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绿色贸易壁垒策略论文(全文)

绿色贸易壁垒策略论文(全文)

绿色贸易壁垒策略论文随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快，传统的贸易保护方式受到了极大的约束；与此同时，经济与生态环境相协调的可持续进展成为国际社会关注的焦点。

绿色贸易壁垒作为一种新型贸易保护措施应运而生，它以实施的隐蔽性和制定的合理性成为现代国际贸易进展的重要关卡。

作为贸易大国，对外贸易进展必定会涉及有关绿色贸易壁垒的问题。

事实上，绿色贸易壁垒已影响到我国对外贸易的进展。

对绿色贸易壁垒我们必须积极面对，一方面努力促进经济、贸易与环境的协调进展，另一方面坚决抵制各种不正当绿色贸易壁垒，同时合理地构筑我国的绿色贸易措施体系。

一、实施出口可持续进展战略绿色贸易壁垒的出现体现了人类社会追求可持续进展目标的要求，面对正当的绿色贸易壁垒我们只能主动适应：一是树立可持续进展观念，协调对外开放与环境保护两项基本国策；二是树立环境竞争力意识，把提高环境质量作为提高出口竞争力的重要手段；三是GJ应实施扶持绿色产业的政策措施，给予绿色产业以优惠政策；四是企业应把开发绿色产品作为优化出口产品结构的重要举措。

二、建立绿色贸易壁垒预警和快速反应机制绿色贸易壁垒具有进展变化的动态特征，我们应紧密注意国外绿色贸易壁垒的进展动向，搜集各国环境限制法规和环境标准，研究主要贸易伙伴的技术法规体系、标准体系和认证体系；同时，充分利用WTO规定的各国技术性贸易壁垒信息通报与咨询制度获得有关信息。

成功应对绿色贸易壁垒的关键在于能否获得并利用相关的信息，而这又有赖于绿色贸易壁垒预警和快速反应机制的建立和完善。

三、积极参与国际产业结构调整目前我国的产业结构缺乏竞争力，导致我们屡遇绿色贸易壁垒。

我国要在全球化浪潮中占有一席之地，必须加大产业结构调整的力度，以信息技术、生物技术、新能源与新材料、环境技术等高新技术为基础，对传统经济结构进行调整。

并充分考虑环境因素的影响，提高经济的环境友好水平。

四、实施标准化战略，积极开展国际认证工作国际标准反映了国际上普遍达到的先进的科学技术水平，得到各国的认同，是处理国际纠纷的重要基础。

毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。

外文翻译范本

外文翻译范本

外文翻译：绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策原文来源：Journal of Northeast Agricultural University译文正文：摘要：随着环境的恶化，许多国家更多地关注日益严重的环境保护。

绿色（有机）贸易壁垒逐渐吸引更多的关注。

根据不同国家的经济水平存在的很大差异，这些国家在作为贸易保护的绿色贸易壁垒这项研究分类的内涵和特色的绿色贸易壁垒的出现，制定环境标准，提供了关于发展和绿色贸易壁垒类型的描述，并分析了对中国的出口影响，提出了一些刺激我国对外贸易的发展对策。

近年来，环境在国际贸易保护倾向将越来越强，新开发的非关税贸易壁垒，如绿色（有机）贸易壁垒已经成为一定的合理性，伪装和技术在环境保护名义下，成为贸易保护主义的有力武器，致使我国农产品出口发展出现严重困难。

我们是否可以在中国新形势下，加入世贸组织这个绿色屏障成为我国农产品出口的持续和不断发展的关键问题。

1 绿色壁垒含义，特征和制定1.1 含义绿色贸易壁垒的定义，包括关税壁垒，两种非关税贸易壁垒，技术壁垒是主要形式的非关税壁垒，绿色壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒，是指国际贸易领域的一种贸易保护措施。

具体来说，是指某些国家尤其是一些发达国家凭借其科技优势，以保护有限资源，生态环境和人类健康为名，通过立法，制定繁杂的环保公约、法律、法规和标准、标志等形式对国外商品进行的准入限制。

