A Literature Review on Leadership in the Early Years

Developing Research Proposals HandoutPrepared by Ted Zorn, University of WaikatoThis is a handout I often give to students when I expect them to provide a research proposal for a course project. That is, it’s intended for fairly brief proposals, no t a prospectus for a masters or doctoral thesis.It gives students an example of the sort of thing I want, plus some commentary (in italics) about what I’m expecting in each section. I sometimes change the particular example given, in order to encourage them to think about particular kinds of projects. For instance, the example provided here was used in a Leadership Communication course. I’ve used the same format, but a different research project example, for a course on Organisational Communication Technology.Feel free to adapt it to your purposes.Research Proposal (Example)(Note: This is single spaced to save paper; yours should be double-spaced)To:Ted ZornFrom: Chris StudentDate: 1 April 2003Subject: Research proposalProposed Research Topic: A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team [provide a brief description or a descriptive title or a research question]Purposes:Alvesson (1996) claims that a situational approach enables leadership to be viewed and s tudied as “a practical accomplishment” (p. 476) rather than starting with a conceptualisation of leadership as whatever the appointed leader does. This approach seems particularly well suited to self-managing teams (SMTs), in which leadership is presumably shared. In this project, I will explore how members of a self-managing team enact leadership in their regular team meetings. In particular, I will focus on how SMT members influence the direction of the team as well as the relationships and identities of individual members and the identity of the team as a unit, and how their interaction is enabled and constrained by social and cultural influences (eg, organisational culture, national/ethnic culture, and gender). Such a study should give insights into the workings of SMTs, an organisational form that is rapidly gaining in popularity and acceptance. Also, the study will test the usefulness of a perspective (the situational approach) that is underdeveloped in the leadership literature.[Expand on the topic/question by describing what you hope to accomplish, and the desired outcomes (especially the practical or theoretical benefits to be gained)]Background: I will conduct my study in a team that is within the Roadworks Division within the Hamilton City Council. Roadworks has 12 SMTs, each of which is responsible for maintenance of roads within one geographical section of Hamilton. This particular team includes four men and a woman. Three of the men are in their thirties and one in his early 50s; the woman is in her thirties. They are assigned to an area around Chartwell. They start each day with a brief (15-45 minute meeting) on an agreed upon site, often just gathering around the back of a truck for their meeting. I will attend these three mornings a week for four weeks, and will stay on to observe their work for approximately 20 hours during the four week period.My primary focus will be on their interaction in meetings, although I will also observe (and perhaps enquires about) interactions during their other work.[Describe the context of the proposed research, making it clear how this context will allow you to accomplish your stated purposes]Scope: I will engage in participant-observation over a six-week period, from 8 April to 22 May for approximately four hours per week. I will typically observe the morning meetings and stay for an hour or so to observe their other work. On some days I may come at other times of the day for comparison. I will not schedule structured interviews, but will interview team members informally, as needed to clarify and provide insight into specific conversations. [Describe such things as the time you will invest, when the field work will take place, the number of participants, and the number of interviews you will conduct]Theoretical framework:I will be guided most generally by the interpretive perspective, and more specifically by Alvesson’s (1996) situational approach.The interpretive perspective places the focus on interpreting the meanings and perspectives of cultural members, and how these meanings are negotiated (Trujillo, 1992). I am exploring the meanings the sales staff and customers have for themselves as individuals and for their relationships, as well as the meanings sales staff have for the organisation, group, and profession of which they are members. Thesituational approach directs me to choose one or a few specific interactions to explore indepth. Thus, an appropriate means of investigating the topic from this perspective is observation of conversation, plus interviewing the interactants to understand the meanings they have for their symbolic interactions. [Briefly identify and explain the theoretical framework you will use to guide your investigation, how it fits your purpose and its implications for the research methods]Method:1. Conduct a literature review on leadership and communication in SMTs.2. Observe the group four hours per week for six weeks, focusing mostly on conversations at team meetings, especially those conversations in which the group addresses changes to their work processes and issues of team relationships and identity(ies).3. Interview team members to clarify and provide insight into conversations. I will attempt to conduct these interviews shortly after conversations of interest. While the interviews will not be formal or structured, the kinds of questions I will ask include the following. The general strategy for the interviews is to start off with broad questions and follow up on the interviewee’s re sponses, to capture her or his meanings and to avoid imposing my meanings on the interviewee.a. Tell me about the conversation you just had with X.b. What were you thinking during the conversation?c. What do you think she/he was thinking?d. What do you think she/he was trying to do (or accomplish) in the conversation?e. What did you mean when you said, “......”?f. What were you thinking when you said that?g. What do you think she meant when she said “......”?h. When you think about what you did and said in that conversation, how would you describe yourself?4. Undertake a situational analysis of the field notes and interview notes, guided by Alvesson’s theory.5. Write a research report that combines my understanding of the relevant theory and previous research with the results of my empirical research.[Describe in detail the steps you will take in attempting to answer your research question]Timetable:Prepare proposal by 1 AprilComplete literature review by 15 AprilComplete fieldwork by 22 MayComplete analysis by 29 MayGive presentation on 3 JuneComplete final report by 16 JuneLimitations:Time constraints of the semester require less time than may be ideal for an ethnographic study. By being in the organisation for only four hours a week for five weeks, there are bound to be aspects of leadership practice, organisational culture and team communication that will not be revealed during my observations. Being an outsider may also limit what is revealed tome. The team members may be guarded in their conversations around me, especially in my initial observations. [Describe conditions beyond your control that place restrictions on what you can do and the conclusions you may be able to draw]Delimitations:I am choosing not to observe multiple teams, even though such comparisons might be valuable, in order to allow more depth of understanding regarding the group on which I will focus. Additionally, I will not use structured interviews in order to minimise my obtrusiveness and my influence on the team members. [Describe the boundaries of the study that you determine]References[List all references cited that are not on the course reading list]。

