃取Al3+B. 用乙醚萃取FeCl3C. 形成高分子胺盐的萃取体系D. HTTA与2,2-联吡啶为萃取剂，萃取La3+5. 下列属于阴离子交换树脂的是( )A. RSO3HB. ROHC. RNH2(CH3)OHD. RCO2H6.可以作为离子交换树脂合成中的交联剂的是( )A. 苯乙烯B. 丙烯酸C. 甲基丙烯酸D. 二乙烯苯7. 吸附层析分离是利用( )A. 利用吸附剂表面对不同组分吸附性能的差异B. 利用不同组分在流动相和固定相之间的分配系数不同C. 利用不同组分对离子交换剂亲和力的不同D. 利用某些凝胶对于不同分子大小的组分阻滞作用的不同8. 层析用硅胶有不同标号，硅胶GF254代表( )A. 硅胶中不含粘合剂B. 由硅胶和煅石膏混合而成C. 硅胶中既含有煅石膏又含荧光指示剂D. 硅胶中只含有荧光指示剂9. 依据样品组分的分配系数和电泳速度的差别而分离的是( )A. 毛细管区带电泳B. 毛细管凝胶电泳C. 毛细管等点聚焦电泳D. 毛细管电色谱10.过滤粒径由小到大顺序排列正确的是( )A. 反渗透＜超滤＜微滤＜一般过滤B. 反渗透＜微滤＜超滤＜一般过滤C. 微滤＜超滤＜反渗透＜一般过滤D. 超滤＜反渗透＜微滤＜一般过滤11. 分离化学中的纯化是( )A. 分离过程中目标化合物浓度增加B. 溶液中溶剂蒸发掉，溶液中所有组分浓度同程度增加的过程C. 通过分离操作使产物纯度增加的过程。

现代分离技术（A 卷）一、在下列题目中，选出一个你认为正确的答案，并在该答案前的字母上画圈。

若给出的答案均不正确，请在方括号内填上正确答案。

1、浓差极化现象会对膜分离过程产生不利的影响，在工艺上可以采用某些方法减轻由于浓差极化所带来的负面影响。

以下哪种方法不是减轻浓差极化的有效途径： A 提高操作温度 B 增加膜的透过率 C 提高料液流速 D 增加流体的扰动2、用精馏方法对七元混合物进行分离，在采用简捷法进行计算时，应对其中的（a ）规定分离要求，规定了分离要求的组分称为（b ） ，其中易挥发的组分称为（c ） 。

（a ）A 一个组分 B 两个组分 C 三个组分 D 四个组分 E 【 】 （b ）A 重组分 B 难挥发组分 C 轻组分 D 关键组分 E 【 】 （c ）A 最重组分 B 重关键组分 C 最轻组分 D 恒沸组分 E 【 】3、形成恒沸物的数学条件为： A. 1212121212lg 1x x γA =⎛⎫A + ⎪A ⎝⎭B. 1221p p θθγγ= C. 1212)()1(S αα= D. i iij j j p p θθγαγ= E. 【 】 4、若用第一下标i 代表组分数，第二下标j 代表塔板数，则第j 板上的i 组分的吸收因子应为： A.ij ij iL K V B.j ij jV K L C.ij j jK V L D.ij j ijL K V E.【 】5、在中压下，若气相为真实气体，但物质结构相近，气相可看成真实气体的理想混合物，液相可看成理想溶液，该情况下汽液平衡常数K i 的计算式为：A. iL iL iV iV f f θθϕϕB. i p pθ C. iL iV f f θθ D. i iL p p θγ E. 【 】6、以下哪种不是色谱分离的基本类型？A. 亲和B. 胶联C. 分配D. 排阻 7、吸附透过曲线有如下特性：（1）可以直接反映出固定床吸附器 处的情况。

填空部分：1、我们测定气相色谱仪灵敏度时，如果用102-白色担体，邻苯二甲酸二壬酯固定液，此时按两相所处的状态属于(气—液) 色谱；按固定相性质属于(填充柱) 色谱；按展示方式属于(冲洗) 色谱；按分离过程所依据的物理化学原理属于（分配）色谱。

2、液相色谱分析中常用以低压汞灯为光源，波长固定式的紫外（UV）检测器，它是以低压汞灯的最强发射线（253.8）nm做为测定波长。

3、根据分离原理的不同，液相色谱可分为（液—液）；（液—固）；（离子交换）；（凝胶）色谱法。

4、固定相分为（液体）和（固体）固定相两大类。

固体固定相可分为（吸附剂），（高分子多孔小球），（化学键合）固定相三类。

5、保留值大小反映了（组分）与（固定相）之间作用力的大小，这些作用力包括（定向力），（诱导力），（色散力），（氢键作用力）等。

6、柱温选择主要取决于样品性质。

分析永久性气体，柱温一般控制在（50℃以上）；沸点在300℃以下的物质，柱温往往控制在（150℃以下）；沸点300℃以上的物质，柱温最好能控制在（200℃以下）；高分子物质大多分析其裂解产物。

若分析多组分宽沸程样品，则可采用（程序升温）；检测器可采用（FID）。

7、在气相色谱分析中，载气钢瓶内贮存气体都有明显的标记，如氮气，瓶外漆（黑色），用黄色标写“氮”；氢气漆（深绿色），红色标写“氢”。

8、固定液按相对极性可粗分为（五）类，异三十烷是（非极性）固定液，属（0）级；β，β，—氧二丙腈是（强极性）固定液，属（5）级。

9、采用TCD检测器时，要注意先（通载气）后（加桥电流）并且（桥电流）不可过大，否则易烧损铼钨丝。

10、色谱基本参数测量与计算的关键是（控制色谱操作条件的稳定）。

11、气相色谱中，对硫、磷化合物有高选择性和高灵敏度的检测器是火焰光度检测器（FPD）和硫磷检测器（SPD）；对大多数有机化合物有很高灵敏度的是氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）。

12、某色谱峰峰底宽为50秒，它的保留时间为50分，在此情况下，该柱子理论板数有（57600）块。

1、名词解说1)分派系数，指必定温度下，处于均衡状态时，组分在流动相中的浓度和在固定相中的浓度之比，以 K 表示。

分派系数与组分、流动相和固定相的热力学性质相关，也与温度、压力相关。

在不一样的色谱分别体制中， K 有不一样的观点：吸附色谱法为吸附系数，离子互换色谱法为选择性系数（或称互换系数），凝胶色谱法为浸透参数2)絮凝，使水或液体中悬浮微粒集聚变大，或形成絮团，进而加速粒子的聚沉，达到固 -液分别的目的，这一现象或操作称作絮凝3)层析分别，是利用各组分物理性质（吸引力、溶解度、分子的形状与大小、分子的电荷性与亲和力）的不一样，将多组分混淆物进行分别的方法。