它属于一种新的非关税壁垒形式，已经逐步成为国际贸易政策措施的重要组成部分。

绿色壁垒凭借其外表的合理性和内在的隐蔽性成为继关税壁垒之后，国际上广泛采用的一种国际贸易壁垒。

1.2绿色壁垒的制定绿色壁垒的制定是保护环境和发展国际贸易，国际需求的必然结果。

1.2.1全球环境问题使保护环境成为全球性的和共同的声音第二次世界大战后，随着各国经济的快速增长，全球环境问题日趋恶化。

鉴于面对生态环境被破坏和污染之苦，绿色和平组织发出了尖锐的指责：人类已经将生活垃圾，并日益蔓延的瘟疫造成的500种动物和植物灭绝，是对地球的抢劫。

毕业论文的外文译文

毕业论文的外文译文

毕业论文的外文译文Due to the increasing importance of communication and cooperation in today's globalized world, businesses are constantly looking for ways to improve their cross-cultural communication skills. One area where these skills are crucial is in the internationalization of companies, where firms require a deep understanding of the cultural differences in order to be successful. This requires a comprehensive understanding of not only language, but also the cultural norms and values of the target market. In this thesis, we will explore the importance of cross-cultural communication in international businesses and how it can be improved.The primary challenge in cross-cultural communication is the language barrier. While English is the dominant language in international business, many firms find that it's not enough to communicate effectively with their target market. There are cultural differences in the way people use language, as well as differences in nonverbal communication such as body language and facial expressions. For instance, in Japan, it's common to nod and smile even if one does not agree with astatement, whereas in the United States, a lack of disagreement often means agreement. These differences can lead to misunderstandings in business conversations, which can ultimately harm business relationships.In order to overcome these language barriers, companies need to invest in language training for their employees. This training should focus not only on the language itself, but also on the cultural norms and values associated with the language. For example, a Japanese training program might teach students about the concepts of harmony and respect in Japanese culture, and how these values influence the way people communicate with each other. By understanding these cultural norms, employees will be able to communicate more effectively with their Japanese counterparts.Another challenge in cross-cultural communication is understanding the cultural context of business interactions. In some cultures, business is conducted in a more formal manner, with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and protocol. In other cultures, business is more informal and relaxed. Companies need to understand these differences in order to work effectively in international markets.To overcome these context challenges, companies should incorporate cultural training into their employee training programs. Cultural training should focus on the history, customs, and traditions of the target market. It should also address the specific business practices and protocol required for success in that market.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is a key determinant of success in international businesses. In order to succeed in foreign markets, companies must have a deep understanding of the language, cultural norms, and values of their target market. This requires a comprehensive training program that not only focuses on language skills, but also on the cultural context of business interactions. With the right training and support, companies can improve their cross-cultural communication skills and achieve success in global markets.。

绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)

绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)

绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)绿色贸易壁垒论文范文第1篇绿色贸易壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒,是指那些以维护人类健康和环境平安为目的而实行的限制甚至禁止有关国际贸易活动的法律、法规、标准、政策及其相应的行政措施,以避开这些贸易活动可能导致的环境污染与生态破坏,实现经济与社会的可持续进展。

从另一个角度讲,所谓绿色贸易壁垒,是以爱护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名,通过制定一系列简单苛刻的环保标准,对来自其他国家的产品及服务设置障碍,以爱护本国产业的一种新型的非关税壁垒。

绿色贸易壁垒形式多样,包括绿色关税、环境配额、环境许可证、绿色补贴、绿色标签、绿色包装等,具有虚假性、广泛性、隐藏性等特点。

二、WTO规章中的绿色贸易壁垒WTO法律框架之下,有关绿色贸易的条款主要见于《关税与贸易总协定》、《服务贸易总协定》、《技术性贸易壁垒协议》、《补贴与反补贴协议》、《卫生与动植物检疫措施协议》以及《建立世界贸易组织协议》、《农产品贸易协定》、《与贸易有关的学问产权协定》等规章中。

由此可见,环保浪潮对乌拉圭回合的谈判产生了肯定影响,在WTO的有关文件中均涉及环境问题。

但是,WTO在此问题上的态度不明朗,条文不详细。

一方面,WTO原则上承认各个成员为了爱护各自的公共秩序和防止环境污染,有权制定本国的环保政策并组织实施;另一方面,则要求这些政策和措施不能阻碍世界自由贸易体制的正常运行,使环保措施成为变相的贸易爱护手段。

就上述规章本身而言,绿色壁垒也对WTO的基本原则造成了冲击,主要体现为:首先,它背离了自由贸易原则。

自由贸易是WTO要追求的目标,须建立在公平的基础上。

发达国家制定高标准的环境标准,使进展中国家丢失比较优势,从而使WTO的自由贸易的目标也就失去了根基。

其次,违反了普遍取消数量限制的规定,这是实现贸易自由的重要保证。

虽然不像配额许可证那样明显,但绿色壁垒所起的作用无疑是相同的。

再次,它违反了非卑视原则。

国际贸易论文绿色壁垒

国际贸易论文绿色壁垒

国际贸易论文绿色壁垒绿色壁垒是经济全球化、竞争日趋激烈、的产物，绿色壁垒措施在调节贸易方面起着越来越重要的作用。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于国际贸易论文绿色壁垒的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!国际贸易论文绿色壁垒篇1浅析国际贸易中的绿色壁垒及我国的应对策略摘要：绿色贸易壁垒是经济全球化和绿色环保浪潮的产物。

