Some results on local cohomology modules

Unit1：2. 英译汉资料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械 ( 力学) 强度热导率1. 资料科学指的是研究存于资料的构造和性能的相互关系。

相反，资料工程指的是，在鉴于资料构造和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计早先设定好具备若干性能的资料。

2.实质上，固体资料的全部重要性质能够归纳分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐化降解性。

3.除了构造和性质，资料科学和工程还有其余两个重要的构成部分：即加工和性能。

4.工程师与科学家越熟习资料的构造 - 性质之间的各种相互关系以及资料的加工技术，依据这些原则，他或她对资料的理智选择将愈来愈娴熟和精准。

5.只有在很少量状况下资料在拥有最优或理想的综合性质。

所以，有必需对资料的性质进行均衡。

3.汉译英Interdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到近来，科学家才终于认识资料的构造因素与其特征之间的关系。

It was not until relatively understand the relationshiprecent times thatbetween the structuralscientists came toelements of materialsand their properties .2.资料工程学主要解决资料的制造问题和资料的应用问题。

Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materialsprocessing and materials application.3.资料的加工过程不只决定了资料的构造，同时决定了资料的特点和性能。

高三英语科学前沿动态单选题30题1. The new scientific discovery has opened up ______ possibilities for future research.A. numerousB. rareC. fewD. single答案：A。

本题主要考查词汇的含义。

A 选项“numerous”意思是“众多的，许多的”，符合语境，新的科学发现为未来研究开辟了许多可能性。

B 选项“rare”表示“罕见的，稀有的”；C 选项“few”表示“很少的，几乎没有”，与语境不符；D 选项“single”意思是“单一的”，也不符合“开辟多种可能性”的语境。

2. The latest space exploration mission requires ______ technology and advanced equipment.A. complexB. simpleC. ancientD. common答案：A。

本题考查词汇理解。

A 选项“complex”意为“复杂的”，最新的太空探索任务需要复杂的技术和先进的设备，符合逻辑。

B 选项“simple”表示“简单的”；C 选项“ancient”是“古老的”；D 选项“common”为“普通的”，都不符合太空探索任务对技术和设备的要求。

3. Scientists are working hard to find a ______ to the global warming problem.A. solutionB. questionC. causeD. result答案：A。

“solution”有“解决办法”的意思。

科学家努力工作是为了找到全球变暖问题的解决办法，A 选项符合。

B 选项“question”是“问题”；C 选项“cause”指“原因”；D 选项“result”意为“结果”，均不符合题意。

4. The breakthrough in artificial intelligence has brought ______ changes to our daily lives.A. slightB. hugeC. tinyD. minor答案：B。

托福阅读第三篇tpo75R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (13)背景知识 (14)原文Seismic Waves①Seismic waves-energy waves produced by earthquakes-permit scientists to determine the location,thickness,and properties of Earth's internal zones.They are generated when rock masses are suddenly disturbed,such as when they break or rupture.Vibrations spread out in all directions from the source of the disturbance, traveling at different speeds through parts of Earth's crust and interior that differ in chemical composition and physical properties.The principal categories of these waves are primary,secondary,and surface. All three types of waves are recorded on an instrument called a seismograph.②Primary waves,or P-waves,are the speediest of the three kinds of waves and therefore the first to arrive at a seismograph station after there has been an earthquake.They travel through the upper crust of Earth at speeds of4to5kilometers per second,but near the base of the crust they speed along at6or7kilometers per second.In these primary waves,pulses of energy are transmitted as a succession of compressions and expansions that parallel the direction of propagation of the wave itself.Thus,a given segment of rock set in motion during an earthquake is driven into its neighbor and bounces back.The neighbor strikes the next particle and rebounds and subsequent particles continue the motion.Vibrational energy is an accordion-like push-pull movement that can be transmitted through solids,liquids and gases.Of course,the speed of Pwave transmission will differ in materials of different density and elastic properties.③Secondary waves,or S-waves,travel1to2kilometers per second slower than do P-waves.Unlike the movement of P-waves,rock vibration in secondary waves is at right angles to the direction of propagation of the energy.This type of wave is easily demonstrated by tying a length of rope to a hook and then shaking the free end.A series of undulations will develop in the rope and move toward the hook-thatis,in the direction of propagation.Any given particle along the rope, however,will move up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.It is because of their more complex motion that S-waves travel more slowly than Pwaves.They are the second group of oscillations to arrive at a seismograph station.Unlike Pwaves, secondary waves will not pass through liquids or gases.④Both P-and S-waves are sometimes also termed body waves because they are able to penetrate deep into the interior or body of our planet.Body waves travel faster in rocks of greater elasticity,and their speeds therefore increase steadily as they move downward into more elastic zones of Earth's interior and then decrease as they begin to make their ascent toward Earth's surface.The change in velocity that occurs as body waves invade rocks of different elasticity results in a bending or refraction of the wave.The many small refractions cause the body waves to assume a curved travel path through Earth.⑤Not only are body waves subjected to refraction,but they may also be partially reflected off the surface of a dense rock layer in much the same way as light is reflected off a polished surface.Many factorsinfluence the behavior of body waves.An increase in the temperature of rocks through which body waves are traveling will cause a decrease in velocity,whereas an increase in confining pressure will cause a corresponding increase in wave velocity.In a fluid where no rigidity exists,S-waves cannot propagate and P-waves are markedly slowed.⑥Surface waves are large-motion waves that travel through the outer crust of Earth.Their pattern of movement resembles that of waves caused when a pebble is tossed into the center of a pond.They develop whenever P-or S-waves disturb the surface of Earth as they emerge from the interior.Surface waves are the last to arrive at a seismograph station.They are usually the primary cause of the destruction that can result from earthquakes affecting densely populated areas.This destruction results because surface waves are channeled through the thin outer region of Earth,and their energy is less rapidly scattered into the large volumes of rock traversed by body waves.译文地震波①地震波是由地震产生的能量波，它们使科学家能够确定地球内部区域的位置、厚度和性质。

