A soft-input soft-output APP module for iterative decoding of concatenated codes

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机床按键与报警显示中英对照法拉克：ALTER 修改程序及代码 INSRT 插入程序 DELET 删除程序EOB 完成一句 (END OF BLOCK) CAN 取消(EDIT 或 MDI MODE 情况下使用) INPUT 输入程序及代码 OUTPUT START 输出程序及指令 OFFSET 储存刀具长度、半径补当值 AUX GRAPH 显示图形 PRGRM 显示程序内容 ALARM 显示发生警报内容或代码POS 显示坐标 DGONS PARAM 显示自我诊断及参数功能 RESET 返回停止 CURSOR 光标上下移动 PAGE 上下翻页—欢迎下载 2 数控机床中英文对照表 ABS 和 REL——在法那克系统中，按这两个键分别来切换当前机床的相对坐标和绝对坐标 ALL——全选，程序编辑时用 PRGRM——程序（program）的缩写，用于查看程序 NEXT——查看程序和查看参数时，下一页 OPRT——在法那克系统中，选择编辑程序时，也就是按下 PRGRM 后，再按这个键，才能输入程序号HOST，CONECT——这两个是在系统与外界通信时用的，我没试过，不知道什么作用 HELP——查看帮助信息 SHIFT——换档键，有些键有两个字符，按下这个键，用来输入顶部那个字符ALTER——程序修改键，编辑程序时用 INSERT——程序插入键，编辑程序时用 EOB——程序结束符，在编辑程序时，没段程序结束时，要加这个符号 CAN——取消键，用来取消输入INPUT——输入键，用来输入程序或参数 POS——按此键显示当前机床位置画面 PROS——按此键显示当前程序画面OFFSET——按此键显示刀具偏置画面 SETTING——按此键显示刀具偏置设定画面—欢迎下载 3 SYSTEM——按此键显示系统信息及系统状态画面 GRAPH——按此键显示加工时刀具轨迹的图形画面CUSTOM——按此键显示用户宏程序画面手动数据输入 (MDI) 直接数字控制方法 (DNC) 控制器单元或机控制器单元（MCU —欢迎下载 4 常见机床报警信息中英文对照 T WORD ERROR （T 码错误）LOW OIL LEVEL （油位低）SPINPLE FAULT （主轴故障）SPINDLE ALARM （主轴报警）EXTERNAL EMG STOP （急停按钮被按下）AC NOT READY （交流盘未准备好）SPINPLE LUBE FAULT （主轴润滑故障）T CODE ERROR （T 代码出错，非法 T 代码）M CODE ERROR （M 代码出错，非法 M 代码）SERVO NOT READY （伺服未准备好）NC NOT READY（NC 没准备好）TURRET FAULT （转塔故障）TURRET LIMIT （转塔限位）DC 24V OPEN （直流 24 断开）+24V NOT READY（+24V 没准备好）GRAR DRIFT （档位漂移）PLEASE AXIS RETURN HOME（轴未回零）PLEASE DRUM RETURN HOME（刀库未回零）AIRPRESSFAILURE（气压故障）UNCL TOOL FALL（松刀失败）—欢迎下载 5 AIR PRESSURE DROP （压缩空气压力过低）CLAMP TOOL FALL（夹刀失败）DRUM NOT PARKED（刀库未在原值）X ZERO POINT NOT REACHED （X 轴未回零）Y ZERO POINT NOT REACHED （Y 轴未回零）Z ZERO POINT NOT REACHED （Z 轴未回零）4TH ZERO POINT NOT REACHED （第 4 轴未回零）X AXIS OVERTRAVL（X 轴超限）Y AXIS OVERTRAVL （Y 轴超限）Z AXIS OVERTRAVL （Z 轴超限）COUNTER SWITCH REEOR （计数开关故障）MASTERT RANSFER OVER TEMP （主变压器过热）Z AXIS NOT AT FIRST REF POSITION （Z 轴未在第一参考点）SPINDLE ORIENTATION FALLURE （主轴定向失败）TOOL DESENT OR TOOL DATA REEOR （刀具数据错误）PLEASE UNLOAD THE TOOL ON SPRINELK （请卸下主轴上的刀）PLEASE LOAD TOOL ON APINDLE （请装上主轴上的刀）A AXIS UNCLAMP FAIL （A 轴松开失败）A AXIS CLAMP FAIL （A 轴夹紧失败）—欢迎下载 6 DRUM OUT TO APRONDLEIS FALL （刀库摆向换刀位失败）MG SWING OVERLOAD（刀库摆动过载）DRUM BACK PARK IS FALL （刀库摆回原始位失败）TURRENT MOTOR1 OVERLOAD （刀库移动电机过载）COOLANT MOTOR OVERLOAD （冷却泵过载）DRUM ATC FAULT （自动换刀失败）TOOLS UNLOCKED （刀具未锁紧）BATTERY ALARM （电池报警）DRUM POSITION SWITCH ERROR （刀库位置检测开关故障）DRUM NOW NOT AT PARK （刀库未在原始位置）IT DANGOU TO MOVE DRUM （刀库禁动）POT UO FAILOR POT NOT AT UP POSITION （刀套未在水平位）POT DOWN FAIL （刀套翻下动作失败）IT IS DANGOUR TO MOVE ARM （机械手禁动）THE SPINDLE STATU IS ERROR （主轴状态错误）ARM MOTOR OR ARM SWITCH FALL （机械手或机械手开关故障）CENTRE LUBRICATION FALL （中心润滑故障）THE WORK NOT CLAMPED （工件未夹紧）—欢迎下载 7 AUTO TOOL CHANGE FAULT （自动换刀失败）TOOL DATA OUT OF RANGE （指令刀具号超出范围）THE ORDER TOOL NOW IN SPINDLE （目标刀具在主轴上）THE THREE SPINDLE SWITCH FAULT （主轴上的接近开关）THE CENTRE COOLANT IS LOWER （刀具内冷泵液位过低）DRUM RETURN 1# POSITION FAULT （刀库自动回零失败）SPINDLE OVERLOAD （主轴过载）TURRENT MOTOR OVERLOAD （刀盘转动电机过载）CHIP CONVEYER OVERLOAD （拉屑器过载）HARD LIMIT OR SERVO ALARM （硬限位或伺服报警）NO LUB OIL （无润滑油）INDEX HEAD UNLOCKED （分度头未锁紧）MT NOT READY（机床没准备好）MG OVERLOAD （刀库过载）LUB EMPTY（润滑无油）AIR PRESSURE（气压不足）COOLANT NOT READY（冷却没准备好）LUBE EMPTY（油雾油位低，润滑油位低）—欢迎下载 8 LUB PRESSURE LOW（润滑压力低）CONVEY VERLOAD（排屑过载）LUB OVERLOAD（润滑过载）LUBE PRESSURE LOW（油雾压力低）SERIAL SPINDLE ALARM (串行主轴报警) NC BATTERY LOW ALARM(NC 电池低报警) MAGAZINE MOVE LIMIT SWITCH ERROR SPINDLE TOOL UNLAMP POSITION LIMIT SWITCH ERROR MAGAZINE NOT IN POSITION OR SENSOR ERROR AIR PRESSURE LOW ALARM(气压低报警) MOTOR OVERLOAD(电机过载) TCODE > MAGAZINE TOOLS T CODE < 1 ERROR 5TH AXIS HARDWARE OVERTRAVER LIMIT ERROR DOOR IS OPENED(开门) LUB PRESSURE SWITCH ERROR(油压开关错误) SPINDLE OIL COOLANT UNIT ERROR SPINDLE LOAD ABNORMAL（主轴负荷异常）TRANSDUCER ALARM（传感器报警）BED-HEAD LUBRICATE OFF（床头润滑关闭）EMG OFF—欢迎下载 9 HYDRAULIC CHUCK PRESS LOW（液压夹头压力低）HYDRAULIC TAIL PRESS LOW（液压尾座压力低）LUB 0IL LOW（油压低）TURRET CODE ERROR（转塔码错误）TURRET RUN OVERTIME（转塔运行超时）MANUAL HANDLE INTERRUPT TRY TO RUN SPINDLE WHILE CHUCK NOT LOCK TRY TO RUN SPINDLE WHILE TAIL NOT LOCK SPINDLE NEUTRAL GEAR MAGAZINE ADJUST HYDRAULIC NOT RUN SAFETY DOOR BE OPENED SAFETY DOOR NOT CLOSE NOT ALL AXIS HAVE GONE BACK REF IN ADJUST,IGNORE GOING BACK REF AFTER EXCHANGE TOOL,CYCLE START ATC MOTOR QF16 OFF X AXIS IS LOCKED（X 轴被锁定）Y AXIS IS LOCKED（Y 轴被锁定）Z AXIS IS LOCKED（Z 轴被锁定）A AXIS IS LOCKED（A 轴被锁定）—欢迎下载 10 SPINDLE MOTOR FAN QF26 OFF(主轴电机风扇 QF26 关闭) SPINDLE ORIENTATION INCOMPLETE（主轴定位不完全）M FUNCTION NOT COMPLETE（M 功能无法完成）SPINDLE NOT IN GEAR POSITION（齿轮不在主轴位置）SPINDLE NOT CHANGED TO LOW GEAR（主轴没有变为低档）SPINDLE NOT CHANGED TO HIGH GRAR（主轴没有变为高档）MAG NOT BACKWARD SPINDLE TOOL NOT CLAMP SPINDLE TOOL NOT UNCLAMP MAG NOT IN POSITION MAG DOES NOT ROTATE MAG DOES NOT STOP RUNNING A AXIS HAVE NOT CLAMPED A AXIS HAVE NOT UNCLAMPED SETD499=1,“MAG.JOG“ SWITCH ON HYDRAULIC MOTOR QF7 OFF （液压马达 QF7 关闭）HYDRAULIC TEMPRETURE HIGH（液压使用温度高）HYDRAULIC FILTER BLOCKED（液压过滤器阻止）HYDRAULIC OIL LEVEL LOW（液压油位低）—欢迎下载 11 HYDRAULIC FAN QF8 OFF（液压风扇 QF8 关闭）HELIX CONYER QF9 OR QF10 OFF CHAIN CONYER QF11 OFF COOLANT MOTOR QF12 OFF（冷却液电机 QF12 关闭）COOLNT LEVEL LOW,CYCLE STOP AFTER 20 MINUTES INNER COOLANT BLOCK（内冷却堵塞）SPINDLE COOLANT MOTOR QF14 OFF（主轴冷却液电机QF14 关闭）INNER COOLANT QF13 OFF（内冷却液 QF13 关闭）MAG MOTOR QF15 OFF CABINET COOLANT EQUIP QF20 OFF OIL GATHER QF24 OFF AIR PRESSURE LOW（低气压）SPINDLE COOLANT MOTOR FAULT（主轴冷却液电机故障）LUB.OIL IS LOW（润滑油低）DOOR OPEN（门打开）FRONT DOOR(R) OPEN（前门打开）LEFT DOOR OPEN（左门打开）LUBRICATION OIL QF23 OFF（润滑油 QF23 关闭）LUBRICATION PRESS LOW（润滑油位低）—欢迎下载 12 IN ADJUST,MAG CAN"T EXCHANGE T（在调整，刀库不能交换 T）NOT ALL DOOR CLOSED（门没有全部关闭）IN M06,MAG NOT READY（在 M06，刀库未准备好）MAGAZINE NOT READY（刀库未准备好）POCKET NOT HORIZANTAL IN M06,Z NOT BACK TO 2ND REF IN M06,Z AXIS NOT IN PSW1 ATC NOT IN ZERO POSITION SPINDLE ORIENTATION UNCOMPLETE POCKET NOT HOR./MAG NOT BCKWRD POCKET NOT VER./MAG NOT FORWRD UNCLAMP TOOL HAS NOT COMPLETED CLAMP TOOL HAS NOT COMPLETED AIM TOOL NO. IS WRONG MAG NOT BACKWARD AFTER RETRACT,SET R.T.BACK OFF ZNOT IN PSW2,FORBID ATC RUNNING D499 EQUAL 1 MAG.JOG SOFT SWITCH IS ON Z NOT IN PSW2,FORBID MAG FORWARD—欢迎下载 13 CHEKE SPINDLE MODULE ALARM OIL WATER SEPARATOR QF24 OFF SET THE SOFT SWITCH MAG.JOG OFF SET D499 TO 0 设定 D499 为 0 K PARAM ABOUT MAG SET IS WRONG 关于 MAG 的 K 参数设定错误 MECHANICAL BRAKE NOT RELEASED 机床抱闸没有松开 MECHANICAL BRAKE IS WRONG 机床抱闸错误 PLEASE ADD LUB.OIL 请加润滑油 PROBE BATTERY VOLTAGE IS LOW 探头电池电压低 PROBE IS ERR 探头错误 PARAMETER WRITE ENABLE（参数写使能）PMC EDIT ENABLE（PMC 编辑使能）CHECK LUB ROUTINSPINDLE GEAR SIGNAL MISS 主轴档位信号消失T_CLAMPED_SIGNAL MISS T 夹紧信号消失 SP OVERRIDE SWITCH DISCONNECTION 主轴倍率开关断路 FEED OVERRIDE SWITCH DISCONNECTION 进给倍率开关断路 THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POCKETS SET ERRCHANGE T STOPED BECAUSE NO AIR 因为缺少压空交换停止—欢迎下载 14 THE COOLANT WATER TOO LOW,ADD COOLANT WATER AT ONCE 冷却水少立即加水 COOLANT LEVEL LOW,ADD COOLANT WATER 冷却水液位低 PLEASE REPLACE CNC BATTERY QUICKLY 请立即更换 CNC电池 SIEMENS 常用缩略语A Output 输出ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准代码AV Preparation for work 运行准备BA Operating mode 运行方式BAG Operating mode groups 运行方式组BB Ready for operation 准备好运行BCD Binary Coded Decimals 二-十进制BHG Hand-held terminal 手提终端BOF User interface 用户接口CNC Computerized Numerical Control 计算机化数字控制CP Communication Processor 通迅处理器CPU Central Processing Unit 计算机中央处理装置CR Carriage Return 托架折回CSB Central Service Board(PLC module) 中央维护板，PLC 模块—欢迎下载 15 CTS Clear To Send 发送使能DAU Digital-Analog Converter 数模转换器DB Data Block 数据块DIN German Industrial Standards 德国工业标准DIO Data Input/Output 数据输入/输出DRF Differential Resolver Function 差分功能DRY Dry Run 空运行DSB Decoding Single Block 译码单段DSR Data Send Ready 备用输入DW Data Word 数据字E Input 输入EIA-Code Special tape code,number of holes per characters always odd 特殊纸带码，每个字符的孔数为奇数EPROM Programm memory with fixed program 有固定程序的程序存储器E/R Controlled Supply and Energy Recovery Module 可控电源和能量恢复模块ETC ETC key:Extension of the softkey bar in the same menuETC 键：同级菜单扩展键FDB Product designation database 产品指定数据库FIFO First in First Out 先进先出—欢迎下载 16 FRA Frame module 帧频模块FRAME Coordinate conversion with the components zerooffset，rotation，scaling，mirror-imaging 坐标换算，具有零点偏置，坐标旋转，标度功能和镜向功能FRK Cutter radius compensation 铣刀半径补偿FST Feed Stop 停止进给GUD Global User Data 全体用户数据HMS High-Resolution Measuring System 高分辨率测量系统HSA Main Spindle Drive 主轴驱动HW Hardware 硬件IM Interface Module 接口模块IM-S/R Interface Module(S=send/R=receive) 接口模块，S=发送/R=接收INC Increment 步进增量ISO-Code Special tape code,number of holes per character always even特殊纸带码，每个字符的孔数为偶数K1...k4 Channel 1 to Channel 4 通道 1 到通道 4KOP Ladder Diagram 梯形图KV Loop-Gain Factor 增益系数—欢迎下载 17 KUE Transformation Ratio 传动比LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管显示LUD Local User Data 局部用户数据MB Megabyte 兆字节MD Machine Data 机床数据MK Measuring Circuit 测量回路MDA Manual Data Automatic 手动输入，自动执行MLFB Machine-readable product designation 机器可识别的产品代号MMC Man Machine Communication:User interface of the numerical controlsystem for operation,programming and simulation 人机通讯：系统操作界面，用操作，编程和模拟MPF Main Program File：NC part program(main program)NC 零件程序，主程序MPI Multi Point Interface 多点通讯接口MSTT Machine control panel 机床控制面板NC Numerical Control 数字控制NCK Numerical Control Kernel(numerical krnel with block preparation,—欢迎下载 18 traversing range etc.) 数字控制核心：具有程序段预处理,运行范围等等NCU Numerical Control Unit 数控单元NURBS Non Uniform Rational B Spline 非均值有理 B 样条NV Zero Offset 零点偏置OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer 原设备制造商OP Operator Panel 操作面板OPI Operator Panel Interface 操作面板接口PC Personal Comprter 个人计算机PCMCIA Personal Computer Menory Card International Association 接口协议PG Programming Device 编程器PLC Programmable Logic Control 可编程逻辑控制器PRT Program Test 程序测试RAM Random Access Memory 随机存取存储器RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer 处理器，具有指令组小、通过能力强ROV Rapid Override 快速修调RPA R Parameters Active(NCK memoty area for R parameter numbers)R 参数有效，NCK 中用于 R 参数号的存储器区—欢迎下载 19 RTS Request To Send(control signal from serial data interfaces)发送请求：来自串行接口的控制信号SBL Single Block 单段SBL2 Single Block Decoding 译码单段SEA Setting Data Active(memory area for setting data in NCK)设定数据有效：用于 NCK 中设定数据的存储区SD Setting Data 设定数据SKP Skip Block 程序段跳跃SM Signal Module 信号模块SPF Sub Program File 子程序文件SPS Programmable Logic Controller 可编程逻辑控制器SRK Cutter Radius Compensation 刀尖半径补偿SSFK Leadscrew Error Compensation 丝杠螺距误差补偿SSI Serial Synchronous Interface 串行同步接口SW Software 软件TEA Testing Data A ctive(with reference to the machine data) 测试数据有效：与机床数据有关TO Tool Offset 刀具补偿—欢迎下载 20 TOA Tool Offset Active(memory area for tool offset) 刀具补偿有效，用于刀补的存储区TRANSMIT Transform Milling into Turning(coordinate conversion onturning machines for milling)铣床转换为车床：车床坐标换算用于铣削加工VSA Feed drive(spindle) 主轴进给驱动V Bit type PLC variable PLC 变量类型：位VB Byte type PLC variablePLC 变量类型：字节WKZ Tool 刀具WZ Tool 刀具WZK Tool offset 刀具补偿ZOA Zero Offset Active(memory area for zero offsets)零点偏置有效：零点偏置存储区。