本文在阐述绿色贸易壁垒的定义、成因及主要表现形式的基础上，结合绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易影响的分析，探讨了跨越绿色壁垒的对策。

关键词：国际贸易;绿色壁垒;商品前言近年来，随着经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，消费者产品质量意识和环保意识日益增强，环境和可持续发展受到普遍关注。

同时，随着世贸组织的发展，中国对外出口贸易持续走强，而以美国为首的发达国家经济低迷不振，不断扩大了贸易逆差，市场矛盾愈演愈烈，以保护环境为目的的环保手段被各同用来作为贸易保护手段加以广泛应用，并通过在贸易规则约目标中纳入环保措施而得以持续增强。

于是绿色壁垒应运而生，并开始蔓延。

我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家和主要的贸易大国，许多产品已经或即将受到发达国家的绿色壁垒的影响，因此，如何很好地应对绿色壁垒，已成为我国所面临的重要课题。

笔者结合绿色壁垒对我国国际贸易影响的分析，探讨了应对国际贸易绿色壁垒的策略。

一、绿色壁垒的内涵及主要表现形式绿色贸易壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒，它是指凭借经济、科技优势，在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名，通过立法制定严格、苛刻的环境技术标准和繁杂的动植物卫生检验榆疫措施，以及利用国际社会制定的多边环境保护条约中的贸易措施的一种新型的非关税壁垒，从而对来自外国的产品或服务进行限制和制裁。

其主要表现形式如下：1、绿色关税制度绿色关税也称环境进口附加税，是指在加强环境保护的名义上，对一些对生态环境造成影响的商品征收一般关税外，再加以额外征收进口关税，从而使限制进口的目的达到。

2、绿色市场准入制度绿色市场准入制度是指在加强环境保护的名义上，通过立法手段制定严格的强制性的环保法规和技术标准，从而达到限制外国商品进口的目的。

绿色贸易壁垒论文

摘要摘要绿色贸易壁垒是一种新型的市场准入制度，它表现为多种形式，其法律依据是WTO的一些例外条款。

以进口国实施它的动机为标准，可分为正当和不正当的绿色贸易壁垒。

合理地利用绿色贸易壁垒手段来保护生态环境是WTO规则所认可的，但反对不正当的利用绿色贸易壁垒。

随着我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)，我国的对外贸易面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。

随着全球环保运动的高涨，国际贸易与环境生态保护之间的关系日益为人们所重视，并由此催生出名为解决环境外部性问题，实为国际贸易保护主义壁垒手段的环境贸易措施—绿色贸易壁垒。

由于国际贸易中的环境贸易措施大多以发达国家的经济发展水准、技术发展水平等为参照标准而制定，这势必对作为发展中国家的中国的对外贸易发展产生深远影响。

因此，研究绿色贸易壁垒，以及我国对外贸易发展的应对之策具有重要现实意义。

为了要实现环境保护和贸易自由“双赢”目标，我们必须认清绿色壁垒的本质从而避其蔽，取其利.，这是本文的写作意图所在。

本文首先分析了绿色贸易壁垒的概念，特征，表现形式，接着对绿色贸易壁垒的非正当性进行了法律层面解读，然后分析了我国应对绿色贸易壁垒方面所存在的一些主要问题。

最后在指出了绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易所产生的影响主要在产品竞争力，出口贸易等几个主要方面之后，论文提出了我国应对绿色贸易壁垒的对策，建议在国际层面上，我国应积极参与相关问题的国际立法活动，运用争端解决机制化解绿色贸易壁垒引起的国际贸易矛盾；同时，在国内层面上完善有关贸易与环境的立法，并适当构筑我国自己的绿色贸易壁垒，促进我国外贸事业的发展。