主若是利用不一样物质在固定和流动相上的亲和性差异，利用挪动速度的不一样进行分别。

4)吸附分别，吸附是利用吸附剂对液体或气体中某一组分拥有选择性吸附的能力，使其富集在吸附剂表面，再用适合的洗脱剂将其解吸达到分别纯化的过程5)分子印迹技术分子印迹技术是指为获取在空间构造和联合位点上与某一分子(印迹分子 ) 完整般配的聚合物的实验制备技术。

6)反渗析，利用反浸透膜选择性的只好经过溶剂（往常是水）的性质，对溶液施加压力，战胜溶液的浸透压，使溶剂经过反浸透膜而从溶液中分别出来的过程。

7)共积淀分别，共积淀分别法是富集痕量组分的有效方法之一，是利用溶液中主积淀物（称为载体）析出时将共存的某些微量组分载带下来而获取分别的方法8)离子互换分别，经过分子中的活性离子将溶液中带相反电荷的物质吸附在离子互换剂上，而后用适合的洗脱溶剂将吸附物质再从离子互换剂上洗脱下来，达到分别的目的。

9)沉降分别，在外力场作用下，利用分别相和连续相之间密度差，使之发生相对运动而实现非均相混淆物分别。

10)液膜分别，液膜萃取，也称液膜分别，是将第三种液体展成膜状以分开两个液相，使料液中的某些组分透过液膜进入接收液，进而实现料液组分的分别。

11)临界胶团浓度，表面活性剂分子在溶剂中缔合形成胶束的最低浓度12)液膜分别，13)反相色谱，依据流动相和固定相相对极性不一样，液相色谱分为正相色谱和反相色谱。

