《高级英语》
引言
高级英语是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段（本科段）一门核心课程，又称精读课，属必考课程。其重要性，毋庸多言。现在就如何学好这门课程，从本人的教学实践以及学员们在学习中遇到的一些问题等方面谈自己的体会。
本人对自学考生有一份由衷的欣赏之情——你们在简易的学习条件下要通过十几门的严格考试，非有坚强的毅力和踏实的学习精神不可。这也就是为什么自考文凭在社会上含金量较高，认知度较高的一种文凭。
高级英语的学习是建立在学员已打好了英语基础之上。英语基础学习好比是万丈高楼的基石，只有过去牢固的英语基石才有现在遨游于高级英语之中的“自由”。
高级英语学习宗旨
高级英语学习的重点已从基本的英语语音，词汇，语法的掌握上升到：
一、阅读理解及词汇应用：能够区分、应用同、近义词；很好地理解文章的主题与内容。
二、提高英语的表达能力：学员应能用英语解释英语难句，进行有一定难度的英汉互译，
用英语对文章内容进行归纳，并对文章进行简要的分析、评论。
高级英语学习方法
学习时应该注意下列一些方面：
首先，牢记教材是根本。以前，教材单调，教辅条件简陋，照样培养出学贯东西的语言大师来。现在英语读物多了，时尚的学习工具多了，英语并没有变得容易学了。究其原因是人们的心态变了，变得浮躁了。对什么都这山望着那山高，今天这个时髦得学习方法，明天那本最新教材。殊不知一切方法都建立在一定的基础上的，一个人的兴趣、悟性、修行没有到达那个层面，再美好的东西跟你也是无缘。而且从高级英语考试大纲规定来看，以教材为本这一思想也是显而易见的，试卷中60%分值的题目都是根据教材中课文内容设计的。
也许有人会说，这岂不是说要死读书不成。我们学习英语不是要提高交际能力，提高听、说能力吗？试问没有一定词汇量的积累，一定的句法结构，一定的语法水平，你如何张嘴，如何听懂别人说的话。不要用任何借口放弃（或说逃避）对教材学习应该付出的那份心血和艰辛。
其次，要培养自己对教材中三十二篇课文的兴趣和热爱。这些课文不但是帮助我们学好英文语言知识，而且帮助我们学到很多为人处世的道理。
从“Rock Superstars: What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society‖，我们知道：摇滚乐是‘一种社会心理的表现’；?Rock is the music of teenage rebellion‘; ?By a man‘s heroes ye shall know him.‘
从―The Trouble with Television‖, 我们可以看出电视对社会和文化的负面影响：人们的注意力下降，读写能力出现危机等。
从―On Human Nature and Politics‖ , 我们知道从事政治活动的人有四个动机，那就是：占有欲，竞争欲，虚荣心及权利欲。
（这里只举三篇课文为例）
通过精读、熟记这些课文，我们不但可以扩大词汇量、掌握许多句型结构，而且在与他人交谈时不再是只会一点‘乒乓英语’——几个来回，‘短平快’就说不下去了，而是能够使自己说的话既有深度，又有广度，同时有能通过《高级英语》自学考试。以后，我们谈到摇滚不只会说‘闹心’，谈到电视只会说‘费时’，谈到国际政治只会说‘虚伪’，而是可以做到探讨每一个话题的多个方面。这样一举多得的事何乐而不为呢？
考试要求与应试方法
命题是自学考试的核心，是实现专业考试计划规定的专业标准的关键。因此了解命题的原则与要求、题型、试卷的难易度等，对考生学习是很有帮助的。
现在我们一块来看一下高级英语自学考试大纲[详见《高级英语》下册第335页]，通过高级英语的考试要求，结合以往的试题及课后练习，我们提出一些学习方法及应试指导
一、高级英语考试命题原则
高级英语考试命题原则如下：
1．高级英语试卷总结构和所占分数比例
每份试卷包括两大部分，第一部分考核教材内容，占总分的60%左右；第二部分是水平考试，使用教材以外的一篇短文，占总分的40%。
2．高级英语考试项目的技能结构
每份高级英语试卷中考读、写、译三种技能。“读”包括内容理解和词汇掌握；
“写”为回答就课文所提的问题；“译”为英译中和中译英。
3．高级英语考试题目的难度结构
与课程内容有关的题目占60%左右，水平考试的题目占40%左右，其中易占20%左右，较易占30%左右，较难占30%左右，难占20%左右。
二、高级英语试题类型
试题分为两个大部分：A考核课程内容
B水平考试，重点为阅读理解能力。
（注：下列题型作为参考，每次试卷中只选用其中几种。考核课程内容的五类；
水平考试的四类。）
A．高级英语考核教材内容
1．完形练习
考核学生对课文内容的掌握，从课文句子或段落中抽去一个词或词组，学生需从试卷提供的词或词组中选择与课文一样的填入空中。例如：
（2003年考题）
The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (12 points, 0.5 point each)
●Rumors 1 quickly that I was a FBI agent. I was 2 because I was not 3___ to return. Some people said I was either a federal agent or a 4 , for no 5 man, they said, returns to Watts by 6 .
●Television 7 on advertising to an even greater 8 than newspapers, and since advertising is big business, advertising is by 9 Republican. Yet nowhere in network newscasts or network commentaries on current events have I 10 the intense partisanship, the often rabid 11 that colors the editorial 12 of the majority of newspapers in this country.
●The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah, Monsieur V oisin,”he said with a 18 undecided smile, “M ay I join you?‖
●Some people believe that the time of death is 19 by God and that no man should ___20 the clock back on another. 21 if a patient’s philosophical views embrace __ 22 , it is not clear why the religious 23 of others should intrude 24___ his death.
A. reasonable
B. put
C. bias
D. choice
E. nature
F. yet
G. mistaken
H. lives
I. thin J. encountered K. euthanasia L. fool
M. spread N. objections O. pages P. extent
Q. elderly R. suspect S. cleared T. narrowed
U. put on V. on W. supposed X. appointed
该题正如考核要求规定，是要检查学员对课文的熟悉程度。假如考生对所学教材了然于心的话，该题做起来当然如探囊取物。这也就是我们为什么在学习高级英语方法时，特别强调要牢记教材课文的原因之一。
由于完型填空题不但测试考生使用词汇和语法结构的能力，同时又测试考生对短文篇章的理解，它是对考生综合运用语言能力的测试，所以考生在考试时确实遇到了困难（最好不要在这样的考题上出麻烦），我们也有一些办法可以采取。完型填空题的一般解题技巧是：
解题技巧：
1．通读该段文章。首先了解材料内容，做到心中有底。
2．找相关信息。通读之后，从第一个空格开始依次完成。
3．根据语感，快速试填充一遍。
4．然后逐题推敲。
5．根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。6．根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。
7．着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but, however, even so… 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。
8．抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如so…that；ha rdly…when等是否遗漏。
9．注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。
10．然后通篇审核。
具体到自学考试高级英语考题，我们可以借鉴上面的技巧，重点做到如下：
1、把所给的词或短语按照词性分类：动词、名词、介词、副词、形容词等；
2、对所给段落中的句子进行分析，确定所空缺的地方需要什么词性的词；
3、然后再根据上下文意义、结构，确定答案。
我们以第三小段[选自《高级英语》上册第十课第142页]为例:
●The chances had 13 to one in eight when the 14 clerk drew the second slip. He 15 his throat and 16 his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not 17 . “Ah, Monsieur V oisin,”he said with a 18 undecided smile, “M ay I join you?‖
通过分析得知：13、15、16处应该填动词；14，17，18处则须用形容词。这样一来，每一个填空处需要排除的选项就少多了。然后根据一些固定搭配可以进一步区分选项。如：13处是一个固定搭配?clear one‘s throat‘; 在14处，假如考生认识这个词?pince-nez‘ [ ?p:nsnei ]是‘夹鼻眼镜’，就能很快想到动词短语?put on‘（戴上）。17处前面有一个短语?make sure‘（确信），人们通常是确信事情一切正常，没有错误, 所以该处选择?mistaken‘也就合情合理。
当然这一切分析是要建立在很好的英语基础之上，更何况这样的词?pince-nez‘对于不熟悉课文的人来说是很难认识，所以纯粹依赖技巧、分析并非很可靠，况且很费时。另外，一个很好的基础从何而来？还得要心里装的东西多，而熟记一些文章是很好充实自己的办法。
其它几个段落分别选自：第一小段[选自《高级英语》下册第九课第143页]
第二小段[选自《高级英语》下册第三课第39页]
第四小段[选自《高级英语》上册第四课第49页]
答案：
Key
2．用英语回答有关课程内容的问题
考核学生对课程内容的和理解程度，以及一定的用英语笔头表述的能力。提出的是有关课文大意、背景、故事内容、人物等和理解课文有关问题。
1.How does the author, J.B. Priestley, think of the matter of sleep? When he is sleepless,
what will he do? [选自《高级英语》上册第十一课]
Answer: The author thinks that sleep is just like a coy mistress who is much given to a teasing inconsistency and forever demanding to be wooed. In other words, to him, sleep always plays with him, and torments him but seldom lets him have it.