关键词：绿色贸易壁垒，非正当性，贸易影响，环境保护，对策ABSTRACTGreen trade barriers (GTB), which have many different forms, with some exceptional provisions of WTO as its legal basis, is a new type of market accession system. According to the motive of the country that implements it, it can be divided into normal green trade barriers and abnormal green trade barriers. It is permitted by the WTO regulations to reasonably use green trade barriers to protect ecology, but unreasonably use of it is objected. After China's entry into WTO, China's foreign trade is facing both unprecedented opportunities and challenges. With the global promotion of environmental protection, much importance has been attached on the relationship between international trade and environmental protection. And that gives rise the problems of Green Trade Barriers which, in the name of solving external environmental problem, is international trade protectionism in essence. Most of the environmental trade measures are formulated based on the level of the development of the economy and the technology of developed countries and that will definitely affect much on the foreign trade of developing counties. It is of practical significance to study GTB and the countermeasures China takes in its foreign trade .To realize the "win-win" goal of both free trade and environmental protection, it is necessary to realize the essence of the GTB to evade its harms and achieve its benefit and this is also the writing purpose of the present paper.The paper first makes an analysis of the definition, the properties, and forms of GTB and then analyzed the invalidity of the green trade barriers form perspective of international law. The paper has the analysis of some major problems in China's countermeasures to GTB. After points out that the influence caused by GTB mainly focus on the aspects of product competitiveness, and foreign trade, the article puts forward countermeasures to deal with the issue of green trade barriers, proposing that China, on the one hand, should actively participate in the international law-making activities on related issues and solve the international trade disputes caused by green trade barriers by using dispute settlement mechanism of WTO, on the other hand,should further perfect domestic legislation on trade and environment, as well as constructing green trade barriers in China.KEY WORDS:：green trade barriers，WTO，effects of trade，invalidity，environmental protection，countermeasure目录前言 (1)一、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3)（一）绿色贸易壁垒的含义 (3)（二）绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (3)（三）绿色贸易壁垒的表现类型 (5)二、绿色贸易壁垒非正当性的法律分析 (7)三、我国遭遇的绿色贸易壁垒及其原因分析 (9)（一）我国遭遇的绿色贸易壁垒 (9)（二）我国遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因分析 (11)1、外部原因 (11)2、内部原因 (11)四、绿色贸易壁垒对我国贸易的影响 (14)（一）绿色贸易壁垒对我国产品出口的影响 (14)（二）绿色贸易壁垒对我国进口的影响 (15)（三）绿色贸易壁垒给我国对外贸易带来的机遇 (16)五、面对绿色贸易壁垒我国应采取的对策 (16)结束语 (21)致谢 (22)参考文献 (23)前言一、研究的目的与意义随着世界各国经济的发展，国际贸易规模不断扩大，环境问题日益突出，可持续发展问题开始引起人们的普遍重视。

绿色贸易壁垒策略论文


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我国应该加强与其他国家的交 流与合作，积极参与全球环境 治理和贸易规则制定，共同应 对全球环境问题和贸易保护主 义，推动全球经济和环境的可 持续发展。
参考文献
参考文献
绿色贸易壁垒的概念、特点和表现形式 绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响
绿色贸易壁垒在环境保护中的作用
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题，绿色贸易壁垒应运而生。
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国际贸易中的绿色贸易壁垒
绿色贸易壁垒是指在国际贸易中，一些国家以保护环境和人类健康为 名，通过制定严格的环保标准和法规，限制或禁止某些进口产品的贸 易。
研究意义
研究绿色贸易壁垒策略有助于深入了解国际贸易中的环保措施和应对 策略，为我国企业在国际贸易中应对绿色贸易壁垒提供参考。
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绿色贸易壁垒的应对策略研究
提高环保意识与加强环保立法
总结词
强化环保意识与立法是应对绿色贸易壁垒的基础。
详细描述
提高全民环保意识，培养绿色消费观念，加强环保立法，完善相关法律法规，强化环境监管，严格执 行环保标准。
推行清洁生产与促进绿色产业发展
总结词
推行清洁生产，促进绿色产业发展是突破 绿色贸易壁垒的关键。
特点
绿色贸易壁垒具有合理性、隐蔽性、复杂性和灵活性等特点，既可以满足保 护生态环境和人类健康的需要，又可以成为限制进口、保护本国产业的手段 。
绿色贸易壁垒的类型与表现形式
类型
绿色贸易壁垒主要包括环境关税、环境配额、环境许可证、环境标志等几种类型 。
表现形式
环境关税主要针对进口商品征收，根据其对环境的影响程度征收不同的税费；环 境配额和环境许可证则限制了某些商品的进口数量和种类；环境标志则是一种证 明商品环保性能的标识。

国贸论文 绿色贸易壁垒对水产品出口贸易的影响及对策

Momo大学成人教育UNIVERSITY ADULT EDUCATION毕业论文2008 级分院绿色贸易壁垒对水产品出口贸易的影响及对策——以信阳广大水产有限责任公司为例*** 国际经济与贸易200308010326 指导教师：***摘要在经济全球化，区域集团化的大环境下，发达国家越来越倾向借口环境保护并利用其技术优势，在诸多领域实行绿色贸易壁垒，建立了他们自己的环境标准制度，并趋向一致，相互承认，从而使发展中国家的产品进入他们市场的难度加大。

我国水产品行业也深受其影响，美国的HACCP认证，欧盟、韩国、日本等国的卫生许可注册都严格限制了我国水产品出口，使其受到了严重打击。

本论文结合本人毕业实习的信阳广大水产有限责任公司的实际情况，描述了国内水产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的现状，分析遭遇的原因及绿色贸易壁垒对我国水产品出口的有利和不利影响，并从政府和企业两方面提出了应对措施。