The influence of mining exploitation on environment and the solution of the disposal of solid waste residue By the year of 2012, China has 8557 State-owned mining enterprises and over 200 thousands individually owned enterprises. The area of destroyed land in mining area adds up to 29 thousand km^2 and grows at the rate of 2% each year (Liao L-P, Gao.H and Yu X-J, 2012). The mining industry has scored tremendous achievements, but meanwhile it threatens the environment. Some individually owned enterprises lack the awareness of environmental protection and take no preventive measure to lower their cost. Furthermore, out-of-date equipment and poor technology cause huge waste in production, which cause serious environmental pollution.The destruction on land resourcesStrip mining and the piling of tailings and waste residue occupies and destroys large land. In china, the waste-occupied land in mining area adds up to 59 thousand km^2 and the resulting deforestation area adds up to 11 thousand km^2 (Ma X-Q, Huang B-L, 2010). Strip mining can result in the destruction of land surface and Land Subsidence and accelerate the water and soil losses. According to official statistics, by the year of 2011, in the mining area of western China, the Soil erosion area annually increases 20 km^2.The increase of the risk of geological disasterThe construction of mining engineering can significantly change the landform in mining area. Digging to a certain depth will threaten the stability of hillside and easily induce some geological disasters, such as landslip, collapse, debris flow, surface subsidence and even earthquake (Cao F-G, 2007). For example, 4 tons of water will be drained off when 1 ton of coal is mined. The loss of groundwater exerts huge pressure on earthcrust (Gibowicz, 1999). In China, there are nearly 2000 sinkholes and the collapse area adds up to 1150 km^2. Almost 40 of the mining cities in China have Cave-in accident, which threatens the life of mine operators and cause heavy property loss, about 120 million dollars on average each year.The influence on water resourceDeep mining engineering will influence the surface water resources and groundwater resources. Excessive groundwater extraction can cause the drop of water level, some problems on water supply and land subsidence (Auclair AD, 2008). The quality surface water will decrease and the course of river might be changed. In some drought region，the drop of groundwater level can lead to the death of land vegetation (Becker M, 2005). More seriously, huge amounts of industrial water are required tosupport over exploitation in mineral-abundant region and most of the water is drawn from agricultural water, which interferes the agricultural production (Shi X-H, 2009). The loss of biodiversitySoil degradation, environmental pollution, the emission of waste and vegetation clearing are fatal to the biodiversity in mining area. After the loss of biodiversity, some high-resistant species can still inhabit the abandoned land in mining area, but because of the barren soil and the deficiency of microorganism activity, the recovery of ecosystem usually need 10-50 years (Xiao H-L, 2011). The loss of biodiversity in some damaged ecosystems is even irreversible.The solution of the disposal of solid waste residueSolid waste residue is the biggest polluter in mining area and the disposal of it still plagues the government and mining enterprises, so it deserves a separate discussion. The heavy metal ion in solid waste is the most harmful substance. Once contacting water source, these ions will dissolve, making the water corrosive and toxic, and it is very difficult to extract them from the water (FAO, 2004).High technology offers two new methods to solve this problem. One is microorganism technology. The removal of heavy metal ions by microorganism is a new applicable technique. Various types of biomass, including bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae have been evaluated for their heavy metal uptake properties. The most prominent features of biosorption are the use of low cost biomass material and the high efficiency of some biomass to uptake heavy metals in very low concentration (Jose T.Matheickal, 2001).Another one is new corrosion-resisting clay. This kind of clay is toughened, innocuous and environmental-friendly. In the process of disposing the waste residue, the clay will be first made into mud. The clay mud covers the surface of waste residue and after it dries out, the clay will become a waterproof layer and can resist the corrosion of any substance in the soil. Then the waste residue can be sequestered underground safely (Moore, 2005).However, Zhu.J.J has pointed out the possible resistance of the implementation of these methods. There is a lack of related Professional Staff. Disposing the waste residue in high-tech methods will increase the cost of enterprises (Zhu J-J, 2009). What’s more, some individually-owned enterprises are even ignorant of the importance of environmental protection, so they may be completely uninterested in these handling methods .Summary and TipsAlong with the enhancing of the people's awareness of the environment，the environmental management has become indispensable in the development of mining industry. Some relative rules, regulations, and standards show be put on to establish a more rational Working mechanism. If the development condition of the mining industry improves, the mining enterprises will no longer pursue profit at the cost of environment.ReferencesAuclair AD. (2008). A case stury of forest decline in western Canada and the adjacent United States. Water, Air and Soil pollution 53(2): 23-31.Becker M. (2005). Silver fir decline in the V osges mountains: Role of climate and natural culture. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 48: 77-80Cao F-G. (2007). Hunan Geology Science & Technology 21(2): 29-31(in Chinese) FAO. (2004). State of the World’s Chemical Industry, 2009. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 15(10): 195-196Gibowicz. (1999). Magnitude and energy of subterranean shocks in Upper Silesia.The Earth's Interior Structure 32(7): 14-15Jose T.Matheickal. (2001). Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Wastewater by Using Biosorbents from Marine Algae. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 9(2): 133-136 Liao L-P, Gao H, Yu X-J (2012). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 11(2): 61-64 (in Chinese)Ma X-Q, Huang B-L. (2010). A study on self-poisoning effects of Chinese fir plantation. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University 24(1): 12-16Moore.(2005). Changes in structure and composition of modern Industrial raw materials.Modern Industry Management 208(1/3): 223-225Shi X-H. (2009). Rain and its influence on environmental ecosystem. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University 21(1): 109-114(in Chinese)Xiao H-L. (2011). Increased soil temperature and forest decline. Tropical Subtropical Soil Science 4(4): 246-249(in Chinese)Zhu J-J. (2009). A review on fundamental studies of secondary forest management.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 13(12): 168-169。