He often lies in bed, passing hours in sleeplessness. The more he wants to fall asleep, the more sleepless he becomes. However, as soon as he intends to write an essay, he feels an overpowering desire for sleep.
The author believes that artificial ways of inducing sleep are countless, but none of them works for him. Therefore, when he can‘t fall asleep at night, he has a dialogue with an imaginary friend until he either laughs or falls asleep.
2.How did American young people look at the adult world in general according to the text
―Four Choices for Young People‖? What did they do about it?
Answer: American young people viewed the adult world with great skepticism and even worse, with increasing rejection, according to the lesson ―Four Choices for Young People.
They saw this affluent society of America filled with poverty, injustice and hypocrisy.
They became rebellious. They rejected the beliefs and values of society. While some young people fought against poverty, racial injustice at that time, others showed their discontent through passive ways. They were addicted to drugs and refused to take any social responsibilities.
解析：作该题型的题目时，要记住首先要有一个基本的观点“ARGUMENT‖（当然，这个观点是从所学课文中，合理地、符合逻辑地得出来的，并非自己臆断或杜撰出
来的。所以这一切也是建立在对课文熟练掌握基础上的。），然后，提供一些左
证‖SUPPORTING IDEAS‖。
课文中的内容要能做到会归纳，会用自己的话来转述；
另外，要写完整的句子。少用“yes or no‖这样的方式来回答问题；最后，通读自
己的答案，检查文法，尽可能消除拼读、语法错误。
3．填空
考核学生对语法和词汇的运用能力。每句一个空格，要求学生从所提供的单词或词组中选择正确的答案填入空中。单词或词组选自课文中要求算重点练习的词语。
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing
1.The chairman of the board of directors was forced to resign, _____ the power struggle among
the directors.
2.Intelligent and hard-working, he passed _________ in degree examinations.
3.Some girls are so shy as to ________ mixing socially with people.
4.No one ________ for the loss of the game; each had done her best.
5.He enjoyed great popularity among the students, _________speaking five foreign languages.
6.The president decided to run for the second term, _________ the state of his health.
7.The small restaurant owner _________ all his hard-earned money in gambling within a year.
8.To increase productivity, we have to get the workers ______, but do you think material
incentives will always work?
解析：这种题目的做法可以借鉴上面题型的处理办法，
1．首先研读一下供选择的词做到心中有底，把词大致分分类。
2．然后仔细研读每一个句子，了解句子内容，做到心中有底。
3．根据语感，快速试填充一遍。
4．接下来逐句推敲。
5．根据上下文确定词义。使所选词的词义符合上下文逻辑意思的需要；尤其关注实词。6．根据句子结构确定词形。使所选词的形式符合所在句语法结构上的要求；重点关注虚词。
7．着眼整体、注意关键词。如：but, however, even so… 说明后面的意思与前面的相反或对照，所选的词可能与前面某个词互为反义词。
8．抓住关键句型，作直观判断。比如常考的句型有：定语从句中缺少引导词；比较从句中漏了than；其它从句中的表示语法结构关系词例如so…that；hardly…when等是否遗漏。
9．注意常用词语搭配，关注词语间的互为提示。
10．然后通篇审核。
不同的是选择对了词之后，在填充时还要根据句子的意思确定词形的变化。这给考生增加了不少难度。例如：
例句1中选择对了“fall victim to ”，还要知道该句子中不缺谓语动词，必须将“fall victim to”变成非谓语形式，即用分词短语“falling victim to ”。
例句4中，在选择对了“be held to blame ”之后，还要注意时态及主谓一致原则，所以应将“be held to blame ”变成“be held to blame ”。
事实上在以往的试题中，按上面这种形式出题很少见，多采取下面的形式。这些题目的答案就不存在词形转换问题，相比来说，要容易一些。
这里是一些从以往试卷里挑选的题目：
There are 15 sentences with a blank in each, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (1 point each, 15 points)
1.―Oh, no!‖ he said quickly, smiling at her out of that unfailing _____of contrition — a sort of chivalry.
2.At last, with the Vietnam War, Americans are beginning to realize that they are
_____ original sin as much as Europeans are.
3.The value of snobbery in general, its humanistic ―point‖, consists in its power to
_____ activity.
4.It is not altogether easy to decide what is the _____ of the love of excitement.
5.The American dream promised older people that if they worked hard enough all their lives,
things would _____ well for them.
6.I believe that over a period of decades newspapers have become a habit a function.
7.Her time was_____, but she continued to sit by the window, leaning her head against the window curtain, inhaling the odour of dusty cretonne.
8.They are always on trial, always on the _____ of failure, collectively and individually.
9. From the start of that campaign, I faced ________ hostility because of my sex.
10. A beautiful woman came along and ________ her bunch of violets, and a little boy ran after to hand them to her, and she took them and threw them away as if they‘d been poisoned.
11. Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to ________ them with the shades of deeper meaning.
12. If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly ________ things, like our books and pictures, to the inhabitants of the next world, then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place.
13. Although I had to search, and did search, for the right words, I seemed to be making this
descriptive effort almost against my will, under a kind of ________ from outside.
14. ________ a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor he is likely to find more
zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.
15. And so we are suddenly ________ a sickening situation in this country.
A. undisguised
B. tangible
C. stimulate
D. verge
E. infuse
F. compulsion
G. ridge
H. dropped
I. faced with J. screened K. escalated into L. provided
M. vanguard N. root cause O. rather than P. subject to
Q. turn up R. retrenching S. increased T. retaining
U. turn out V. pretending W. reason X. impulse
4。选题
考核学生对词义的正确理解，学生根据上下文选择正确答案勾出。
Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence.
1.The burn needs a (an) ([A] application, [B] treatment) of ointment three times a day, or it will get infected.
2.Porters laden with heavy bags were now ([A] walking, [B] Working) their way slowly across a rope bridge.
3.The ([A] studied, [B] learned) casualnes s of the stranger‘s manner put us on guard immediately.
4.This pretty girl seems to have plenty of confidence, but appearances are sometimes ([A] deceptive, [B] deceitful).
5.To get ([A] permitted, [B] admitted) to the university, a student must have good results from the
junior college.
6.Some plants are very ([A] sensible, [B] sensitive) to light; they prefer the shade.
7. As the living standard improves, the (A. span, B. length) of life is getting longer and longer.
8. The poor emperor was forced by the usurper to (A. abandon, B. abdicate).
9. I find it difficult to operate this computer. Can you (A. demonstrate, B. exemplify) it for me?
10. The formal declaration of the news went four (A. documents, B. drafts) before it was submitted to the conference.
11. I had a fantastic (A. stretch, B. stroke) of luck last weekend. I picked up a genuine Stradivarius violin for only $20.
12. In the A-series football match, AC-Milan (A. beat, B. defended) all the other teams and became the champion as expected.
13. Some people watch television so much that they cannot (A. conceive, B. imagine) of living without it.
14. Filled with great (A. adulation, B. admiration) for their integrity and courage, he was determined to be a man like them.
15. The professor looked over our papers with a hasty (A. sight, B. glance).
16. He was born in a small town (A. lived, B. inhabited) by about 1,500 people.
17. Mary made one last (A. attraction, B. appeal) to her father for permission to go to the party.
18. The old man thought their behavior was (A. contemptible, B. contemptuous), but he didn‘t say
anything in front of the hostess.