现代分离技术习题（Modern separation technologyexercises）现代分离技术习题(Modern separation technology exercises)The twentieth chapter, HPLCThinking questions and exercises1. the main similarities and differences between HPLC and gas chromatography are briefly described.The same point: both high efficiency, high speed, high selectivity chromatography method, both separation and analysis function, can be detected onlineDifference:Analysis of objects and ranges, selection of mobile phases,operating conditionsGC has the advantages of good gasification, good thermal stability and low boiling point, and occupies 20% of the machine. The mobile phase is a limited number of "inert" gas, which only acts as a carrier, and has little effect on the composition, and operates at atmospheric pressureHPLC can be made into solution after the dissolution of the sample, high boiling point, high molecular weight, difficult to gasification, ionic stability or unstable compounds, occupy 80% of the machine, the liquid phase for the liquid or a variety of liquid mixture. In additionto its carrying capacity, it can also be controlled and improved by solvent. At room temperature and under high pressure2. what is the chemical bonding phase? What are the common chemical bonding phases? Which liquid chromatography are used?A chemical reaction is used to bond the fixed liquid to the surfaceof the carrier and the resulting packing is called a chemically bonded phase. The utility model has the advantages that the use process is not lost, the chemical property is stable, the thermal stability is good,and the utility model is suitable for gradient elution.The commonly used Si-O-Si-C type bonding phases are classified into three kinds: non-polar, medium polarity and polarity according to polarity. The nonpolar bonded phase: such as the common ODS bonded phase, both the distribution and the adsorption effect, is widely used for the analysis of non-polar or weak polar compounds; the middle of the bonded phase: a common ether bonded phase, the bonded phase can be positive or reversed-phase chromatographic stationary phase, mobile phase polarityas the polarity: the bonded phase: common amino and cyano bonded phase, are used as chromatographic stationary phase, phase separation of sugar or amino bonded stationary phase is the most commonly used.3. what is called normal phase chromatography? What is reverse phase chromatography? Which compounds are applied separately?Normal phase chromatography: a method of chromatography having a polarity of mobile phase less than the polarity of the stationary phase.A molecular substance used to separate polar and moderately polarsubstances dissolved in organic solvents; used in the separation of substances containing differentfunctional groups.Reversed-phase chromatography: a method for chromatography having a polarity of mobile phase greater than the polarity of the stationary phase. A molecular compound used to separate nonpolar to moderatelypolar compounds.4. briefly describe the separation mechanism of reversed-phasebonded phase chromatography.A typical reversed-phase bond chromatography is a system consistingof nonpolar stationary phases and polar mobile phases. Stationary phases are commonly used in the eighteen alkyl (ODS or C18) bonded phase; the mobile phase is usually methanol water or acetonitrile water. Anatypical reversed-phase chromatography system consists of a weak polaror moderately polar bonding phase and a mobile phase having a polarity greater than the stationary phase.The surface of the antiphase bonded phase has nonpolar alkylfunctional groups and an amorphous silanol group. The silanol group has the adsorption properties, and the amount of the remaining silanolgroups depends on the coverage. For the separation mechanism ofreversed-phase chromatographic retention mechanism at present, there is no consensus, there are two views, one that belongs to the distribution of chromatography, another that belongs to the adsorption chromatography. The mechanism of the partition chromatography is that the polar organicsolvent with mixed polar solvent (water, ten organic solvent) is adsorbed on the non-polar alkyl coordination group surface, The component molecules are assigned in the mobile phase with the liquid phase adsorbed by the non-polar alkyl ligand. The mechanism of adsorption chromatography can be explained by the theory of solvent extraction. The theory treats nonpolar alkyl linkage phases as molecular hairs covered with a bound eighteen alkyl group on the surface of silica gel, which has strong hydrophobic properties. When the polar solvent water and organic solvent composition of the mobile phase to separate organic compounds, on the one hand, the non-polar part of the nonpolar component molecules or component molecules, due to hydrophobic interaction, will be "squeeze out from the water, produce association between hydrophobic alkyl stationary phase. As a result, the component molecules are retained in the fixed phase. On the other hand, the polar component of separated material under the action of the polarity of mobile phase, make it from the fixed phase, reduce the retention, obviously this dissociation process, namely, the two force difference, determines the retention behavior of molecules inchromatography. Generally speaking, on a stationary phase with alkyl nonpolar part of the surface area of the large base or isolated molecules in the mobile phase or the surface tension and the dielectric constant is bigger, the stronger association, k'distribution ratio is greater, the greater the value of reserves. It is not difficult tounderstand that in reversed-phase bonded chromatography, the polar components first flow out, and the less polar components flow out.What are the differences between the 5. ion chromatography,Reversed-phase Ion Pair Chromatography and ion suppression chromatography?Ion chromatography (Ion Chromatography): the ion exchange resin is the stationary phase, and the electrolyte solution is the mobile phase.A conductivity detector is used as a universal detector. The reaction principle of the sample component on the separating column and the restraining column is the same as that of the ion exchange chromatography. Ion chromatography is the best method for the analysis of anions in solution. It can also be used for the analysis of cations.Reversed-phase Ion Pair Chromatography (IPC or PIC): in reversed-phase chromatography, an ion pair reagent is added to the polar mobile phase to form a neutral ion pair between the measured component and its counter ion, increasing K and tR to improve separation. Apply to stronger organic acids and bases.Reversed-phase ion suppression chromatography: in reversed phase chromatography, the buffer solution is used to adjust the pH value of the mobile phase, so as to inhibit the dissociation of the group and increase its K and tR, so as to improve the separation. Apply to extremely weak acid and base matter (pH=3~7 weak acid, pH=7~8 weak base, amphoteric compound)What is the separation mechanism of 6. affinity chromatography? What are the characteristics?Conventional wisdom holds that affinity chromatography is based on ligand ligand affinity reaction and uses differential migration theory of chromatography to achieve separation of target molecules, and is only a selective filtration method for component separation. However, this theory is based on ligandligand affinity reactions that are homogeneous reactions and macroscopic equilibrium thermodynamics. However, in fact, the partition coefficients of the target molecules in the two phase are too large, and the adsorption isotherms on the stationary phase are mostly linear. Therefore, the retention mechanism of biological macromolecules in affinity chromatography and the mathematical model of chromatography process have been a relatively weak link, which needs to be further improvedAffinity chromatography has high specificity, the separation, purification, concentration after biological samples have high purity, greatly reduce the subsequent determination (such as HPLC) when the background noise,Thus, the subsequent determination has very high sensitivity.What are the similarities and differences between the 7. rate theoretical equations in HPLC and those in GC? How to guide theselection of HPLC experimental conditions?Solution: the main factors causing chromatographic peaks in liquid chromatography are eddy current diffusion, mobile flow phase mass transfer, retained mobile phase mass transfer, and off column effect.In gas chromatography, radial diffusion is often significant, while the effect of radial diffusion in liquid chromatography is weak and can often be neglected. In addition, liquid retention, mass transfer and off column effects are more prominent in liquid chromatography.In high performance liquid chromatography, the complete expressionfor liquid-liquid partition chromatography, Van, and Deemter equationsisTherefore, the experimental conditions of HPLC should be as follows: 1. Small grain size and uniform spherical chemical bonding phase; the low viscosity mobile phase should not flow too fast; and the column temperature is appropriate.8., try to discuss the factors that affect the separation degree of HPLC, how to improve the separation degree?(1) chromatographic filling propertiesThe performance of liquid chromatographic column separation is determined by the three parameters: the size of the stationary phase, the length of the column, the column pressure and the pressure drop determined by the filling condition. The three parameter determines the sample component retention time, K thermodynamic factors not only with the retention time of chromatographic process, and also directly decide on the viscosity parameters and flow performance of column columnefficiency and the degree of separation phase, these parameters are important factors affecting the chromatographic separation process dynamics. But in high-performance liquidchromatography, the preparation of separation column is a very demanding technical work, usually the purchase of commercial products, rarely prepared by itself.(2) the polarity of mobile phase and mobile phaseIn liquid chromatography, changing the composition and polarity of eluent is the most direct factor to improve the separation. Liquid chromatography is unlikely to improve mass transfer by increasing column temperature. Therefore, most of them are constant temperature analysis. The mobile phase selection is especially important in liquid chromatography. The mobile phase can significantly change the separation of components.(3) flow velocityWhen the velocity is greater than 0.5 cm/s, the curve from H to u is a straight line with little slope. The column efficiency is not greatly improved by decreasing the flow velocity. But in actual operation, the flow is still an important optional parameter for adjusting the separation and the peak time.9., discuss the choice of the separation conditions of reversed-phase HPLC.Reverse phase HPLC is a liquid chromatographic separation model with surface non-polar carrier as stationary phase and solvent with strongerpolarity than stationary phase as mobile phase. The retention values of samples in reversed-phase HPLC chromatography are mainly determined by the fixed surface area, the type and concentration of bonding phases,and the retention values usually increase with the increase of chain length or the hydrophobicity of the bonded phase. The solute retention value is directly proportional to the surface area of the fixed surface, and when other conditions are the same, the solute has a short retention value on the low surface area chromatographiccolumn. The retention value of the sample can also be adjusted by changing the composition of the mobile phase or the strength of the solvent. The strength of the solvent depends on the nature of theorganic solvent and its concentration in the mobile phase.10. is the intensity of the mobile phase the same in the positiveand reverse phase HPLC?In normal phase chromatography, because the stationary phase is polar, the stronger the solvent polarity is, the stronger the elution capacity is, i.e., the strong solvent is a strong solvent. In reversed-phase chromatography, as the stationary phase is nonpolar, the strength of the solvent increases with decreasing polarity of the solvent,A solvent with a weak polarity is a strong solvent.11. what is called gradient elution? What are the similarities and differences between it and GC?In an analysis period, according to certain procedures for changing the mobile phase composition or concentration, known as gradient elution.It is an important method to improve the separation of liquid chromatography.Gradient elution and gas chromatography in the temperature programmed is similar, but the former is the continuous change of the mobile phase polarity, pH or ionic strength, and temperature change. Programmed temperature is also an important method to improve gas chromatographic separation.12. what are the principles and characteristics of evaporative light scattering detectors?Evaporative light scattering detector (Evaporative Light-scattering Detector) is a universal detector that can detect organic substances such as ginsenosides and Huang Qijia glycosides that have no UV absorption.One, ELSD principleConstant velocity (high performance liquid chromatograph, countercurrent chromatography and high performance capillary electrophoresis) eluent after entering the detector, first by high-pressure gas atomization, droplet atomization formed into the evaporation chamber (drift tube, drift tube), mobile phase and low boiling components by evaporation, the remaining small droplets of high boiling components divided into the scattering cell, passing through the scattering cell by scattering, light scattering by