Writing a Literature ReviewA literature review…•Provides an overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature relating to a research topic ora research problem.•Analyzes a body of literature in order to classify it by themes or categories, rather than simply discussing individual works one after another.•Presents the research and ideas of the field rather than each individual work or author by itself.A literature review often forms part of a larger research project, such as within a thesis (or major research paper), or it may be an independent written work, such as a synthesis paper.Purpose of a literature reviewA literature review situates your topic in relation to previous research and illuminates a spot for your research. It accomplishes several goals:•provides background for your topic using previous research.•shows you are familiar with previous, relevant research.•evaluates the depth and breadth of the research in regards to your topic.•determines remaining questions or aspects of your topic in need of research.Relationship between a literature review and a research projectAcademic research at the graduate level is always part of a dialogue among researchers. As a graduate student, you must therefore indicate that you know where your topic is positioned within your field of study.Therefore, a literature review is a key part of most research projects at the graduate level. There is often a reciprocal relationship between a literature review and the research project for which it is written:• A research project is often undertaken in response to a literature review. Doing the literature review for a topic often reveals areas requiring further research. In this way, writing the literature review helps to formulate the research question.• A literature review helps to establish the validity of a research project by revealing gaps in the existing literature on a topic that offer opportunities for new research.Importance of the research questionOnce identified, the research question will drive the research project. Whatever you read or write should have a clear connection to your question.How to write a strong literature reviewThere are several steps toward writing a strong literature review:1.Synthesize and evaluate information2.Identify the main ideas of the literature3.Identify the main argument of the literature reviewanize the main points of the literature review5.Write literature review1. Synthesize and evaluate informationA literature review requires critical thinking, reading, and writing. You will take the information that you have gathered through your research and synthesize and evaluate it by indicating important ideas and trends in the literature and explaining their significance.Strategies for reading•As soon as you begin reading, take note of the themes or categories that you see emerging. These may be used later to develop a structure for the literature review.•Take note of how other writers classify their data, the literature in their fields, etc. It can be helpful to read literature reviews in your discipline to see how they are structured.Categories for analysis and comparisonA strong literature review examines each work on its own and in relation to other works by identifying and then analyzing them with regards to a number of different research aspects and ideas. Here are some possible categories to use for comparison and analysis.topicargumentresults found and conclusions methodstheoretical approach key wordsOverall, a literature review seeks to answer the following questions:•What does the literature tell you?•What does the literature not tell you?•Why is this important?Questions for analyzing individual works-What is the argument? Is it logically developed? Is it well defended?-What kind of research is presented? What are the methods used? Do they allow the author to address your research question effectively? Is each argument or point based on relevant research?If not, why?-What theoretical approach does the author adopt? Does it allow the researcher to make convincing points and draw convincing conclusions? Are the author’s biases and presuppositions openlypresented, or do you have to identify them indirectly? If so, why?-Overall, how convincing is the argument? Are the conclusions relevant to the field of study? Questions for comparing works-What are the main arguments? Do the authors make similar or different arguments? Are some arguments more convincing than others?-How has research been conducted in the literature? How extensive has it been? What kinds of datahave been presented? How pertinent are they? Are there sufficient amounts of data? Do theyadequately answer the questions?-What are the different types of methodologies used? How well do they work? Is one methodology more effective than others? Why?-What are the different theoretical frameworks or approaches used? What do they allow the authors to do? How well do they work? Is one approach more effective than others? Why?-Overall, is one work more convincing than others? Why? Or are the works you have compared too different to evaluate against each other?The Academic Writing Help Centre offers more information on synthesis and evaluation in the discussion group and accompanying handout on Information Management for a Literature Review.2. Identify the main ideas of the literatureOnce you have begun to synthesize your research, you will begin to identify some main ideas and trends that pervade the topic or that pertain to your research question.Use these main ideas to classify the information and sources that you have read. Later, these ideas can be used as the main topics of discussion in the literature review, and if you have already organized your literature on these topics, it will be easy to summarize the literature, find examples, etc.3. Identify the main argument of the literature reviewJust like any academic paper, the literature review should have a main idea about the literature that you would like the readers to understand. This argument is closely related to your research question in that it presents a situation in the body of literature which motivates your research question.ExampleArgument from a literature review: “Although some historians make a correlation between the Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox churches and the retention of Ukrainian culture and language by Ukrainian immigrants in Canada, little has been said of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the development of Ukrainian communities in Canada.”Research question:“How has the Roman Catholic Church shaped Ukrainian-Canadian identity?”4. Organize the main points of the literature reviewAfter identifying the main ideas that need to be presented in the literature review, you will organize them in such a way as to support the main argument. A well-organized literature review presents the relevant aspects of the topic in a coherent order that leads readers to understand the context and significance of your research question and project.As you organize the ideas for writing, keep track of the supporting ideas, examples, and sources that you will be using for each point.5. Write the literature reviewOnce the main ideas of the literature review are in order, writing can flow much more smoothly. The following tips provide some strategies to make your literature review even stronger.Tips for Writing and PresentationGive structure to the literature review.Like any academic paper, a literature review should contain an introduction, a body and a conclusion, and should be centered on a main idea or argument about the literature you are reviewing.If the literature review is a longer document or section, section headers can be useful to highlight the main points for the reader. However, the different sections should still flow together.Explain the relevance of material you use and cite.It is important to show that you know what other authors have written on your topic. However, you should not simply restate what others have said; rather, explain what the information or quoted material means in relation to your literature review.•Is there a relevant connection between a specific quote or information and the corresponding argument or point you are making about the literature? What is it?•Why is it necessary to include this piece of information or quote?Use verb tenses strategically.•Present tense is used for relating what other authors say and for discussing the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, etc.“In her article on biodiversity, Jones stipulates that ….”In addition, use the present tense when you present your observations on the literature.“However, on the important question of extinction, Jones remains silent.”•Past tense is used for recounting events, results found, etc.“Jones and Green conducted experiments over a ten-year period. They determined that it was not possible to recreate the specimen.”BibliographyBell, Judith. Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-time Researchers in Education, Health and Social Science.Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, 2005.Boote, David N. and Penny Beile. “Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation.” Educational researcher, 34.6 (2005): 3-15.Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Verma, Gajendra K. and Kanka Mallick. Researching Education: Perspectives and Techniques. London: Falmer Press, 1999.The Writing Center, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill. Literature Reviews. Chapel Hill, NC. 2005. Available /depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review.html.© 2007 Academic Writing Help Centre, University of Ottawawww.sass.uottawa.ca/writing 613-562-5601 cartu@uOttawa.ca。