1 引言M i c r oSta ti o n是B en tl ey公司开发的面向对象的图形处理应用软件,现已应用到测绘、建筑设计、地图制图、三维场景设计、虚拟现实和地理信息系统中。

在使用M i c r oSta t i o n软件绘制地形图要素过程中,其中重要的内容之一就是添加文本注记,而文本注记要素是用不同的字体来表达的。

因此,如何充分有效利用字体, 既要利用字体来清楚表达地物信息,还要尽可能做到简捷易用,符合图式规范要求,便于不同格式之间的数据进行转换。

要达到以上要求, 首先必须深刻理解M i c r oSta t i o n软件的字体构成及使用原理。

指定的资源文件来搜索需要的资源字体,而不是通过查找D G N 文件所在的目录来搜索资源字体。

除此之外,在将 D G N 文件输出为DW G 文件时, M i c r oSta t i o n 软件自动将需要的资源字体转换为 A u t oC AD ( 3 . SHX)字体。

需要说明的是A u t oC AD ( 3 . SHX)字体不支持填充类型的字体,因此在转换时,有填充符号的资源字体将会被转换为只有外轮廓线的A u t oC AD ( 3 . SHX)字体。

M i c r oSta t i o n软件是根据配置文件指定的文件路径或 A u t oC AD 软件注册的字体项寻找并使用 A u t o2C AD ( 3 . SHX ) 字体的, 当然也可以将A u t oC AD ( 3 . SHX)字体文件保存在与D G N 或DW G文件同一路径下, M i c r oSta t i o n 软件便会从上述路径中找到需要的SHX字体使用。

TrueTyp e字体是M i c r o s oft W i ndow s字体,被保存在系统字体目录下( % SYSTE M ROO T% \ Fon ts) 。

M i c r oSta ti o n软件每次启动后, 可以自动查找到W i ndow s中的TrueTyp e字体,并将其保存在字体列表中以供使用。

介绍软件英文作文英文：As a software enthusiast, I would like to introduce a software that I have been using for a long time and find very useful. The software is called "Evernote".Evernote is a note-taking app that allows you to capture and organize your ideas, thoughts, and notes in one place. It is available on multiple platforms including Windows, Mac, iOS, and Android, and offers a range of features that make it a must-have for anyone who wants to stay organized and productive.One of the best things about Evernote is itsflexibility. You can use it to create simple to-do lists, take notes during meetings, save articles and web pages for later reading, and even store images and audio files. You can also tag your notes, making it easy to find them later when you need them.Another great feature of Evernote is its synchronization capabilities. Your notes are automatically synced across all your devices, so you can access them from anywhere and at any time. This is especially useful for people who are always on the go and need to access their notes from different devices.Evernote also offers a powerful search function that allows you to find your notes quickly and easily. You can search for notes based on keywords, tags, dates, and even handwriting. This makes it easy to find what you need, when you need it.Overall, Evernote is a fantastic software that has helped me stay organized and productive. Whether I'm at work, at home, or on the go, I know that all my notes and ideas are just a few clicks away.中文：作为一个软件爱好者，我想介绍一个我长期使用并且非常有用的软件。

中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T 7390—94 分散型控制系统文字符号1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了分散型控制系统的主要文字符号。