生理学智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下南开大学南开大学绪论单元测试1.The regulation mode and characteristic of three physiological functions inhuman body？答案:All of the above three.第一章测试1.The AV node, which normally exhibits the fastest rate of autorhythmicity isknown as the pacemaker of the heart.答案:错2.Bulk flow occurs because of differences in the hydrostatic and colloidosmotic pressures between the plasma and interstitial fluid.答案:对3.Which of the following correctly ranks pressures during isovolumetriccontraction of a normal cardiac cycle?答案:aortic > left ventricular > left atrial4.When the radius of the resistance vessels is increased, which of the followingis increased?答案:Capillary blood flow5. What is mainly responsible for the delay between the atrial and ventricularcontractions?答案:slow action potential conduction velocity of AV node cells第二章测试1.Cholesterol is found within the lipid bilayer答案:对2.The greater the difference in concentration, the slower the rate of netdiffusion.答案:错3.Opposite charges attract each other.答案:对4.Cholesterol contributes to the fluidity and stability of the membrance,Between which molecules is cholesterol found?答案:phospholipids.5.Membrane potential is measured in these units答案:millivolts第三章测试1.These filaments are arranged in cylindrical bundles called myofibrils.答案:对2.T tubules store calcium.答案:错3.In skeletal muscle, magnesium must be attached to ATP before myosinATPase can split the ATP答案:对4.Which of the following is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle?答案:sarcomere5.Which of the following ions binds to calmodulin in smooth muscles?答案:calcium第四章测试1.The major element of whole blood is __________.答案:plasma2.Which of the following blood components provide the major defense for ourbodies against invading bacteria and viruses?答案:white cells3.When blood clumps or forms visible islands in the still liquid plasma, it iscalled:答案:Agglutination4. Antigens are:答案:found on the surface of red cells5.Most of the volume of normal human blood is composed of:答案:plasma第五章测试ing the equation PV = constant; if the volume of the thoracic cavityincreases (in other words, the size of the thoracic cavity increases), the pressure inside the thoracic cavity will __________.答案:decrease2.When the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases compared toatmospheric pressure, air will __________ the lungs.答案:Exit3.After a person inhales normally and then forces himself to inhale some more,this is called the __________ volume.答案:inspiratory reserve4.Which of the following increases the ability of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?答案:an increase in partial pressure in oxygen5.Which of the following pO2 values results in more saturation of hemoglobin?答案:80 mm Hg第六章测试1.The posterior pituitary dose not actually produce any hormones.答案:对2.Thyroid hormone decreases the body’s overall metabolic rate.答案:错3.Adequate nutrition and good health are the primary environment factorsinfluencing growth.答案:对4.Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?答案:growth hormone5.Hormones are classified into 3 distinct classes according to their biochemicalstructure:答案:amines;peptides and proteins;steroids第七章测试1.Amylase is a digestive enzyme that will digest __________.答案:carbohydrates2.When lipids are digested, they form __________.答案:glycerol and fatty acids3.The major functions of the digestive system are to digest food and to absorbnutrients into the __________.答案:bloodstream4.Which of the following is considered to be an accessory organ of digestion?答案:pancreas5.Which of the following digestive hormones stimulates the pancreas to releasebuffers to stabilize the pH within the duodenum?答案:secretin第八章测试1.The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the glomerular capillaries.答案:对2.Sodium is passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.答案:错3.The creatinine clearance (CCr) is commonly used to approximate the GFR.答案:对4.Which of the following substances is a hormone of the adrenal gland答案:aldosterone5.The functional unit of the kidney is答案:the nephron第九章测试1.There are two kinds of chemical synapses—excitatory and inhibitory.答案:对2.The magnitude of the resting membrane potential in neurons is generally inthe range of −40 to −90 mV.答案:对3.EPSP has local potential properties and can be summed up.答案:对4.When a nerve cell is excited, the first step action potential is generated by答案:axon initial segment5.The correct statement about the production of inhibitory postsynapticpotential is :答案:Hyperplasia of the postsynaptic membrane。