关键词：绿色贸易壁垒；水产品；出口The Influence of Green Trade Barriers to Aquatic Product’s Export and China’sCountermeasures—Taking Xinyang Guangda Aquatic Products Co., Ltd as an ExampleAuthor: *** Tutor: ***Abstract: With the development of globalization and territorial collectivization, the developed countries are more likely to build their own environment standard. They put lots of green trade barrier in many aspects under the excuse of environmental protection by their advantage in technique. Moreover, they are coming to agree and accept other standard.Accordingly, the products of the developing countries are harder to put into market. Our aquatic products were deeply affected as a result of there stardard. The American Haccp Authentiation,the register of health exequatic in European Union, Korea, Japan, etc. all of which limit the export of our aquatic product and make our fishery seriously striked. This thesis describe the actuality of civil aquatic products. With the practical experience in XinYang Aquatic Product Co.Ltd, the article analyzes some reasons and good or bad effection of the green trade barriers. In addition, it gives some advice to the government and corporation. Key words:Green Trade Barriers; Aquatic Product; Exportt目录第1章前言 (5)1.1论文选题背景和意义 (5)1.2国内外研究现状及研究存在的不足 (2)1.3论文研究的主要内容 (3)第2章绿色贸易壁垒概述.......................... 错误！未定义书签。

绿色贸易壁垒分析论文(全文)

绿色贸易壁垒分析论文一、绿色贸易壁垒理论1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念从广义讲，绿色贸易壁垒指的是一个GJ以可持续进展与生态环境保护为理由和目标，为限制外国商品进口所设置的贸易障碍。

从狭义上说，绿色贸易壁垒实际上是一种市场准入的障碍，是指进口方通过制订严格的环保技术标准，复杂的卫生检疫制度或采纳绿色环境标志、绿色包装制度，以阻止或限制某些外国商品的进口。

2、绿色贸易壁垒的基本类型绿色贸易壁垒的内容比较广泛，大致包括以下五种类型:（1）绿色技术标准。

绿色技术标准是通过立法手段制订严格的强制性环保技术标准，限制国外不符合环保技术标准的产品进口，对贸易实施限制。

这些标准都是根据发达GJ生产水平和技术水平制订的，对发达GJ来说，是可以达到的，但对于进展ZG家来说是很难达到的，因而势必导致进展ZG家的产品被拒在发达GJ之外。

（2）绿色环境标志。

绿色环境标志是一种在产品或其包装上的图形，是由一国政府或其授权部门按照一定的环境标准颁发的，用来表明该产品不但质量符合标准，而且在生产、使用、消费、处理过程中符合环保要求，不危害人体健康，对环境无害或危害极小。

其基本目的是引导消费者进行绿色消费，从而引导企业自觉调整产品结构采纳清洁的工艺。

（3）绿色包装制度。

“绿色包装”也称环境之友包装或生态包装。

绿色包装一般是指对生态环境和人体健康无害，能循环复用和再生利用或降解腐化，促进可持续进展的包装。

（4）绿色卫生检疫制度。

绿色卫生检疫制度是建立在现代科学技术基础上的。

各种检疫措施不仅极为严格，而且繁琐复杂。

基于保护环境和生态资源，确保人类和动植物的健康，许多GJ，特别是发达GJ制订了严格的环境与技术标准。

由于各国环境和技术标准的指标水平和检验方法不同，以及对检验指标设计的任意性，而使环境和技术标准可能成为绿色贸易壁垒。

（5）绿色补贴。

它是指一种将资源环境费用内在化以降低外部经济效果使成本与效益尽可能在生产和经营者身上得到统一的一种手段。

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面对绿色贸壁垒升级萨金特摘要：今年五月，欧盟在签发符合RoHS，WEEE，EUP的法令，REACH法规和规章和绿色贸易措施，提出并实施了DMF的顺序法令；DMF的命令禁止有“二甲酯”产品的流向和销售导欧盟市场，然而，3个月后执行的命令，让不少企业都受到影响，特别是金融危机的背景下的中国出口产业。

一些专家指出，绿色贸易壁垒成为继汇率影响外贸的又一个关键因素。

关键词：欧盟、绿色贸易壁垒、中国一、不可避免的“绿色贸易壁垒”近年来，由于欧洲和美洲国家绿色贸易壁垒不断升级;跨越关税壁垒后，另一种非关税的绿色贸易壁垒等待像中国这样的发展中国家。