本标准适用于分散型控制系统的各类技术文件。

2 术语2.1 文字符号用文字书写的方法制成的具有简化特征的视觉形象。

以表达特定的事物或概念。

2.2 分散型控制系统一种控制功能分散、操作显示集中、采用分散结构的智能站网络的控制系统。

3 分散型控制系统文字符号3.1 分散型控制系统文字符号见表1。

3.2分散型控制系统文字符号的英文索引见附录A(参考件)。

表1 分散型控制系统文字符号编号符号中文名称英文名称1 ALP 报警打印Alarm Print2 ALC 报警控制台Alarm Console3 ALI 报警指示器Alarm Indicator4 COS 被控系统Controlled System5 RMC 备用多功能控制器Reserve Multifunction Controller6 RMCD 备用多功能控制器指挥器Reserve Multifunction Controller Director7 RBC 备用基本控制器Reserve Basic Controller8 RBCD 备用基本控制器指挥器Reserve Basic Controller Director9 BPS 比特/秒Bits Per Second10 BER 比特误码率Bit Error Rate11 CODEC 编码解码器Coder/Decoder12 PLT 标图板Plotting Tablet13 UPS 不间断电源Uninterrupted Power Supply14 UAC 不间断控制系统Uninterrupted Automatic Controller机械工业部1994-08-23批准 1995-05-01实施15 UDM 不间断控制系统指挥器模件UAC Director Module16 CDT CRT显示终端CRT Display Terminal17 CT 彩色终端Color Terminal18 SAS 采样开关Sampling Switch19 SAP 采样周期Sampling Period20 MV 操作变量Manipulated Variable21 OPS 操作员站Operator’s Station22 OPC 操作员控制台Operator’s Console23 CCA 插箱Card Case24 DME 差分曼切斯特编码Differential Manchester Encoding25 TL 传输线Transmission Line26 SAL 存贮记录站Storage And Logger27 MTD 磁带机Magnetic Tape Drive28 DOS 磁盘操作系统Disk Operating System29 MBM 磁泡存贮器Magnetic Bubble Memory30 PR 打印机Printer31 SLDC 单回路数字调节器Single loop Digital Controller32 LLPIU 低电平过程接口单元Low Level Process Interface Unit33 LLMAIP 低电平模拟量多路输入处理器Low Level Multiple Analog Input Processor34 LLAIP 低电平模拟量输入处理器Low Level Analog Input Processor35 LLS 低电平信号Low Level Signal36 LFPIU 低能量过程接口单元Low Energy Process Interface Unit37 LSCN 低速通信网络Low Speed Communication network38 PCFA 点插板箱Point Card File Assembly39 MDP 点阵打印机Matrix(Dot) Printer40 EEPROM 电擦除可编程只读存储器Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM41 PS 电源Power Supply42 PSC 电源插箱Power Supply Case43 SCGU 独立控制和图形单元Standalone Control and Graphics Unit44 MC 多功能控制器Multifunction Controller45 MCS 多功能控制站Multifunction Control Station46 MLDC 多回路数字调节器Multi-Loop Digital Controller47 MUX 多路转换器Multiplexer48 LED 发光二极管Light Fmitting Diode49 V 阀门Valve50 VPR 阀门定位器Valve Positioner51 VP 阀位Valve Position52 DPU 分布式处理单元Distributed Processing Unit53 DDB 分布式数据库Distributed Data Base54 DIOB 分布式输入输出总线Distributed I/O Bus55 DCS 分散型控制系统Distributed Control System56 AMC 高级多功能控制器Advanced Multifunction Controller57 HLPIU 高电平过程接口单元High Level Process Interface Unit58 HLAIP 高电平模拟量输入处理器High Level Analog Input Processor59 HLS 高电平信号High Level Signal60 HDLC 高级数据链路控制协议High Level Data Link Control Protocol61 HSOFRN 高速光纤环形网络High Speed Optical Fiber Ring Network62 HSCN 高速通信网络High Speed Communication Network63 HSBN 高速总线网络High Speed Bus Network64 TRC 干线电缆Trunk Cable65 CMR 共模抑制Common Mode Rejection66 CMRR 共模抑制比Common Mode Rejection Ratio67 SHM 共享存储器Shared Memory68 FAI 工厂层自动化接口Factory Floor Automation Interface69 MAP 工厂自动化协议Manufacturing Automation Protocol70 ENOS 工程师操作站Engineer's Operating Station71 ENK 工程师键盘Engineer's Keyboard72 ENC 工程师控制台Engineer's Console73 ICC 工业控制计算机Industry Control Computer74 ICS 工业控制系统Industry Control System75 IPC 工业用可编程控制器Industrial Programmable Controller76 MAL 管理级Management Level77 MAC 管理计算机Management Computer78 MAS 管理站Management Station79 LPD 光笔显示器Light Pen Display80 OET 光端机Optical Electrical Terminal81 FOCA 光缆Fiber Optics Cable82 FO 光纤Fiber Optics83 FOH 光纤公路Fiber Optics Highway84 FOC 光纤通信Fiber Optics Communication85 PV 过程变量Process Variable96 PM 过程管理器Process Manager87 PMM 过程管理器模件Process Manager Module88 PIU 过程接口单元Process Interface Unit89 PCL 过程控制级Process Control Level90 PCS 过程控制站Process Control Station91 PIOC 过程输入输出控制器Process I/O Controller92 PIOCH 过程输入输出通道(装置) Process I/O Channel93 PROWAY 过程数据公路Process Data Highway94 LP 行式打印机Line Printer95 BMOD 后备手操器Backup Manual Operation device96 LMA 回路手动Loop Manual97 PLOT 绘图机Plotter98 BC 基本控制器Basic Controller99 CA 机柜Cabinet100 BALAN 基带局域网Base Band LAN101 LAP 激光打印机Laser Printer102 LOG 记录站Logger103 CAT 计算机辅助测试Computer Aided Test104 CAD 计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design105 CAM 计算机辅助制造Computer Aided Manufacturing 106 CAF 计算机辅助装备Computer Aided Equipment107 CCM 计算机控制方式Computer Control Mode108 CMB 计算机手动后备Computer Manual Backup109 CNC 计算机数控Computer Numerical Control 110 CGW 计算机网间连接器Computer Gateway111 CAMB 计算机自动手动后备Computer Automatic-Manual Backup 112 CAL 计算站Calculator113 CM 计算模件Computing Module114 SL 监控级Supervision level115 SC 监控计算机Supervision Computer116 SS 监控站Supervision Station117 WDT 监视定时器Watchdog Timer118 MON 监视器Monitor119 SOPS 简易操作站Simple Operator's Station120 ND 节点Node121 IF 接口Interface122 LOS 局部操作站Local Operator's Station123 LEDH 局部电气数据公路Local Electrical Data Highway 124 LCN 局部控制网络Local Control Network125 LBOS 局部批量操作站Local Batch Operator Station 126 LRH 局部冗余数据公路Local Redundant Highway127 LCI 局部通信接口Local Communication Interface 128 LAN 局域网Local Area Network129 OS 开放系统Open System130 OSI 开放系统互连Open System Interconnection 131 PCI 可编程控制器接口Programmable Controller Interface 132 PLC 可编程逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller 133 COP 控制处理器Control Processor134 CON 控制台Console135 CNM 控制网络模件Control Network Module136 CS 控制系统Control System137 RACS 快速控制站Rapid Control Station138 BRLAN 宽带局域网Broad Band LAN139 BBC 宽带同轴电缆Broad Band Coaxial Cable140 XG 扩充网间连接器Extension Gateway141 SPR 浪涌保护器Surge Protection142 HDP 历史数据处理器Historical Data Processor143 HMO 历史数据存储模件History Module144 HSRS 历史数据存储与检索站Historical Storage And Retrieval Station 145 HTP 历史数据趋势画面Historical Trend Panel146 STI 灵巧变送器接口Smart Transmitter Interface147 TO 令牌Token148 TOR 令牌环Token Ring149 TOB 令牌总线Token BUS150 RO 路由器Router151 LM 逻辑管理器Logic Manager152 PI 脉冲量输入Pulse Input153 ME 曼切斯特编码Manchester Encoding154 MO 模板Module155 AO 模拟量输出Analog Output156 AOM 模拟量输出模板Analog Output Module157 AI 模拟量输入Analog Input158 AIM 模拟量输入模板Analog Input Module159 A/D 模数转换器Analog/Digital Converter160 PDU 配电单元Power Distribution Unit161 IJP 喷墨打印机Ink Jet Printer162 BPU 批量处理单元Batch Processing Unit163 BAC 批量控制Batch Control164 BCS 批量控制站Batch Control Station165 PCSI PC机串行接口Personal Computer Serial Interface 166 PLCG PLC网间连接器PLC Gateway167 FDM 频分多路转换器Frequency Division Multiplexer168 MTBF 平均无故障工作时间Mean Time Between Failures169 MTTR 平均修复时间Mean Time To Repair170 KBPS 千比特/秒Kilobit Per Second171 FEP 前端处理机Front End Processor172 TC 热电偶Thermocouple173 RTD 热电阻Resistance Temperature Detector174 TP 热敏打印机Thermal Printer175 RCS 冗余计算机系统Redundancy Computer System176 RCM 冗余控制模件Redundancy Control Module177 RDH 冗余数据公路Redundancy Data Highway178 FDD 软盘驱动器Floppy Disk Drive179 SM 软手操Soft Manual180 SP 设定值Set Point181 SPC 设定值控制Set Point Control182 AA 声音报警Audio Alarm183 ACC 声音耦合器Acoustic Coupler184 RTCS 实时控制系统Real Time Control System185 RTTP 实时趋势画面Real Time Trend Panel186 RTNOS 实时网络操作系统Real Time Network Operating System 187 VHCU 视频硬拷贝单元Vedio Hard Copy Unit188 SCA 顺控串级Sequence Cascade189 SMA 顺控手级Sequence Manual190 SAU 顺控自动Sequence Automatic191 SCS 顺序控制站Sequence Control Station192 M 手动Manual193 M/A 手动/自动Manual/Automatic194 IOLIP 输入/输出链路接口处理器I/O Link Interface Processor195 IOM 输入/输出模板I/O Module196 IOC 输入/输出通道I/O Channel197 NC 数控Numerical Control198 D/A 数模转换器Digital/Analog Converter199 DAPU 数据采集及处理单元Data Acquisition and Processing Unit 200 DAS 数据采集站(系统) Data Acquisition Station(System) 201 DP 数据处理Data Processing202 DPS 数据处理系统Data Processing System203 DCE 数据电路(通信)设备Data Circuit(Communication)Equipment 204 DH 数据公路Data Highway205 DHP 数据公路端口Data Highway Port206 HCIM 数据公路电缆接口模件Highway Cable Interface Module 207 HIM 数据公路接口模件Highway Interface Module208 DHC 数据公路控制器Data Highway Controller209 HIC 数据公路内部电缆Highway Internal Cable210 HC 数据公路耦合器Highway Coupler211 HEX 数据公路试验器Highway Exerciser212 HTD 数据公路通信指挥器Highway Traffic Director213 HG 数据公路网间连接器Highway Gateway214 DCO 数据集中分配器Data Concentrator215 DB 数据库Data Base216 DL 数据链路Data Link217 DEP 数据输入盘Data Entry Panel218 DTE 数据终端设备Data Terminal Equipment219 DT 数字化输入板Digitizer Tablet220 DO 数字量输出Digital Output221 DOP 数字量输出处理器Digital Output Processor222 DOD 数字量输出装置Digital Output Device223 DI 数字量输入Digital Input224 DIP 数字量输入处理器Digital Input Processor225 DIO 数字量输入输出Digital I/O226 DIOS 数字量输入输出系统Digital I/O System227 DID 数字量输入装置Digital Input Device228 DPLL 数字锁相环Digital Phase Lock Loop229 DIC 数字调节器Digital Controller230 DD 数字显示器Digital Display231 DPM 双口存储器Dual Port Memory232 DMS 双微机站Duplexed Microprocessor Station 233 RAM 随机存储器Random Access Memory234 CV 调节阀Control Valve235 MODFM 调制解调器Modulator/Demodulator236 CP 通信处理器Communication Processor237 CI 通信接口Communication Interface238 CIS 通信接口站Communication Interface Station 239 CC 通信控制器Communication Controller240 CCH 通信信道Communication Channel241 UWS 通用工作站Universal Work Station242 GPIB 通用接口总线(IFFF488) General Purpose Interface Bus 243 GPCI 通用计算机接口General Purpose Computer Interface 244 UCN 通用控制网络Universal Control Metwork245 GG 通用网间连接器General Gateway246 GRP 图形打印机Graphic Printer247 GRD 图形显示器Graphic Display248 GRT 图形终端Graphic Terminal249 PIA 外部接口适配器Peripheral Interface Adapter 250 WDD 温盘机Winchester Disk Drive251 VR 稳压电源Voltage Regulator252 GW 网间连接器Gateway253 NIM 网络接口模件Network Interface Module254 BR 网桥Bridge255 SG 系统接地端System Ground256 FB 现场总线Field Bus257 FTA 现场端子组件Field Termination Assemblies258 SGC 信号公共端Signal Common259 CRC 循环冗余校验Cyclic Redundancy Check260 LCD 液晶显示器Liquid Crystal Display261 ACIA 异步通信接口适配器Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter 262 FSK 移频键控Frequency Shift Keying263 HM 硬手操Hard Manual264 PAE 优先存取设备扩展器Preferred Access Expander265 DROP 站Drop266 DTS 诊断测试设备Diagnostic Test Set267 FOS 增强型操作站Enhanced Operator Station268 MBPS 兆比特/秒Megabit Per Second269 BRC 支线电缆Branch Cable270 ACT 执行器Actuator271 DDC 直接数字控制Direct Digital Control272 DDCS 直接数字控制站Direct Digital Control Station273 DNC 直接数值控制Direct Numerical Control274 ROM 只读存储器Read Only Memory275 PMC 主多功能控制器Primary Multifunction Controller276 HOST 主机Host277 MS 主站Master Station278 DFK 专用键盘Dedicated Function Keyboard279 RE 转发器Repeater280 A 自动Automatic281 ACS 自动控制系统Automatic Control System282 STC 自整定调节器Self Tunning Controller283 CHP 字符打印机Character Printer284 CHD 字符显示器Character Display285 CHR 字符阅读器Character Reader286 MSCN 中速通信网络Medium Speed Communication Network287 CPR 中文打印机Chinese Printer288 CPU 中央处理器Central Processing Unit289 T 终端Terminal290 OP 总貌画面Overview Panel291 BUS 总线Bus292 BN 总线型网络Bus Network293 CONF 组态Configuration附录 A分散型控制系统文字符号英文索引(参考件)A A (280)AA (182)ACC (183)ACIA (261)ACS (281)ACT (270)A/D (159)AI (157)AIM (158)ALC (2)ALI (3)ALP (1)AMC (56)AO (155)AOM (156)B BAC (163)BALAN (100)BBC (139)BC (98)BCS (164)BER (10)BMOD (95)BN (292)BPS (9)BPU (162)BR (254)BRC (269)BRLAN (138)BUS (291)C CA (99)CAD (104)CAE (106)CAL (112)CAM (105)CAMB (111)CAT (103)CC (239)CCA (23)CCH (240)CCM (107)CDT (16)CGW (110)CHD (284)CHP (283)CHR (285)CI (237)CIS (238)CM (113)CMB (108)CMR (65)CMRR (66)CNC (109)CNM (135)CODEC (11)CON (134)CONF (293)COP (133)COS (4)CP (236)CPR (287)CPU (288)CRC (259)CS (136)CT (7)CV (234)DD/A (198)DAPU (199)DAS (200)DB (215)DCE (203)DCO (214)DCS (55)DD (230)DDB (53)DDC (271)DDCS (272)DEP (217)DFK (278)DH (204)DHC (208)DHP (205)DI (223)DIC (229)DID (227)DIO (225)DIOB (54)DIOS (226)DIP (224)DL (216)DME (24)DMS (232)DNC (273)DO (220)DOD (222)DOP (221)DOS (28)DP (201)DPLL (228)DPM (231)DPS (202)DPU (52)DROP (265)DT (219)DTE (218)DTS (266)E EEPROM (40)ENC (72)ENK (71)ENOS (70)EOS (267)F FAI (68)FB (256)FDD (178)FDM (167)FEP (171)FO (82)FOC (84)FOCA (81)FOH (83)FSK (262)FTA (257)G GG (245)GPCI (243)GPIB (242)GRD (247)GRP (246)GRT (248)GW (252)H HC (210)HCIM (206)HDP (142)HDLC (60)HEX (211)HG (213)HIC (209)HIM (207)HLAIP (58)HLPIU (57)HLS (59)HM (263)HMO (143)HOST (276)HSBN (63)HSCN (62)HSOFRN (61)HSRS (144)HTD (212)HTP (145)I ICC (73)ICS (74)IF (121)IJP (161)IOC (196)IOLIP (194)IOM (195)IPC (75)K KBPS (170)L LAN (128)LAP (101)LBOS (125)LCD ………………………………………………………………………………………………260 LCI ………………………………………………………………………………………………127 LCN ………………………………………………………………………………………………124 LED…………………………………………………………………………………………………48 LEDH………………………………………………………………………………………………123 LEPIU ……………………………………………………………………………………………36 LLAIP ……………………………………………………………………………………………34 LLMAIP……………………………………………………………………………………………33 LLPIU ……………………………………………………………………………………………32 LLS…………………………………………………………………………………………………35LM (15)1 LMA…………………………………………………………………………………………………96 LOG………………………………………………………………………………………………102 LOS………………………………………………………………………………………………122 LP…………………………………………………………………………………………………94 LPD…………………………………………………………………………………………………79 LRH………………………………………………………………………………………………126 LSCN………………………………………………………………………………………………37MM…………………………………………………………………………………………………192 M/A………………………………………………………………………………………………193 MAC…………………………………………………………………………………………………77 MAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………76 MAP…………………………………………………………………………………………………69 MAS…………………………………………………………………………………………………78MBM ………………………………………………………………………………………………29 MBPS………………………………………………………………………………………………268 MC…………………………………………………………………………………………………44 MCS…………………………………………………………………………………………………45 MDP…………………………………………………………………………………………………39 ME (153)MLDC ………………………………………………………………………………………………46 MO...............................................................................................................154 MODEM (235)MON ………………………………………………………………………………………………118 MS ………………………………………………………………………………………………277 MSCN............................................................................................................286 MTBF (168)MTD ………………………………………………………………………………………………27MTTR ……………………………………………………………………………………………169 MUX ………………………………………………………………………………………………47 MV …………………………………………………………………………………………………20NNC ………………………………………………………………………………………………197 ND ………………………………………………………………………………………………120253OOFT ………………………………………………………………………………………………80OP ………………………………………………………………………………………………290 OPC ………………………………………………………………………………………………22 OPS ………………………………………………………………………………………………21OS ………………………………………………………………………………………………129 OSI ………………………………………………………………………………………………130PPAE ………………………………………………………………………………………………264 PCFA ………………………………………………………………………………………………38 PCI ………………………………………………………………………………………………131 PCL ………………………………………………………………………………………………89 PCS ………………………………………………………………………………………………90PCSI ……………………………………………………………………………………………165 PDU ………………………………………………………………………………………………160 PI ………………………………………………………………………………………………152 PIA ………………………………………………………………………………………………249 PIOC ………………………………………………………………………………………………91 PIOCH ……………………………………………………………………………………………92 PIU ………………………………………………………………………………………………88 PLC ………………………………………………………………………………………………132 PLCG ……………………………………………………………………………………………16697 PLT ………………………………………………………………………………………………12 PM ………………………………………………………………………………………………86 PMC ………………………………………………………………………………………………275 PMM ………………………………………………………………………………………………87 PR …………………………………………………………………………………………………30 PROWAY ……………………………………………………………………………………………93 PS …………………………………………………………………………………………………41 PSC ………………………………………………………………………………………………42 PV …………………………………………………………………………………………………85RRACS ……………………………………………………………………………………………137 RAM ………………………………………………………………………………………………233 RBC …………………………………………………………………………………………………7 RBCD ………………………………………………………………………………………………8 RCM ………………………………………………………………………………………………176 RCS ………………………………………………………………………………………………175 RDH ………………………………………………………………………………………………177 RE ………………………………………………………………………………………………279 RMC …………………………………………………………………………………………………5 RMCD ………………………………………………………………………………………………6 RO…………………………………………………………………………………………………150 ROM………………………………………………………………………………………………274 RTCS………………………………………………………………………………………………184 RTD………………………………………………………………………………………………173 RTNOS……………………………………………………………………………………………186 RTTP………………………………………………………………………………………………185S SAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………26 SAP…………………………………………………………………………………………………19 SAS…………………………………………………………………………………………………18SAU………………………………………………………………………………………………190 SC…………………………………………………………………………………………………115 SCA………………………………………………………………………………………………188 SCGU………………………………………………………………………………………………43SCS………………………………………………………………………………………………191 SG…………………………………………………………………………………………………255 SGC………………………………………………………………………………………………258 SHM…………………………………………………………………………………………………67 SL…………………………………………………………………………………………………114 SLDC………………………………………………………………………………………………31 SM…………………………………………………………………………………………………179 SMA………………………………………………………………………………………………189 SOPS………………………………………………………………………………………………119 SP…………………………………………………………………………………………………180SPC………………………………………………………………………………………………181 SPR………………………………………………………………………………………………141 SS…………………………………………………………………………………………………116 STC………………………………………………………………………………………………282 STI………………………………………………………………………………………………146TT…………………………………………………………………………………………………289 TC…………………………………………………………………………………………………172 TL…………………………………………………………………………………………………25 TO…………………………………………………………………………………………………147 TOB………………………………………………………………………………………………149 TOR………………………………………………………………………………………………148 TP…………………………………………………………………………………………………174 TRC…………………………………………………………………………………………………64U UAC…………………………………………………………………………………………………14UCN………………………………………………………………………………………………244 UDM…………………………………………………………………………………………………15 UPS…………………………………………………………………………………………………13UWS………………………………………………………………………………………………241V V……………………………………………………………………………………………………49 VHCU………………………………………………………………………………………………187 VP…………………………………………………………………………………………………51 VPR…………………………………………………………………………………………………50 VR…………………………………………………………………………………………………251WWDD………………………………………………………………………………………………250 WDT………………………………………………………………………………………………117X XG…………………………………………………………………………………………………140 注：附录A中的各数字是文字符号的编号附加说明:本标准由机械工业部重庆工业自动化仪表研究所提出并归口。