解析（限于篇幅只分析13-18题）：
这一部分主要检查学员对同、近义词的区分与应用。
13题区分A. conceive, B. imagine：都有“想象”的意思。imagine 表达“想象, 设想, 幻想”
时，是及物动词, conceive 表达“想象；构想；设想”（常与by连用）。故此题选择A。
14题区分A. adulation, B. admiration：两词都有“对别人表达好意”之义，但前者表示“谄媚, 奉承”之意，有贬义；后者则有“赞美；钦佩；赞赏”之意，故答案为B。
15题区分A. sight, B. glance：都有“看”的意思。glance更有“匆匆一看”的意思，结合该句填空处前面一词“hasty (匆忙的)”，我们可以断定应选择B。
16题区分A. lived, B. inhabited：都有“住”的意思。live作及物动词有“过着, 度过, 经历”
之意，作不及物动词才有“活着, 生活, 居住”之意, inhabit有“居住; 栖息; 占据”，常作及物动词，且常用于被动语态。根据题意，应选择B。
17题区分A. attraction, B. appeal：都有“吸引，招人喜欢”的意思。attraction是“吸引; 吸引力”的意思；, appeal除了有“吸引力”之意，还有“请求, 呼吁, 要求”的意思。
这句话中明显要求是后一个意思，故答案应选B。
18题区分A. contemptible, B. contemptuous：都有“瞧不起的”之意。contemptible是“可鄙的，下贱的，不齿的，可轻视的”之意；contemptuous为“轻蔑的，目空一切的，傲慢的”。前这表达被别人瞧不起，后者是瞧不起别人。故选择A。
5。英译中
考核学生对课文难句的理解及用汉语加以正确表达的能力。
a)Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are
thinking and about what your society is thinking —— in other words, where you and
your society are. [选自《高级英语》上册第一课]
译文：有些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答可以充分说明你在想些什么，这个社
会在想些什么——换句话说，有关你及社会的态度。
b)When he was saying all those things against the government and against the council, he
became more and more ugly and embittered and I used to be afraid for him. [选自《高级
英语》上册第六课]
译文：他在发表那些反政府、反对美国印第安人事物委员会言论时，总会变得越来
越气愤、充满怨恨。我曾为他担忧。
解析：
做这种题目时，还是要求考生对教材的内容有很好的把握。翻译什么最难——词、句、段落、篇章？。很多人会认为，难度是按照“词、句、段落、篇章”依次递增的。其实不然。一个单词的通常是多义的，单独出现，常人是很难穷尽其所有意义；而当该词与更多的词发生联系，其受到的制约越来越多，其意义范围越来越小，翻译起来也越好把握。
我们在翻译这些句子时，往往脱离了篇章（除非你能记得起来课文内容），所以句子的许多代词很难知道它们确切所指。而英文往往多使用代词，以避免重复；中文则不同，要表达明了，有时不忌讳重复。
上面例句1中, ―them‖指代什么？另外很多词、短语在不同的上下文中，都有不同的意思：
例句1中，where you are 不是“你在哪儿”，而是“你是什么态度”。
例句2中, be afraid 不是“害怕”，而是“担心；担忧”。
6。中译英
考核学生运用所学语言的能力。
i.美国食品虽然包装考究和富有营养，但味道却一年比一年逊色。有些蔬菜味道
就像图书馆里的浆糊。低温冷藏过的肉变成了皮革。这就是所谓的科学和经济
学应用到食品生产上的恶果。[参见《高级英语》下册第八课]
译文：Although American food is handsomely packaged and nutritious, it tastes less
good year by year. Some vegetables have the flavor of the library paste,
Deep-frozen meats turn into leather. This is the consequence of the so-called science
and economics applied in food production.
ii.美国人比看电视花时间更多的事只有工作和睡眠。[参见《高级英语》上册第九课]
译文：The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and
sleep.
iii.现在对美貌的狂热崇拜并不只是（从数学意义上看）财富的作用。[参见《高级英语》上册第十五课]
译文：The modern cult of beauty is not exclusively a function (in the
mathematical sense) of wealth.
解析：因为都是比较难的句子，所以这些句子中要么涉及许多“术语”，要么
句子结构较为复杂。
例句1中，“包装考究”，“图书馆里的浆糊”要译成“handsomely packaged‖―the library paste‖。不要把“考究”译成“observe and study”或“carefully ”，
不要把“浆糊”译成“glue‖.或―starch‖。
例句2中，译文中需用到“do more than watch television”这个结构。注意在这种结构中“watch ”前不需要“to ”, 这是一个重要语法现象。
例句3中，“狂热崇拜”，“从数学意义上看”要译成“cult ”及“in mathematical sense”，不要译成“adoration ”，“in mathematical view ”。
B．水平考试
要求考生在阅读试卷中与课程难易程度相当的、600~800字的短文后（不可使用辞典，如有超出教材要求的认知词汇的词语，考卷中附词汇表），回答考卷中题型中的题。题型如下：
1．选择题
考核学生对短文的综合理解程度。考生根据短文内容勾出正确答案。
2．单项选择
考核学生对词语在上下文中的确切含义的理解。考生根据该词语在文中含义从所提供的解释中勾出正确答案。
3．英译中
考核学生对难句的理解。
4．用英语回答有关短文内容的问题（80~100个字）
我们先来谈一下对阅读理解总的看法，然后就这一部分的题型别做一些解释：
如何认识阅读理解
阅读理解部分要求考生有一定的词汇量和语法结构知识，有较宽的知识面，有一定的阅读速度和准确率。衡量一位考生的阅读能力的标准主要有三个方面：1、阅读速度；2、理解能力；
以及3、阅读技巧。这三者之间的关系是相辅相成的，某一方面有不足，都会影响到考试的成绩。
但我们发现不少考生在复习迎考时，特别注意扩大自己的词汇量，学习语法结构知识，也做了不少的题目，但表现总不是很理想。有的考生能一目十行，可对所阅读的内容却不知所云；有的考生理解能力强，却在规定的时间完不成考试要求；还有的考生速度也上去了，自觉对内容也理解，可是一做题就发蒙，总觉得每个选择答案都有道理。
其中的原因在于有些考生对阅读理解的认识存在一些错误。首先，对阅读理解的目的不清楚。不少考生误认为阅读理解就是按照原文顺序一句一句地从头读到尾，并对每个词、每个句子或每段落节都应给予同样程度的重视。事实上，阅读理解的目的在于为了获取我们所需要的信息。
其次，对英文行文特点和篇章结构布局不了解，不知道重要的和非重要的信息的一般出现在何处。实际上，正规英文文章是很有特点的，尤其是议论文和说明文，而这方面的文章又是我们接触最多的。如果一篇短文包含多个段落，那么，短文的首尾两段常常包含重要信息。因为作者往往会在文章的首段开宗明义地告诉读者他想说明什么，或者他想就什么论点展开讨论或分析，既所谓的文章的THEME。在文章的结尾段，作者往往会对他所说明的问题或他所讨论的论点等做一总结或概括。因此，结论性的东西常常会在末段出现。同样，文章的每个段落也有共同的特点，一段的首尾两句往往包含重要信息。因为概括段落中心意思的主题句（topic sentence）往往出现在段首或段末。作者为了使他的文章条理清楚，往往会将每一段落的中心意思用一句话概括出来，并将其置于段首或段末。在极个别的情况下，也会置于段中或不写出来，例如只有一段短文。
基于这样的认识，考生必须学会分析，在阅读文章时就不必一字一句地精读，而应该根据考试要求，学会捕捉、分析相关信息并区别对待。
再次，对英文词汇中哪类词重哪类词轻心中无数。总的来说，从词的层面来看，实词往往比虚词更重要。因为实词含有实在、具体的意思；虚词不包含任何实际意思，只起承上启下的作用。可是虚词中的连词却很例外，虽然它们也不包含实在意思，但它们常用来表明词与词、句子与句子甚至段落与段落之间的关系，这种功能决定了它在句中不可忽视。一些重要的连词归纳如下：
（1）表示因果关系的信号词有：so，as a result，thus，therefore，hence，as a consequence，consequently
（2）表示转折关系的信号词有：but，although，however，on the contrary，on the other hand，nevertheless，even so
（3）表示递进关系的信号词有：and，moreover，furthermore，besides，likewise，also，similarly，in addition to
（4）表示目的关系的信号词有：in order to，so that，for the purpose，to this end
（5）表示例举关系的信号词有：for example，such as，namely，that is，for instance
（6）表示总结归纳关系的信号词有：in short，in conclusion，in brief，in summary
最后，有的考生知识面还不很广。有不少考生因为平时兴趣、爱好不甚广泛，关注领域较为有限，以至于在考试中遇到熟悉领域里的文章时做起题来还顺手，一碰到不熟悉方面的文章，
速度、准确率就明显下降。这充分说明丰富、广博的知识和多方面的兴趣爱好能够增强考生的理解能力。我们希望广大考生能在空暇时间里多涉猎一些文章，与别人交谈时也一些新的信息、内容，不要觉得什么都不重要。要知道每个人都有这种感觉——“书到用时方很少”。
我们不否认具备丰富的词汇和语法结构知识，可以帮助考生在阅读理解部分获得较高的分数。这是因为如果没有一定的词汇量和丰富的语法结构知识作为支撑，奢谈什么技巧或方法都无益，毕竟基础是第一位的，而技巧是第二位的。
但如果在具备相当的词汇量和语法结构知识的同时，即基础扎实的同时，又能够了解并掌握一定的阅读技巧和解题方法，显能会对考生大有好处。媒体上不是常有文章报道，名牌大学的中文系的教师不一定能做好高考语文试卷；英语科班出身的人考TOEFL、GRE不一定有理工科学生得分高。前者不可谓基础不扎实，然而他们却不一定很关注技巧和解题方法。
所以，做好阅读理解题需要：扎实的英语基础+ 丰富的知识面+ 一定的解题技巧
阅读理解通常处理办法
一、看问题，再读文章
做阅读理解时，可先看短文后的问题（不必看四个选项），弄清楚需要了解什么，然后带着问题阅读以达到明确目的。
二、略读关键段落，获取重要信息
先将文章的首尾两段读一下，然后再快速找到并测览一下其它段落的段落主题句。这样做读者可以获得整篇文章的大概意思以及它的谋篇布局。掌握并熟练运用略读法可以使考生在尽可能短的时间内了解整篇文章的大概内容以及整体布局。这能帮助考生把测试题答案所依据的信息的大概位置快速确定下来。
三、充分利用信号词，查找信息
英文中有很多种表示上下文之间逻辑关系的信号词。所谓信号词指在具体的段落中那些能够发出信号，预示读者将要读到的内容与上文存在什么样的关系或本身具有什么逻辑意思的一些词。
比如：1）however，but ，nevertheless 等词预示着后面的内容与前面的不同或相反；
2）so…that…表示该句本身存在一种逻辑上的因果关系。等等。
掌握并关注这些词对解答诸如细节题、是非题就很有帮助。
四、学会猜测词意、扫除阅读障碍
虽然考生大多积累了一定的词汇量，甚至即使你记住大纲上所列的单词，在考试时仍不可避免地会或多或少地碰到一些生词。这些生词对于理解文章内容无疑是一大障碍，克服这一障碍的方法就是运用猜测词意法将该词大概的词义猜测出来，因为考试时是不允许查字典。掌握并熟练运用猜测词意法可使考生在阅读时越过生词这一障碍，更好地理解作者的思想观点。
猜测词意所依据的线索可分为以下几类：
1.定义（definition）
通过上下文给出的定义，考生可以将某些生词的意思猜测出来．使定义与被定义的内容之间建立起关系的词有：put it in another way，mean，in other words，that is，or，namely 等等。
2.重述（restatement）
所谓重述是指作者用另外的词，短语或句子将前面已述及的内容再重述一下。据重述内容，考生可将前面内容中的生词的意思猜测出来。
3.举例（examples）
从such as，like，for example，for instance，等词后所列举的例子以及所表示的前后同位关系可以猜测出一些单词的词意。
4.对比（contrast）
从表示对立或相反的信号词可以判断某些词语内容前后意思对立或相反．根据这一点，考生可以从其中一个词猜测出另外一个词的意思。
关于这一点我们在后面还会进一步讲解。
五、先易后难，逐个解题
由于测试的短文难易程度各异，考生应根据自己的兴起、爱好或专业知识，先易后难答题。这样做可让考生保持良好的考场情绪，有利于考生正常发挥水平。
做阅读理解应忌讳的方面
一忌：不带问题阅读。费力、费时、效率低。
二忌：草率行事。出题者有时故意出一道似是而非的题目，如果匆忙答题，很容易犯错。三忌：主观印象。有的考生爱根据自身的生活经历或常识来答题，而考试则是要根据原文旨意来选择答案。
四忌：一叶障目。只见树木，不见森林。有的考生会被文章的个别内容、局部环节所迷惑，结果忽略了文章的全貌。
五忌：忽略时间。前面耗时太多，后面时间不够用，结果影响成绩。
各种题型讲解
一、选择题
考核学生对短文的综合理解程度。考生根据短文内容勾出正确答案。
常见题型有：
1．主旨大意题
2．事实、细节题
3．是非题
4．推理、引申题
5．作者观点和态度题
（－）主旨大意题
主旨题要求考生在阅读有关文章后能够概括出中心思想，确定段落大意或选定最佳标题。主旨题的常见提问方式有：
1)From this passage, we learn that…
2)The article was written to explain…
3)The author mainly discusses…
4)The best title for this passage is…．
5)The central idea conveyed in the above passage is…
6)The title that best expresses the main idea is…
7)What does the passage mainly discuss?
8)What is the main topic (theme, subject, point) of the passage?
9)What would be the most appropriate title for this passage?
10)Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
11)Which sentence best summarizes the article?
12)Which title suits this passage best?
例如：
The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and can't be told from one another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something they are proud of.