photoelectric tube receiving form an electrical signal, electric signal through theamplifying circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit, a digital computer - chromatogram signal chromatography workstation.Two, characteristics1., the eluent needs to be atomized, so the purity and pressure ofthe atomization will affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector.2., the mobile phase to evaporate, so can not use volatilesubstances to regulate the pH value of the mobile phase. The components of the lower boiling point of the material can be vaporizedby adjusting the evaporation temperature. In the absence of evaporationof the material under test, the higher the temperature, the morecomplete the evaporation of the mobile phase, the better the baseline of the chromatogram, and the higher the signal-to-noise ratio. If the measured material is close to or below the boiling point flowevaporation temperature phase, however, is unable to detect; 100% of the water as the mobile phase, temperature is only the evaporation chamberis set to 150 degrees Celsius, organic matter lower boiling point than water can be separated by gas chromatography detection. Since the flow phase and solvent evaporates, the chromatogram collected by the ELSD detector generally has no solvent peak; and the gradient elution has no refractive parallax effect and generally does not exhibit baseline drift.3. to detect light scattering changes, all materials entering the scattering pool can be detected, and the response value is only relatedto the amount of matter.The 4. concentration is not linear with the peak area, and followsthe logarithm of the natural logarithm.13. what is the commonly used method of quantitative analysis of HPLC? Which methods need correction factor to correct peak area? Which methods do not have to correct the factor?The commonly used methods for quantitative analysis of HPLC are:External standard method: external standard work curve method, external standard point method, external standard two point method, etc.Internal standard method: internal standard work curve method,internal standard point method, internal standard two point method, internal standard comparison method, etc.The calibration factor is not necessary when using the standardcurve method of internal standard and external standard, and other methods need correction factor to correct peak area14. point out the elution sequence of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene in reversed-phase chromatography and explain the reason.The order of polarity of the three is from large to small, benzene, naphthalene and anthracene,Therefore, the elution order in reverse phase chromatography is benzene, naphthalene and anthracene, and benzene is the first peak.15. which HPLC method should be used to separate the following substances?(1) ethanol and butanol; (2) Ba2+ and Sr2+; (3) pentanoic acid and butyric acid; (4) high molecular weight glucoside.(1) positive phase bonded phase chromatography(2) ion exchange chromatography(3) ion pair chromatography(4) steric exclusion chromatography;"Chromatography analysis" exercisesChapter 1 Introduction to chromatography analysisJudgment question:1 the following conditions will increase the performance of the chromatographic column:A reduces the velocity of the mobile phase; ()B particles uniformly packed; ()C increases the diameter of the stationary phase particles; ()D increases the column temperature. ()Question 1: Please select the most suitable chromatographic analysis method for the following samples.The thermal instability of the sample. (2) low boiling aromatic hydrocarbons. () the complex, multiple groups of samples. ()A gas chromatography.B liquid chromatography.2. points out which of the following parameter changes will cause an increase in relative retention values?(1) the column length increased; (2) the ratio increased; (3) the column temperature decreased; (4) the phase velocity of mobile phase decreased.3. it is pointed out that the following conditions can reduce the height of theoretical plate:(1) increasing the column length; (2) decreasing the Dt value; (3) decreasing the speed of the flow line; (4) decreasing the diameter of the fixed phase particles,(5) increasing column temperature. Explain why.Simple answer:1. What is the balance of chromatographic distribution? How do the partition coefficients, the capacity factor, the relative rate, and the distribution temperature line measure the distribution balance of the components in the two phases?2, what factors do the theoretical equations of the plate derive from? What is their significance?3, try to explain the function and shortcomings of the plate theory in the interpretation of chromatographic separation.4, try to explain the theoretical basis of Van Deemter equation and the implications of its expressions.What is the practical significance of the 5 and Van Deemterequations? What is the reason for the deformation of the coupled curve?6. Test the basis and classification of chromatography.7. Briefly describe the types and characteristics of chromatographic columns.8. The separation principle and characteristics of chromatographyare briefly described.9. The characteristics and application scope of gas chromatography (OLC, GSC, CGC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPlC) and supercritical fluid chromatography are briefly described.10. Besides the factors discussed in the Van Deemte equation, what are the factors that affect the broadening of chromatographic peaks? How to overcome it in actual work?11, select the plate height (H) what is the color spectrumseparation index according to the operating conditions?12, try to explain the meaning of A, B and C constants in Van Deemter equation, and the unit and its calculation method.13, a gas chromatography column marked: OV - 101 column, the column efficiency of n is higher than 1200, which marked the correct way? Why?14, compare the chromatography (GC, HPLC) and chemical analysis, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, the similarities and differences between fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, atomic spectrometry, electrochemical analysis method, analysis method and how to improve the development of chromatography?15. Mark the name of each parameter in the chromatogram (see below) and point out the parameters of the qualitative and quantitative chromatographyFixed film thickness 16, higher than the B A column column, other conditions completely different, is two on the optimal linear velocity (uopt) value of the same?17, there is a lower boiling paraffin homologen samples withnonpolar stationary liquid chromatographic column, low column temperature and low liquid loading ratio, or high high liquid column temperature, load ratio (good to complete the same time analysis)? Why?Calculation problem:1. there is a liquid chromatography column, t, M = 4 points, and now the A and B, C, D, four components of the retention value and peak width as follows:Please calculate the n value and N eff value of each component.2. on a chromatographic column, the peak time of air peak is 0.5 minutes, the sample peak time is 2.44 minutes, and the peak width is 9.7 seconds. Assuming that the chromatographic peaksare normally distributed and the chromatographic column is 1 meters long, the theoretical plate number of the column, the theoretical height of the tray, the number of effective plates and the height of the effective plate are calculated.3. A and B two components are separated at column 100. The partition coefficient of A is 110, and the partition coefficient of B is 120. How long will it take to separate the two from 1.1? The theoretical plate height is 0.1mm.The second chapter gas chromatography analysisJudgment question:1 using polar column (GC) analysis of samples, the first out of the peak component is:A boiling high component; ()B large molecular weight component; ()C polar component; ()Choice question:1 select the most suitable gas chromatography stationary phase (or fixative) according to the sample.The n-pentane, octane. (2) N 2, O 2. ()A zeolite.B methyl silicone rubber SE-30.C polyethylene glycol PEG -20M.Simple answer:By experiment, do you think a newly prepared gas liquid packed column needs aging before use? Why?Please list at least four qualitative methods commonly used in chromatography.What is the quantitative correction factor? Why is correction factor introduced in chromatographic quantitative analysis?4. after the analysis of the experiment, we will estimate what type of fixative or stationary phase should be used.(1) determination of SO2 and H2S in air; (2) determination of moisture in several hundred ppm grades in acetone;(3) determination of trace organic phosphorus andorganochlorine pesticides residues in vegetables and fruits;(4) determination of trace amounts of benzene, toluene and xylene in styrene in the production section of styrene;(5) analysis of C2 - C4 hydrocarbon in petroleum cracking gas; (6) determination of ortho - and para - cresol in cresol wastewater;(7) analysis of C4 - C2 alcohols.5. what are the common carrier gas? How to select and purify carrier gas?6. gas system leakage may occur what? Why?What are the similarities and differences between 7. gas liquid chromatographic stationary phases and gas solidchromatographic stationary phases?8. what are the requirements for chromatographic fixative? How are they classified?What is the relationship between the order of the 9. components and the intermolecular force?10. briefly describe the meanings and characteristics of WCOT, SCOT and PLOT column abbreviations.11. why 0.2mm fine bore capillary column must be split during operation12., why does capillary gas chromatography have to be combined witha tail blowing device, such as no tail blowing operation?13. compare the difference between capillary gaschromatography and packed column gas chromatography.Calculation problem:1. the content of fatty acids in eggs was analyzed by chromatography. The relative correction factor of 0.43 palmitic acid, oleic acid area correction factor is 0.52, the relative correction factor of 0.37stearic acid, linoleic acidrelative correction factor was 0.41; palmitic acid peak area of 80mm 2, the peak area is 100mm oleic acid 2, stearic acid peak area for the50mm 2, the peak area of Asia oleic acid is 70mm 2. Please calculate the percentage of palmitic acid in eggs by normalization method2. there are four chromatographic peaks on the color spectrum. The distance from the introduction to the highest point of each group is as follows:Air 2.50 min; heptane 16.4 min; toluene 19.2 min; octane 31.5 min.Please calculate the retention index of toluene.3. a mixture of ethanol, heptane, benzene and ethyl acetate was analyzed. The measured peak area of them was 5, 9, 4, and 7.0cm 2, by manual check their relative weight correction factor of FW were 0.64,0.70, 0.78 and 0.79 respectively, according to the normalization method for weight percent concentration of them.The third chapter is the analysis of HPLCJudgment question:1, to improve the selection performance of columns, which of the following most effective measures should be adopted?:A uses a highly selective stationary phase; ()B reduces theaffinity of the relative component of the flow; ()C increase column length; ()Choice question:1 if you wish to analyze the following compounds by liquid chromatography, please select the optimum separation type.The determination of halogenated alkane isomers. (2) glutathione S-transferase separation in animal liver. ()Separation and determination of proteins and molecular weight in the serum. () the separation of chicken ovomucoid occurred in the ionization under alkaline conditions. (A) liquid liquid partition chromatography, B affinity chromatography, C, volume exclusion chromatography, D ion exchange chromatographyE liquid solid adsorption chromatographyFill in the:In reversed-phase ion pair chromatography, equilibrium ion concentration increases with retention values (); equilibrium ions increase in hydrophobicity, retention values (); mobile phase The ratio of water to water decreases, the organic solvent increases, and the retention value (); if the component is acid, when the pH value of the mobile phase decreases, the retention value (...).Simple answer:1. point out the elution sequence of n-hexane and acetic acid in reverse liquid liquid partition chromatography and explain the reason.2. what is the chemical bonding phase? What are the characteristics?3., compare the HPLC and GC separation principle, instrument structure and application methods of similarities and differences.4. How does high-performance liquid chromatography achieve efficient and high-speed separations (compared with classical column chromatography)?5. Briefly describe the main influencing factors and improvement methods of chromatographic peak broadening of HPLC.6. What are the classes of HPLC methods? What is their essence?7. Describe the characteristics of positive Reversed-phase Ion Pair Chromatography and the factors affecting the separation of components.8. What are the effects of the following conditions on the separation and detection of components?(1) when using an ultraviolet absorption detector, the mobilephase is hexane containing impurities (Fang Ting)(2) in liquid solid chromatography, by containing a small amount of polar impurities (such as water) of n-hexane as mobile phase(3) in the gradient elution, the non-polar mobile phase with a trace of polar impurities is used to replace the more volatile mobile phase.The fourth chapter is thin layer chromatography analysisBrief answer: 1.. Compared with liquid chromatography analysis,what's special about thin layer chromatography?2. briefly describe the working process of thin layer chromatography analysis.。