80学术文献检索1. "The impact of social media on consumer behavior: An empirical study" by R. K. Srivastava.2. "The role of emotional intelligence in leadership: A review" byD. Goleman and R. Boyatzis.3. "The effect of mindfulness on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis" by M. Khoury et al.4. "The challenges of cross-cultural communication in international business" by M. Asgary and K. Walle.5. "The impact of technology on education: A review" by A. Diligenti.6. "The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention:A meta-analysis" by J. P. Meyer et al.7. "The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior: A review" by A. Mohr and W. Nevin.8. "The impact of diversity on organizational performance: A review" by D. Harrison et al.9. "The role of employee empowerment in organizational performance: A meta-analysis" by R. A. Konovsky and D. M. Cropanzano.10. "The impact of leadership style on organizational culture: A review" by E. Schein.11. "The effect of emotional labor on job satisfaction and burnout:A meta-analysis" by A. Grandey et al.12. "The impact of gender diversity on corporate governance: A review" by S. Terjesen.13. "The role of communication in conflict resolution: A review" by W. Wilmot and J. Hocker.14. "The effect of transformational leadership on organizational commitment: A meta-analysis" by B. M. Bass and R. Bass.15. "The impact of social support on mental health: A meta-analysis" by S. Taylor et al.16. "The role of organizational justice in employee motivation: A review" by J. Greenberg.17. "The effect of work-life balance on job satisfaction: A meta-analysis" by T. Allen et al.18. "The impact of corporate culture on organizational performance: A review" by E. Denison.19. "The role of social capital in organizational performance: A review" by R. Putnam et al.20. "The effect of feedback on employee performance: A meta-analysis" by O. Ilies et al.21. "The impact of globalization on organizational culture: A review" by M. Finnegan and K. L. McLean.22. "The role of emotional intelligence in employee performance:A review" by N. Ashkanasy et al.23. "The effect of training on employee motivation: A meta-analysis" by K. Baldwin and N. F. Ford.24. "The impact of employee engagement on organizational performance: A review" by J. Macey and B. Schneider.25. "The role of culture in international business: A review" by G. Hofstede.26. "The effect of transformational leadership on employee engagement: A meta-analysis" by R. J. Bono and J. A. Judge. 27. "The impact of technological innovation on organizational change: A review" by C. Kim and Y. Lee.28. "The role of communication in organizational change: A review" by J. Kotter.29. "The effect of organizational politics on job satisfaction and performance: A meta-analysis" by J. L. Ferris et al.30. "The impact of diversity on team performance: A review" by K. Jehn.31. "The role of emotional labor in service industries: A review"by C. Grandey.32. "The effect of goal setting on employee motivation and performance: A meta-analysis" by E. Locke and G. Latham.33. "The impact of employee well-being on organizational performance: A review" by S. Cartwright and C. Cooper.34. "The role of conflict management in team effectiveness: A review" by M. DeChurch and K. Marks.35. "The effect of transformational leadership on innovation: A meta-analysis" by D. J. H. De Jager et al.36. "The impact of employee engagement on customer satisfaction:A review" by M. Saks.37. "The role of organizational learning in innovation: A review" by A. Edmondson and R. Moingeon.38. "The effect of environmental uncertainty on strategic decision making: A meta-analysis" by D. J. Teece.39. "The impact of corporate reputation on organizational performance: A review" by R. Fombrun and C. Foss.40. "The role of trust in international business: A review" by Y. Doz and G. Santos.41. "The effect of intrinsic motivation on employee creativity: A meta-analysis" by T. Amabile.42. "The impact of corporate governance on firm performance: A review" by A. Shleifer and R. W. Vishny.43. "The role of ethics in business: A review" by T. Beauchamp.44. "The effect of team diversity on conflict and performance: A meta-analysis" by K. Jehn et al.45. "The impact of emotional intelligence on team effectiveness: Areview" by V. Druskat and S. Wolff.46. "The role of stakeholder engagement in corporate social responsibility: A review" by D. Scherer and A. Palazzo.47. "The effect of job crafting on employee well-being and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis" by A. Tims et al.48. "The impact of job insecurity on employee health and well-being: A review" by M. De Witte.49. "The role of organizational ambidexterity in innovation: A review" by C. R. O'Reilly et al.50. "The effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation: A meta-analysis" by H. Wang et al.51. "The impact of culture on consumer behavior: A review" by M. Usunier and J. Cestre.52. "The role of power in organizational behavior: A review" by J. Pfeffer.53. "The effect of organizational culture on leadership style: A meta-analysis" by M. Schein.54. "The impact of teamwork on organizational performance: A review" by K. Katzenbach and D. Smith.55. "The role of social responsibility in business ethics: A review" by A. Crane and A. Matten.56. "The effect of social support on job stress and burnout: A meta-analysis" by R. G. Haines III et al.57. "The impact of cultural intelligence on cross-cultural communication: A review" by C. Earley and A. Ang.58. "The role of emotional contagion in organizational behavior: A review" by S. Barsade.59. "The effect of leader-member exchange on job satisfaction and turnover: A meta-analysis" by R. C. Liden and H. J. Graen.60. "The impact of knowledge management on organizationalperformance: A review" by K. Sveiby.61. "The role of organizational justice in ethical decision making:A review" by J. Colquitt.62. "The effect of transformational leadership on team performance: A meta-analysis" by B. M. Bass and R. Bass.63. "The impact of global competition on strategic management: A review" by M. Porter.64. "The role of emotional intelligence in conflict management: A review" by E. Van Rooy and D. Viswesvaran.65. "The effect of work stress on job satisfaction and health: A meta-analysis" by A. M. Stokols et al.66. "The impact of corporate social responsibility on organizational reputation: A review" by S. Brown and D. Dacin.67. "The role of communication in employee engagement: A review" by R. Eisenberger et al.68. "The effect of self-efficacy on employee performance: A meta-analysis" by G. Gist et al.69. "The impact of cultural diversity on team effectiveness: A review" by R. E. Jackson et al.70. "The role of trust in leadership: A review" by R. Mayer et al.71. "The effect of organizational culture on employee motivation:A meta-analysis" by T. J. Mowday and P. M. Steers.72. "The impact of technological change on organizational structure: A review" by R. Daft.73. "The role of social identity in organizational behavior: A review" by T. Tyler and S. Blader.74. "The effect of cultural intelligence on international business: A meta-analysis" by C. Earley and M. Peterson.75. "The impact of transformational leadership on organizational change: A review" by B. Avolio et al.76. "The role of social support in employee well-being: A review" by T. Barnett and R. Gareis.77. "The effect of job crafting on employee performance: A meta-analysis" by A. Bakker and M. Demerouti.78. "The impact of corporate social responsibility on employee engagement: A review" by T. Donaldson and L. Preston.79. "The role of emotional labor in customer service: A review" by R. Brotheridge and L. Grandey.80. "The effect of cultural distance on international business: A meta-analysis" by T. G. Verbeke et al.。

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。

A Literature Review of An Empirical Study ofMultimodal Teaching Model inMiddle School English Listening Teaching in a Multimedia ContextIn recent years, the theories of multimodal discourse and multimodality have gained many scholars’attention。

Many researchers study them and try to apply multimodal teaching to middle school s’ teaching。

And nowadays，many famous language scholars are trying their best to do the empirical study on the multimodal teaching。

As a matter of fact, many noted researchers have made a brief definition of multimodality. “M ultimodality means the combination of different semiotic modes—--for example, language and music—-—in a communicative artifact or event” (Kress ＆Leeuwen 1996：281)。

“M ultimodality refers to the diverse ways in which a number of distinct semiotic resource system are both codeployed and cocontextualized in the making of a text—specific meaning”(Baldry ＆Thibault 2006：21).Since the 1990s of last century, the multimodal teaching approach has drawn the researchers’and the teachers' attention in abroad。

英语文献综述范文模板A Literature Review on ___________AbstractThis literature review examines how ___________ has evolved over time and the impact it has had on ___________. The review looks at the various writings and studies that have been carried out on the subject and how they have contributed to the establishment of the current state of___________. The review also highlights the areas of future research needed to further advance ___________.Introduction___________ is a ___________ that has been widely studied in recent ___________. It has been of particular interest due to its impact on ___________, and the increased focus on ___________ it has generated. This literature review examines the various writings and studies that have been carried out on the subject, and seeks to explore how ___________ has evolved over time and the impact it has had on ___________.FindingsThe literature review found that ___________ has been widely studied by ___________ in recent ___________. It wasfound that ___________ have made significant contributions to the understanding of ___________, and have provided a basis for further research in the area. It was also noted that ___________ have made some noteworthy advances in the ___________ of ___________, and that this has had apositive impact on ___________.ConclusionThe literature review found that ___________ has been widely studied by ___________ in recent ___________. It has been of particular interest due to its impact on___________, and the increased focus on ___________ it has generated. The review highlighted the various writings and studies that have been carried out on the subject, and how they have contributed to the establishment of the current state of ___________. The review also highlighted the areas of future research needed to further advance ___________.。