Unit 2 The Olympic Games话题诵读日积月累[导语] 北京将成为全球首座既举办夏季奥运会，又举办冬季奥运会的城市。

但是?财富?杂志就2022年冬奥会提出了几个问题。

一起来看看吧！Questions about the 2022 Winter OlympicsThe Chinese city of Beijing has been named host of the 2022 Winter Olympics，beating out Almaty，Kazakhstan in the process.Still，there's plenty of uncertainty over Beijing's ability to host wintertime athletics.Here are the questions Fortune has about the 2022 Games：1．____________________________________________________The pride of hosting an Olympic event has lost some of its luster in recent years.Hosting the Olympics might seem like it affords international bragging rights，but in reality it's a big economic drain.Greece's 2004 Athens Summer Olympics left the country with $11 billion in debt，ng's own 2021 Summer Games，meanwhile，cost $44 billion.The previous Winter Olympic Games，held in Sochi，Russia，cost about $50 billion.2．____________________________________________________Beijing is not exactly a winter city—but then again，neither was Sochi.So expect fake snow.Lots and lots of fake snow.Here's a little on how Sochi achieved the winter miracle，per The New York Times：Machines make snow the same way nature does，by freezing water droplets.But they do it a few feet above the ground，rather than in the much colder conditions high in the atmosphere.Snowmaking machines employ a few thermodynamic tricks to help，but at times there is a limit to what physics can do.Temperature is key in this process.Should Beijing be too warm around the time of the Games，，as CNN notes，Beijing will host the ice－based events，while competitions requiring snow will be held about 120 miles to Beijing's northwest in Zhangjiakou.3．____________________________________________________Beijing officials，of course，are doing their best to dissipate doubts regarding the city's smog and pollution issues.For what it's worth，the city did curb pollution effectively in 2021，so it's possible it could repeat those efforts.Xu Jicheng，who helps lead Beijing 2022's press efforts，said in a statement that “technically the pollution has been reduced and controlled，we have seven more years to go and it will be sunshine and white clouds.〞[词海拾贝]1．luster n．光荣，光芒2．brag v．吹牛，自夸3．miracle n．奇迹4．thermodynamic adj.热力的，热力学的5．dissipate v．消除6．curb v．抑制[问题思考]Fill in the blanks 1－3 with the suitable questions.(There is one extra heading which you do not need.)A．What about the pollution?B．How much will it cost China?C．How can Beijing host Winter events?D．Will there be any economic benefit at all?答案：自主预习步步提高词汇识记Ⅰ.将单词与其正确释义配对1．compete A．主人；做东；主办2．magical B．座右铭；格言；警句3．volunteer C．巫术的；魔术的；有魔力的4．regular D．容许；成认；接纳5．basis E．替换；取代6．admit F．规那么的；定期的；常规的7．host G．志愿者；志愿的；自愿8．responsibility H．比赛；竞争9．replace I．责任；职责10．motto J．根底；根据答案：10．BⅡ.根据所给汉语提示写出单词1．________adj.古代的，古老的2．________n．奖章；象征；表示3．________adv.现今，现在4．________adj.身体的；物理的5．________n．运发动；运动选手答案：adaysⅢ.根据语境及首字母提示写出正确的单词1．Which country will h________the next Summer Olympic Games?2．She will c________with Mary in this dancing competition.3．She now helps to teach children in a local school as a v________three days a week.4．He likes doing exercise at the fixed time，and the r______exercise has made him energetic.5．Even though he is a child，he has the courage to take the responsibility and is willing to a ________ having made mistakes.6．His cell phone was out of order，which made him decide to buy a new one to r________it.7．He was a fierce c________who just wanted to win!答案：5．admitⅣ.选用短语的适当形式完成句子used to; take part in; stand for；every four years；compete with; play an important role in; as well; as a matter of fact; be admitted into; take responsibility for1．They usually get together________________．2．________________， he had received an invitation from his boss to attend the party.3．Do you know what those letters________________？4．The manager should____________________the failure of the plan.5．The gentleman always________________activities which are designed to help the homeless.6．Tom often loses his temper and is unfriendly to others______.7．In order to________his opponent (对手) in the coming competition, he is busy preparing now.8．With the help of his colleagues，he________ finally _________ the big company.9．He________go fishing at weekends, but now he likes playing table tennis.10．His advice has________________the construction (建立)of the bridge.答案：1.every four years 2.As a matter of fact 3.stand for 4.take responsibility for 5.takes part in 6.as well7．compete with admitted into ed to10．played an important role in语篇理解课文表层理解Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)误(F)1．The Summer Olympics are usually held two years before the Winter Olympics.( )2．The athletes live in the local village near the main reception hall.( ) 3．There are running races and football games in the Summer Olympics.( ) 4．Now many countries can take part if their athletes are good enough.( ) 5．There is as much competition among countries to host Olympics as to win Olympic medals.( )答案：Ⅱ.读课文，答复以下问题1．Where was Pausanias' homeland?_______________________________________________________2．Who can be allowed to take part in the modern Olympic Games?_______________________________________________________3．List three kinds of people who could not take part in the ancient Olympic Games.①________②________③________4．Why do so many countries want to host the Olympic Games?_______________________________________________________5．What makes Pausanias happy about the modern Olympic Games?_______________________________________________________答案：1.Ancient Greece.2．Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event.3．①slaves ②women ③people from other countries4．Because it's a great responsibility as well as a great honour for them to host the Olympic Games.5．The motto of the Olympics “Swifter，Higher and Stronger〞．Ⅲ.根据课文内容完成下表答案： 2.four years 3.prize money4．Swifter8．women and slaves课文深层理解Ⅰ.读课文，完成以下各题1．What is the main idea of the passage?The passage is mainly about the similarities and ________ about the ancient Olympics and ________ Olympics.2．What is the writing form of this passage?The passage is organized in a style of ________．答案：modernⅡ.仔细阅读课文，选择最正确选项1．Who can be admitted to the present Olympic Games?A．All the athletes from all over the world.B．Athletes from the Greek world.C．Athletes who can reach the required standard.D．Athletes from the developed countries.2．Who could take part in the ancient Olympics in Greece?A．Greek nobles. B．Greek slaves.C．Greek women. D．English nobles.3．Which word can best describe Pausanias' feeling?A．Disappointed. B．Angry.C．Sad. D．Surprised.4．Which of the following is true?A．Pausanias wasn't interested in the Olympics.B．It is easy to win the right to host the Olympics.C．Almost every country wants to host the Olympics.D．It costs little money to host the Olympics.5．Which event will you see in the Winter Olympics?A．110m hurdles. B．Skiing.C．Horse riding. D．Swimming.答案：Ⅲ.领会句子所用的句型并译成汉语1．That's why they're called the Winter Olympics._______________________________________________________2．It's in the Summer Olympics that you have the running races，together with swimming，sailing and all the team sports._______________________________________________________3．Women are not only allowed，but play a very important role in gymnastics，athletics，team sports and..._______________________________________________________4．This is important because the more you speak English，the better your English will become._______________________________________________________答案：1.那就是它们被称为冬季奥运会的原因。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题______ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.问题1选项A.The truthB.It is trueC.If trueD.To be true【答案】B【解析】考查固定句型。