从2009年2月至4月，欧盟非食品类产品快速预警系统（RAPEX）发布了30条关于对中国鞋和玩具产品的信息，德国、西班牙和法国召回，因为含有DMF。

2009年3月28日，山西检验检疫局工作组从企业收到一份报告，说是遏制拖拉机备用零件出口到意大利，由于使用木质包装已没有“自由DMF”的证明号码。

从2009年7月开始，广州芳村的包装材料制造商受到的退货和返工，因为在其产品中二甲基甲酰胺。

近年来，为什么绿色贸易壁垒在广泛领域的频率使用，它背后有一个深层次的原因。

例如，全球环境恶化，如：臭氧损耗，全球变暖，生物多样性丧失和其他问题，直接影响到人们的消费观念和价值观念，特别是在欧洲和美国等发达国家，消费者的'绿色价值观已经形成，并显示他们对绿色产品的需求和喜好，这也提供了绿色贸易壁垒的形成条件和机会。

此外，传统的非关税越来越多地被谴责，在这种情况下，出于自身利益的欧洲，美国和其他国家开始寻求新的贸易保护措施。

此外，在国家环保标准的差异，以及当前的国际贸易规则和协议是不完整的provids绿色贸易壁垒的借口。

中国环境标志产品认证委员会秘书处主任，教授夏青表示，'绿色贸易壁垒'是不可避免的，任何国家在保护国家安全，动物和植物的安全，公众健康，环境，防止欺诈行为的期限，将提请了相关规定，发布有关规章制度，并采取技术防范措施。

他们提出的测试标准中的规定，构成了一系列可能的'绿色壁垒'。

不过，也有“绿色标准”本身也有差异，这导致欧盟的产品被出口，而中国的一些产品不能进入国际市场中。

二、树起“绿色壁垒”，加剧贸易摩擦在全球经济一体化进程中，以达到保护国内市场的目的，欧盟和其他发达国家采取更多和更加隐蔽的措施，对进口产品的技术要求越来越严格，以及配套的法律法规相继出台。

例如：2007年6月起，欧盟全面实施REACH法规，要求企业申请授权，通知15项高度关注物质（SVHC），2008年6月欧盟发出一个限制使用全氟辛烷磺酸化合物（PFOS）的法令，标志着欧盟正式禁止PFOS在商品的使用；中国的一些出口行业，包括纺织，皮革等出口企业的影响。

作为另一个绿色贸易壁垒，将中国的皮革，家具和其他出口行业的DMF禁令的实施。

欧盟成员国以环保的名义，提出单方面的贸易措施，限制从国外进口，从而导致越来越多的双边或多边贸易摩擦。

欧盟和北美自由贸易区成员国的两个大区域组织基本上都是发达的国家，他们的环保水平和环保标准是相似的，而某些个别成员国之间的差距也往往要协调。

因此，他们可以通过区域自由贸易的模式，以遏制由于没有按照他们的环保标准以外地区的产品。

虽然看似合法的绿色壁垒正在成为流行，但它可能对发展中国家构成严重挑战。

据粗略统计，中国遭受的绿色壁垒，66.1％来自欧盟之间，这一趋势可能对中国——欧盟经贸关系的受到长期的影响。

三、对绿色贸易壁垒积极和客观的回应中国和其他发展中国家在金融危机的背景下应该怎样做，作为绿色贸易壁垒是否应该加强据。

有关业内人士表示，中国将准备在不久的中长期内做出回应。

在短期内，他们对纺织品积极响应，有相关专业人士在市对外经济贸易局，中国贸促会，以及行业协会，以帮助联系律师，并进行协调，以使案件应诉的准备。

在中期，他们必须加快外贸人才的储备，尤其是时下的贸易壁垒变更频繁，外贸人才的专业素质提出了更高的要求。

从长远来看，出口企业应加紧努力，以调整产品结构，加快产业升级，提高产品科技含量，这样才能从根本上减少贸易摩擦。

据悉，中国政府正在分担困难，帮助企业解决问题;由商务部主办，当地职能部门积极发挥'四体联动'机制的作用与商业协会和企业共同面对贸易摩擦;加强贸易摩擦对企业的培训和法律咨询宣传，也做了很多的努力，帮助企业用法律手段来积极应对和回应摩擦。

其实，从保护环境和国家卫生保健的前景来看，所谓的新的壁垒，包括绿色壁垒和知识产权保护也有合理的一面，这可能会促进企业产业结构的优化和升级。

另一个知情人士认为，拿海尔作为一个例子，从20世纪80年代末至90年代初，由于欧洲、美国和其他发达国家进行立法，以限制或禁止进口含有氟氯化碳的冰箱，这使得中国冰箱出口遭受重大损失，海尔集团也没有例外。

然后，海尔冰箱及时推出一个“绿色革命”。

海尔集团在1984年，引进德国技术和德国的高标准环保观念，并不断努力，以减少氟氯化碳的使用，直到制造无氟冰箱;同时无氟冰箱也具有显着的能源节约功能，超越欧洲节能标准20％，美国的18％。