组织行为学英文参考文献Organizational Behavior: A Literature ReviewOrganizational behavior (OB) is a field of study that examines the impact of individuals, groups, and structures on behavior within organizations. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management. The primary goal of OB is to understand and predict human behavior in organizational settings, with the ultimate aim of improving organizational effectiveness and efficiency.One of the key areas of focus in OB is the study of individual behavior within organizations. This includes factors such as personality, attitudes, perception, learning, and motivation. Understanding how these individual-level factors influence employee behavior and performance is crucial for managers and leaders. For example, research has shown that employees with a high need for achievement are more likely to be successful in their careers, while those with a high need for affiliation may be better suited for roles that involve collaboration and teamwork.Another important aspect of OB is the study of group dynamics andteam behavior. This includes examining how factors such as group size, cohesion, and leadership influence the way groups function and perform. Effective teamwork and collaboration are essential for organizational success, and OB research has provided valuable insights into how to foster these qualities. For instance, studies have shown that teams with clear goals, well-defined roles, and open communication tend to be more effective than those without these characteristics.Organizational structure and design are also key areas of focus in OB. This includes understanding how different organizational structures (e.g., hierarchical, matrix, or network) and processes (e.g., decision-making, communication, and control) impact employee behavior and organizational outcomes. Effective organizational design can help to align the organization's structure and processes with its strategic goals and the needs of its employees.Another important area of OB is the study of organizational culture and its impact on employee behavior and performance. Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that guide the behavior of individuals within an organization. A strong, positive organizational culture can foster employee engagement, commitment, and job satisfaction, while a dysfunctional culture can lead to a variety of negative outcomes, such as high turnover, poor communication, and decreasedproductivity.OB research has also examined the role of leadership in shaping organizational behavior. Effective leadership is essential for organizational success, and OB research has provided valuable insights into the characteristics and behaviors of effective leaders. For example, research has shown that transformational leaders, who inspire and motivate their followers, tend to be more effective than transactional leaders, who focus on contingent rewards and punishments.In addition to these core areas, OB research has also explored a variety of other topics, such as organizational change and development, organizational politics and power, and the impact of technology on organizational behavior. As the business environment continues to evolve, the field of OB will need to adapt and expand to address new challenges and opportunities.Overall, the field of organizational behavior is a rich and dynamic area of study that has made significant contributions to our understanding of human behavior in organizational settings. By applying the principles and findings of OB research, organizations can improve their effectiveness, enhance employee well-being, and ultimately achieve their strategic goals.。

Literature reviewWhat is a literature review?A literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic. This is often written as part of a postgraduate thesis proposal, or at the commencement of a thesis. A critical literature review is a critical assessment of the relevant literature. It is unlikely that you will be able to write a truly critical assessment of the literature until you have a good grasp of the subject, usually at some point near the end of your thesis.The review, like other forms of expository writing, has an introduction, body and conclusion, well-formed paragraphs, and a logical structure. However, in other kinds of expository writing, you use relevant literature to support the discussion of your thesis; in a literature review, the literature itself is the subject of discussion.What counts as 'literature'?‘Literature’ covers everything relevant that is written on a topic: books, journal articles, newspaper articles, historical records, government reports, theses and dissertations, etc. The important word is 'relevant'. Check with your supervisor or tutor when in doubt.Why do a literature review?A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field, and also where the weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study are. The review should therefore also demonstrate to the reader why the writer’s research is useful, necessary, important, and valid.A review of the literature has the following functions:•To justify your choice of research question, theoretical or conceptual framework, and method •To establish the importance of the topic•To provide background information needed to understand the study•To show readers you are familiar with significant and/or up-to-date research relevant to the topic•To establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your fieldHow many references to look for?This depends on what the literature review is for, and what stage you are at in your studies. Your supervisor or tutor should specify a minimum number of references.Generally speaking, a reasonable number of references in a literature review would be:undergraduate review: 5-20 titles depending on level.Honours dissertation: 20+ titles.Masters thesis: 40+ titlesDoctoral thesis: 50+ titles.How to write a literature review1.The literature search2.Noting the bibliographical details3.Finding the literature4.Reading the literatureTake notes as you read the literature. You are reading to find out how each piece of writing approaches the subject of your research, what it has to say about it, and (especially for research students) how it relates to your own thesis:Is it a general textbook or does it deal with a specific issue(s)?Is it an empirical report, a theoretical study, a sociological or political account, a historical overview, etc? All or some of these?Does it follow a particular school of thought?What is its theoretical basis?What definitions does it use?What is its general methodological approach? What methods are used?What kinds of data does it use to back up its argument?What conclusions does it come to?5. Writing the reviewHaving gathered the relevant details about the literature, you now need to write the review. The kind of review you write, and the amount of detail, will depend on the level of your studies.Note 1: do not confuse a literature review with an annotated bibliography.An annotated bibliography deals with each text in turn, describing and evaluating the text, using one paragraph for each text.In contrast, a literature review groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time. It is not a summary; rather, it evaluates previous and current research in regard to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research.A Literature Review is more than an Annotated Bibliography or a summary, because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your own project.Note 2: think of the review as a funnelThe review must be shaped by a focus on key areas of interest, including research which provides a background to the topic (depending on whether it is for an Honours thesis or for a PhD). It should also be selective. A common mistake in writing the review is to comment on everything you have read regardless of its relevance. In your writing it is useful to think of the review as a funnel - start wide with the overview and then quickly narrow into discussing the research that relates to your specific topic.•Another way of looking at the process, particularly if you are examining several topics (or variables), is to think of yourself as a film director (Rudestam and Newton, 1992). You can think of providing your audience with:•long shots to provide a solid sense of the background•middle distance shots where the key figures and elements to be examined are brought clearly into view•close-up shots where the precise focus of your work is pinpointedSections of literature reviewLike all academic writing, A literature review is written in essay format. It must have an introduction, body, and conclusion.The introduction should include:1)the nature of the topic under discussion (the topic of your thesis)2)the parameters of the topic (what does it include and exclude)?3)the basis for your selection of the literatureThe conclusion should include:1)A summary of major agreements and disagreements in the literature2)A summary of general conclusions that are being drawn.3)A summary of where your thesis sits in the literatureThe body paragraphs could include relevant paragraphs on:1)historical background, including classic texts;2)current mainstream versus alternative theoretical or ideological viewpoints, including differing theoretical assumptions, differing political outlooks, and other conflicts;3)possible approaches to the subject (empirical, philosophical, historical, postmodernist, etc);4)definitions in use;5)current research studies;6)current discoveries about the topic;7)principal questions that are being asked;8)general conclusions that are being drawn;9)methodologies and methods in use;Structure of literature reviewThere are several ways to organize and structure a literature review. Two common ways are chronologically and thematically.1)Chronological: group and discuss your sources in order of their appearance (usuallypublication), highlighting the changes in research in the field and your specific topic over time.e.g. metaphor—how the definition of it changes through time by giving some examplesof key concepts made by scholars, and ending with current thoeries and the definition you will use in your thesis2)Thematic: group and discuss your sources in terms of the themes or topics they cover.This method is often a stronger one organizationally, and it can help you resist the urge to summarize your sources. By grouping themes or topics of research together, you will be able to demonstrate the types of topics that are important to your research.e.g. study of Feminism in Jane Eyre—commnets on Charlotte Brontecomments on Jane Eyrecomments on Feminism※No matter which method you choose, remember:Within each section of a literature review, it is important to discuss how the research relates to other studies (how is it similar or different, what other studies have been done, etc.) as well as to demonstrate how it relates to your own work. This is what the review is for: don’t leave this connection out!Criteria of good literature reviewA review of the literature should:•Set up a theoretical framework for your research•Show your reader that you have a clear understanding of the key concepts/ideas/studies/ models related to your topic•know about the history of your research area and any related controversies•can discuss these ideas in a context appropriate for your own investigation•can evaluate the work of others•Clarify important definitions/terminology•Develop the research space you will also indicate in the Introduction and Abstract•Narrow the problem; make the study feasibleQuestions you need to ask yourself when you are planning and drafting your Literature Review: •What has been done in your field of research? What principles of selection are you going to use?•How are you going to order your discussion? Chronological, thematic, conceptual, methodological, or a combination? What section headings will you use?•How do the various studies relate to each other? What precise contribution do they make to the field? What are their limitations or are there any gaps? Are there new ways of looking at the topic?•What future directions should research in this subject take?•How does your own research fit into what has already been done? What contribution will your research make to the field?Sample Analysis。