填空部分:1、我们测定气相色谱仪灵敏度时，如果用10２-白色担体，邻苯二甲酸二壬酯固定液,此时按两相所处的状态属于（气—液) 色谱;按固定相性质属于(填充柱) 色谱；按展示方式属于(冲洗) 色谱;按分离过程所依据的物理化学原理属于（分配)色谱。

2、液相色谱分析中常用以低压汞灯为光源，波长固定式的紫外(UV)检测器,它是以低压汞灯的最强发射线(253.８）nｍ做为测定波长。

3、根据分离原理的不同,液相色谱可分为（液—液）;(液—固）；（离子交换)；（凝胶）色谱法。

4、固定相分为（液体）和(固体)固定相两大类。

固体固定相可分为（吸附剂），（高分子多孔小球），(化学键合）固定相三类。

5、保留值大小反映了(组分)与（固定相）之间作用力的大小,这些作用力包括（定向力），(诱导力)，（色散力），（氢键作用力）等。

6、柱温选择主要取决于样品性质。

分析永久性气体,柱温一般控制在（50℃以上);沸点在３0０℃以下的物质，柱温往往控制在（150℃以下）;沸点300℃以上的物质,柱温最好能控制在(2０0℃以下）;高分子物质大多分析其裂解产物。

若分析多组分宽沸程样品,则可采用（程序升温）;检测器可采用(FＩＤ）。

7、在气相色谱分析中，载气钢瓶内贮存气体都有明显的标记，如氮气,瓶外漆（黑色)，用黄色标写“氮”;氢气漆(深绿色),红色标写“氢”。

８、固定液按相对极性可粗分为(五)类,异三十烷是(非极性）固定液,属(0)级；β，β,—氧二丙腈是(强极性）固定液，属(5）级。

9、采用TCＤ检测器时,要注意先(通载气）后（加桥电流）并且(桥电流）不可过大，否则易烧损铼钨丝。

1０、色谱基本参数测量与计算的关键是(控制色谱操作条件的稳定）。

11、气相色谱中，对硫、磷化合物有高选择性和高灵敏度的检测器是火焰光度检测器（ＦP Ｄ)和硫磷检测器（SPD）；对大多数有机化合物有很高灵敏度的是氢火焰离子化检测器(FI Ｄ)。