The original Americans, of course, were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other countries like Germany and France.
One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First it was the Irish and Italians. Later it was the blacks. Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians.
One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and the Chinese a Chinatown in New York. The Dutch settlement in Pennsylvania also stays separate from other people. Their towns are like something from the 19th century. They have a different reason from the other groups for staying separately. They live separately for religious reasons rather than keep together in a racia1 group.
Although some groups have kept themselves separate and others have been discriminated against, al1 groups have helped make the United States a great country. There is no group that has not helped in some way. And there is no group that can say they have done the most to make it a great
country.
Many people sti1l come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project that let a man walk on the moon. It was a scientist from Germany who was most responsible for doing that. It is certain that in the future the United States wil1 still need the he1p of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.
Question: Which of the following statements can best describe the main idea of this passage?
A.The United States is a country made up of many different races.
B.Discrimination is the most serious problem in the United States.
C.All races in the United States have helped make the country a great one.
D.The prosperity of the United States is mainly due to the hard work of the most
discriminated races.
解答：选C。
这是一道主旨题，要求我们归纳文章的中心思想。速读全文后，我们就会发现D根本不是本文思想，应首先排除。B与原文的意思不符合。原文第三段第一句讲
到美国一直有种族歧视问题，但没有说这是美国最严重的问题。A是本文第一段第
一句的原话，但不足以概括全文的中心思想。而文章的第五段强调美国所有的种族
都为建设美国做出了贡献，体现了文章的中心思想，所以C为正确答案。
（二）事实、细节题
这类问题要求考生找出例证、原因、时间和其它有关的细节或具体的数据等。细节题出题类型主要有以下几种：
1.According to the author, it is true that …
2.According to the passage, who (what, where, when)...... ?
3.How many (much)...... in this article?
4.In what way...... ?
5.In what year...... ?
6.What do we know about... ?
7.Why is (are)... ?
例如：
Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess, if they are proper1y used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt, children would p1ay it until their hands were burnt away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not, a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burn it before. A real1y fearless soldier -- and some do exist -- is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might and die out.
In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be proper1y used. If, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you are letting fear rule you too much. Even in your house you are not absolutely safe: an airplane may crash on your house, or ants may eat away some of the beams in your roof so that the latter
falls on you, or you may get cancer!
The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers; then you have to decide what action to take.
In many cases, you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example, you see a car coming straight towards you; fear warns you, you jump out of the way, and all is well.
In some cases, however, you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For examp1e, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing onto your house. In this case, fear has given you its warning; you have examined it and decided on your course, of action, so fear of this particular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have to try to overcome it.
Question: Children wou1d p1ay with fire until their hands were burnt away if ______.
A.they were given no warning beforehand
B.they had never burnt themselves
C.they had no sense of pain
D.they were fearful of the fire
解答：选C。
本题是问文章中的一个细节。根据第一段的第二句话：“If fire did not hurt when it burnt，…”可以判断C项为正确答案。
（三）推断、引申题
该题形难度较大，要求考生在理解原文的基础上，根据文章中所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示与线索进行综合分析，然后做出推断或引申出合情合理的结论。
这种题型的常用提问方式有：
1)According to the article, many people may….
2)An inference which may (not) be made from the article is…
3)In the paragraph following this one, we may expect the author to discuss…
4)It can be concluded from the passage that…
5)The paragraph preceding (following) this one may discuss….
6)The passage implies that…
7)We can conclude (infer, see) from the article that….
8)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?‘
9)Where wou1d this paragraph most probab1y appear?
10)Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the article?
例如：
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as we1l as those of a myriad of services, including labor, transportation, and public–utility services. The interrelationships of al1 these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in
which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything e1se.
If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would rep1y that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. The definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and qua1ity of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take p1ace and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked—for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.
Question: The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses_______.
A.unusual ways to advertise products
B.types of payment plans for service
C.theories about how products affect different levels of society
D.how certain elements of price "package" influence its market value
解答：选D。
本题要求推断本文后续段落的段意。根据文章最后一句“…both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors…in order that they may evaluate a given price．”买卖双方都要了解所有价格体系的决定因素，以便对实际价格做出评估。后面的段落将按逻辑讨论这些要素，由此选择D为答案。
（四）正误判断题
通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实，某种提法是否正确或文章（作者）是否提及某事。常见题形如下：
1)All of the following are true except.......
2)The author (passage) does not tell us.......
3)The author mentions all of the items 1isted below except.......
4)Which of the following does not explain...... ?
5)Which of the following is NOT listed as...... ?
6)Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article?
7)Which of the following statements is (not) true?
8)Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author?
例如：
How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other;
and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.
The power of words, then, lies in their associations -- the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and 1earn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but a1so express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they wil1 make our speech silly and dull.
Question: Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true?
A.He is no more a master of words than an ordinary person.
B.He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music.
C.He can move men to tears.
D.His style is a1ways charming.