最终，海尔集团在20世纪90年代初已取得欧盟绿色标签证书，在1992年和1996年先后通过了ISO9001和ISO14000体系认证证书。

由于采取了一系列环保措施，海尔集团的产品已达到进口国的环保要求，在1990年以前扭转小的出口市场和出口量，海尔集团在1996年出口21万台冰箱，价值25.71亿美元，从而为海尔成为国内第一出口企业的地位奠定了基础，在向德国出口的亚洲公司中海尔排名第一，这也有利于海尔集团在全国500强企业名单。

四、绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响由于绿色贸易壁垒，中国对外贸易额遭受了巨大的损失。

2002年，因为日本严格的检查和要求价格的大幅度降低，台州蔬菜被阻止进入日本市场。

还是在2002年，因为宁波市水产品不能达到欧盟所要求的卫生标准而被限制进入欧洲联盟（欧盟）。

由于绿色贸易壁垒，60种中国农药被禁止进入欧盟市场，因为他们不能达到欧盟的绿色标准。

根据联合国统计，由于“绿色贸易壁垒”，在2002年这一年中国遭受损失74亿美元。

中国出口到欧盟，日本，韩国和其他国家的跌幅尤其明显。

一般而言，由于严格的绿色壁垒，农产品和食品，纺织产品和机电产品的三个主要行业遭受损失最为严重。

由于这三大类产品是中国出口最多的产品，我们可以很容易地得出一个结论：“绿色贸易壁垒”已成为限制中国产品出口的一个主要障碍。

五、应对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的主要对策如上所述，这是一个事实即中国出口产品遭受发达国家绿色壁垒的严重限制，遭受了巨大损失。

因此，中国出口商应该仔细考虑对策，以消除绿色贸易壁垒不利影响。

首先，我们应该充分利用的优惠待遇来减少绿色贸易壁垒对发展中国家的限制。

根据协议对绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，发达国家应当充分考虑到发展中国家的特殊发展，确保发展中国家在财政和贸易需要等方面不受绿色贸易壁垒的限制，确保绿色条款，标准和合格评定程序不给发展中国家带来不必要的麻烦，从而保证发展中国家的正常出口。