句意：的确，随着鸟类和哺乳动物的体型变大，它们每单位组织的代谢率会下降，它们通常会活得更长。

It is/was+adj.+that是强调句型，It作形式主语，真正主语是that 后面的内容，B选项It is true符合题意。

因此B选项正确。

2.单选题While the company’s CEO professes to be confident and urges the deal forward, its investors are unlikely to be so _______ about its prospects. Many were uncomfortable at the way the corporation was forced to spend much of its capital in last year’s expansion, and this new venture is potentially even more risky.问题1选项A.apatheticB.sanguineC.apprehensiveD.anxious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项apathetic“无动于衷的；缺乏兴趣的”；B选项sanguine“乐观的，充满希望的”；C选项apprehensive“忧虑的”；D选项anxious“担忧的；急切的”。

Modern Application of Optoelectronic Technology_南京邮电大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Reconstructive spectrometer is based on compressive sensing theory.参考答案:正确2.Photoconductive detector gain depends on the difference of electron andhole drift speed参考答案:正确3.As tandem structure can increase solar cell efficiency, so we can add as manycells as possible to increase the overall absorption and energy conversionefficiency.参考答案:错误4.The solar cell performance can be degraded by参考答案:Series resistance_Defects in semiconductors_Shunt resistance5.The optical transition in silicon devices is usually indirect参考答案:正确6.Write the bandgap (300k) of silicon _______ eV.参考答案:1.117.The commercial solar cell panels are still dominated by silicon photovoltaics.参考答案:正确D means __________________________参考答案:charge coupled device9._____________________are the study and application of _________________ devices andsystems that source, detect and control ______________.参考答案:Optoelectronics, electronic, photon##%_YZPRLFH_%##Optoelectronics, electronic, light10.Which of the following factors affect the LED output spectrum？参考答案:Operation temperature_Semiconductor bandgap_Dopingconcentration_Applied voltage/current11.Conventional spectrometers used in laboratories are参考答案:Based on dispersive optics_High resolution12.Some typical research results show that graphene hybrid photodetectors can参考答案:Cover a wide detection bandwidth from UV to MIR._Have highresponsivity_Use both planar and vertical heterostructures._Have high detectivity13.The equation to express photoelastic effect is【图片】, which means therefractive index changes with strain参考答案:正确14.What are the four typical layers of optical fibers?____________,___________,____________,_____________.参考答案:core, cladding, protective polymeric coating, buffer tube15.Second harmonic generation happens when an intense light beam offrequency ω passing through an appropriate crystal (e.g., quartz) generates a light beam of half the frequency, 1/2ω参考答案:错误16.The two regimes in acousto-optic modulators are Raman-Nath regimeand___________参考答案:Bragg regime17.Optically anisotropic crystals are called __________ because an incident lightbeam may be doubly refracted. There is also a special direction in abirefringent crystal, called the optic axis.参考答案:birefringent18._____________ is the rotation of the plane of polarization by a substance参考答案:optical activity19.What efficiency is typical of a commercial PERC solar panel?参考答案:20%20.The advantages of perovskite materials include参考答案:High quantum yields_Low-cost_High quantum yields21.Typical optoelectronic process includes参考答案:Light transmission_Light modulation_Light detection_Light generation22.The two operation principles of photonic crystal fibers are ___________________and _____________________.参考答案:total internal reflection, photonic bandgap23.The propagation modes in waveguide can be classified in terms of____________________(TE) mode and ____________________(TM) mode?参考答案:transverse electric field, transverse magnetic field24.Kerr effect can be used to induce birefringence参考答案:正确25.The lattice constant of AlGaAs alloy follows nonlinear mixing rule参考答案:错误26.Which of the following is not a challenge for 2D semiconductor technology?参考答案:Materials choice27.In the space charge region, a high doping concentration results a shortdepletion width参考答案:正确28.CMOS means __________________________参考答案:complementary metal oxide semiconductor29.Photodetectors convert ___________________ to an electrical signal such asa____________________.参考答案:light, voltage or current##%_YZPRLFH_%##photon, voltage or current。