解答：选A。
这是一道是非题，需要找出一个错误的选项。根据文章最后一段，B，C，D三个
选项都是对的，必须排除。而A项说：一位真正的诗人并不比普通人能更好地掌握和运用词语。这一说法显然是不对的（NOT true about the real poet），正符合题意。A项为正确答案。
（五）作者态度题
该类题型是阅读理解部分最难的地方，要求考生根据文章领会作者的态度和情绪。这类题要求考生从文章中作者论述问题的方法、行文的语气和措辞中来把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感。
常用的提问方式有：
1)By using the expression “......‖, the author implies that….
2)From the passage we know that the author --.
3)How does the author fee1 about?
4)It can be seen from the passage that the author regards with --.
5)The author of the passage seems to be…
6)The author seems to be in favor of the idea of…
7)The author‘s attitude towards...... might be best summarized as—?
8)The author‘s purpose of writing this article is…
9)What does the writer think of ... ?
10)What‘s the author‘s opinion (attitude)?
11)What‘s the tone of the passage?
12)Which of the fo1lowing the author is most likely to agree with?
例如：
Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for adventure -- those who have climbed the highest mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may on1y last a few minutes or even seconds.
I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place (perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon) 200 meters above the ground with an e1astic rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is estimated that two million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.
Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modern societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people's lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and hunt for food, diseases could not easi1y be cured, and life was a continuous battle for survival.
Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement. They live and work in comparatively safe environment; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.
Question: The writer of the passage has a(n) ______ attitude towards dangerous sports.
A. positive
B. negative
C. objective
D. subjective
解答：选C。
本题要求考生对作者的态度作出判断。作者对危险的体育运动持积极态度（A）还
是消极态度（B），持客观的态度（C）还是主观的态度（D）？纵观全文，不难看出作者的态度较为客观。所以C为正确答案。
二、单项选择
考核学生对词语在上下文中的确切含义的理解。考生根据该词语在文中含义从所提供的解释中勾出正确答案。
词汇题的提问方式主要有：
1)By ―...‖, the author means…
2)In 1ine..., the word ―...‖ could best be replaced by…
3)In line..., the word ―...,‘ most probably means
4)In line..., the word ―this (that, these, those, it, them)‖ stands for… -
5)The ita1icized word in line... means…
6)The word (phrase) ―...‖ is closest to…
浅谈学习英语的经历 【摘要】; 以我学过这么多门语言得到的一个感觉，那就是语言的学习是一理通、百理明的，有其相通之处。或者我把自己以前学英语的情况谈一下，不但对人数更远为庞大的想学英语的朋友有助，对学习其他小语种的朋友一定也是有益的。简单地归纳，一门语言的习得无非是看、听、写、说四个方面，而每个方面又涉及词汇量（不仅指单独的单词，也包括习惯搭配的短语）和语法这两个要素，从而构成一个4×2的矩阵平面。我就从这个矩阵平面出发，来介绍一下我学习英语的过程。 【关键词】学习英语看听读写 一、看（读） 我接受的，是最传统的中国式的英语教学。因此，从一开始就练得最强的，便是看（读）的能力了。其实我个人觉得传统的中国式的英语教学也没什么不好，对于初学入门的人来说，那是一种不错的方式。看、听、写、说四个方面，都要涉及到词汇量和语法，因此应该在入门阶段就尽快把词汇量和语法这两个要素解决了，然后当你觉得哪个方面欠缺，就能集中精力地解决那个方面的“短板”。而传统的中国式的英语教学，正是最能快速、扎实地解决词汇量和语法这两个要素的。问题只不过在于，接下来是如何在看、听、写、说四个方面把这两个已经积累起来的要素的能量发挥出来而已。
而词汇量和语法，没啥说的，就是背吧。很多人不喜欢背，但我觉得最省劲的方法其实就是背。背单词、背能反映语法的典型例句、背课文，这些事情在初级入门的阶段坚持做上一段时间，很快就能解决词汇量和语法这要素，并同时已经把“看”这一方面完成了。 （一）词汇量 以我学习英语为例。那时初中的课程很轻松，我们的学校严格地落实执行“减负”要求，下午几乎全是自修课。（在我记忆中，只有星期一下午有一堂正课，星期四有一堂课外兴趣班的课，星期五有一堂班会课。但每天下午都有两堂课的时间，因此至少有一堂自修课。而第三堂课是学校留给我们到外面操场去进行体育运动的，如果你不需要每天都去进行一下体育运动的话，那堂课其实又是自修课了。）于是我往往很快就完成了当天的所有作业，剩下的时间就是在那里反复地背单词。 背单词的事情我一直进行到大学阶段。读中学的时候，我一直觉得自己的词汇量还不错，考试时偶尔会出现一些课本里没教过的单词，别的同学遇到了就只能交白卷，我通常却都认识，甚至在课堂上曾经纠正过英语老师在词汇上的错误，以致很多年后那个老师还记得
高级英语的一些重要词组 In return 作为(对某物)的付款或回报 What do we give them in return。 Conceive of 想像、认为 I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar Babies(俚语：人). 对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗处嘲笑他们。Scores of 很多 Scores of young people. Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象 These conclusion strike me as reasonable. 我认为他们的话是合情合理的 Drop out 脱离传统社会 Ever since 自从 In hopes of 怀着…希望 Every since civilization began, certain individuals(人) have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler, more pastoral, and more peaceful life Support oneself 自食其力 Run out of 没有，用完，耗尽 Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. 我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少 the other way (round) 相反 come off 成功 These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off. In need of 需要 It dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。 In short supply 供应不足，短缺 Break down 瓦解，崩溃 Broke down our resolve. 丧失了我们的决心 Out of work 失业
《高级英语》的学习方法漫谈 学习方法的重要性不言自明，学习方法得当，有利于培养和提高学习活动中的各种学习能力，从而有助于加速学习进程。常有学生询问“如何才能迅速提高英语水平”、“英语学习有什么捷径”等等，严肃认真的英语教师很难回答这样宽泛的问题，学生也很难得到满意的回答。其实，学习英语根本没捷径可言，但“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”。因此，我们拟结合多年教学经验，就学习《高级英语》这门课程提供一些建议或者称作方法。 我们认为，学生在学习该课程时往往存在一些误区，例如：（1）在课外阶段，学生沿袭基础英语阶段的学习习惯，精力集中在查单词、找例句、抄词典，忽视词义的选择。查完课文中所有的生词也就意味着预习的结束。（2）在课上阶段，学生多
逐句理解，忽略背景知识、篇章意义；重视词汇短语和难句的解释，忽略课文结构、课文主题、写作过程的分析；满足于对课文的字面理解，不求隐含、引申意义，不求批判性思考。总的来说，学生仅仅把该门课当成是基础英语的延伸，结果常抱怨“学不到东西”、“英语水平没提高”，影响了学生的学习能力和自信心。老师也认为学生在口、笔头表达上仍然没条理、没逻辑，对课文的主题等宏观理解问题知之甚少，就是所谓的“见木不见林”，达不到“高级”的要求。目前，有些学校由于各种原因采用了大班授课的方式，学生的自主学习以及学习方法就更加重要。学生该怎么学《高级英语》要学什么首先，必须弄清《高级英语》这门课的性质。《高级英语》是英语专业三、四年级主干课，《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》中规定:“高级英
语是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料,包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品,扩大学生知识面,加深学生对社会和人生的理解,培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力,巩固和提高学生英语语言技能。”由此看来，这门课除了和其它课程一样担负着发展学生的人文素质的任务外，从英语学习的角度看，还要巩固和提高学生英语语言技能，即听、、说读、写、译的能力。然而，学生面临的新任务是发展“对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力”。为此，学生要实现几个转变：从低年级那种机械性的“词汇—语法—练习”学习为主转移至课文分析与理解为主；从对课文的字面理解为主转移