英语硕士论文Literature Review范文----文献综述论文-->正如上面提到的，短期事件研究可以在实证检验的有效市场假说被应用。

在另一方面，使用长地平线（1-5年收购后的）数据事件的研究可以应用到评估并购对企业的长期股市表现一个事件的影响。

这密切关系到著名的“合并后的绩差谜”在阿格拉瓦尔及谢斐（2000 ）提出的。

在这篇文章中，他们记录了各种的研究人员对在股市收购公司的长远表现不佳的结论。

不过，本节着重在研究长远的性能使用不同的经验方法。

Literature Revieentioned above, short-run event study can be applied in the empirical test for EMH. On the other hand, event studies using long horizon (1-5 years post acquisition) data can be applied to evaluate the effect of M A event on long-term stock market performance of firms. This closely relates to the famous “post-merger underperformance puzzle”proposed in Agrap; Jaffe (2000). In that article, they documented the conclusions made by various researchers on the long-run underperformance of acquiring firms in the stock market. Hopirical methods used by various authors in examining the long-run performance. The first difficulty encountered in long-run event studies is the calculation of expected returns. Different choices of benchmark models could lead to exactly opposite conclusions, since small measurement errors accumulate in the long-run (Kothari and itchell and Stafford(2000) also shoes higher than the appropriate t-statistics. Fama (1998) advocates the use of calendar time portfolio in correcting for cross-sectional correlation problem. On the other hand, Barber and Lyon (1997) proves that the use of reference portfolio or asset pricing model in calculation of abnormal returns suffers three types of biases in long-run study. The proposed solution is to match sample firms to non-sample parable firms of similar market capitalization and market-to-book ratios. The usefulness of another benchmark model -- the Fama- French three-factor model –seems to be less efficient than the previous tethods (Barber and Lyon 1997, Brav 2000).Another difficulty arises from houlate abnormal returns over time. It is mon to use cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) for short-run study, but Barber and Lyon (1997) argues that this measure is conceptually flaeasure ore sensible based on conceptual grounds is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) etric sums of abnormal returns rather than arithmetic sums as in CAR. Ho simulation shoal returns more often. To correct f-->or such bias, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) proposes the bootstrappedskepirical study in the current paper is focused on short-run period around the event date. Tine the significance of abnormal returns. The first one is to test ent of M A on share performance is significant or not, ation content of MA announcement. This is done by testing for the significance of abnormal returns on single days. The second one is to test for the significance of the event over a short period. This closely relates to the leakage of information ahead of such events and the question of hoarket responds to such events. This is done by testing for the significance of cumulative abnormal returns for a short interval. Since ance of all the sample panies, the individual abnormal return during the event period is averaged across 91 firms, as ulative abnormal return.Define t as the day measured in event time. The date that each acquiring firm announces its merger/acquisition corresponds to t = 0. For each firm, closing share price and contemporaneous FTSE All share index data from t = -100 (100 trading days before the firm’s merger announcement) until t = +5 (5 days after the announcement) are collected. Let and denote the simple daily return for security i and market index at day t, respectively. In the current paper, the estimation period runs from t = -100 to t = -10, and the event period runs from t = -5 to t = +5.The first step is to measure abnormal return, denoted by , for firm i at day t in the event period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is applied to estimate the market model for firm i, that is, OLS is used to estimate alpha () and beta () parameters for each firm using daily returns from the estimation period, and the abnormal return for each day in the event period is calculated using the folloal return is often affected by firm-specific characteristics, the abnormal returns from equation (1) are averaged for analysis based on the ple of firms. For a given day t in the event period, let denote the average daily abnormal return over all the sample firms, and denote the cumulative average daily abnormal return from the first day in event period (-5) till day t. Similarly, the cumulative daily abnormal return for a specific firm i, denoted by , can be defined. Therefore,Folloal return is then normalized by the sample standard deviation for the daily return--> of corresponding security, denoted by , to yield a standardized abnormal return, (See also Serra 2002):Averaging it over all sample firms, the average standardized abnormal return for day t, denoted by , can be calculated. The test statistic for a given day in the event period (-5 through +5) is as follople size of firms, the central limit theorem that under the independent and identically distributed condition, the statistic in equation (6) should be standard normally distributed asymptotically. The null hypothesis for the first testis that the average standardized abnormal return for day t is 0, i.e. =0. The hypothesis test can also be constructed concerning a period of time. Let , (-530). The null hypothesis for the second test is that the cumulative average abnormal return during the period [,] is 0, i.e. =0.。