ALTO AEX2200双通道听觉激励器概述：AEX2200是新一代的听觉激励器，与过去的激励器相比，AEX2200不仅可以实现人工控制中高频频段的激励和低频段激励，更具有智能化的自动衰减功能，可以利用这个功能衰减在进行激励处理过程中产生的令人不愉快的噪音。

在对音频信号进行激励的同时，还可以利用内部专用的电路处理，实现低频段音乐风格的转变，能满足不同场所对低频的要求。

功能键介绍：前面板1、POWER---电源开关2、BYPASS---直通、接入开关，按下后为直通状态，激励器对输入信号不作任何处理。

3、INPUT LEVEL---输入信号指示灯，指示范围－12分贝到＋12分贝，当输入信号过大时，CLIP（削波）指示灯将点亮。

MULTIBAND PROCESSOR（多频段处理器）部分4、SOLO---独奏开关，按下后变为红色，输出的处理后信号中的原始输入信号将被静音，只输出处理后的信号。

5、AUTO REDUCTION---自动衰减处理开关，按下后进入自动处理模式，可以自动进行处理并消除一些不必要的噪声。

不按下这个开关，自动控制部分不对信号进行任何处理，同时所有的效果指示灯将点亮，激励器处于最大处理模式。

6、SENSITIVITY---输入灵敏度控制，转动这个旋钮，可以根据输入信号的强度，对输入信号增益进行控制。

7、EFFECT---效果指示灯，可以实时显示激励器对信号的改变和激励量的大小。

在输入信号处于很低的电平情况下，第一个指示灯仍保持点亮状态。

8、TUNE---频率调谐控制，通过旋转这个旋钮可以调整激励器对于中高频频段的处理范围，也是一个高通滤波器频率调整控制，可以在1kHz---6kHz的范围选择，凡低于选择的频率之下的频带将被切除，不做处理。

9、PROCESS---处理方式控制，通过转动这个旋钮，可以更好的提升高频频段的响度，顺时针旋转为增强方式，逆时针旋转为激励方式，两种方式的不同点在于在提升时的声音的亮度不同，激励方式提升高频的亮度，增强方式提升高频的响度。

推挽输出、开漏输出、复用开漏输出、复用推挽输出以及上拉输入、下拉输入、浮空输入、模拟输入区别（Push-pull output, open drain output, multiplexing, multiplexing open drain output push-pull output and pull input and pull-down input, floatinginput, analoThe push-pull output, open drain output, multiplexing, multiplexing open drain output push-pull output and pull input and pull-down input, floating input, analog input differenceAbout Push-Pull Outputs, open drain outputs, multiplexed open drain outputs, and multiplexed Push-Pull OutputsPull down input, input, floating input, analog input and differenceWhen I read the data book recently, I found that there are 8 kinds of configuration for GPIO in Cortex-M3:(1) GPIO_Mode_AIN analog input(2) GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING floating input(3) GPIO_Mode_IPD pull down input(4) GPIO_Mode_IPU pull-up input(5) GPIO_Mode_Out_OD open drain output(6) GPIO_Mode_Out_PP push-pull output(7) GPIO_Mode_AF_OD multiplex open drain output(8) GPIO_Mode_AF_PP multiplex push-pull outputFor the novice, I think this concept is must know, usually contact is the most open drain push-pull output, output, pull the input of the three, but has not done up to these. So, here's a summary:Push-pull output: can output high, low level, connect digital devices; push-pull structure is generally refers to two transistors respectively by two complementary signal control, always in a triode conduction time another cut-off. The high and low levels are limited by the power of the IC.The push-pull circuit is the two parameter of the same transistor or MOSFET in push-pull mode exists in the circuit, each responsible for the positive and negative half cycles of wave amplification, circuit, power switch two symmetrical tube only one conduction,Therefore, the conduction loss is small and the efficiency is high. The output can either tap the load or extract the current from the load. The push-pull type output stage not only improves the load capacity of the circuit, but also increases the speed of switching.Detailed understanding:As shown, the output stage of the push-pull amplifier has twoarms (two sets of amplifying elements). When an arm current increases, another arm current decreases, and the two states rotate in turn. For load, it seems that a "arm" is pushing, a "arm" in the pull, together to complete the current output task. When the output high power, that is, the lower load gate input high power, the output current will be lower than the gate from the power supply through the VT3 pull out. In this way, when the output is high or low, the VT3 and the VT5 will work alternately, thus reducing the power consumption and improving the endurance of each tube. Because no matter which way to go, the resistance of the pipe is very small, so that the RC constant is very small, and the conversion speed is very fast. Therefore, the push-pull type output stage not only improves the load capacity of the circuit, but also improves the switching speed.Open drain output: the output is equivalent to the collector of the triode. In order to get a high level state, a pull-up resistor is needed. It is suitable for making current mode drivers and has relatively strong ability to absorb current (less than 20mA in general)The open drain circuit has the following characteristics:1. use external circuit drive capability to reduce IC internal drive. When the IC is internally MOSFET, the drive current is flowing from the external VCC through the R, pull-up, MOSFET to GND. The IC requires only a very low gate drive current.2. generally speaking,Open drain is a device used to connect different levels, withthe matching level, because the open drain pin is not connected to an external pull-up resistor, only the output low, if you need to have a high level output function requires a pull-up resistor, a good advantage is by changing the power supply voltage on it can change the transmission level. For example, with a pull-up resistor, you can provide TTL/CMOS level output. The resistance of the pull-up resistor determines the speed at which the level of the logic level is converted. The higher the resistance, the lower the speed, the smaller the power consumption, so the choice of load resistance should take into account both power consumption and speed3., OPEN-DRAIN offers flexible output, but also has its weakness, that is, to bring the delay along the rising edge. Because the rising edge charges the load through an external pull-up passive resistor, when the resistor is selected, the time delay is small, but the power consumption is large; on the contrary, the delay is large and the power consumption is small. Therefore, if the delay is required, it is recommended to use the falling edge output.4., you can connect multiple open drain Pin to one line. Througha pull-up resistor, a logical relationship is formed without increasing the number of devices. This is also the principle of I2C, SMBus and other buses to determine the bus occupancy status. Added: what is "line and"? :In a node (line), connect a pullup resistor to the collector C power VCC or VDD and N or NPN NMOS or drain D transistor, the transistor emitter E or S source are connected with a ground wire, as long as there is a transistor saturation, this node(line) is pull to the ground level.Because the base transistor current injection (NPN) or gate with high level (NMOS), the transistor will be saturated, so the base or gate of the node (line) is the relationship or non NOR logic. If this node is followed by an inverter is OR or logic.In fact, can be simply understood as: all pins are connected together, an external pull-up resistor, if there is a pin output to logic 0, equivalent to the ground, and the parallel loop "is equivalent to a wire short circuit, so the external circuit logic level is 0, only for high level, and the result is logic 1.For push-pull output and open drain output, the last one is outlined in the simplest form:This figure is on the left side of the push-pull output mode, the comparator output high power triode PNP usually below and above the pipe cut-off, NPN triode output level VS+; when the comparator output low on the contrary, PNP triode output and connected to low electrical level. The right side can be understood as open drain output, which needs to be pulled up.Floating input: input for floating, very authoritative interpretation has not been found, but from the following diagram to understand.The floating input is generally used for the external input keys, combined with the input part of the circuit diagram, Iunderstand the floating input condition, level IO is uncertain, completely decided by external input, if the pin is left unconnected in case of the level of the read port is uncertain.Pull input / pull-down input / analog input: these concepts are well understood and can be easily understood from the literal.Multiplex open drain output and multiplex push-pull output: this can be understood as the configuration of the GPIO port when it is used as the second function (that is not used as a universal IO port)Finally, a summary of the use of the situation:Select IO mode in STM32(1) _IN_FLOATING - floating input floating input, can do KEY identification, RX1(2) pull input _IPU - IO internal pull-up resistor input(3) bring down the input _IPD - IO internal pull-down resistor input(4) analog input _AIN - use ADC analog input or save power at low power consumption(5) open drain output _OUT_OD - IO output 0, connect GND, IO output 1, suspension, need external pull-up resistor, can realize the output high level. When the output is 1, the state of the IO port is pulled high by the pull-up resistor, butbecause it is an open drain output mode, the IO port can also be changed from an external circuit to a low level or constant. Can read the IO input level changes, the realization of C51 IO two-way function(6) push-pull output _OUT_PP - IO output, 0-, GND, IO output, 1 - VCC, read input value is unknown(7) multiplex function push-pull output _AF_PP - chip internal and external functions (I2C, SCL, SDA)(8) the open drain output of multiplex function _AF_OD - chip internal and external functions (TX1, MOSI, MISO.SCK.SS)STM32 settings instance:(1) simulation using the I2C open drain output _OUT_OD, pull-up resistor, can output 0 and 1 readings; first GPIO_SetBits (GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_0); pull up, then you can read the value of IO; GPIO_ReadInputDataBit (GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_0);(2) if the supreme resistance is high, the IO default; need to read the value of IO, you can use the pull input _IPU and float input _IN_FLOATING and open drain output _OUT_OD;。

android windowsoftinputmode 默认值-回复Android开发中，windowSoftInputMode是一个重要的属性，它用于指定窗口与软键盘的交互模式。

本文将详细介绍windowSoftInputMode 的默认值以及它的作用。

首先，我们来了解一下windowSoftInputMode的概念。

在Android开发中，软键盘是一个常见的输入工具，通常出现在屏幕底部。

当我们在应用程序中有输入框需要填写或编辑时，软键盘会自动弹出以便我们进行输入。

而windowSoftInputMode属性则决定了软键盘和窗口之间的交互方式。

它提供了多种模式供开发者选择，可以根据需求指定窗口的行为，以提升用户体验和应用程序的适配性。

在Android中，windowSoftInputMode的默认值是"adjustUnspecified"。

这个值表示系统会根据窗口内容的类型和特性来自动调整窗口的大小和位置，以适应软键盘的出现和消失。

具体调整方式取决于每个设备的默认行为和设备厂商的定制。

但是，一般情况下，默认的调整方式是将窗口的内容上移，以便软键盘显示在窗口之上。

接下来，我们来看一下windowSoftInputMode的作用。

通过设置不同的windowSoftInputMode属性，我们可以调整窗口的行为，以提供更好的用户体验。

下面是windowSoftInputMode属性的一些常见取值及其作用：1. adjustResize：窗口将会调整其大小以适应软键盘的出现和消失。

当软键盘弹出时，窗口会被调整，以便在软键盘和窗口之间留出足够的空间。

这个属性通常用于需要整体布局调整的情况，例如，在聊天应用中，当软键盘出现时，输入框下方的聊天记录列表会被调整，以便用户能够看到最新的消息。

2. adjustPan：窗口不会调整其大小，而是将窗口的内容上移，以便软键盘显示在窗口之上。

这个属性适用于需要保持布局不变的情况，例如，在表单中输入信息时，输入框和按钮会被软键盘遮挡，但是用户仍然可以滚动窗口以查看所有内容。

密级状态:绝密( ) 秘密() 内部资料(√) 公开()文档编号: (芯片型号) –ASR6501/ASR6502 (英文、数字)翱捷科技（上海）有限公司ASR Microelectronics Co., Ltd(版本所有,翻版必究)版本历史Table of Contents1概述 (5)2准备 (6)2.1 硬件准备 (6)2.2 软件安装 (7)2.3 SDK获取 (7)2.3.1 Git获取 (7)2.3.2 直接下载 (7)2.4 联网准备（联网通信需要） (8)2.4.1 节点信息申请 (8)2.4.2 网关配置 (8)3DEMO程序说明 (9)3.1 Demo简介 (9)3.2 ASR6502与ASR6501的区别 (9)3.3 代码结构 (10)3.4 代码流程 (11)3.5 LoRaWan配置与修改说明 (12)3.5.1 三元组修改 (12)3.5.2 入网方式修改 (12)3.5.3 ClassC修改 (13)3.5.4 频道掩码修改 (13)3.5.5 Mac参数修改 (13)3.6 外设使用说明 (13)3.6.6 GPIO (13)3.6.7 UART (18)3.6.8 I2C (21)3.6.9 SPI (23)3.6.10 Timer (25)3.6.11 外设组件文档说明 (25)4软件编译与烧录 (26)4.1 编译 (26)4.2 烧录 (27)4.2.1 PSoC Creator烧录 (27)4.2.2 PSoC Programmer烧录 (29)4.2.3 J-Flash烧录 (31)4.3 调试 (36)4.4 UART升级 (37)5低功耗 (39)5.1 配置低功耗 (39)5.2 低功耗唤醒 (39)5.3 新增外设低功耗处理 (39)6Q&A (41)6.1 如何修改SDK支持XO晶振？ (41)6.2 如何在代码中更改设备信息？ (41)6.3 如何使用ABP模式？ (41)6.4 设备无法烧录? (41)6.5 SDK编译不通过? (42)7参考资料 (43)7.1 ALIOS资料 (43)7.2 LoRaWan资料 (43)7.3 PSOC4资料 (43)1 概述本文档主要对ASR6501/ASR6502 SDK中的lorawan demo程序进行说明，方便客户在ASR6501/ASR6502上进行应用程序的二次开发。