赖世雄学英文的经历 高中结束后，大学联考英文只有辉煌的“7分”，「赖家老大从此不见了！祖宗八代的脸都被你丢光了！」 英语天王，大学联考英文真的只有“7分”！高中三年，就在鬼混、不用功的情况下度过了，我也知道自己铁定考不上大学，但是，总是要试一下。结果不出所料，英文只考了一个个位数——「七分」，数学就更不用提了，即使我一向擅长的三民主义，也出了状况，只有三十多分，成绩出乎意料的差。当时根本就没有钱可以买相关英语考试用书。 我永远忘不了父亲接到成绩单时那副失望的神情；他默默地坐在藤椅上，一张脸整个沉了下来，突然间好像老了十几岁，过了好久，才粗暴地迸出一句话：「赖家老大从此不见了！祖宗八代的脸都被你丢光了！」 我不在乎爸爸说我什么，内心也不会感到一丝难过，这是我自己不用功，成天搞乐团，生活荒唐造成的后果，我是咎由自取，怪不得任何人。 但是，当我听到爸爸替我隐瞒分数，告诉前来的同乡杨伯伯，我离录取标准只差两分、输得冤枉时，我难过得几乎掉下泪来。我觉得愧对爸爸，愧对他对我的期望。这些年，我一而再、再而三在他脸上抹灰，让他难堪！「爸爸！我真对不起你！」 开窍=挣脱樊笼，终于自由了！经过这么多的挫折、打击，受了那么多的轻视、屈辱，我在学科上还是没有任何改善，就在报考政战学校的录取通知单寄来时，我第一个感觉就是喜悦：「哈！终于可以离开这个樊笼，从此海阔天空，任我遨游。」至于游向何方？有什么理想？有什么抱负？心智未开的我，一点也没有考虑到，一心想的就是：「我自由了！」「我终于自由了！」
自由=关在笼子里的断翅囚鸟？进入政战后，天天被关在学校，不得外出，就像一只空中翱翔的鸟，突然被关在笼子里。失去自由还不算，稍有不慎，学长就连打带骂，身心承受无比的压力。于是兴起逃跑的念头，但是，不知道逃到哪里？ 左思右想，我决心向父亲求救，于是我写了一封信给爸爸，告诉他：﹁我错了！以前没有好好读书，辜负了你的期望，一切都是儿子的过错，现在我已后悔了，知道要上进，希望你能给我一个赎罪的机会，接儿子出去，儿子一定会好好用功… 信寄出去好几天，没有任何回音，不知道父亲收到没？就在我焦急等待中，长官跑来问我：「这里的环境很好，为什么想走？有什么问题可以随时向部队长官反映。」我暗叫一声不妙：彷佛听到其中一个学长说：「小子！有种，「想退训！」我吓得不敢开口，一颗心扑通、扑通猛跳着。果然不出所料，等训导员离开后，我就被学长叫出去好好地接受了一番磨练。 说来奇怪，就在我被学长叫出去操练后，烦燥、恐惧的心反而笃定下来：「反正也逃不出去，就在这里安身立命吧！」也就是在那一刻，我第一次想到我的前途，第一次想到，我必须要做些什么了！
新发展大学英语学习指南 Unit 1 Reading comprehension 1.The reason why the son was not happy is thatD__ A.He didn’t feel good because of the cold air in the room where the birthday party was held. B.He could not eat ice-cream at the birthday party. C.He was not allowed to eat the birthday cake. D.His mother did not agree to buy him some ice-cream. 2.Sometimes when the author is with one of her children without doing anything, she feels A__ A.Happy B.Relaxed C.Empty D.Nervous 3.The author writes about her childhood story in order to tell the readers_A_ A.What happiness really means B.Her parents’ intentions in buying her the piano C.Her thankfulness for what her parents did for her at that time. D.Her great regret for giving up learning to play the piano 4.Another possible title for this passage is _B_ A.Happiness is having a peaceful mind. B.Happiness is a matter of feeling C.Happiness is being together with the people you love D.Happiness is being useful to others UNIT 2 5.The word burden in the article means all of the following except_B_ A.Ashes B.Heating system C.Negative feeling D.The painful past 6.According to the author, what prevented Jean from attending her grandmother’s birthday celebration was _C_ A.Her former husband B.Her children’s perception of the relationship with their parents C.Her false pride D.Her children’ behavior after the divorce 7.The 104-year-old woman wanted to convert her heating system to gas because_D__ A.Gas is cheaper and safer than coal B.She had to carry the coal home by herself C.Coal causes pollution D.She had to lug 拉the ashes out of the basement 8.Which of the following is true of John? (C) A.He was the author’s patient
TEACHING MATERIAL ●1. 新编英语教程第五册（上海外语教育出版社：李观仪主编） ●2. 高级英语（一）教与学指南（广东高等教育出版社2007年版：张华鸿主编） Unit One: Hit the Nail on the Head The Proverb “Hit the nail on the head” ●To be exactly right in words or action ●正中要害；说话中肯；做到恰到好处 The text begins with an analogy ●At the beginning of the article Warner makes an analogy between the hammering of nails and the use of language to express oneself. ●A man with a poor command of language, never so sure what words to use to express himself, is just like a man clumsy with a hammer, unsuccessful in his effort to strike a nail right into a box. ●But a man with a good command of a language, just like a skilful carpenter who easily drives home the nail with a few firm, deft blows, will drive home his point firmly and exactly with the right words and expressions. Malapropism – Mrs. Malaprop ●词语的荒唐误用，指误用发音近似而意义不同的词语 Structure of the Text: ●Para 1: an analogy ●Para 2&3: the significance of finding the right words (cognition, communication, satisfaction) ●Para 4-7: semantic differences between words having the same root ●Para 8: wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations ●Para 9: stylistic differences between synonyms ●Para 10: the abundance of specific words in English for general notions ●Para 11:To have a good control and command over the words you do know is more important than to make your vocabulary as complete as you can. Unit Two: Beware the Dirty Seas Beware: be very careful of ●Beware is used with no change of form, in giving warnings. It is generally used in the imperative. Examples: ?Beware (of) the fake products that flood the market. ?Beware how you handle the delicate situation. ?We have to beware that no one backs out at the last minute. (to fail to fulfill a promise, contract, etc.) The Mediterranean ●The Mediterranean Sea, a sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia sluice ●(n.) a man-made passage for water fitted with a gate for stopping and regulating the flow 水闸●(v.) to pour as if from a sluice nurture