an additional analysis to provide evidence thatTitle: An Additional Analysis to Provide Evidence that Climate Change is RealIntroductionClimate change, the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place, has been a topic of intense debate among scientists, policymakers, and the public. While there is overwhelming scientific consensus on the reality of climate change, some still argue against its existence or human causation. This paper aims to provide additional analysis and evidence that climate change is real, predominantly caused by human activities, and already having significant impacts on our planet.1. Evidence from Temperature RecordsOne of the mostpelling pieces of evidence for climate changees from temperature records. Data collected by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) show that Earth's average surface temperature has increased by about 0.9°C since 1880, with two-thirds of the warming occurring since 1975. The past five years have been the warmest on record. Additionally, 2020 tied with 2016 as the warmest year ever recorded. These trends are not random fluctuations but rather consistent with the expected effects of increasing greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities.2. Melting Ice Caps and GlaciersAnother clear indication of climate change is the melting of ice caps and glaciers worldwide. Arctic sea ice extent has declined rapidly over the past few decades, with the minimum summer ice coverage shrinking by about 13% per decade since 1979. Greenland's ice sheet is losing an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year, while Antarctica's ice loss rate has tripled since 2007. Furthermore, mountain glaciers around the world are retreating at unprecedented rates, leading to rising sea levels, habitat loss, and changes in local ecosystems.3. Ocean AcidificationCarbon dioxide emissions from human activities also contribute to ocean acidification, which occurs when CO2 dissolves in seawater, forming carbonic acid. Since the Industrial Revolution, the pH of the ocean surface has decreased by 0.1 units, representing a 30% increase in acidity. This change affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as corals, mollusks, and plankton. A decline in these species could lead to cascading effects throughout the food chain, ultimately affecting fisheries and human populations that depend on them.4. Extreme Weather EventsClimate change is expected to cause more frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, heavy precipitation, and hurricanes. Recent studies have shown strong links between climate change and specific extreme events. For example, a study published in Nature found that human-induced climate change made the record-breaking 2016 global heatwave at least twice as likely. Similarly, research indicates that climate change has increased the odds of extreme rainfall events, like Hurricane Harvey in 2017, which dumped more than 19 trillion gallons of water on Texas and Louisiana.5. Attribution ScienceA relatively new field called attribution science seeks to determine the extent to which climate change influences specific weather events. By analyzing observational data and runningputer simulations, scientists can estimate how much more or less likely an event was due to human-caused climate change. Attribution studies have provided further evidence that climate change is already impacting our weather, making extreme events more severe and frequent.ConclusionThe evidence presented in this paper provides a clear andpelling case for the reality of climate change. Multiple lines of independent evidence –including temperature records, melting ice caps and glaciers, ocean acidification, extreme weather events, and attribution science – all point towards a changing climate primarily driven by human activities. As the impacts of climate change be increasingly apparent, it is crucial that we take action to mitigate future warming and adapt to the changes already underway.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.翻译题Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct from equality. They contend that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currentl y undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates (崇尚) women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which, still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well-established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender- blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society a s homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underl ine women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.【答案】相比之下，利己的女权主义传统强调个人的人权并崇尚妇女追求个人的自主，却贬低性别角色的重要性并减少对生育子女和抚养子女责任的探讨。