12、某色谱峰峰底宽为50秒，它的保留时间为５0分，在此情况下，该柱子理论板数有（5760０）块。

. 第一章提取与分离技术一、名词解释1、机械破碎法2、物理破碎法3、温度差破碎法4、压力差破碎法5、超声波破碎法6、渗透压变化法7、化学破碎法8、酶促（学）破碎法9、自溶法10、抽提11、盐溶12、盐析13、沉淀分离法14、分段盐析15、K S分段盐析16、β分段盐析17、等电点沉淀法18、有机溶剂沉淀法19、复合沉淀法20、金属盐沉淀法21、选择性变性沉淀法二、填空题1、细胞破碎的方法有、和。

2、机械破碎法按照使用机械的不同可分为、和。

3、常用的物理破碎法有、和等。

4、常用的压力差破碎法有、和等。

5、化学破碎法采用的表面活性剂有和两种。

其中之一按其带电荷性质又可分为和两种。

6、根据抽提时所采用的溶剂或溶液的不同。

抽提的方法主要有、、和等7、常用的沉淀分析法有、、、、和等。

8、常用的金属盐沉淀法有和。

9、蛋白质盐析时，带入大量盐离子杂质，可采用、和方法脱盐。

10、要分离和提纯核酸过程中，常用来沉淀DNA和RNA。

11、常用的使蛋白质沉淀的方法有、、、和等。

12、三、是非题（对的打√、错的打×）1、渗透压变化法可用于革兰氏阳性菌的破碎。

（）2、有机溶剂破碎细胞主要是使细胞膜磷脂结构破坏，从而使细胞膜的透过性增强。

（）3、用化学法破碎细胞提取酶时，经常用离子型表面活性剂。

（）4、用化学法破碎细胞提取酶时，用非离子型表面活性剂最好。

（）5、对于具有细胞壁结构的细胞采用酶法破碎时，应根据细胞壁结构选择不同的酶。

（）6、酸性物质易溶于酸性溶剂中，碱性物质易溶于碱性溶液中。

（）7、在等电点时两性电解质溶解度最小。

（）8、抽提两性电解质时应避开其等电点。

（）四、选择题1、利用突然降压法破碎革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌应选择期的细胞破碎效果最佳。

A 调整期B 对数生长期C 平衡期D衰退期2、提取膜结合酶采用法破碎细胞最佳。

A 高压冲击法B 突然降压法C 渗透压变化法3、超声波破碎法最适合于破碎。

A 动物细胞B 植物细胞C 微生物细胞4、利用超声波法破碎微生物细胞对期的细胞破碎效果最佳。

《现代分离方法与技术》复习资料分离：利用混合物中各组分在物理或化学性质上的差异，通过适当的装置或方法，使各组分分配至不同的空间区域或者在不同的时间依次分配至同一空间区域的过程。

把混合物中某些组分或各组分彼此分开，或把混合物中各相间彼此分开的过程叫分离（化工词典）。

分离的目的1确认对象物质或准确测定其含量；2获取单一纯物质或某类物质以作它用；3浓缩（富集）某个或某类物质；4消除干扰，提高分析方法选择性和灵敏度。

分离科学;研究从混合物中分离、纯化或富集某些组分以获得相对纯物质的过程的规律、仪器制造技术及其应用的一门学科。

富集：通过分离，使目标组分在某空间区域的浓度增大。

分离与富集的关系：富集需要借助分离，即分离与富集是同时实现的。

富集与分离的目的不同，富集只是分离的目的之一。

浓缩：将溶剂部分分离，使溶质浓度提高的过程。

浓缩与富集的异同：浓缩时溶质相互之间不分离；富集往往伴随着浓缩，因为以富集为目的的分离最终都会设法使溶液体积减小。

纯化：通过分离使某种物质的纯度提高的过程。

根据目标组分在原始溶液中的相对含量（摩尔分数）的不同进行区分：方法被分离组分的摩尔分数富集 <0.1 浓缩0.1－0.9 纯化 >0.9分离科学的重要性：1分离是认识物质世界的必经之路2 分离是各种分析技术的前提3富集(分离)延伸了分析方法的检出限4 分离科学是其他学科发展的基础5分离科学提高了人类的生活品质回收率R＝实际回收量欲回收总量Q?100％Q0富集倍数＝待分离组分的回收率/基体回收率为什么要研究敞开体系?因为分离体系往往是敞开体系，如：研究多相中的某一相（相与相之间有物质进出）；色谱柱或固相萃取柱的某一小段，如一个理论塔板（段与段，或塔板之间有物质进出）；固定相或流动相（两相间有物质交换）；离子交换树脂表面的保留行为（树脂与淋洗液之间有物质交换）。

相平衡－相变化达到平衡，系统中各相之间没有物质传递，每相的组成与物质数量不随时间而变。

现代⽣化技术复习题. 第⼀章提取与分离技术⼀、名词解释1、机械破碎法2、物理破碎法3、温度差破碎法4、压⼒差破碎法5、超声波破碎法6、渗透压变化法7、化学破碎法8、酶促（学）破碎法9、⾃溶法10、抽提11、盐溶12、盐析13、沉淀分离法14、分段盐析15、K S分段盐析16、β分段盐析17、等电点沉淀法18、有机溶剂沉淀法19、复合沉淀法20、⾦属盐沉淀法21、选择性变性沉淀法⼆、填空题1、细胞破碎的⽅法有、和。