《高级英语》考试大纲 一、课程性质及课程设置的目的和要求 （一）教学目的： 高级英语是高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段（本科）的精读课，属必考课程。在语音、语调、词汇和语法的知识已经掌握，听、说、读、写、译的语言技能已经打好基础后，本课程的重点是：（1）提高阅读理解和词汇运用能力，即能掌握和使用所学的词汇，特别是同义词、近义词的区分和使用，正确理解文章的内容和主题思想，抓住文章的要点，分析文章的结构、语言技巧和修辞特点；（2）提高语言表达能力，即能用英语解释、用汉语翻译文章中的难句，使用英语归纳文章的主题思想，并能对文章的内容进行简单的分析、评论。 在这一阶段，学生应该能用辞典和其他工具书独立解决语言和文化、背景知识方面的难点，提高自学能力，增加自学能力，增加文化知识，尤其是所学语言国家（主要是英、美）的背景和文化知识，更好地使语言和文化结合在一起。 （二）教学要求： 本课程的教学要注重使用以学生为中心的讨论式教学方法。以目标语为授课和课堂交流语言。通过真实的交际型任务，创造好的语言产出环境，以便培养学生使用目标语言在高层次上表达、交流思想和分析问题的能力。同时要注重语言输入的质量和文化内涵，以便让学生得到真实和地道的语言信息。 本课程包括政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的文章。每课前附有导读课文后附有注释，包括作家介绍，历史背景，有关典故，语言难点并且每篇课文都配有大量的相关练习，包括课文理解、词汇练习、口头练习、中英互译和写作练习等。通过高级英语本课程的学习，学生应达到以下基本要求： （1）词汇：通过课堂学习和其他途径认知词汇达到10，000个，并能熟练地使用其中的4000个及其最常用的搭配，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力。 （2）阅读：能顺利阅读语言难度较高、内容广泛、体裁多样的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，领会作者的观点和态度，能就文章的内容进行预测、分析、推理、判断和综合概括，能分析篇章结构，阅读速度达到每分钟180个词。能顺利查阅和使用工具书，参考书及其他参考资料。 （3）听力：能听懂题材熟悉，内容广泛，语速正常的英语讲话，广播，演讲等，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关的细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度，并能进行分析，推理和综合概括。 （4）口语：能就熟悉的话题进行交流，能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体的交流，能系统，深入，连贯地发表自己的见解，语音基本正确，语调自然。 （5）写作：掌握基本的写作知识，能较好地掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接手段，同时能熟练地使用各种衔接手段连贯地表达思想。能在阅读难度与课文相当的书面材料时作笔记，回答问题，写提纲和摘要。能在半小时内就一定的话题，提纲，表格或图示写出150—200字的短文。能写报告，评论，和日常应用文，内容完整，思路清楚。 （6）翻译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，借助字典，将英美报刊上的文章和文学原著译成汉语或能将我国报刊，杂志上的文章译成英语，译文达意，语言通顺，译速为每小时英文为300单词，中文为250个汉字。 （7）文化：熟悉英语国家的地理，历史，文化传统和风俗习惯，具有较多的人文知识和科技知识。 二、课程内容 本课程教材共《高级英语》（上）和《高级英语》（下）两册。 教材精选课文32篇，每册16篇。读懂这32篇课文，并在此基础上完成课文后面练习题为考
就我个人学习英语的经历而言，也曾是多次放弃、重来；再放弃，再重来。开始都是怀着积极的心态，投入到英语学习的战斗中去。恨不能一天之内就要学会两课书、三课书。一个月就要学完一册书。然而，学着学着，就感觉要“坚持“不住了，想要放弃。开始总是找不到解决的办法，为此而郁闷。后来才发现解决这样的问题其实并不难。 一、要学会精神转移。t8? o T U2w(z M 在英语学习的过程中，感到枯燥乏味，信心不足的时候，不要强迫自己往下学，因为从你的思想意识形态里已经开始产生了抵触英语的情绪。这时再继续只能是“适得其反”，请你先放一放你所学习的内容，最好的去处是逛书店，到外文书店看看那些崭新的原版小说，先不要看其内容，只看图书的封面。这些原版图书要比国内图书的封面做得好得多。这些花花绿绿的封面（特别是名着的封面）能够强烈刺激你的大脑神经，让你对书中的内容产生联想，从欣赏图片的审美角度去激发你阅读的兴趣。这时，你选择一本自己喜欢的，翻开内容看上一两段，你就会发现原来你的英语已经很有水平了，以前的时间没有白费。 还有一个原因，你学英语的时候是孤立的，当你置身到外文书店的时候，你会发现那里有很多中国人、外国人，这时候你才能够感受到很多中国人都和你一样在努力着，也许他（她）的英文水平很高，也许他（她）还不如你。从而让自己产生羡慕、嫉妒、欣慰的心理。只有这样才能激发你的继续学习的兴趣。而你所看到的那些外国人，如果你能上前聊上几句，何尝不是一件快乐的事情？为什么不敢呢？是自己水平不够吧？那还不回家赶快去学？ 除此之外，你还可以去听听那些原版磁带，去看看原版DVD来调节自己的心态。尽量不要去想自己现在所学的教材。毕竟在内容上它有很大的局限性，只有丰富多彩的内容才能保持你好学的心态。 二、学习他人之长。M f M7i i 学习英语是要虚心的，在自己坚持不住的时候，要多去看看那些成功人士的书籍，听听他们的心得。俞敏洪、李阳，杜子华、钟道隆等等，这些已经取得成功的人士，他们同样也遭遇过你我这样的经历，也曾经在坚持和放弃之间徘徊过。他们是怎样走过来的？这是我们要学习的，不管你是否认可这些人，为什么他们成功了，就因为他们会调节自己的心态坚持走到底。我在坚持不住的时候，就会找出钟道隆教授《踏踏实实学英语》讲座录音听听，体会一位老人学习英语的艰辛，看看李阳《疯狂英语》的演讲，感受他的狂热，读读杜子华的《英语成功学》吸取他丰富的经验。这些都能调节自身的心态，鼓励我们“坚持”下去。 三、不要一棵树上吊死。 无论是学习方法，还是教材，都有它的局限性，都会因人而异。别人的经验是经过多少次失败总结而来的，或许对你就不实用。要学“博取众家之长，补己之短&rd quo;，在实践中去归纳总结。找到自己能够“坚持”的方法。一套教材未必就要全书背诵下来，人都有个性、喜恶。或许某一类你就不喜欢，那就别硬着头皮去看、去听。即使别人都说好的，也要自己去衡量，找到自己感兴趣的，你才能够坚持下去。如果非让一个喜欢流行音乐的人去听京剧，还不如让他去参观疯人院的好。所以，千万不要一棵树上吊死，喜欢什么就去接触什么，一本书里只一点点也好，一盘磁带里只一句就行。4G F f | j$B(| ^ 四、要了解学习的资源
一、前言 ２０世纪中后期，受后现代主义思潮影响，西方外语教学研究从“教学法”时代逐渐过渡到“后方法”（ｐｏｓｔ－ｍｅｔｈｏｄｐｅｄａｇｏ－ｇｙ）时代，研究重点从对“方法”的探讨逐步扭转为对“途径”的摸索，即从追求教学方法的改革、寻求最佳教学法等方面转移到教学过程与教学效果众多影响因素的分析，同时重新定义了教学参与者的身份、设定了基本参量、也制定了外语教学的相关策略。这股理论研究新思潮为我国二语习得研究大讨论提供了崭新的视角，也为我国英语专业技能必修课——高级英语课程的教学改革研究提供了一条新的发展思路。 二、“后方法”时代西方外语教学研究核心理念 语法翻译法在西欧国家确定其统治地位后的一百多年里，一直都备受国内外应用语言学者和外语教学研究者的关注，相关理论流派层出不穷。然而，究竟哪种教学法最有效、最具有普适性，人们的观点莫衷一是。随着大量定性研究和教学实践的开展，越来越多的学者和外语教师发现，对教学法的幼稚盲从和对“最佳教学法”的执拗寻求已将外语教学研究带入误区，过多关注教学方法的多元性和开放性，而忽略了其相对性和特定性。 国外学者Ｓｔｅｒｎ首先认识到了以往外语教学理论研究的局限性，提出外语教学三维框架，着手分析外语教学环节中的诸多因素，将教师视为教学研究、实践和理论研究的综合体，充分肯定了教师的主动性和创造性，打破了之前视教师为教学理论被动接受者和刻板执行者的思维定式。他认为，研究和实践的重点应放在师生对语言课堂生活质量的理解上，而不是输出质量的简单考察，教学的本质是个互动性的多元交往过程。Ｋｕｍａ－ｒａｖａｄｉｖｅｌｕ将宏观策略框架与上两位学者的主要观点相结合，整理出经典的“后方法”外语教学理论框架，即以教师自主为核心，以特定性、实践性和社会可行性为原则，“鼓励教师建构自己的 教学理论，推动基于对当地语言、社会文化和政治特征正确理解之上的语境语言教学”。 三、“后方法”时代下的高级英语课程特征分析 １．高级英语课程属性。高级英语是英语专业高年级的一门必修课，是基础阅读课的深化和延伸。它与综合英语课程的不同之处在于：（１）教材选取文章多为名篇佳作，且内容多样、题材广泛、视角开阔，语言文字更地道凝练，具备较强的思想深度，注重东西方文化的介绍和传播；（２）注重学生综合英语技能的培养，除语言运用、对美文佳作的分析鉴赏、逻辑思维等能力外，更强调了“获取知识—运用知识—分析问题—独立提出见解—创新”能力链条的建构；（３）对教师的综合素质提出了更高的要求。教师不仅需具备驾驭语言文化的能力，还需要统筹教学环节，要学会引领学生深入探索思辨。 ２．教学对象特点以及市场需求。高级英语课程的授课对象是高校英语专业大三、大四的学生，经过前两年的学习，学生应已具备较扎实的语言基本功、积累了一定的跨文化知识，并在综合能力和素质方面得到了锻炼。在接下来的两年里，他们必须进一步奠定坚实的语言基础、完善英语应用能力，并努力提升包括知识面、分析解决问题的能力、思想道德素质、专业素质、身心素质等在内的核心竞争力，以顺应社会的需求，迎接未来的挑战。他们的学习需求、个人发展需求和社会需求密切联系，在英语专业学生的未来工作中，知识和技能的高效输出能力是用人单位极为重视的，因而学校在教学中应着重此方面的训练。 ３．教师特征和定位。“后方法”时代背景下，外语教学的理论研究呈现出日益浓厚的人本主义取向，外语教师的个人特征、发展和需求受到了前所未有的关注，其中对教师的信念研究、教学文化情境、教师行动研究等是目前研究的热点。近些年，高教体制中对教师教学能力和学术能力的双重要求和较高的考核标 ［摘要］外语教学理论研究已进入“后方法”时代，研究重点已不再拘泥于过去具体的教学法，而应着重从宏观的教学策略和途径探索出发。文章以此为视角，基于对课程属性、师生双方特征和现实需求的角度展开分析，同时结合国内外相关理论成果，试提出一些适合我国高级英语课程的教学策略。 ［关键词］高级英语课程“后方法”时代教学策略 ［作者简介］谢峤（１９８３－），女，天津人，天津理工大学外国语学院，讲师，硕士，研究方向为应用语言学与外语教学。（天津 ３００１９１） ［课题项目］本文系天津市高等学校人文社会科学研究项目“后方法时代高校大规模英语课堂教学策略与管理模式建构研究”（项目编号：２０１１２２０１）和天津理工大学教学改革项目“《大学英语》大班教学策略与课堂管理模式研究”（项目编号：ＹＢ１１－５１）的阶段性研究成果。 ［中图分类号］Ｇ６４２．３［文献标识码］Ａ ［文章编号］１００４－３９８５（２０１２）３６－０１４０－０２ “后方法”时代高级英语课程教学研究 谢峤
“大学英语应用类课程”学习指南 “英语高级口语”课程学习指南 “写作与翻译”课程学习指南 “中国地方文化英语导读”课程学习指南 “影视英语”课程学习指南 “跨文化交际”课程学习指 “英语高级口语”课程学习指南 教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》明确指出“大学英语的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主能力，提高综合文化素养，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要”。 “英语高级口语”旨在更科学、更有效地提高大学生英语口语交际能力。该课程的教学目标、教学内容、教学方式、教材建设、教学评估等已经历多方面跟踪性、实证性的教学改革。依据国内外前沿的外语教学理念，该课程教学研究小组先后主持完成了多个与英语口语教学相关的教育部、江苏省教育厅、苏州市科研课题，其中包括英语口语话语分析、全球化与区域经济发展对英语口语交际能力的需求、口语输入与输出方式对口语准确度、流利度、复杂度的影响、口语教学法对学生创新性思维的影响、计算机及网络技术在口语教学和评估方面的应用研究等。该课程贯彻“教师为主导、学生为主体、师生互动”的教学理念，建立集课堂——课外、校内——校外、面授——自主、传统——现代于一体的多维、立体教学模式，课堂/校内学习以获得和发展知识和能力为主。 1、“英语高级口语”课程配套教材的使用 该课程主要使用《英语口语交际》教材，以“提高学生英语口语交际能力”为宗旨，学习指南如下： （1）学生可以利用富有现代性和趣味性的话题激发口语交际兴趣并锻炼创新性思维；