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MIKRO MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (23)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (24)1.2Document Conventions (25)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (26)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (28)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (29)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (29)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (31)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (33)2Quick Reference (35)2.1MASCHINE Project Overview (35)2.1.1Sound Content (35)2.1.2Arrangement (37)2.2MASCHINE Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1MASCHINE MIKRO Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1.1Browser Section (41)2.2.1.2Edit Section (42)2.2.1.3Performance Section (43)2.2.1.4Transport Section (45)2.2.1.5Pad Section (46)2.2.1.6Rear Panel (50)2.3MASCHINE Software Overview (51)2.3.1Header (52)2.3.2Browser (54)2.3.3Arranger (56)2.3.4Control Area (59)2.3.5Pattern Editor (60)3Basic Concepts (62)3.1Important Names and Concepts (62)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (65)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (65)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (66)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (67)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (67)3.3Common Operations (68)3.3.1Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (68)3.3.2Undo/Redo (71)3.3.3Focusing on a Group or a Sound (73)3.3.4Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (77)3.3.5Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.773.3.6Navigating the Software Using the Controller (82)3.3.7Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (82)3.3.8Loading a Recent Project from the Controller (84)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (85)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.2Switching Instances (88)3.6Preferences (88)3.6.1Preferences – General Page (89)3.6.2Preferences – Audio Page (93)3.6.3Preferences – MIDI Page (95)3.6.4Preferences – Default Page (97)3.6.5Preferences – Library Page (101)3.6.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (109)3.6.7Preferences – Hardware Page (114)3.6.8Preferences – Colors Page (114)3.7Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (117)3.7.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (117)3.7.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (117)3.7.3Send MIDI Clock (118)3.7.4Using MIDI Mode (119)3.8Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (120)3.8.1Connecting to a Network (121)3.8.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (121)4Browser (123)4.1Browser Basics (123)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (123)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (124)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (125)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (125)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (128)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (133)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (137)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (137)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (138)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (138)4.2.7Performing a Text Search (142)4.2.8Loading a File from the Result List (143)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (148)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (148)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (149)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (150)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (150)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (151)4.3.6Displaying File Information (151)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (152)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (155)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (155)4.5.2The Bank Page (157)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (157)4.5.4The Properties Page (160)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (161)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (161)4.6.2Using Favorites (163)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (164)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (165)4.6.5Using the Result List (166)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (169)4.7Locating Missing Samples (171)4.8Using Quick Browse (173)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (175)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (175)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (176)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (177)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (178)5.2Managing Sounds (181)5.2.1Loading Sounds (183)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (184)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (185)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (186)5.2.5Saving Sounds (187)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (189)5.2.7Moving Sounds (192)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (193)5.3Managing Groups (194)5.3.1Creating Groups (196)5.3.2Loading Groups (197)5.3.3Renaming Groups (198)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (199)5.3.5Saving Groups (200)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (202)5.3.7Reordering Groups (206)5.3.8Deleting Groups (207)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (208)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (208)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (210)5.4.3Exporting Audio (212)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (218)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (218)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (219)6Playing on the Controller (223)6.1Adjusting the Pads (223)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (223)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (225)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (226)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (227)6.3Playing Tools (229)6.3.1Mute and Solo (229)6.3.2Choke All Notes (233)6.3.3Groove (233)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (235)6.3.5Tap Tempo (235)6.4Performance Features (236)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (236)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (239)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (240)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (253)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (257)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (257)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (257)7Working with Plug-ins (259)7.1Plug-in Overview (259)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (259)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (263)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (264)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (270)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (270)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (272)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (272)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (273)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (273)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (274)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (275)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (276)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (277)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (279)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (281)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (283)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (285)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (286)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (288)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (289)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (289)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (292)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (293)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (298)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (300)8Using the Audio Plug-in (302)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (306)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (307)8.3Using Loop Mode (308)8.4Using Gate Mode (310)9Using the Drumsynths (312)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (313)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (313)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (313)9.1.3Shared Parameters (316)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (316)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (316)9.2The Kicks (317)9.2.1Kick – Sub (319)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (321)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (324)9.2.4Kick – Grit (325)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (328)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (329)9.2.7Kick – Bold (331)9.2.8Kick – Maple (333)9.2.9Kick – Push (334)9.3The Snares (336)9.3.1Snare – Volt (338)9.3.2Snare – Bit (340)9.3.3Snare – Pow (342)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (343)9.3.5Snare – Airy (345)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (347)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (349)9.3.8Snare – Iron (351)9.3.9Snare – Clap (353)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (355)9.4The Hi-hats (357)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (358)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (360)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (362)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (364)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (366)9.5The Toms (367)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (369)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (371)9.5.3Tom – Floor (375)9.5.4Tom – High (377)9.6The Percussions (378)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (380)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (383)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (385)9.7The Cymbals (389)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (391)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (393)10Using the Bass Synth (396)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (397)10.1.1Parameter Organization (397)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (399)11Working with Patterns (401)11.1Pattern Basics (401)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (402)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (404)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (406)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (407)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (408)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (410)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (413)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (416)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (417)11.2.2Using the Metronome (419)11.2.3Recording with Count-in (420)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (422)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (422)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (424)11.4Editing Events (425)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (425)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (428)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (429)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (431)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (434)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (436)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (439)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (441)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (442)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (442)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (443)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (444)11.5.2Recording Modulation (446)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (447)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (452)11.7Managing Patterns (454)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (455)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (456)11.7.3Creating Patterns (459)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (460)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (461)11.7.6Naming Patterns (463)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (465)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (466)11.7.9Moving Patterns (469)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (470)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (470)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (472)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (474)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (483)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (484)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (485)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (489)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (494)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (497)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (502)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (503)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (506)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (507)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (513)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (514)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (522)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (523)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (527)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (527)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (528)13Controlling Your Mix (535)13.1Mix View Basics (535)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (535)13.1.2Mix View Elements (536)13.2The Mixer (537)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (539)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (541)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (542)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (543)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (545)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (549)13.3The Plug-in Chain (551)13.4The Plug-in Strip (552)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (554)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (556)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (557)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (560)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (564)14Using Effects (567)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (567)14.1.1Adding an Effect (567)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (574)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (575)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (578)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (578)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (579)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (579)14.3Creating a Send Effect (580)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (581)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (583)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (583)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (584)15Effect Reference (587)15.1Dynamics (588)15.1.1Compressor (588)15.1.2Gate (591)15.1.3Transient Master (594)15.1.4Limiter (596)15.1.5Maximizer (600)15.2Filtering Effects (603)15.2.1EQ (603)15.2.2Filter (605)15.2.3Cabinet (609)15.3Modulation Effects (611)15.3.1Chorus (611)15.3.2Flanger (612)15.3.3FM (613)15.3.4Freq Shifter (615)15.3.5Phaser (616)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (617)15.4.1Ice (617)15.4.2Metaverb (619)15.4.3Reflex (620)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (621)15.4.5Reverb (623)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (623)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (626)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (629)15.5Delays (630)15.5.1Beat Delay (630)15.5.2Grain Delay (632)15.5.3Grain Stretch (634)15.5.4Resochord (636)15.6Distortion Effects (638)15.6.1Distortion (638)15.6.2Lofi (640)15.6.3Saturator (641)15.7Perform FX (645)15.7.1Filter (646)15.7.2Flanger (648)15.7.3Burst Echo (650)15.7.4Reso Echo (653)15.7.5Ring (656)15.7.6Stutter (658)15.7.7Tremolo (661)15.7.8Scratcher (664)16Working with the Arranger (667)16.1Arranger Basics (667)16.1.1Navigating Song View (670)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (672)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (673)16.2Using Ideas View (677)16.2.1Scene Overview (677)16.2.2Creating Scenes (679)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (679)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (682)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (684)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (685)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (685)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (685)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (687)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (688)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (689)16.2.12Naming Scenes (689)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (690)16.3Using Song View (692)16.3.1Section Management Overview (692)16.3.2Creating Sections (694)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (695)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (696)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (700)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (702)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (703)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (705)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (705)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (705)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (707)16.3.9Removing Sections (707)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (708)16.3.11Clearing Sections (710)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (710)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (710)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (713)16.3.15Looping (714)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (714)16.3.15.2Activating or Deactivating a Loop Using the Controller (715)16.4Playing with Sections (715)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (716)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (717)16.6The Arrange Grid (719)16.7Quick Grid (720)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (722)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (722)17.2Recording Audio (724)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (724)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (725)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (729)17.2.5Checking Your Recordings (731)17.2.6Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (734)17.3Editing a Sample (735)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (735)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (739)17.4Slicing a Sample (743)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (743)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (744)17.4.3Manually Adjusting Your Slices (746)17.4.4Applying the Slicing (750)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (754)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (754)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (755)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (756)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (761)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (765)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (767)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (770)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (772)18.1Preparations (772)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (772)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (772)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (772)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (773)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (773)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (773)18.1.7Improvise (773)18.2Basic Techniques (773)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (773)18.2.2Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (774)18.2.3Use Note Repeat (774)18.2.4Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (774)18.3Special Tricks (774)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (774)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (775)18.3.3Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (775)19Troubleshooting (776)19.1Knowledge Base (776)19.2Technical Support (776)19.3Registration Support (777)19.4User Forum (777)20Glossary (778)Index (786)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE MIKRO Quick Start Guide: This animated online guide provides a practical ap-proach to help you learn the basic of MASCHINE MIKRO. The guide is available from theNative Instruments website: https:///maschine-mikro-quick-start/2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:►Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.Document Conventions1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues.The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information canbe expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software andpaths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in thesoftware is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find thesame text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.1.3New Features in MASCHINE2.8The following new features have been added to MASCHINE: Integration▪Browse on , create your own collections of loops and one-shots and send them directly to the MASCHINE browser.Improvements to the Browser▪Samples are now cataloged in separate Loops and One-shots tabs in the Browser.▪Previews of loops selected in the Browser will be played in sync with the current project.When a loop is selected with Prehear turned on, it will begin playing immediately in-sync with the project if transport is running. If a loop preview starts part-way through the loop, the loop will play once more for its full length to ensure you get to hear the entire loop once in context with your project.▪Filters and product selections will be remembered when switching between content types and Factory/User Libraries in the Browser.▪Browser content synchronization between multiple running instances. When running multi-ple instances of MASCHINE, either as Standalone and/or as a plug-in, updates to the Li-brary will be synced across the instances. For example, if you delete a sample from your User Library in one instance, the sample will no longer be present in the other instances.Similarly, if you save a preset in one instance, that preset will then be available in the oth-er instances, too.▪Edits made to samples in the Factory Libraries will be saved to the Standard User Directo-ry.For more information on these new features, refer to the following chapter ↑4, Browser. Improvements to the MASCHINE MIKRO MK3 Controller▪You can now set sample Start and End points using the controller. For more information refer to ↑17.3.1, Using the Edit Page.Improved Support for A-Series Keyboards▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can now jump quickly to the results list by holding SHIFT and pushing right on the 4D Encoder.▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can fast scroll through the Browser results list by holding SHIFT and twisting the 4D Encoder.▪Mute and Solo Sounds and Groups from A-Series keyboards. Sounds are muted in TRACK mode while Groups are muted in IDEAS.。

3A, 4.5A, 5.5A PWM STEP-UP DC-DC CONVERTERDescriptionThe PAM242x devices are high-performance, fixed frequency,current-mode PWM step-up DC/DC converters that incorporate internal power MOSFETs. The PAM242x includes an integrated power MOSFET that supports peak currents of up to 3A/4.5A/5.5A.The PAM242x utilizes simple external loop compensation allowingoptimization between component size, cost and AC performance across a wide range of applications. Additional functions include an externally programmable soft-start function for easy inrush current control, internal over-voltage protection (OVP), cycle-by-cycle current limit protection, under voltage lock-out and thermal shutdown.The PAM242x is available in the small SOP-8(EP) package.Features∙ Greater than 90% Efficiency ∙ Adjustable Output Voltage Up to 24V ∙ Internal 24V Power MOSFET ∙ Peak Current 3A,4.5A,5.5A∙ 520kHz Frequency ∙Built-in Over-Voltage Protection (OVP)∙ Open Protection∙ Programmable Soft-Start Function ∙ Thermal Shutdowns ∙ Under-Voltage-Lockout ∙ Over-Current Protection ∙ SOP-8(EP) PackagePin AssignmentsApplications∙ TFT LCD Monitors∙ Battery-Powered Equipment ∙ Set-Top Boxes ∙DSL and Cable Modems and RoutersTypical Applications CircuitPin DescriptionsPin Number SOP-8(EP) Pin NameFunction1 PGNDPower Ground 2 INSupply Input 3 EN Enable Control. Connect to a logic high level to enable the IC. Connect to a logic lowlevel to disable the IC. When unused, connect EN pin to IN (do not leave pin floating).4 COMPError Amplifier Compensation Node 5 AGNDAnalog Ground 6 FBFeedback Input.Connect this pin a resistor divider from the output to set the output voltage. FB is regulated to 1.262V.7 SSSoft Start Control Input. Connect a capacitor from this pin to Ground to set soft-start timing duration. SS is discharged to ground in shutdown. SS may be left unconnected if soft start is not desired.8 SW Switch Output. Connect this pin to the inductor and the schottky diode. To minimizeEMI, minimize the PCB trace path between this pin and the input bypass capacitor.— Exposed PAD Connected to GroundFunctional Block DiagramAbsolute Maximum Ratings (@T A = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)These are stress ratings only and functional operation is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings for prolonged time periods may affect device reliability. All voltages are with respect to ground.UnitParameter RatingSW to Ground -0.3 to +28 VVIN, EN, FB, SS, COMP to Ground -0.3 to +6.5 VContinuous SW Current Internally Limited VOperating Temperature Range -40 to +150 °CStorage Temperature Range -55 to +150 °CLead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) 300 °CRecommended Operating Conditions(@T A = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)Unit Parameter RatingJunction Temperature Range -40 to +125°CAmbient Temperature Range -40 to +85Thermal InformationParameter Symbol Package Max UnitThermal Resistance (Junction to Case) θJC SOP-8(EP) 75°C/WThermal Resistance (Junction to Ambient) θJA SOP-8(EP) 180Electrical Characteristics (@T A = +25°C, V IN = V EN = 5V, unless otherwise specified.)Parameter TestConditionsMinTypMaxUnits Input Voltage 2.7 5.5 VUnder Voltage Lockout Threshold V IN Rising 2.5 VUnder Voltage Lockout Hysteresis 200 mVQuiscent Supply V FB = 1.4V, Not Switching 0.25 0.35mA V FB = 1.0V, Switching 3 5Supply Current in Shutdown EN = Ground 0.1 1.0 µASwitching Frequency 520 kHz Maximum Duty Cycle 85 %FB Feedback Voltage 1.237 1.262 1.287 VFB Input Current 0 80 nAFB Voltage Line Regulation V FB from 2.7V to 5.5V 0.05 0.15 %/VSwitch Current Limit PAM2421V IN = 3.2VDuty Cycle = 70%3A PAM2422 4.5 PAM2421 5.5Switching On Resisitance PAM2421 130mΩPAM2422 100PAM2423 70Switch Leakage Current V SW = 10V, EN = Ground 15µA Soft Start Pin Bias Current V SS = 1.2V 2.0 4.5 7.0 µA Logic High Threshold EN Pin 1.4 VLogic Low Threshold EN Pin 0.4 VEN Pull Down Resistor 1 mΩThermal Shutdown Temperature 160 °CThermalShutdownHystersis 40 °CTypical Operating Characteristics (@T A = +25°C, V IN = V EN = 5V, V FREQ = 0V, unless otherwise specified.)Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) (@T A = +25°C, V IN = V EN = 5V, V FREQ = 0V, unless otherwise specified.)Application InformationThe PAM242x are highly efficient step-up DC/DC converters that employ a current mode, fixed frequency pulse-width modulation (PWM) architecture with excellent line and load regulation.The PAM242x operate at constant switching frequency under medium to high load current conditions. At light loads, these devices operate in a pulse-skipping mode in order to improve light-load efficiency.Soft-StartThe PAM242x both offer a programmable soft-start function which minimizes inrush current during startup. The soft-start period is programmed by connecting a 10nF capacitor between SS and Ground. Operation of the soft-start function is as follows: when the IC is disabled, SS is actively discharged to Ground. Upon enabling the IC, CSS is charged with a 4.5µA current so that the voltage at SS increases in a controlled manner. The peak inductor current is limited by the voltage at SS, so that the input current is limited until the soft-start period expires, and the regulator can achieve its full output current rating.Setting the Output VoltageThe both feature external adjustable output voltages of up to 24V. To program the output voltage, simply connect a resistive voltage divider between the output, FB, and GND, with resistors set according to the following equation:⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1V V x 2R 1R FB OUT Where V FB is 1.262V.Rectifier SelectionFor optimal performance, the rectifier should be a Schottky rectifier that is rated to handle both the output voltage as well as the peak switch current.Open Voltage ProtectionThe features internal automatic over-voltage protection, when feedback voltage is higher than 115%.Open ProtectionOnce the outputs achieve regulation, if the voltage at FB falls below 0.2V the controller will automatically disable, preventing the controller from running open-loop and potentially damaging the IC and load.ShutdownDrive EN low to disable the IC and reduce the supply current to just 0.1µA. As with all nonsynchronous step-up DC/DC converters, the external Schottky diode provides a DC path from the input to the output in shutdown. As a result, the output drops to one diode voltage drop below the input in shutdown.The PAM242x both feature integrated thermal overload protection. Both devices are automatically disabled when their junction temperatures exceed +160°C, and automatically re-enable when the die temperature decreases by 40°C.Ordering InformationPart Number Peak Current Package Type Standard Package PAM2421AECADJR 3A SOP-8(EP) 2500 Units/Tape & Reel PAM2422AECADJR 4.5A SOP-8(EP) 2500 Units/Tape & Reel PAM2423AECADJR 5.5A SOP-8(EP) 2500 Units/Tape & ReelMarking InformationPackage Outline Dimensions (cont.) (All dimensions in mm.) SOP-8(EP)IMPORTANT NOTICEDIODES INCORPORATED MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARDS TO THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION).Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice to this document and any product described herein. Diodes Incorporated does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of this document or any product described herein; neither does Diodes Incorporated convey any license under its patent or trademark rights, nor the rights of others. Any Customer or user of this document or products described herein in such applications shall assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold Diodes Incorporated and all the companies whose products are represented on Diodes Incorporated website, harmless against all damages.Diodes Incorporated does not warrant or accept any liability whatsoever in respect of any products purchased through unauthorized sales channel. Should Customers purchase or use Diodes Incorporated products for any unintended or unauthorized application, Customers shall indemnify and hold Diodes Incorporated and its representatives harmless against all claims, damages, expenses, and attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized application.Products described herein may be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign patents pending. Product names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign trademarks.LIFE SUPPORTDiodes Incorporated products are specifically not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of the Chief Executive Officer of Diodes Incorporated. As used herein:A. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which:1. are intended to implant into the body, or2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user.B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause thefailure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness.Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support devices or systems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by Diodes Incorporated. Further, Customers must fully indemnify Diodes Incorporated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems.Copyright © 2012, Diodes Incorporated。