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

2019年5月7日托福阅读答案解析阅读部分词汇题第一篇题材划分：环境类绝大部分淡水存有冰川中，可用的地表水只有40%左右。

因为人们过度用来灌溉和饲养牲畜，所以地表水愈来愈少。

当refill跟不上用的速度了，地表水就开始缺乏。

地表水层由沙子石头等组成，水少了以后就开始collapse，出现一些holes，这样地表水层的空间就更小了。

有个400米深的水井，人们就大量使用导致周围的浅一点地方都没有水了，人们只能废弃那些地方。

后来又讲了一种叫做土地盐碱化的相关灾害对海边的影响。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO-14 Maya Water ProblemsTpo24 Lake Water相关背景资料：Soilsalinity is the salt content in thesoil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Saltsoccur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by naturalprocesses such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation.Causes of soil salinityThe excess accumulation of salts, typicallymost pronounced at the soil surface, can result in salt-affected soils. Saltsmay rise to the soil surface by capillarytransport from a salt-laden watertable and then accumulatedue to evaporation. They can also become concentratedin soils due to human activity, for example the use of potassium as fertilizer,which can form sylvite, a naturally occurring salt. As soil salinity increases,salt effects can result in degradation of soils and vegetation.Salinization as a processcan result from：-high levels of salt inwater.-landscape features thatallow salts to become mobile (movement of water table).-climatic trends that favoraccumulation.-human activities such asland clearing.-Irrigation - salt runofffrom streets (in winter if the streets are salted for snow)第二篇题材划分：地质类主要内容：火星是否存有生命体火星探索发现表面没有水，减少了有生命的可能。

Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。

起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。

由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。

过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。

起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。

In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life o n Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), an d (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。