2、机械破碎法按照使⽤机械的不同可分为、和。

3、常⽤的物理破碎法有、和等。

4、常⽤的压⼒差破碎法有、和等。

5、化学破碎法采⽤的表⾯活性剂有和两种。

其中之⼀按其带电荷性质⼜可分为和两种。

6、根据抽提时所采⽤的溶剂或溶液的不同。

抽提的⽅法主要有、、和等7、常⽤的沉淀分析法有、、、、和等。

8、常⽤的⾦属盐沉淀法有和。

9、蛋⽩质盐析时，带⼊⼤量盐离⼦杂质，可采⽤、和⽅法脱盐。

10、要分离和提纯核酸过程中，常⽤来沉淀DNA和RNA。

11、常⽤的使蛋⽩质沉淀的⽅法有、、、和等。

12、三、是⾮题（对的打√、错的打×）1、渗透压变化法可⽤于⾰兰⽒阳性菌的破碎。

（）2、有机溶剂破碎细胞主要是使细胞膜磷脂结构破坏，从⽽使细胞膜的透过性增强。

（）3、⽤化学法破碎细胞提取酶时，经常⽤离⼦型表⾯活性剂。

（）4、⽤化学法破碎细胞提取酶时，⽤⾮离⼦型表⾯活性剂最好。

（）5、对于具有细胞壁结构的细胞采⽤酶法破碎时，应根据细胞壁结构选择不同的酶。

（）6、酸性物质易溶于酸性溶剂中，碱性物质易溶于碱性溶液中。

（）7、在等电点时两性电解质溶解度最⼩。

（）8、抽提两性电解质时应避开其等电点。

（）四、选择题1、利⽤突然降压法破碎⾰兰⽒阴性⼤肠杆菌应选择期的细胞破碎效果最佳。

A 调整期B 对数⽣长期C 平衡期D衰退期2、提取膜结合酶采⽤法破碎细胞最佳。

A ⾼压冲击法B 突然降压法C 渗透压变化法3、超声波破碎法最适合于破碎。

第一章1、分离过程分类？机械分离传质分离(平衡分离、速率控制分离) 反应分离分离装置中，利用机械力简单地将两相混合物相互分离的过程称为机械分离过程。

2、列举几种典型的机械分离过程：过滤、沉降、离心分离、旋风分离、除尘。

3、传质分离的分离过程如何分类？举例说明：平衡分离：蒸发、闪蒸、蒸馏、吸收、萃取、吸附、离子交换、萃取蒸馏结晶速率控制分离：气体渗透、反渗透、渗析、渗透蒸发、泡沫分离、色谱分离、电渗析4、几种典型的反应分离技术？可逆反应：（离子交换、反应萃取）不可逆反应：（反应吸收、反应结晶）生物分解反应：（生物降解）电化学反应：（双极膜水解反应）第二章1、按膜的分离原理及推动力不同，膜分几类？根据分离膜的分离原理和推动力的不同，可将其分为微孔膜、超过滤膜、反渗透膜、纳滤膜、渗析膜、电渗析膜、渗透蒸发膜等。

2、按膜的形态分类？按膜的形状分为平板膜(Flat Membrane)、管式膜(Tubular Membrane)和中空纤维膜(Hollow Fiber)、卷式膜。

3、按膜结构分类？对称膜、非对称膜和复合膜。

4、按膜的孔径大小分类？多孔膜和致密膜。

5、微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透，推动力是压力差。

渗析，推动力浓度差。

电渗析，推动力电位差。

气体分离、渗透蒸发推动力是压力差。

液膜分离推动力是浓度差。

6、常用的有机高分子膜材料？聚砜类、聚酰胺类、纤维素脂类。

7、醋酸纤维膜的优缺点？优点：醋酸纤维素性能稳定缺点：在高温和酸、碱存在下易发生水解，易受微生物侵蚀，pH值适应范围较窄，不耐高温和某些有机溶剂或无机溶剂。

8、醋酸纤维膜的结构？是一种非对称的多孔膜。

表皮层、过渡层、支撑层（多孔层）9、固体膜的保存应注意？主要应防止微生物、水解、冷冻对膜的破坏和膜的收缩变形。

微生物的破坏主要发生在醋酸纤维素膜；而水解和冷冻破坏则对任何膜都可能发生。

温度、pH值不适当和水中游离氧的存在均会造成膜的水解。

冷冻会使膜膨胀而破坏膜的结构。

现代分离技术习题1.化工分离过程按分离原理分为机械分离过程与传质分离过程。

2.有相产生或添加得分离过程，就是通过外加能量分离剂产生第二相或直接添加第二相得物质分离剂这两种途径来实现得。

3.料液预处理得目得就是改善料液中非均相组成得分布特征及料液得流动特性，以利于非均相物系得分离，同时还除去杂质。

4.常用得料液预处理方法有：加热、凝聚、絮凝、反映消除、吸附等。

5.当温度升高时，气体物料得粘度增大，液体物料得粘度减小。

6.巴氏杀菌法就是指采用100℃以下得温度与比较短得加热时间来处理物料得灭菌方法。

7.解释凝聚微观机理得模型就是扩散双电层结构模型。

8.凝聚价就是指使胶体粒子发生凝聚作用得最小电解质浓度，凝聚价越大，则凝聚能力越弱。

9.絮凝剂得长链结构上就是具有大量得活性功能团，能与胶体粒子产生吸附作用，另外一个胶体又会同时与多个长链分子发生作用，从而产生架桥作用，形成网状结构得絮团。

10.影响固液悬混物分离过程及效果得主要因素就是粘液粘度、固形物得外姓尺寸以及固相与液相得密度差。

11.通过交替使用低速与高速离心，可以使不同质量得物质在不同强度得离心力作用下分级沉降，这种离心分离方法叫差速离心法，此法使用于混合样品中各沉降速率差别较大组分得分离。

12.过滤就是利用多孔介质对固形颗粒得筛粉截留作用来固液分离得。

常规过滤能够截留10~100 μm 得固型颗粒。

13.Nc就是指描述约束关系得独立方式得数目，这些约束关系包括：①物料平衡式；②能量平衡式；③相平衡关系式；④化学平衡式；⑤内在关系式。

14.不同设备得设计变量数尽管不同，但其中固定设计变量得确定原则就是共同得，既只与进料物流数目与系统内压力等级数有关。

15.任何逆流流动得分离设备得处理能力都受到液泛得限制。

若L/V越小，则液泛气速越大；若液泛气速增大，则说明处理能力越强。

16.雾沫夹带就是气液两相得物理分离不完全得现象。

雾沫夹带随着板间距得减小而增加，随塔负荷得增加而急剧上升。

现代分离技术期末考试复习资料第一章绪论1、什么是分离?利用混合物中各组分在物理性质、化学性质或生物学性质上的差异，通过适当的装置或方法，使各组分分配至不同的空间区域或在不同的时间依次分配到同一空间区域的过程。