（2）学生可以利用听力练习、视频导入和配对练习等多模态手段加强口语输入对口语输出的示范、促进作用，以调动学习积极性； （3）学生可以利用Topical Words and Structures等与主题相关的词汇和结构练习, 同时利用对话输入、例句输入和口语交际技巧传授等模拟训练，提高口语交际的语言准确度； （4）该教材的Speaking Tasks是口语任务，充分融合了如任务型教学法、合作型学习法等多种外语教学方法的优势，学生可以通过小组讨论、个人演讲、看图说话、模拟访谈和课堂辩论等多种互动性很强的口语交际活动有效锻炼参与真实交际的能力； （5）该教材的Further Practice Exercises是拓展练习，强调了口语交际能力发展与听、读等其他技能的关联性，学生可以利用课外阅读、名言警句、小幽默和著名演讲等内容，增强英语语感、享受英语学习过程。 （6）该教材在最后部分还提供了当前国内外权威的口语考试评估标准，其中包括托福、雅思、大学英语四、六级口试等口语考试评分标准，旨在为准备参加各类口语考试的学生们提供一定的启示。 2、课程的多模态资源支撑 师生共享局域网：苏大英语在线：http://210.29.168.137/sudaceo提供正规、可靠、实用的教学资源，如课程所需的音频、视频、课件等多媒体资源，为学生自主、创新学习知识、应用知识、培养能力、提高文化素养等提供了平台。同时，网站有大量展示学生的原创资源。此外，课程还提供个性化师生交流平台与工具：QQ邮箱：绿叶englishspeakinght@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f019155116.html,；快乐英语学习网站http://210.29.168.137/joyenglish/；空中英语角--QQ英语交流群143136962；Moodle课程平台: http://210.29.168.142，等等，为课堂教学的延伸和第二课堂学习提供了便捷式途径。 “写作与翻译”课程学习指南 “写作与翻译”是国家精品课程“大学英语应用类课程”的核心课程。中国大学生在英语写作过程中普遍会借助于翻译来表达自己的情感和思想，可以说，母语思维参与了外语写作的全过程。鉴于此，经过多年的探索和教学实践，我们把英语写作和翻译置于同一教学层面，通过英汉互译的不断实践，使学生能更好地了解中英文在思维习惯、文化包含、谴词造句、段落发展和篇章结构之间存在的差异，从而获得更大的写作空间，更好地结合英文写作的常规练习，走出中文思维，边写边译，边译边写的藩篱，在翻译中体验思想的火花，语言的精彩，结构的整饬和文章各自的独到，最终写出或译出符合各自语言特点的作品，真正服
[英语作文]我的英语学习经历 The Experience of Learning English My friends say that I'm good in English, because I always get good marks in English tests and I have just scored the highest points in the interview. They think I'm a talented girl and I'm clever at English from the beginning. But in fact, I'm not a talented girl. I'm just a common girl. I'd like to say something about my experience of learning English. I didn't do well in English in the beginning. I started my English course at the age of 10. Maybe you can't imagine, I couldn't say a whole sentence at that time. I couldn't catch up with my classmates because of my bad base. Having a bad base may be many students' problem. I was sad about it, but I wasn't afraid of it. The next summer holiday, I spent almost all of my free time practicing English by listening to the tape and repeating after it. Whenever it was, wherever I was, I kept the tape on. I listened carefully and I tried to recite the article. Soon, I found I had made a good progress in my English. At least, I could understand what the teacher said in class. Then slowly, I could get good marks at times. This taught me a good lesson. That is not to be afraid of setbacks, hard work makes progress. This is the first part of my English learning. When I was in Grade Six and Seven, my English was much better than it was. I could always get good marks in tests. My English skills still couldn't compare with the top students in my class. My spoken English was really poor. I got a 'B' in my spoken English at the end of the first term.This showed what I was weak at. I decided to improve it. This was the second part. I knew that study is a process. If I want to improve my spoken English in one or two days, that's impossible. I must spend a long time reading more, listening more, writeing more and talking more. The third part is the hardest. English is really important today, so I wanted to make myself excellent. I take an English course called New Concept English by myself. Maybe you have heard about it. This is a good English course and I learn it by myself. I think it's really important for you to learn how to learn English by yourself. You can try English course or other ways which matches you.I think it's necessary to be outgoing and confident. Don't be shy, don't be silent. I want to improve my English skills, so I need to talk and write. This isn't a problem for me, because I'm always confident and like to try. I talk to foreign teachers. I have some other advice as well. I must say don't be nervous, try to be relaxed when you write articles or talk to foreign teachers or just talk to your English teacher. Remember: Don't pay too much attention to details when you are talking. If you have some mistakes, that's all right.
《大学英语2》学习指导 Unit 1 Nature 本单元重点： Some knowledge of pollution ●Important words and expressions: Words：essential, substance, well-being, reaction, derive, consequence, convert, exposure, phenomenon, release Phrases: supply with, as well as, refer to…a s, derive from, suffer from, due to, convert to, play a role in, in addition, a quantity of ●Some sentence patterns: 1. Air supplies us with oxygen which … 2. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which… 3. These can take part in further chemical reactions once… 4. Pollution also needs to be considered… 5. Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders… 本单元难点： ●Some expressions: 1.辨析offer, provide, give 2.辨析percent, percentage 3.辨析fog, mist, smog https://www.doczj.com/doc/f019155116.html,ages of “once” https://www.doczj.com/doc/f019155116.html,ages of “consider” ●Some sentence patterns: 1.Another type of pollution is the release of harmful gases, such as… 2.It is caused by chemical reactions between… 3.In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that… 一、学习目的和教学要求： 学习目的：了解有关污染的知识，自然与社会，环境与发展的关系，掌握相关词汇，学会分析文中较复杂的句式，掌握名词性从句的用法。 学习要求： 你应该能够 1．了解空气污染的类型、来源，以及为了避免污染可以采取的相关措施；
高级英语课程教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程代码：0305220308 课程类别：必修课 学时：总144学时；4学时/周 学分：8 适用专业：英语专业 开课院（系）：国际关系学院、翻译学院 开课学期：2011～2012学年 二、课程性质和任务 本课程系英语专业高年级阶段的一门训练学生英语综合技能和综合素质的主干课程，是语言学、文学、高级听力、高级写作的重要支撑。 本课程通过指导学生阅读情感、中西文化、哲学、文学、社会、教育、经济、政治、语言、环境等不同话题文章和拓展阅读材料，系统地讲授和讨论各类文体和话题的英语佳作的谋篇策略、修辞手段、阅读技巧、写作技巧等方面的综合知识，要求学生在熟练掌握英语语音、语法和词汇的基础上，能较系统地掌握英文修辞知识、基本逻辑和谋篇布局方法，提高阅读赏析能力、概括能力、表达能力，同时扩宽学生的知识面，构建通识知识框架，增强对文化差异的敏感性，培养学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力、批判性思维能力、自主学习能力。 三、教学目标及教学要求 本课程通过指导学生阅读和欣赏文体不同、话题广泛的英文文章和拓展材料，以期从把握语言特点、谋篇策略、修辞手段、阅读技巧和写作技巧等方面深化学生的语言综合技能；同时，通过不同话题的探讨，扩宽学生的知识面，构建通识知识框架，培养的概括能力、发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力、批判性思维能力、自主学习能力和认知能力等人文综合能力，从而提高学生的综合素质。 四、教学内容及学时分配 以下各单元的Section A作为课堂教学的内容，Section B作为拓展课及讨论课的内容。 Unit 1 Emotion（12学时） 目的要求：要求学生通过学习富有生活趣味和人生哲理的散文，反思自己的人生及情感体验，提高对人生的感性认识。把握叙事和论辩的艺术和策略，提升自己的表达能力和写作能力。基本内容： Section A The Woman in the Kitchen