校园英语 / 大视野Women in leadership成都信息工程大学银杏酒店管理学院(工商管理系)/张悦言The word Leadership is itself self explanatory in its own concept of evolving. Leading often refers to magnetism and the ability to “give sense” to the followers. Women’s involvement in workforce has seen a rapid increase in the last few decades. And the fact is that women are now increasingly entering the leadership roles which were used occupied by man. They have been respected and admired in terms of business leader.In addition of the fact that more powerful role they are playing. In various professional fields women hold leadership roles, most common fields of which cluster around education, and nursing, nonprofit and social service sectors. Jean LIU, the President of Didi Chuxing, the world’s largest mobile transportation platform based in China, was ranked one of Fast Company’s top five “The World’s Most Creative People in Business in 2016.”Why women make better business leaders?On top of that, women have a better communication skill. More women on their boards have 42% higher sales returns, 66% higher return on invested capital and 53% higher return on equity. The success stories are often link to superior communication skills. Studies show that men speak more words than women over the course of a day, but due to their weaker command of language in social situations, they repeat the same words and pay dubious compliments.Secondly, women take more initiative than man in the work. In a study by Harvard Business Review, women in management rated 11.58 percentile points above their male peers that is taking initiatives in the workplace. Indra Nooyi, CEO of Pepsico, forges ahead with a plan to focus on more nutritious drinks, despite criticism. It’s realistic to turn 10 billion dollars business into 30 billion dollars in just 10 years.Thirdly, women have a high degree of emotional intelligence. Daniel Coleman, author of the brain and emotional intelligence new insights states that truly effective leadership is distinguished by a high degree of emotional intelligence. And according to Coleman, women tend to be better than men on average at empathy, particularly emotional empathy, sensing in the moment how the other person is feeling and also, at social skills, at keeping things feeling good between people in a group.What are the advantages of women in leadership?First of all, Women are sensitive. They are always quality oriented and safety conscious. Women have the ability to see opportunity and give their ideas life and inspire others to do the same. Women, when given the opportunity to be themselves, are natural leaders.Then, Women are generous in their ability to give and open doors for one another. They want to feel as if they are making an impact, helping to make a difference in the lives of others.What’s more, when facing troubles and risks, women don’t quit. Most of time, they are more patient and tenacious than men. They thrive at creating and sustaining momentum for both themselves and others.Women are also masters at facilitating connection points between people, resources and relationships. This is why women are such effective and efficient leaders. They don’t waste time and can quickly identify areas to consolidate, organize and strengthen business outcomes.Last but not least, every woman has maternal instinct. Woman in leadership always regards their career and employees as their kids. The magic chili spicy sauce, Lao Gan Ma, was created by a 68-year old Chinese woman named Tao Huabi. She knows most of her employees by name, pays visits to their homes regularly, and makes them a special home-cooked meal on their birthdays.Tao knows she lacks management experience, so she treats her employees well to ensure their loyalty and commitment to Lao Gan Ma.It is inarguable that in both business and political world today, more and more females are gaining power. We cannot ignore the fact that the long existing stereotype that it is home where lies the role of woman is facing unprecedented challenge.To date, no doubt more and more people start to agree on the fact that it is not only men who can play the leader’s role. As a matter of fact, in developed society, women, on average have a better academic intelligence and wiser interpersonal communication skill, which guaranteed them the same or even better potential as a successful leader. A great many intelligent female CEOs and political leaders are the best examples for this argument.What we find ironic is that some special qualities of female which people take as examples of weakness, such as sensitive, responsible, generous, tough and attention to details in fact- 255 -- 256-校园英语 / 大视野perfectly articulated the profile of a successful leader in a modern world. We believe instead of being disadvantaged, female are equipped with natural advantages in leadership.However, due to some special physical conditions such as motherhood, and social norms, for instance, sexual discrimination and unfairly distributed housework load, it takes women doubled efforts of men to be a leader. In order to solve this inequality, we here call for efforts from the whole society!We hold a positive view about the future of woman in leadership. We believe in near future we will see more and more female figures actively participating in big decision-making board!References:[1]Jenni Colwill,Jill Townsend,(1999)“Women,leadership and information technology:The impact of women leaders in organizations and their role in integrating information technology with corporate strategy ”,Journal of Management Development,Vol.18 Issue:3,pp.207-216,https:///10.1108/02621719910261049.[2]Gray,J.(1992),Men Are from Mars,Women Are from Venus, Harper Collins,New York,NY .[3]Carolyn Noble,Sharon Moore,(2006)“Advancing women and leadership in this post feminist,post EEO era:A discussion of the issues ”,Women in Management Review,Vol.21 Issue:7,pp.598-603,https:///10.1108/09649420610692534.[4]Bradley,H.(1999),Gender and Power in the Workplace, Analysing the Impact of Economic Change,Macmillan,London.[Google Scholar].Wude Martial Art Center in Taiwan台湾文藻外语大学/陈楚寒Wude Martial Art Center, a Japanese architecture, lies in Qishan which is a district of Kaohsiung mixed with different kinds of culture. I was impressed the most by the Wude Martial Art Center, for its solemn architecture style. Furthermore, it shows both the Japanese martial spirit and Taiwanese tolerant toward foreign culture.Wude Martial Art Center was built by Japanese in 1934, when Taiwan is under Japanese ruling. For one thing, Wude Martial Art Center is overall dignified and solemn because it was built for Jodo and sword practicing, which were the typical martial sports in Japan. The structure of the whole building shows integrated solemnity of Jodo spirit. For example, the tone of this construction is deep brown, which looks very calm and solemn on the whole. The entire structure of the Wude Martial Art Center was raised onto pillars to make the whole building tall and stately. The appearance of Wude Martial Art Center is grand and holy. However, inside of the building is a complete Japanese style. The most distinct feature is that a wooden clearing is set for shoes in the front of the foyer. People cannot enter the room without taking off the shoes, which is a typical style of Japanese architecture. Enter the foyer after taking off the shoes, you will find the beams, trusses and roof of interior are all made of precious Taiwanese cypress trees which is another Japanese architecture style because Japanese like using wooden material to build houses. The roof is built sophisticatedly. The woods of the roof were preciseness layers upon layers, which show the Japanese virtuosity of handwork. Besides, on the two sides of the main room was used as Jodo practice room with tatami flooring which is a classical element of Japanese architecture, too.On the vast ground laying this solemn building is a gift for Taiwanese people to possess the foreign culture. It shows the Taiwanese tolerant attitude to exotic culture. Since Wude Martial Art Center was ruined by a fire in 1994, the government reconstruct the building in an entirely new look. However, the local people have regarded Wude Martial Art Center as a part of local culture, which should have been Japanese exoticism; as a consequence, they fought for its rebuilt consistently to restore its former appearance. With twice construction, now Wude Martial Art Center looks exactly the same as its original appearance. It reveals Taiwanese culture takes in kinds of characteristic of different countries. Taiwanese people are trying their best to protect this pluralism, which spirits makes Taiwan become a free, open and pluralistic society.Wude Martial Art Center is a Japanese construction built by Japanese during its occupancy in Taiwan. It shows not only the Japanese Jodo solemnity but Taiwanese wide holding capacity toward foreign culture. Taiwanese do not regard it as a humiliation. On the contrast, it is precious for them to visit the Japanese architecture and feel the Japanese Jodo spirit without going abroad. Taiwan society becomes all the freer and more various for this tolerant capacity.。