因此，作为世界贸易组织中的一个发展中国家，中国有权享受这种优惠待遇。

其次，中国应利用世界贸易组织的争端解决机制来保护自己的利益。

不同于关贸总协定，世贸组织已成立了一个更有力的争端解决机制来解决世贸组织的成员之间的纠纷。

因此，如果我们的利益受到其他世贸组织成员不公平的绿色贸易壁垒的损害，我们可以诉诸争端解决机构来解决这一争端，并敦促其他成员改变其不公正的做法，以保护我们的利益。

第三，中国应强调保护环境，并采取措施提高产品质量和水平，多出口达到绿色出口水平的产品，以满足更高的环保标准，这将从根本上解决我过所遭受绿色贸易壁垒这个问题。

附注：摘自EUROPECHINA，2009年第10期Facing the Upgrade of Green Trade BarrierThomas J. SargentAbstract：The European Union proposed and implemented DMF order this May after issuing RoHS, WEEE, EUP orders, REACH rules and regulations and green trade measures (TBT); the DMF order bans the product containing `dimethylfumarate` (hereafter referred as DMF) to flow and sale in the European Union market, however, after 3 months implementation of the order, quite a few enterprises have been affected, especially for China`s relevant exporting industries under the background of financial crisis. Some expert points out that green trade barrier become the second crucial factor influencing the foreign trade following the exchange rate.Key words：European Union、Green trade barrier、ChinaUnavoidable `Green Trade Barrier`In recent years, owning to the European and American countries green trade barrier is upgrading continuously; after crossing the tariff barrier, there is another non-tariff green trade barrier waiting for developing countries like China there.From February to April of 2009, the EU Rapid Alert System for Non-food Products (RAPEX) released 30 pieces of information on Chinese shoes and toy products are recalled by Germany, Spain and France because of containing DMF.Jincheng residential working group of Shanxi Inspection and Quarantine Bureau received a report from an enterprises on March 28, 2009, saying that the a number of tractor spare parts exporting to Italian, using wooden packaging due to have provide no `free DMF` proof is curbed.Guanzhou Fangchun`s packaging materials manufacturer suffered from total return and reproduction on July 2009, because DMF is contained in its products.In recent years, why Green trade barrier is used with increasing frequency in wider fields, there is a deep-rooted reason behind it. For instance, the world environmental degradation, such as: ozone depletion, global warming, biodiversity loss and other problems which directly affect people`s consumption concept and values; particularly in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, consumers` green values have been formed and show their demands and preferences towards green products, which also provided the conditions and opportunities for the formation of the green trade barriers. In addition, the traditional non-tariff is increasingly being condemned, in such a case, European, American and other countries for their own interests began to seek new trade protection measures. Moreover, differences innational environmental standards, as well as the current international trade rules and agreements are incomplete provids an excuse for the green trade barriers.Director of Secretariat of China Certification Committee for Environmental Labeling Products, Professor Xia Qing expresses that `green trade barrier` is unavoidable, any country in term of protecting national security, animal and plant safety, public health, environment, and preventing fraud, will draw up relevant provisions, release relevant rules and regulations, and adopt technical preventive measures. They propose testing standards in their provisions, which constitute a series of possible `green barriers`. However, there are differences in `green standard` itself, which cause the EU products is liable to be exported, while some Chinese product can`t go to international market.Erected `Green Barrier` and Intensified Trade Friction In the process of global economic integration, in order to achieve the purpose of protecting the domestic market, the EU and other developed countries resort more and more hidden measures, the technical requirements for imported products become increasingly stringent, and the supporting laws and regulations are issued one after another. For example: since June 2007, the EU fully implemented REACH regulations requiring enterprises to apply for authorization, notify 15-item highly concerned materials (SVHC); in June 2008, the EU issued a `PFOS order` restricting the use of perfluorooctane sulfonate compounds (PFOS), marked the EU officially bans usage of PFOS in the commodities; for which China`s several exporting industries are effected including the textile, leather and other export enterprises. The implementation of DMF ban to serves as another green trade barrier for China`s leather, furniture and other export industries.The EU member states take the name of environmental protection to launch unilateral trade measures to restrict imports from foreign countries, thus lead to an increasing bilateral or multilateral trade friction. The two large regional organizations of the EU and the North American Free Trade Area member states are basically developed countries, their environmental protection level and environmental standards are similar, while certain gaps between individual member states also tend to be coordinated. So they can adopt regional free trade mode to curb the outside region products due to not in accordance with their environmental standards.While the seemingly legitimate green barrier is becoming popular, it may pose serious challenges towards the developing countries. According to rough statistics, among China`s suffering green barrier, 66.1% of that comes from the European Union, this trend may exertlong-term influence on China-EU trade and economic relationship.Response `Green Trade Barrier` Positively and Objectively What China and other developing countries should do in the context of financial crisis, and as the `green trade barriers` is intensified? According to relevant insiders that China`s foreign trade enterprises should be prepared `in the near-medium-long term`. In the near term, they have to actively respond to suits, there are relevant professionals in the municipal Foreign Economic Trade Bureau, CCPIT, as well as industry associations, who can help to contact lawyers, and coordinate to make preparation for responding to suits. In the medium-term, they have to speed up the reserves of foreign trade talents, especially nowadays the trade barriers change frequently, which proposes higher requirements of professional quality of the foreign trade talents. In the long term, exporting enterprises should intensify efforts to adjust product structure, speed up industrial upgrading, improving product technology content, so as to reduce trade friction fundamentally. It is reported that Chinese government are sharing difficulties and help the enterprises to solve the problems; organized by the Ministry of Commerce, local functional departments actively play the `four-body interaction` mechanism role to face trade frictions with business associations and enterprises; strengthening the advocacy of training and legal advice of trade frictions to enterprises, as well as having done lots of effort to help the enterprises to use legal means to actively respond to suits.Actually, from the prospect of environmental protection and national health care, the so-called new barriers including green barrier and intellectual property protection also had a reasonable side, which may urge enterprise to promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure.` Another insider believes that take Haier as an example: from the late 1980s to early 1990s, due to European, American and other developed countries make legislation to restrict or to prohibit imports of refrigerators containing CFC, which makes China`s refrigerator export suffer heavy loss, Haier Group is also no exception. Then Haier Refrigerator launches a `green revolution` in a timely manner. In 1984, Haier Group introduced both German technology and a high level of environmental awareness in Germany, and constantly strived to reduce CFC usage until the Freon-free refrigerators is created; meanwhile the Freon-free refrigerators also has significant energy saving function, surpassing European standards A - 20% energy-saving, and the U.S. 18% energy-saving. As a result, Haier Group has made the EU`s `Green Label certificate` in the early 1990s, and passed the ISO9001 and ISO14000 system certificates in 1992 and 1996 successively. Owning to adopting a series of green measures, Haier Group products has met the environmental requirements of importingcountries, reversing small exporting market and exporting volume prior to 1990; in 1996 Haier Group exported 210,000 units refrigerators, amounting to 25.71 million dollars, thereby laying a foundation of first exporting position in China`s domestic market, and ranking first in Asia to export to Germany, all of which is conducive for Haier Group to crowd in the national top 500 enterprises list.Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign trade China has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.Source:EUROPECHINA 2009-10-25五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。