DESCRIPTION16-Channel 16-Bit/12-Bit ±10V V OUT SoftSpan DACs with 10ppm/°C Max ReferenceDemonstration circuit 2025A features the LTC®2668, 16-channel 16-Bit/12-Bit ±10V V OUT SoftSpan™ DACs with 10ppm/°C max reference in a 6mm × 6mm QFN package. This device features per-channel SoftSpan configuration with five output ranges: 0V to 5V, 0V to 10V, ±2.5V, ±5V,and ±10V. A toggle feature allows any or all DACs to switch between two programmed codes via a single SPI command or by the TGP input pin. The versatile SPI interface can operate on any logic level between 1.71V and 5.5V, for easy interface to lower voltage microcontrollers or FPGAs.L, L T, L TC, L TM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and SoftSpan and QuikEval are trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.DC2025A-A is populated with the 16-bit version of the LTC2668. DC2025A-B is populated with the 12-bit version for lower resolution applications.Design files for this circuit board are available at /demo/DC2025AFigure 1. Connection Diagram SIGNAL GROUNDSIGNALGROUNDOUTPUTSOUTPUT PULLED TO OVP W/5kΩ1dc2025afaQUICK START PROCEDUREDownload and install QuikEval™ from:/designtools/software/#Data Connect a DC590 controller or DC2026 Linduino withDC590 emulator firmware to the DC2025A with the supplied ribbon cable. Connect low-noise analog power supplies as shown in Figure 1. A ±15V supply will allow all of the SoftSpan ranges to be used, refer to the LTC2668 data sheet for other supply options if not all SoftSpan ranges are used.Connect the controller to the host PC’s USB port and run QuikEval. The DC2025A software will be downloaded and installed, after which a jumper setting window will appear as shown in Figure 2. The default settings are internal reference, SoftSpan operation with 0V to 5V range, 0V output on power-up. If the jumpers on the board have been changed to a different configuration, select the appropri-ate options in the pull-down menus to match the board. Click OK and the main dialog will appear. The control panel gives access to all of the LTC2668’s functionality includ-ing per-channel SoftSpan ranges, toggling, Power-Down, etc. Detailed instructions are provided in the Help menu.Figure 2. Jumper Settings Dialog2dc2025afaQUICK START PROCEDUREFigure 3. Main Control Panel3dc2025afaQUICK START PROCEDUREExternal ConnectionsJ1: Interface connector to DC590 controller or Linduino. Provides OVP power, SPI interface, and board identifica-tion.V–, GND, V+: Analog supplies, connected to the LTC2668 V+ and V– pins. Nominally ±15V for operation in all Soft-Span ranges. Refer to the data sheet for other supply configurations.GND: Four additional ground posts and exposed ground plane around board edge allow solid connection to pro-totype circuitry and measurement equipment.AVP: Analog supply voltage. Normally supplied by an on-board LT1761-5 fixed 5V regulator that is powered from the V+supply. For single 5V supply applications, AVP may be tied directly to V+ and supplied with 4.5V to 5.5V. OVP: Digital interface power. No connection to this pin is required when used with a DC590 or Linduino controller. If another controller is used, connect to digital supply that powers the SPI bus controller (1.71 to 5.5V).REF:Connection to the REF pin. In internal reference mode, the reference voltage may be monitored at this point. Placing REF_SEL jumper in the EXT position allows an external reference to be connected to this point.MUX:Monitor Mux output. Allows surveying the DAC outputs under software control. Must be measured witha high impedance meter (output impedance is nominally2.1kΩ).VOUT0 to VOUT15: DAC outputs.CLR: Asynchronous clear input (pulled high to OVP with a 4.99k resistor). Pull to ground to reset the DAC to the power-on reset value (determined by MSPx pins.) TGP: Toggle input (pulled high to OVP with a 4.99k resis-tor). A high level on this pin enables software toggling. See data sheet for a complete description of toggle operation. LDAC: Asynchronous DAC update. If CS/LD is high at the falling edge of LDAC, DAC outputs will be updated with the contents of the input registers. If CS/LD is low when LDAC goes low, the DAC registers are updated after CS/ LD returns high.OVRTMP: Overtemperature pin (pulled high to OVP with a 4.99k resistor). The LTC2668 pulls this pin low if the die temperature exceeds approximately 160°C. It is released on the next rising edge of CS/LD.4dc2025afa5dc2025afaInformation furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representa-tion that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.QUICK START PROCEDURETable 1MSP2MSP1MSP0OUTPUT RANGERESET CODE MANUAL SPANSoftSpan000±10V Mid-Scale X 001±5V Mid-Scale X 010±2.5V Mid-Scale X 0110V to 10V Zero-Scale X 1000V to 10V Mid-Scale X 1010V to 5V Zero-Scale X 1100V to 5V Mid-Scale X1110V to 5VZero-ScaleX JumpersREF_SEL (JP1): Selects internal or external reference mode. (See data sheet description of REFCOMP pin.)MSP0, MSP1, MSP2 (JP2, JP3, JP4): Manual Span control. Setting all jumpers to the 1 position (Default) selects SoftSpan operation, with a power-up default span of 0V to 5V, and reset to Zero-Scale. Other options are listed in Table 1.LEDsOVRTMP: Lights when OVRTMP pin asserts, indicating an overtemperature state. (Note that LED will light if positive analog supply is present and OVP is not. OVP is normally supplied by the controller.)Test PointsThe SPI bus is available on a row of through-hole test points next to J1 that may be used to monitor the bus or to drive the bus with an external controller.EEGND, WP: For factory use only.DEMONSTRATION BOARD IMPORTANT NOTICELinear Technology Corporation (L TC) provides the enclosed product(s) under the following AS IS conditions:This demonstration board (DEMO BOARD) kit being sold or provided by Linear Technology is intended for use for ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OR EVALUATION PURPOSES ONL Y and is not provided by L TC for commercial use. As such, the DEMO BOARD herein may not be complete in terms of required design-, marketing-, and/or manufacturing-related protective considerations, including but not limited to product safety measures typically found in finished commercial goods. As a prototype, this product does not fall within the scope of the European Union directive on electromagnetic compatibility and therefore may or may not meet the technical requirements of the directive, or other regulations. If this evaluation kit does not meet the specifications recited in the DEMO BOARD manual the kit may be returned within 30 days from the date of delivery for a full refund. THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS THE EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY MADE BY THE SELLER TO BUYER AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT OF THIS INDEMNITY, NEITHER PARTY SHALL BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.The user assumes all responsibility and liability for proper and safe handling of the goods. Further, the user releases L TC from all claims arising from the handling or use of the goods. Due to the open construction of the product, it is the user’s responsibility to take any and all appropriate precautions with regard to electrostatic discharge. Also be aware that the products herein may not be regulatory compliant or agency certified (FCC, UL, CE, etc.).No License is granted under any patent right or other intellectual property whatsoever. L TC assumes no liability for applications assistance, customer product design, software performance, or infringement of patents or any other intellectual property rights of any kind.L TC currently services a variety of customers for products around the world, and therefore this transaction is not exclusive.Please read the DEMO BOARD manual prior to handling the product. Persons handling this product must have electronics training and observe good laboratory practice standards. Common sense is encouraged.This notice contains important safety information about temperatures and voltages. For further safety concerns, please contact a L TC applica-tion engineer.Mailing Address:Linear Technology1630 McCarthy Blvd.Milpitas, CA 95035Copyright © 2004, Linear Technology Corporation。

INPUT AND OUTPUT（输入与输出）INPUT（输入）Input is any data or instructions used by a com-puter. Input devices translate words, images, and actions into a form a computer can process.译文：输入是用于计算机的任何数据或指令。

输入设备翻译单词、图像和动作到计算机能处理的形式。

Keyboards（键盘）Keyboards are the most common way to input data. The most common types are译文：键盘是最常见的输入数据的方法。

最常见的键盘类型有●Traditional------full-sized, rigid, rectangular.译文：传统的——完整规模、坚硬的、矩形的●Flexible------roll up for easy packing.译文：灵活的——卷起，便于打包。

●Ergonomic------designed to minimize wrist strain.译文：人体工学的——设计于减少手腕压力。

●Wireless------no wire provides greater flexibility.译文：无线的——没有导线提供了更大灵活性。

●PDA------miniature keyboards for PDAs.译文：个人数字助理——迷你键盘的掌上电脑。

Features include numeric keypads, toggle keys, and combination keys.译文：性能包括数字小键盘、切换键和组合键。

Pointing Devices（指点设备）Pointing devices accept pointing gestures and convert them to machine-readable input.译文：指点设备接受指点手势和将其转换成机器可读的输入。

专利名称：REDUCED-LATENCY SOFT-IN/SOFT-OUT MODULE发明人：BEEREL, PETER, A.,CHUGG, KEITH, M.,DIMOU, GEORGIOS, D.,THIENNVIBOON, PHUNSAK 申请号：US0114460申请日：20010503公开号：WO0184720A9公开日：20021219专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Decoding an encoded signal (for example, a turbo encoded signal, a block encoded signal or the like) is performed by demodulating (13) the received encoded signal to produce soft information, and iteratively processing the soft information with one or more soft-in/sof-output (SISO) modules (11). At least one of the SISO modules (11) uses a tree structure to compute forward and backward state metrics. More generally, iterative detection is performed by receiving an input signal (11) corresponding to one or more outputs of a module whose soft-inverse can be computed by running the forward-backward algorithm on a trellis representation of the module, and determining the soft inverse of the module by computing forward and backward state metrics of the received input signal using a tree structure.申请人：UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,BEEREL, PETER, A.,CHUGG, KEITH, M.,DIMOU, GEORGIOS, D.,THIENNVIBOON, PHUNSAK更多信息请下载全文后查看。