DEFORMING MEYER SETSJEONG-YUP LEE AND ROBERT V.MOODYFor our friend Ludwig Danzer,on the occasion of his80th birthday.Abstract.A linear deformation of a Meyer set M in R d is the imageof M under a group homomorphism of the group[M]generated by Minto R d.We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for such adeformation to be a Meyer set.In the case that the deformation is aMeyer set and the deformation is injective,the deformation is pure pointdiffractive if the orginal set M is pure point diffractive.AMS Classification Codes52C2351P051.IntroductionMeyer sets play an important role in the study of long-range aperiodic order.They are very easy to define(M⊂R d is a Meyer set if it is relatively dense and M−M is uniformly discrete[4,8]),are generally aperiodic, and have an amazing degree of internal long-range order:they always have a relatively dense set of Bragg peaks[13].It is this last property that makes them so attractive in the study of quasicrystals,since the prominent existence of Bragg peaks is an essential feature of quasicrystals1.All model sets and all relatively dense subsets of model sets are Meyer sets.For this reason Meyer sets are ubiquitous in the theory of long-range aperiodic order.Recently,attention has been turning to the deformations of tilings and point sets in order to see the effect of deformation on diffraction and various topological invariants,with the hope of better understanding the nature of long-range aperiodic order[1,3,9].In this short note we extend this by looking at the effect of additive deformations on Meyer sets.Briefly,any Meyer set M in R d generates a subgroup[M]offinite rank (see[8],Prop.7.4),normally larger than d,and by an additive deformation of M we mean a Z-homomorphism of[M]into R d.Such a homomorphism, even when it is injective,can map M into a set which is in some bounded neighbourhood of a hyperplane in R d–a set of the from B+H where B is a ball and H a hyperplane,and the result is not relatively dense and henceDate:March10,2007.1For example,we read in1991Report of the Ad Interim Commission on Aperiodic Crystals,which is a Commission of the International Union of Crystallographers,“by ‘crystal’we mean any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction diagram,and by ‘aperiodic crystal’we mean any crystal in which three-dimensional lattice periodicity can be considered to be absent.”See also[11].12JEONG-YUP LEE AND ROBERT V.MOODYnot a Meyer set.However,when this does not happen,the resulting image is Meyer,whether or not the homomorphism is injective.Furthermore,assuming injectivity,if M is pure point diffractive,then so is f (M ).The key to the proof is a characterization of Meyer sets called the linear approximation property [7,8](see below for the definition),which up to now has not been used much in the study of Meyer sets.2.Linear deformation of Meyer setsFor a subset M of R d ,we let [M ]be the subgroup of R d generated by M .If M is Delone and has finite local complexity (FLC)(and,in particular,if M is a Meyer set)then [M ] Z k for some k ≥d .We say that a subset S of R d is tied to a hyperplane (i.e.to a (d −1)-dimensional subspace)H of R d if there is r >0so that S ⊂H +B r .S is untied if not tied to any hyperplane.If T ⊂V is a subset of some Z -module V in R d and f :V −→R d is a Z -homomorphism,then f is called a tied map on T if f (T )is a tied subset of R d .Example 1.Consider the Meyer setM :={x ∈Z [τ]:x ∈[0,1]},where τ:=(1+√5)/2and () is the conjugation map on Z [τ]defined by τ→−1/τ.Here,since 1,τ∈M ,[M ]=Z [τ] Z 2and the set of points {(a,b )∈Z 2:a +bτ∈M }is tied to the line y =τx .The mapping () is an example of a tied map on M since it sends M into the closed ball of radius 1around the hyperplane {0}.In fact,an arbitrary Z -map f :Z [τ]−→R is tied on M if and only if f (τ)/f (1)=−1/τ.Thus f is untied except when it is a multiple of the map () .Needless to say,the image of M under a tied map is not a Meyer set.However,for any mapping of [M ]into R which is not tied,e.g.,f :(a +bτ)→a √2+bπ,the image of M is a Meyer set by Theorem 2below.Definition 1.[7,8]M ⊂R d satisfies the linear approximation property if for each additive homomorphism into a linear space,f :[M ]−→R m ,there is a linear mapF :R d −→R m(1)with the property that |F (x )−f (x )|is uniformly bounded on M .It is clear that such a linear map F must be unique.We call it the linear map associated with f .Theorem 1.[8]A relatively dense subset M ⊂R d is a Meyer set if and only if [M ]is finitely generated and has the linear approximation property. Theorem 2.Let M ⊂R d be a Meyer set and letf :[M ]−→R dDEFORMING MEYER SETS3 be any Z-homomorphism,i.e.a homomorphism of groups.Assume that f(M)is untied.Then f(M)is a Meyer set of R d.Proof:Using Thm.1,let F:R d−→R d be the linear map associated with f,and let B⊂R d be a closed ball centred on the origin so that for all x∈M,F(x)−f(x)∈B.The mapping F is onto,as otherwise F(R d)⊂H for some hyperplane H,and then f(M)⊂F(M)+B⊂H+B contradicts the assumption that f is untied on M.Thus F is an isomorphism of vector spaces and is a homeomorphism of topological spaces.Let r>0be chosen so that the r-cube C r of side length r centred at0has the property that for all y∈R d,(y+C r)∩M=∅.Let y i∈R d,i=1,2,... be chosen so that∞(y i+C r)=R di=1be a tiling of R d by copies of C r.Then∞(F(y i)+F(C r))=R di=1is a tiling of R d by translates of the parallelepiped F(C r)and∞(F(y i)+F(C r)+B)i=1is a covering of R d by translates of the compact set F(C r)+B.For each i we know there is some x∈(y i+C r)∩M,and then F(x)∈F(y i)+F(C r) and f(x)∈(F(y i)+F(C r)+B)∩f(M).This shows that f(M)is relatively dense.Next we show that f(M)hasfinite local complexity,and as a consequence it also is uniformly discrete.Let K⊂R d be compact.We wish to show that (f(M)−f(M))∩K isfinite.All of its elements are of the form f(x)−f(y)∈K.Then F(x−y)=F(x)−F(y)∈K+2B so x−y∈(M−M)∩F−1(K+2B), which is afinite set.Thus(f(M)−f(M))∩K⊂f((M−M)∩F−1(K+2B)), which is afinite set,too.This provesfinite local complexity and hence that f(M)is a Delone set.Since M is Meyer,there is afinite set S so that M−M⊂M+S[7,8]. We can clearly assume S⊂[M].Then f(M)−f(M)⊂f(M)+f(S)shows that f(M)is a Meyer set. Remarks1.In the last paragraph of the proof of Thm.2we have used the well-known result of Lagarias that a Delone set M⊂R d is Meyer if andonly if there is afinite set S with M−M⊂M+S[4,8].2.Note that this result does not