课题国内文献综述如何写范文English Answer:Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of published research on a specific topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic and identifies gaps in the literature that need to be addressed by future research.Structure of a Literature Review.A literature review typically consists of the following sections:Introduction: This section provides an overview of the topic and the purpose of the literature review.Methodology: This section describes the methods usedto search for and select the literature that was reviewed.Results: This section presents the findings of the literature review, including a summary of the main themes and findings of the studies that were reviewed.Discussion: This section discusses the implications of the findings of the literature review and identifies areas for future research.Conclusion: This section provides a brief summary of the main findings of the literature review and the implications for future research.Writing a Literature Review.When writing a literature review, it is important to follow these guidelines:Use a clear and concise writing style.Organize the literature review logically.Cite all sources correctly.Proofread carefully before submitting the literature review.Literature Review Sample.Topic: The impact of social media on mental health.Introduction.Social media has become an increasingly prevalent part of our lives. In the past decade, the number of people using social media has grown exponentially, and it is now estimated that over 3 billion people worldwide use social media. This widespread use of social media has led to a growing interest in its potential impact on mental health.Methodology.A systematic search of the literature was conductedusing the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. The search terms used were "social media" and "mental health." The search was limited to studies published in English in the past 10 years.Results.The search yielded a total of 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies found that social media use was associated with negative mental health outcomes, such as increased depression, anxiety, and loneliness. However, a few studies found that social media use could also have positive mental health outcomes, such as increased social support and self-esteem.Discussion.The findings of this literature review suggest that social media use can have both positive and negative impacts on mental health. While some studies have foundthat social media use can lead to negative mental health outcomes, such as increased depression, anxiety, andloneliness, other studies have found that social media use can also have positive mental health outcomes, such as increased social support and self-esteem. More research is needed to determine the specific factors that contribute to the positive and negative impacts of social media use on mental health.Conclusion.This literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the impact of social media on mental health. The findings of the review suggest that social media use can have both positive and negative impacts on mental health. More research is needed to determine the specific factors that contribute to the positive and negative impacts of social media use on mental health.中文回答：课题国内文献综述如何写范文。

What is a literature reviewHow to Write A Literature review |What is a literature review?A literature review may be presented as a paper on its own, or it can be contained as an integral part of an article, research proposal, research report or dissertation.It describes, compares, contrasts and evaluates the major theories, arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches and controversies in the scholarly literature on a subject. It also connects, compares and contrasts these arguments, themes and methodologies etc., with the concerns of a proposed piece of research (that is, the aims of the essay, research project or thesis, the research questions, and the central hypothesis). The literature review is:not an annotated bibliographynot a summary of each of your sources listed one by one not just a descriptive summary of the historical background to your topicIn a literature review, your central focus is examining and evaluating what has been said before on a topic, and establishing the relevance of this information to your ownresearch. You may also identify what has notbeen said in the literature on a subject (this is called ‘a gap in the literature’, and filling such gaps with new knowledge is a particular interest of postgraduate scholarship). You may also need to discuss the methodologies that have been used in the literature and how these relate to your chosen method.The literature broadly refers to information relevant to your topic of interest. Such works may deal specifically or more generally with your topic of interest. While such information may be obtained from a variety of sources, including books, journal articles, reports, etc., the focus is on scholarly published materials.As source material it can be categorised as a:Primary source: Original research from journals, articles or conferences, original materials such as historical documents, or creative works such as art or literature.Secondary source: Evaluations, reviews or syntheses of original workTertiary source: Broadly scoped material put together usually from secondary sources to provide an overview, e.g.a textbook.To limit the scope of your work, you will need to decide what literature to select for your review. In general, the source material is appropriate if it has:relevance – it should contribute to the development of your topic, clarify your position, provide an alternative point of view you wish to argue against or provide useful primary source material.authority – it should be published in a reputable journal, have been critically evaluated, been used extensively as a source material, been peer reviewed or be a recognised authority in the area.currency – it should be recent research or still be influential in the area.Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that the work is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments with ease.1. Cite: keep the primary focus on the literature.2. Compare the various arguments, theories, methodologies,approaches and findings expressed in the literature: what do the authors agree on? Who employs similar approaches? 3. Contrast the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches and controversies expressed in the literature: what are the major areas of disagreement, controversy, debate?4. Critique the literature: which arguments are more persuasive, and why? Which approaches, findings, methodologies seem most reliable, valid, or appropriate, and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe what it is an author says/does: e.g. asserts, demonstrates, etc.5. Connect the literature to your own area of research and investigation: how does your own work draw on/depart from/synthesise what has been said in the literature?。

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行政管理英文文献Administrative Management: A Review of English LiteratureIntroductionAdministrative management plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and effective operation of organizations. It involves planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling various activities to achieve organizational goals. This article aims to review the English literature on administrative management, exploring its key concepts, theories, and practices. The focus will be on providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and its relevance in contemporary organizational settings.Key Concepts in Administrative Management1. Planning: Planning is the process of setting goals, objectives, and strategies to achieve them. It involves identifying the resources required and determining the actions needed to achieve the desired outcomes. Effective planning provides a roadmap for organizations to follow and helps in making informed decisions.2. Organizing: Organizing involves structuring the activities, resources, and people in an organization to achieve the desired goals. It includes creating job roles, defining responsibilities, and establishing communication channels. Proper organization ensures that tasks are allocated efficiently, and coordination among various departments is maintained.3. Coordinating: Coordinating refers to the integration of various activities and efforts within an organization to ensure the smooth flow of operations. It involves establishing effective communication channels, resolving conflicts, and promoting teamwork. Coordinating helps in aligning individual efforts with organizational goals and enhancing overall productivity.4. Controlling: Controlling is the process of monitoring and evaluating the performance of individuals and the organization as a whole. It involves comparing actualresults with the planned objectives and taking corrective actions when necessary. Effective control mechanisms ensure that deviations are identified and rectified, contributing to the overall efficiency of the organization.Theories of Administrative Management1. Scientific Management: Scientific management, developed by Frederick Taylor, focuses on improving productivity and efficiency through the application of scientific principles. It emphasizes the standardization of work processes, the division of labor, and the use of time and motion studies to identify the most efficient methods of performing tasks.2. Administrative Management Theory: Administrative management theory, proposed by Henri Fayol, emphasizes the importance of administrative functions such as planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's principles of management provide a framework for effective administrative practices, including unity of command, scalar chain, and division of work.3. Bureaucratic Management: Bureaucratic management, introduced by Max Weber, emphasizes the rational and efficient organization of large-scale institutions. It focuses on hierarchical authority, formal rules and procedures, and the separation of personal and official roles. Bureaucratic management aims to minimize subjectivity and ensure consistency in decision-making.Practices of Administrative Management1. Decision-making: Decision-making is a fundamental aspect of administrative management. It involves identifying problems, analyzing alternatives, and selecting the best course of action. Effective decision-making requires gathering relevant information, considering multiple perspectives, and evaluating the potential outcomes.2. Leadership: Leadership plays a critical role in administrative management. Effective leaders inspire and motivate employees, set clear goals, and provide guidance and support. They create a positive work environment, encourage collaboration, and foster innovation.3. Communication: Communication is essential in administrative management. It ensures the exchange of information, ideas, and instructions among employees, departments, and stakeholders. Effective communication involves listening, providing feedback, and using appropriate channels and mediums.4. Human Resource Management: Human resource management encompasses various activities, including recruitment, training, performance evaluation, and employee development. It aims to attract, retain, and motivate talented individuals, ensuring the right people are in the right positions to achieve organizational goals.ConclusionAdministrative management is a critical function in organizations, ensuring the efficient and effective use of resources to achieve desired outcomes. It involves planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling activities, guided by various concepts, theories, and practices. The review of English literature on administrative management provides insights into its key components and their relevance in contemporary organizational settings. By understanding and implementing administrative management principles, organizations can enhance their overall performance, productivity, and success.。