MVI56(E)-MNET Add-On Instruction Installation GuideModbus TCP/IP Ethernet Communication Module Document Code: 773144Author: ProSoft Technical PublicationsDate: December 03, 2009Document InformationAuthor ProSoft Technical PublicationsDescription Modbus TCP/IP Ethernet Communication ModuleDate December 03, 2009Revision 2.04.00Product Name MVI56(E)-MNETDocument Code773144ProSoft Technology5201 Truxtun Ave., 3rd FloorBakersfield, CA 93309+1 (661) 716-5100+1 (661) 716-5101 (Fax)Copyright © ProSoft Technology, Inc. 2009. All Rights Reserved.December 03, 2009ProSoft Technology ® ProLinx ®, inRAx ®, ProTalk®, and RadioLinx ® are Registered Trademarks of ProSoft Technology, Inc. All other brand or product names are or may be trademarks of, and are used to identify products and services of, their respective owners.How to contact us: Sales & SupportAll ProSoft Technology® products are backed with unlimited technical support. Contact our worldwide Technical Support team directly by phone or email:Asia Pacific+603.7724.2080,***********************************Languages spoken include: Chinese, Japanese, EnglishEurope – Middle East – Africa+33(0)5.34.36.87.20,***********************************Languages spoken include: French, English*****************************,fax to +33 (0) 5.61.78.40.52North America+1.661.716.5100,******************************Languages spoken include: English, Spanish*****************************,fax to +1 661.716.5101Latin America (Sales only)+1.281.298.9109,******************************Languages spoken include: Spanish, EnglishBrasil+55-11.5084.5178,******************************Languages spoken include: Portuguese, EnglishContentsDocument Information (2)ADD MODBUS TCP/IP ETHERNET COMMUNICATION TO CONTROLLOGIX WITH AN ADD-ON INSTRUCTION FOR RSLOGIX® 5000 VERSION 16 (4)Introduction (4)Instructions (5)Benefits (10)Add Modbus TCP/IP Ethernet Communication to ControlLogix with an Add-On Instruction for RSLogix® 5000 Version 16In This ChapterIntroduction (4)Instructions (5)Benefits (10)IntroductionBeginning with version 16 of RSLogix™ 5000 software, Rockwell Array Automation added an extremely helpful feature to make it easier that everto set up third party modules, custom code, or proprietary code. Theycalled this new feature an "Add-On Instruction" (AOI). This AOI featureallows third party vendors, panel builders, and system integrators to createladder logic code that can be protected for safety or security reasons andcan be locked to ensure that the code remains unchanged.ProSoft Technology®’s inRAx® Modbus TCP/IP Ethernet CommunicationModule for ControlLogix®, the MVI56(E)-MNET, is provided with an Add-On Instruction to allow easy integration of the module into new or existingRSLogix 5000 Version 16 and newer projects.ProSoft Technology® has enhanced the MVI56(E)-MNET module’s Add-On Instruction in a way that will significantly simplify installation.Now users can integrate the module into a new or existing project byimporting a single ladder logic import file, as opposed to importing multipleUser Defined Data Types and ladder logic rungs, one-by-one.The entire ladder logic required by the MVI56(E)-MNET is encapsulated inone, single Add-On Instruction. And, when the ladder logic .L5X file isimported, it automatically creates all the required User-Defined Data Types,Controller Tags, and the Add-On Instruction logic, all while adding thepreconfigured AOI instruction to the ladder rung.This new way of importing an AOI as a completed ladder rung enables quicker and easier integration of theMVI56(E)-MNET with fewer chances for human typographical errors and ladder coding or setup errors.Instructions1 Open the F ILE menu, and then choose N EW…2 Select your ControlLogix controller model.3 Select R EVISION 16.4 Enter a name for your controller, such as "My_Controller".5 Select your ControlLogix chassis type.6 Select S LOT 0for the controller.7 Add the MVI56(E)-MNET module to the project.In the C ONTROLLER O RGANIZATION window, select I/O C ONFIGURATION and click the right mouse button to open a shortcut menu. On the shortcut menu, choose N EW M ODULE...This action opens the S ELECT M ODULE dialog box.8 Select the 1756-M ODULE (G ENERIC 1756M ODULE)from the list and click OK.This action opens the N EW M ODULEdialog box.9 In the N EW M ODULE dialog box, enter the following values.Parameter ValueN AME Enter a module identification string. Example: Modbus TCP/IPEthernet.D ESCRIPTION Enter a description for the module. Example: Modbus TCP/IPEthernet Communication ModuleC OMM F ORMAT SelectD ATA-INT.S LOT Enter the slot number in the rack where the MVI56(E)-MNETmodule is located.I NPUT A SSEMBLY I NSTANCE 1I NPUT S IZE250O UTPUT A SSEMBLY I NSTANCE 2O UTPUT S IZE248C ONFIGURATION A SSEMBLY I NSTANCE 4C ONFIGURATION S IZE0Important: You must select the C OMM F ORMAT as D ATA -INT in the dialog box, otherwise the module will not communicate over the backplane of the ControlLogix rack.10 Click OK to continue.11 Edit the Module Properties. Select the R EQUESTED P ACKET I NTERVA l value for scanning the I/O on the module.This value represents the minimum frequency at which the module will handle scheduled events. This value should not be set to less than 1 millisecond. The default value is 5 milliseconds. Values between 1 and 10 milliseconds should work with most applications.12 Save the module.Click OK to close the dialog box. Notice that the module now appears in the C ONTROLLER O RGANIZATION window.13 In the C ONTROLLER O RGANIZATION window, expand the T ASKS folder and subfolder until you reach theM AIN P ROGRAM folder.14 In the M AIN P ROGRAM folder, double-click to open the M AIN R OUTINE ladder.15 Select an empty rung in the new routine, and then click the right mouse button to open a shortcut menu. On theshortcut menu, choose I MPORT R UNG…16 Navigate to the location on your PC where you saved the Add-On Instruction (for example, "My Documents" or"Desktop"). Select the MVI56(E)M ODBUS TCP/IP E THERNET_A DD O N_R UNG_<V ERSION #>.L5X fileThis action opens the I MPORT C ONFIGURATION dialog box, showing the controller tags that will be created.17 If you are using the module in a different slot (or remote rack), select the correct connection input and outputvariables that define the path to the module. If your module is located in Slot 1 of the local rack, this step is not required.18 Click OK to confirm the import. RSLogix will indicate that the import is in progress:When the import is completed, the new rung with the Add-On Instruction will be visible as shown in the following illustration.The procedure has also imported new User Defined Data Types, data objects and the Add-On instruction for your project.19 Save the application and then download the sample ladder logic into the processor.BenefitsThis process for importing the MVI56(E)-MNET Add-On Instruction into the RSLogix ladder logic file has replaced the practice of importing User Defined Data Types and multiple rungs of ladder in multiple ladder files.This enhancement allows you to easily integrate the module into a new or existing RSLogix project without manually copying over each file. Doing so practically eliminates human typographical errors. Additionally, errors that do occur are significantly easier to correct.。

RT8290A®©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Design ToolsGeneral DescriptionThe RT8290A is a high efficiency synchronous step-down DC/DC converter that can deliver up to 3A output current from 4.5V to 23V input supply. The RT8290A's current mode architecture and external compensation allow the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of loads and output capacitors. Cycle-by-cycle current limit provides protection against shorted outputs and soft-start eliminates input current surge during start-up. The RT8290A also provides output under voltage protection and thermal shutdown protection. The low current (<3μA)shutdown mode provides output disconnection, enabling easy power management in battery-powered systems. The RT8290A is awailable in an SOP-8 (Exposed Pad)package.3A, 23V, 340kHz Synchronous Step-Down ConverterFeatures●4.5V to 23V Input Voltage Range●1.5% High Accuracy Feedback Voltage ●3A Output Current●Integrated N-MOSFET Switches ●Current Mode Control●Fixed Frequency Operation : 340kHz ●Output Adjustable from 0.925V to 20V ●Up to 95% Efficiency●Programmable Soft-Start●Stable with Low-ESR Ceramic Output Capacitors ●Cycle-by-Cycle Over Current Protection ●Input Under Voltage Lockout ●Output Under Voltage Protection ●Thermal Shutdown Protection ●PSM / PWM Auto-Switched●Thermally Enhanced SOP-8 (Exposed Pad) Package ●RoHS Compliant and Halogen FreeApplications●Industrial and Commercial Low Power Systems ●Computer Peripherals ●LCD Monitors and TVs●Green Electronics/Appliances●Point of Load Regulation of High-Performance DSPs,FPGAs and ASICs.Ordering InformationNote :Richtek products are :❝RoHS compliant and compatible with the current require- ments of IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020.❝Suitable for use in SnPb or Pb-free soldering processes.G : Green (Halogen Free and Pb Free)Simplified Application CircuitOUTVRT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Marking InformationRT8290AGSP : Product NumberYMDNN : Date CodeFunctional Pin DescriptionPin Configurations(TOP VIEW)SOP-8 (Exposed Pad)SS BOOT VIN GNDSW FBEN COMPRT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Function Block DiagramAbsolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)●Supply Voltage, V IN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------−0.3V to 25V●Switching Voltage, SW -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------−0.3V to (V IN + 0.3V)●SW (AC) 30ns-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------−5V to 30V●BOOT Voltage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(V SW − 0.3V) to (V SW + 6V)●The Other Pins ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------−0.3V to 6V ●Power Dissipation, P D @ T A = 25°CSOP-8 (Exposed Pad)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.333W ●Package Thermal Resistance (Note 2)SOP-8 (Exposed Pad), θJA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------75°C/W SOP-8 (Exposed Pad), θJC --------------------------------------------------------------------------------15°C/W ●Junction T emperature ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150°C ●Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)------------------------------------------------------------------260°C●Storage T emperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------−65°C to 150°C ●ESD Susceptibility (Note 3)HBM (Human Body Model)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------2kV MM (Machine Model)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------200VRecommended Operating Conditions (Note 4)●Supply Voltage, V IN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5V to 23V ●Enable Voltage, V EN -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0V to 5.5V●Junction T emperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------−40°C to 125°C ●Ambient T emperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------−40°C to 85°CRT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Note 1. Stresses beyond those listed “Absolute Maximum Ratings ” may cause permanent damage to the device. These arestress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions may affect device reliability.Note 2. θJA is measured at T A = 25°C on a high effective thermal conductivity four-layer test board per JEDEC 51-7. θJC ismeasured at the exposed pad of the package.Note 3. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precaution is recommended.Note 4. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating conditions.Electrical Characteristics(V = 12V, T = 25°C unless otherwise specified)RT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Typical Application CircuitOUT VTable 1. Recommended Component SelectionRT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Typical Operating CharacteristicsReference Voltage vs. Temperature0.9100.9150.9200.9250.9300.9350.940-50-25255075100125Temperature (°C)R e f e r e n c e V o l t a g e (V)Reference Voltage vs. Input Voltage0.9200.9220.9240.9260.9280.9300.9324681012141618202224Input Voltage (V)R e f e r e n c e V o l t a g e (V )Efficiency vs. Output Current01020304050607080901000.010.1110Output Current (A)E f f i c i e n c y (%)Output Voltage vs. Output Current3.203.223.243.263.283.303.323.343.363.383.400.00.30.60.91.21.51.82.12.42.73.0Output current (A)O u t p u t V o l t a g e (V)Frequency vs. Input Voltage3003053103153203253303353403453504681012141618202224Input Voltage (V)F r e q u e n c y (k H z )Frequency vs. Temperature300305310315320325330335340345350-50-25255075100125Temperature (°C)F r e q u e n c y (k H z )RT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Current Limit vs. Temperature3.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.0-50-25255075100125Temprature (°C)C u r r e n t L i m i t (A)Time (5ms/Div)Power On from VIN I L (2A/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 3AV IN (5V/Div)V OUT (2V/Div)Power Off from VINTime (5ms/Div)I L (2A/Div)V IN (5V/Div)V OUT (2V/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 3ASwitching WaveformTime (1μs/Div)V OUT (10mV/Div)V SW (10V/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 3AI L (2A/Div)Load Transient ResponseTime (100μs/Div)I OUT (2A/Div)V OUT(100mV/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 0.3A to 3ALoad Transient ResponseTime (100μs/Div)I OUT (2A/Div)V OUT(100mV/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 1.5A to 3ART8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Power On from ENTime (10ms/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 3AI OUT (2A/Div)V EN (2V/Div)V OUT (2V/Div)Power Off from ENTime (10ms/Div)I OUT (2A/Div)V EN (2V/Div)V OUT (2V/Div)V IN = 12V, V OUT = 3.3V, I OUT = 3ART8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Application InformationThe RT8290A is a synchronous high voltage buck converter that can support the input voltage range from 4.5V to 23V and the output current can be up to 3A.Output Voltage SettingThe resistive voltage divider allows the FB pin to sense the output voltage as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. Output Voltage SettingThe output voltage is set by an external resistive voltage divider according to the following equation :⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭OUT FB R1V = V 1R2where V FB is the feedback reference voltage (0.925V typ.).External Bootstrap DiodeConnect a 10nF low ESR ceramic capacitor between the BOOT pin and SW pin. This capacitor provides the gate driver voltage for the high side MOSFET.It is recommended to add an external bootstrap diode between an external 5V and the BOOT pin for efficiencyimprovement when input voltage is lower than 5.5V or duty ratio is higher than 65%. The bootstrap diode can be a low cost one such as 1N4148 or BAT54.The external 5V can be a 5V fixed input from system or a 5V output of the RT8290A. Note that the external boot voltage must be lower than 5.5V.Figure 2. External Bootstrap DiodeOUT OUT L IN V V I =1f L V ⎡⎤⎡⎤Δ×−⎢⎥⎢⎥×⎣⎦⎣⎦Having a lower ripple current reduces not only the ESR losses in the output capacitors but also the output voltage ripple. High frequency with small ripple current can achieve highest efficiency operation. However, it requires a large inductor to achieve this goal.For the ripple current selection, the value of ΔI L = 0.2375(I MAX ) will be a reasonable starting point. The largest ripple current occurs at the highest V IN . To guarantee that the ripple current stays below the specified maximum, the inductor value should be chosen according to the following equation :OUT OUT L(MAX)IN(MAX)V V L =1f I V ⎡⎤⎡⎤×−⎢⎥⎢×Δ⎣⎦⎣⎦Inductor Core SelectionThe inductor type must be selected once the value for L is known. Generally speaking, high efficiency converters can not afford the core loss found in low cost powdered iron cores. So, the more expensive ferrite or mollypermalloy cores will be a better choice.The selected inductance rather than the core size for a fixed inductor value is the key for actual core loss. As the inductance increases, core losses decrease. Unfortunately,increase of the inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore the copper losses will increase.Ferrite designs are preferred at high switching frequency due to the characteristics of very low core losses. So,design goals can focus on the reduction of copper loss and the saturation prevention.Soft-StartThe RT8290A contains an external soft-start clamp that gradually raises the output voltage. The soft-start timing can be programmed by the external capacitor betweenSS pin and GND. The chip provides a 6μA charge current for the external capacitor. If a 0.1μF capacitor is used to set the soft-start, the period will be 15.5ms (typ.).Inductor SelectionThe inductor value and operating frequency determine the ripple current according to a specific input and output voltage. The ripple current ΔI L increases with higher V IN and decreases with higher inductance.RT8290A©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Ferrite core material saturates “hard ”, which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. The previous situation results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple.Do not allow the core to saturate!Different core materials and shapes will change the size/current and price/current relationship of an inductor.T oroid or shielded pot cores in ferrite or permalloy materials are small and do not radiate energy. However, they are usually more expensive than the similar powdered iron inductors. The rule for inductor choice mainly depends on the price vs. size requirement and any radiated field/EMI requirements.C IN and C OUT SelectionThe input capacitance, C IN, is needed to filter the trapezoidal current at the source of the high side MOSFET .To prevent large ripple current, a low ESR input capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current should be used. The RMS current is given by :This formula has a maximum at V IN = 2V OUT , whereI RMS = I OUT /2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief.Choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may also be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design.For the input capacitor, a 10μF x 2 low ESR ceramic capacitor is recommended. For the recommended capacitor, please refer to table 3 for more detail.The selection of C OUT is determined by the required ESR to minimize voltage ripple.Moreover, the amount of bulk capacitance is also a key for C OUT selection to ensure that the control loop is stable.Loop stability can be checked by viewing the load transient response as described in a later section.The output ripple, ΔV OUT, is determined by :RMS OUT(MAX)I = I OUT L OUT 1V I ESR 8fC ⎡⎤Δ≤Δ+⎢⎥⎣⎦The output ripple will be highest at the maximum input voltage since ΔI L increases with input voltage. Multiplecapacitors placed in parallel may be needed to meet the ESR and RMS current handling requirement. Dry tantalum,special polymer, aluminum electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are all available in surface mount packages.Special polymer capacitors offer very low ESR value.However, it provides lower capacitance density than other types. Although Tantalum capacitors have the highest capacitance density, it is important to only use types that pass the surge test for use in switching power supplies.Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have significantly higher ESR. However, it can be used in cost-sensitive applications for ripple current rating and long term reliability considerations. Ceramic capacitors have excellent low ESR characteristics but can have a high voltage coefficient and audible piezoelectric effects. The high Q of ceramic capacitors with trace inductance can also lead to significant ringing.Higher values, lower cost ceramic capacitors are now becoming available in smaller case sizes. Their high ripple current, high voltage rating and low ESR make them ideal for switching regulator applications. However, care must be taken when these capacitors are used at input and output. When a ceramic capacitor is used at the input and the power is supplied by a wall adapter through long wires, a load step at the output can induce ringing at the input, V IN . At best, this ringing can couple to the output and be mistaken as loop instability. At worst, a sudden inrush of current through the long wires can potentially cause a voltage spike at V IN large enough to damage the part.Checking Transient ResponseThe regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in load current. When a load step occurs, V OUT immediately shifts by an amount equal to ΔI LOAD (ESR) and C OUT also begins to be charged or discharged to generate a feedback error signal for the regulator to return V OUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time, V OUT can be monitored for overshoot or ringing that would indicate a stability problem.RT8290A11DS8290A-03 March 2018©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Thermal ConsiderationsFor continuous operation, do not exceed the maximum operation junction temperature 125°C. The maximum power dissipation depends on the thermal resistance of IC package, PCB layout, the rate of surroundings airflow and temperature difference between junction to ambient.The maximum power dissipation can be calculated by following formula :P D(MAX) = (T J(MAX) − T A ) / θJAwhere T J(MAX) is the maximum operation junction temperature, T A is the ambient temperature and the θJA is the junction to ambient thermal resistance.For recommended operating conditions specification, the maximum junction temperature is 125°C. The junction to ambient thermal resistance θJA is layout dependent. For SOP-8 (Exposed Pad) package, the thermal resistance θJA is 75°C/W on the standard JEDEC 51-7 four-layers thermal test board. The maximum power dissipation at T A = 25°C can be calculated by following formula :P D(MAX) = (125°C − 25°C) / (75°C/W) = 1.333W for SOP-8 (Exposed Pad) packageThe maximum power dissipation depends on operating ambient temperature for fixed T J(MAX) and thermal resistance θJA . The derating curve in Figure 3 allows the designer to see the effect of rising ambient temperature on the maximum power dissipation.Layout ConsiderationsFollow the PCB layout guidelines for optimal performance of the RT8290A.❝Keep the traces of the main current paths as short and wide as possible.❝Put the input capacitor as close as possible to the device pins (VIN and GND).❝SW node is with high frequency voltage swing and should be kept in a small area. Keep sensitive components away from the SW node to prevent stray capacitive noise pick-up.❝Place the feedback components as close to the FB pin and COMP pin as possible.❝The GND pin and Exposed Pad should be connected to a strong ground plane for heat sinking and noise protection.Figure 3. Derating Curve of Maximum Power DissipationInput capacitor must be placed Figure 4. PCB Layout Guide0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6255075100125Ambient Temperature (°C)M a x i m u m P o w e r D i s s i p a t i o n (W )RT8290A12DS8290A-03 March 2018 ©Copyright 2018 Richtek Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. is a registered trademark of Richtek Technology Corporation.Table 3. Suggested Capacitors for Cand CRT8290A13DS8290A-03 March 2018Richtek Technology Corporation14F, No. 8, Tai Yuen 1st Street, Chupei City Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.Tel: (8863)5526789Richtek products are sold by description only. Richtek reserves the right to change the circuitry and/or specifications without notice at any time. Customers shouldobtain the latest relevant information and data sheets before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. Richtek cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Richtek product. Information furnished by Richtek is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Richtek or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Richtek or its subsidiaries.Outline DimensionBFHMI(Bottom of Package)8-Lead SOP (Exposed Pad) Plastic Package。