2、分离的主要目的?浓缩、富集、纯化、掩蔽与除杂。

3、对分离方法的一般要求?○1分离度大、回收率、富集倍数高、重现性好；○2设备廉价、操作简单、分离速度快；○3所需能量或分离剂少；○4对分离组分的玷污和损失小。

第二章原料的预处理及固液分离1、生化发酵液有什么组成？最多的什么？水（70%-80%）；菌体（细胞体）、碎片20%-30%；胞内外代谢产物；培养基残留成分。

固体颗粒：细胞、杂质、蛋白质絮凝体，催化剂颗粒。

可溶性杂质：金属离子、色素最多的是水（含有大量的核酸、蛋白质和多糖）2、原料液预处理的目的？A、改变发酵液及其中固形物质的物理性质，加快从悬浮液中分离固形物的速度，提高固液分离效率；B、去除发酵液的部分杂质，以利于后续操作；C、尽可能使产物转入后续反应的相中（液相）。

3、预处理要求？①菌体分离；②去除固体悬浮物、金属离子、有机杂质、蛋白质；③改变发酵液的性质。

4、发酵液预处理的方法？加热、凝聚和絮凝、吸附、反应消除。

5、絮凝：使用絮凝剂（通常是天然或合成的大分子聚电解质），在悬浮粒子之间产生架桥的作用而使胶粒形成粗大的絮凝体的过程。

6、凝聚：在特定的电解质作用下，破坏悬浮固形颗粒、菌体和蛋白质等胶体粒子的分散状态，使胶体粒子聚集的过程。

7、固液分离的方法：（沉降、离心和过滤）第三章多组分精馏1、什么是蒸馏？利用液体混合物中各组分挥发度的差异及回流的工程手段来实现分离液体混合物的单元操作。

2、易挥发组分（沸点低挥发性大饱和蒸汽压高轻组分）难挥发组分（沸点高挥发性小饱和蒸汽压低重组分）3、什么是饱和蒸汽压？一定的温度下，与同种物质的液态(或固态)处于平衡状态的蒸汽所产生的压强叫饱和蒸汽压。

一、名词解释： 分离：利用混合物中各组分在物理或化学性质上的差异，通过适当的装置或方法，使各组分分配至不同的空间区域或者在不同的时间依次分配至同一空间区域的过程。

富集：通过分离，使目标组分在某空间区域的浓度增大。

浓缩：将溶剂部分分离，使溶质浓度提高的过程。

纯化：通过分离使某种物质的纯度提高的过程分离科学：研究从混合物中分离、纯化或富集某些组分以获得相对纯物质的过程的规律、仪器制造技术及其应用的一门学科。

回收率：0100Q R Q ⨯实际回收量回收率＝％欲回收总量富集倍数：富集倍数＝待分离组分的回收率/基体回收率分离因子S ：两种物质被分离的程度。

回收率R 相差越大，分离效果越好。

设A 为目标组分，B 为共存组分，则A 对B 的分离因子S A,B 为,0,0,//A A B A B B A BR Q Q S R Q Q == 氢键：氢原子在分子中与电负性较大的原子X 形成共价键时，还可以吸引另一个电负性较大、且含有孤对电子的原子Y ，形成较弱化学结合。

分配平衡常数：在一定温度下，当某一溶质在互不相容的两种溶剂中达到分配平衡时，该溶质在两相中的浓度之比分配比（D ）：某种物质在两相之间各形态总浓度的比值[][]A i org org i A aq i aqiA C D C A ==∑∑ 相比：有机相和水相两相体积之比直接溶剂萃取：可溶于水的有机分子（如羧酸、醇类、糖）因具有明显疏水性，可以直接从水相萃取到有机相。

间接溶剂萃取：无机离子通过与萃取剂形成疏水化合物后，再被有机相萃取。

协同萃取效应：混合萃取剂同时萃取某一物质时，其分配比显着大于相同浓度下各单一萃取剂分配比之和。

相对保留值：组分2与组分1调整保留值之比：r 21 = t′R2 / t′R1= V′R2 / V′R1分配系数：在某温度T 时，组分在两相间达到分配平衡时的浓度之比。

即s mc K c = 保留时间（t R ）：组分从进样到柱后出现浓度极大值时所需的时间；死时间（t M ）：不与固定相作用的气体（如空气）的保留时间；高效毛细管电泳色谱：是指离子或带电粒子以毛细管为分离室，以高压直流电场为驱动力，依据样品中各组分之间淌度和分配行为上的差异而实现分离的液相分离分析技术。

分离复习题及答案一、选择题1. 分离技术中，常用的色谱法包括哪些类型？A. 液-液色谱B. 液-固色谱C. 离子交换色谱D. 所有以上答案：D2. 在进行蛋白质分离时，以下哪项不是常用的方法？A. 凝胶过滤B. 亲和层析C. 离心D. 聚合酶链反应答案：D二、填空题1. 根据分子大小进行分离的方法是________，常用于蛋白质和多肽的分离。

答案：凝胶过滤2. 亲和层析是一种特异性很强的分离方法，它利用了________与________之间的特异性结合。

答案：配体；目标分子三、简答题1. 请简述电泳技术在生物分子分离中的应用及其原理。

答案：电泳技术是一种利用电场力驱动带电分子在电介质中移动的分离技术。

在生物分子分离中，电泳技术常用于蛋白质、核酸等分子的分离。

其原理是基于不同分子的电荷性质和大小差异，使得它们在电场中的迁移速度不同，从而达到分离的目的。

2. 描述离子交换色谱的基本原理及其在分离过程中的应用。

答案：离子交换色谱是一种利用固定相上的离子与样品中的离子之间发生可逆的离子交换反应来实现分离的技术。

在分离过程中，样品中的离子根据其与固定相离子交换能力的强弱，会在色谱柱中移动速度不同，从而实现分离。

这种方法常用于氨基酸、多肽、核酸和蛋白质等带电生物分子的分离。

四、计算题1. 如果在凝胶过滤色谱中，已知蛋白质A的Kav值为0.2，蛋白质B 的Kav值为0.4，假设柱子的总体积为100 mL，洗脱体积为50 mL时蛋白质A被洗脱，求蛋白质B的洗脱体积。

答案：根据Kav的定义，Kav = (Ve - V0) / Vc，其中Ve是洗脱体积，V0是死体积，Vc是柱床体积。

假设死体积V0为0，蛋白质A的洗脱体积为50 mL，可以计算出Vc = 50 mL / 0.2 = 250 mL。

因此，对于蛋白质B，其洗脱体积Ve = Vc * Kav(B) = 250 mL * 0.4 = 100 mL。

五、论述题1. 论述高效液相色谱(HPLC)在药物分析中的应用及其优势。