require f to be1–1.3.Under the hypotheses of Thm.2,M−M+M is also a Meyer setand it generates the same subgroup of R d as M,namely[M].Then4JEONG-YUP LEE AND ROBERT V.MOODYF is still the unique linear mapping associated with f.However,if F(x)−f(x)∈B for all x∈M then F(y)−f(y)∈3B for ally∈M−M+M.We will make use of the set M−M+M in thenext result.Theorem3.Let M⊂R d be a Meyer set that is pure point diffractive with respect to some van Hove sequence A={A m}∞m=1.Letf:[M]−→R dbe a Z-homomorphism.Assume that f is one-to-one on M and that f(M) is untied.Let F:[M]−→R d be the unique R-linear mapping associated with f as in(1).Then f(M)is pure point diffractive(with respect to the averaging sequence F A={F(A m)}∞m=1).Proof:We are assuming that A={A m}∞m=1is a van Hove sequence,that is,each A m is a measurable and pre-compact set and for all compact sets K,lim m→∞vol(∂K A m)vol(A m)=0,where∂K A m is the K-boundary of A m.2Since F is a homeomorphism, F(∂K A m)=∂F(K)F(A m)and each F(A m)is pre-compact.Thus F A is also a van Hove sequence.For N⊂R d we definedens A(N)=limn→∞card(N∩A m)vol(A m),if it exists.Now let N⊂M−M+M.Thencard(F(N)∩F(A m))≤card(f(N)∩(F(A m)+3B))≤card(F(N)∩(F(A m)+6B)).Dividing by vol F(A m),which is vol(A m)scaled by the Jacobian|det(F)| of F,and using the fact that F and f are1–1functions,we obtaincard(N∩A m) vol(A m)=|det(F)|card(F(N)∩F(A m))vol(F(A m))≤|det(F)|card(f(N)∩(F(A m)+3B))vol(F(A m))≤|det(F)|card(F(N)∩(F(A m)+6B))vol(F(A m)).Using the van Hove property,the second and fourth terms are equal in the limit and we obtaindens F A(f(N))=1|det(F)|dens A(N).2The K-boundary of a set A is((K+A)\A◦)∪((−K+R d\A)∩A).DEFORMING MEYER SETS 5Since M is Meyer,to say that it is pure point diffractive (relative to A )is equivalent to saying that for all >0P ( ):={t :dens A ((t +M ) M )< }is relatively dense (including the statement that these densities exist)[2].Suppose that <2dens(M ).Then the sets P ( )are subsets of M −M .Since f is one-to-one,for t ∈P ( )we havex ∈(t +M ) M ⇔f (x )∈f (t +M ) f (M ).Thusf ((t +M ) M )=(f (t )+f (M )) f (M ).Using the density result above,and writing P f (M )()for the corresponding P -function on f (M ),we haveP f (M )( /|det F |)⊃f (P ( )).Since f (P ( ))+2B ⊃F (P ( )),which is relatively dense,so too is f (P ( ))and then P f (M )( /|det(F )|)is relatively dense.This being true for all <2dens(M ),it follows from this that f (M )is pure point diffractive relative to the new averaging sequence [2].In general,diffraction depends on the van Hove sequence over which the averaging is made.Thus potentially one needs to be aware of the two differ-ent averaging sequences that occur in Theorem 3.In many situations it does not matter which averaging sequence is used.For example,a Meyer set M has uniform patch frequencies if and only if its dynamical hull is uniquely ergodic,a condition independent of averaging sequences,see [10,6].In this situation the autocorrelation and the diffraction are likewise independent of the van Hove averaging sequences.Every Meyer set is a subset of a model set with real internal space (see[8],Prop.9.2)and hence has a tied map.Given the role of tied maps in the deformation theory which we have just described,one might be led to suppose that the existence of tied maps somehow implies the Meyer property.However,the following example shows that the existence of a tied map from a Delone point set,even one with FLC,does not imply the Meyer property of the set.Example 2.Consider the alphabetic substitution a →aba and b →aaaa .Using relative tile lengths given by the coefficients of the left Perron-Frobenius eigenvector of the corresponding substitution matrix,we can construct from it a substitution tiling T in R with expansion map φ:φ(x )=(1+√5)x .Then T clearly has FLC,but it does not have the Meyer property,since 1+√5is not a Pisot number (see [7,Ch.2,Thm.6],[5,12]).We choose representative points for each of the two types of tiles in the tiling and derive from them a non-Meyer set M .Now we construct a point set M⊂R 2: M={(a,b )∈R 2:a ∈M ,b ∈M }6JEONG-YUP LEE AND ROBERT V.MOODYwhere M is the point set of Example1above.Then M still has FLC, but it does not have the Meyer property.Define the map f:[ M]−→R2 by f(a,b)=(a,b ),where() is the conjugation map on Z[τ]defined in Example1.Then f is a tied map.Acknowedgment The authors would like to thank Michael Baake for his interest and valuable comments in the development of this paper.References[1]M.Baake and D.Lenz,Deformation of Delone dynamical systems and purepoint diffraction,J.Fourier Anal.Appl.11(2005)125–150;math.DS/0404155.[2]M.Baake and R.V.Moody,Weighted Dirac combs with pure point diffraction,J.Reine Angew.Math.(Crelle)573(2004)61–94;math.MG/0203030.[3]G.Bernuau and M.Duneau,Fourier analysis of deformed model sets,in:Di-rections in Mathematical Quasicrystals,eds.M.Baake and R.V.Moody,CRM Monograph Series,13,AMS,Providence,RI(2000)43–60.[4]garias,Meyer’s concept of quasicrystal and quasiregular sets,Comm.Math.Phys.179(1996)365–376.[5]garias,Geometric models for quasicrystals I.Delone sets offinite type,put.Geom.21(1999)161–191.[6]Jeong-Yup Lee,B.Solomyak,R.V.Moody,Pure point dynamical and diffrac-tion spectra,Ann.Inst.H.Poincar´e3(2002)1003–1018.[7]Y.Meyer,Algebraic Numbers and Harmonic Analysis,North Holland,1970.[8]R.V.Moody,Model sets and their duals,in:The Mathematics of Long-Range Aperiodic Order,ed.R.V.Moody,NATO-ASI Series C489,Kluwer, Dordrecht(1997),239–268.[9]L.Sadun,When Shape Matters:Deformations of Tiling Spaces,Ergodic The-ory and Dynam.Systems26(2006)69–86.[10]M.Schlottmann,Generalized model sets and dynamical systems,in:Direc-tions in mathematical quasicyrstals,ed.M.Baake and R.V.Moody,CRM Monograph Series13,AMS,Rhode Island(2000),143-159.[11]D.Shechtman,Quasi-periodic materials–crystal redefined,Microsc.Mi-croanal.8(Suppl.2)(2002)314–315.[12]B.Solomyak,Eigenfunctions for substitution tiling systems,InternationalConference on Probability and Number Theory,Kanazawa,(2005),Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics43(2006)1–22.[13]N.Strungaru,Almost periodic measures and long-range order in Meyer sets,Discrete&Comput.Geom.33(2005)483–505.Mathematics,Sir Wilfred Grenfell College,Memorial University of Newfoundland,Corner Brook,NL,A2H6P9,Canada E-mail address:jylee@swgc.mun.caDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics,University of Victoria,Victoria,BC,V8W3P4,CanadaE-mail address:rmoody@uvic.ca。