A S oft S tarter of T hree P hase A synchronous M otorYuan Youxin Xia Zezhong Wang Yalan Yuan Peigang Peng WanquanSchool of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaAbstract - This paper introduces the principle and simulationof the soft starter about the three phase asynchronous motor, due to their features of low cost, high reliability and less maintenance, the motor can start safely and easily , the lab has already done some experiments in the process of the starting and got the bettereffect.Keywords: soft starter, controlled reactor, three phase asynchronous motorI.I NTRODUCTIONThree phase asynchronous motors are widely used in industry applications due to their features of low cost, high reliability and less maintenance. But during the starting, the line current of the motor can be the 5-7 times larger than that in the normal operation and the starting torque can be 2 times larger than that in the normal operation. The big starting current will cause power voltage drop and influence the normal operation of other equipment connected in the same power line, and even cause the electrical network to lose stability. If the three phase asynchronous motor is started with full voltage, especially in heavy duty, the big starting current can produce enormous torque impulse to destroy the windings of the machine stator and to break the strip of the squirrel cage rotor. The big starting torque can cause big impulse on the equipment, as to the gear-driven equipment, resulting in the quick attrition and even mechanical breakdown. .The big electric current also can generate massive joule heat and damage the winding insulation, which reduces the electrical machine life. So, it is essential to use the soft starter in the process of the starting.Fig1.soft system starter structureII.S YSTEM S TRUCTURE OF THE S OFT S TARTERThe system architecture of the soft starter is shown in Figure 1. The switch K2 and the electrical machine M belong to the original direct of start system. The soft starter consists of the switch K1, the controlled reactor L, the power converter unit and the intelligent controller.When the motor started, the switch K1 was closed firstly. It causes the connection of controller reactor and the electrical machine in series with power source. The intelligent controller controls the working condition of the power converter unit, changing the voltage of the reactor from large to small. On the other hand, the terminal voltage of the electrical machine varies from small to large. Then, the speed of the electrical machine gradually raised .Fig.2 Asynchronous machine simulationSI UnitsWhen the electrical machine runs to its rated speed, the switch K2 was closed and the switch K1 was separated, the soft starter finish the electrical machine starting soft by thr rated speed.III.S IMULATION M ODEL OF THE S OFT S TARTER3.1 The Simulated Model of the Three Phase Asynchronous Motor3.1.1 The simulation model of voltage powerInputs A, B, and C and outputs a, b, and c represent the three –phase line terminals of the stator and the rotor respectively, the three-phase winding of the stator and the rotor inside of the model are all established in star connections. The neutral point cannot be used for the exterior, the rotor output is usually on direct pipe nipple or also may be connected with exterior electric circuit, Tm is the input of the electrical machinery load , M is the vector output .”Machines Measurement Demux” is used for testing the signals of the motor of the machine, which is to separate each group signal, such as the rotor three-phase current, the electrical machinery rotational speed , in order to meet the show of the oscilloscope or to connect with the Simulink output terminal. In the figure2, we can establish the observation quantity is: Stator current. These outputs can observe directly on simulation oscilloscope.The Asynchronous Machine SI Units in the figure, some data and the parameters are set to the motor, including: Rotor type, Reference Frame. Rated power Pn, Rated voltage Vn, Frequency fn, Stator resistance Rs , Leak feeling L’s , Rotor resistance Rr , Leak feeling L1r, Mutual inductance Lm ,andinertia J. We can set the motor data as follows:Fig.4 the link of the three-phase ACRated power 7.5KW ˈRated voltage 380V ˈRated current 15A ˈRated speed 1430m/minr 1=0.435ȍ,r 2=0.816ȍ,n p =2,L 1=71.31e-3H,L 2 =71.31e-3H ˈLm=69.31e-3H,J=0.089N.m2,T 1=11.8N.m DŽ3.1.2 The Model Simulation of the Synchronized LinkThe angle a=0 of the Three-phase AC power transformation unit crosses the voltage zero. the Synchronized signal must be accorded with the power source phase voltage ,the internalmodule as follow in the figure3 :Fig.3 Synchronized signal interior moduleThe model includes three input ports A, B, C, three output ports A1, B1, C1. the electrical system module is essentially different from the Simulink model, because it refers to the two kinds of models between the signal flowing, So it must use the middle interface module, we have used the voltage measurement model as the middle connection of the input electric signal and the output Simulink signal.3.1.3 The Link Simulation Model of the Three-Phase ACAccent PressesThe three-phase AC accent presses the link is composed by three groups of counter-parallel thyristors , the figure4 as followsFig.5 Reactor simulation modelThe pulse emitted by the pulse generator , after Selector and the multi-channel signal decomposer Demux ,the pulse has supplied the thyristors of the power transformation unit,the orders are very important in this experiment, so we must pay attention to them3.1.4 The Simulation Model of the Controller ReactorThe internal principle of the controller reactor is similar to the transformer, the way of the connections and controller take the effect to the reactor changes, these changes come from the high-tension side reactance. In SimPowerSystems model storehouse, the Elements have provided the 3-Phase Transformer 12-terminals, which can satisfy the request, the simulation module like the figure5.3.1.5 The Simulated Model of the Soft Starter Fuzzy ControllerThere are a lot ways to control the soft starter, the aim is to limit the starting current to carry on the simulation. The electrical current will get its maximum with quick speed, and this electric current starts to weaken ,after a while, the starting voltage rises gradually. Finally, the electric current falls belowthe rated value, at the same time, the electrical machinery voltage achieves the rated value. According to this change, theseal module can be established as the Figure 6 shows.Fig. 6 Soft starter fuzzy controller moduleFig.7 Asynchronous machine soft starter systemAfter comparing the feedback signal of the Input current Iback and the given value of the graduated arm flows Iref through the accumulator, we get the deviation and the change of the Electric current. According the Quantification scope, we inquired the control rule table and got the corresponding output control quantity, thus in this way ,we found the way to control the soft starter.3.2 The Simulation Module of the Asynchronous Motor of the Soft Starter SystemFig.8 the current under the full voltage with no loadAfter analysising the various model, we can obtain the simulation model as shown in Figure7The reactor, the three-phase AC accent presses and the starts of the controller are linked to indicate with the seal modules, structure division is basically similared to the asynchronous motor soft starter system.IV. S YSTEM S IMULATIONWe have used the above simulation model and carried on simulation to the 7.5KW asynchronous motor. with idling starting4.1 The Stator Current Profile Under the Full Voltage the current like the figure8 shows:When the motor is started directed under the idling voltage, there was a big flow to it, the current gets to the 120A, which was the 8 times larger than that in the normal operation., after several cycles, the current droped to the running current promptly.4.2 The stator current profile under the soft starterWith the constant flow away, the starting process profile asshown in Figure 9.Fig.9 the current under the soft start with loadFig.10 voltage and current waveform of directing startingFig.11 voltage and current waveform of soft startingThe effective current added to 40A. the maximum current got to 60A,the digital simulation algorithm: ode15s, relative error: 1e-3, absolute error: 1e-3. The starting time lengthens obviously, about 14 seconds. From the simulate result ,it was feasible to carry on the research of the intelligence soft starter, the starting current was improved obviously, these data and profiles provide us a lot of references and experiments. V.H IGH -V OLTAGE E LECTRICAL M ACHINERY S TARTING T EST The starting object was a JRQ630-8 asynchronous machine, the rated power is 630 KW, the stator voltage is 6300V,the stator current is 76A, in order to confirm the effect of the soft starter, we have carried on two ways, one is the direct entire voltage on the motor, the other is the idling soft start under the static condition. From the test, we have got some waveform about the current and the voltage.5.1 The Direct Starting under the Static ConditionThe entire pressure direct-on starting voltage, current waveform is shown in the figure10 showsThe system voltage was 6292V before the motor was started, it dropped to 5034V when it started ,it was about 80% of the primary voltage. The motor got its rated speed after 1.7 seconds, and then the voltage raise to 6235V.There was a big current at the beginning of the starting, the maximum current was 6.4 times larger than the rated current, it dropped to 387.6A sharply, and then this current last 1.2 seconds, then it dropped to 20.8A within 0.5 second. In the process of the starting, the voltage and the current have the higher harmonic to the motor.5.2 Electrical Machinery under Static Condition Idling Soft Starter The idling soft starter voltage and current waveform is shown in the figure11 .From the figure 11,the voltage was 6280V before the motor started, the voltage has no change neatly after starting, with the speed of the motor raised gradually, the voltage dropped neatly, the lowest data was 5973V, the motor got to its rated speed, the voltage raise to 6236V ,it was about 99.3% compared to the primary voltage.The current was almost zero when the motor starts, it got to 15.7A after about 7 seconds, and then it added to 30.1A ,64.3A,127.8A .after 9 seconds ,the current adds to the top of 144.4A, gradually the current dropped to the 20.9A with empty load. The starting process last 32.8 seconds. and the maximum current was 144.4A.VI.C ONCLUSIONAfter using the soft starter in the asynchronous motor, we can solve some problems with soft starter in this experiment, such like the difficult starting or the problems about burning electricity component. And the three phase asynchronous motor did not suffer the harmful starting. In our lab, we used the 800kw soft starter to start the 630KW motor and got some obvious effect in the process. It is feasible to use the soft starter in the process of the starting of the motor.R EFERENCE S[1] StennerˈRudolfˈVaupelˈGertˊ Economic Street Lightingˊ Energyand Lamp Costs. Licht, 1986ˈ38˄3˅˖ 222-223ˊ[2] Zuman,NˊManagement of a low-pressure sodium installationˊ LightingJournal (Rugby, England), 1989ˈ54˄4˅˖222-225ˊ[3] Hoehne,Lother. More Economic Application of Incandescent Lamps inStreet Traffic Signal Installations. 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