毕业论文外文翻译-面对绿色贸易壁垒升级

绿色贸易壁垒策略论文随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快，传统的贸易保护方式受到了极大的约束；与此同时，经济与生态环境相协调的可持续进展成为国际社会关注的焦点。

绿色贸易壁垒作为一种新型贸易保护措施应运而生，它以实施的隐蔽性和制定的合理性成为现代国际贸易进展的重要关卡。

作为贸易大国，对外贸易进展必定会涉及有关绿色贸易壁垒的问题。

事实上，绿色贸易壁垒已影响到我国对外贸易的进展。

对绿色贸易壁垒我们必须积极面对，一方面努力促进经济、贸易与环境的协调进展，另一方面坚决抵制各种不正当绿色贸易壁垒，同时合理地构筑我国的绿色贸易措施体系。

一、实施出口可持续进展战略绿色贸易壁垒的出现体现了人类社会追求可持续进展目标的要求，面对正当的绿色贸易壁垒我们只能主动适应：一是树立可持续进展观念，协调对外开放与环境保护两项基本国策；二是树立环境竞争力意识，把提高环境质量作为提高出口竞争力的重要手段；三是GJ应实施扶持绿色产业的政策措施，给予绿色产业以优惠政策；四是企业应把开发绿色产品作为优化出口产品结构的重要举措。

二、建立绿色贸易壁垒预警和快速反应机制绿色贸易壁垒具有进展变化的动态特征，我们应紧密注意国外绿色贸易壁垒的进展动向，搜集各国环境限制法规和环境标准，研究主要贸易伙伴的技术法规体系、标准体系和认证体系；同时，充分利用WTO规定的各国技术性贸易壁垒信息通报与咨询制度获得有关信息。

成功应对绿色贸易壁垒的关键在于能否获得并利用相关的信息，而这又有赖于绿色贸易壁垒预警和快速反应机制的建立和完善。

三、积极参与国际产业结构调整目前我国的产业结构缺乏竞争力，导致我们屡遇绿色贸易壁垒。

我国要在全球化浪潮中占有一席之地，必须加大产业结构调整的力度，以信息技术、生物技术、新能源与新材料、环境技术等高新技术为基础，对传统经济结构进行调整。

并充分考虑环境因素的影响，提高经济的环境友好水平。

四、实施标准化战略，积极开展国际认证工作国际标准反映了国际上普遍达到的先进的科学技术水平，得到各国的认同，是处理国际纠纷的重要基础。

毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。

外文翻译：绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策原文来源：Journal of Northeast Agricultural University译文正文：摘要：随着环境的恶化，许多国家更多地关注日益严重的环境保护。

绿色（有机）贸易壁垒逐渐吸引更多的关注。

根据不同国家的经济水平存在的很大差异，这些国家在作为贸易保护的绿色贸易壁垒这项研究分类的内涵和特色的绿色贸易壁垒的出现，制定环境标准，提供了关于发展和绿色贸易壁垒类型的描述，并分析了对中国的出口影响，提出了一些刺激我国对外贸易的发展对策。

近年来，环境在国际贸易保护倾向将越来越强，新开发的非关税贸易壁垒，如绿色（有机）贸易壁垒已经成为一定的合理性，伪装和技术在环境保护名义下，成为贸易保护主义的有力武器，致使我国农产品出口发展出现严重困难。

我们是否可以在中国新形势下，加入世贸组织这个绿色屏障成为我国农产品出口的持续和不断发展的关键问题。

1 绿色壁垒含义，特征和制定1.1 含义绿色贸易壁垒的定义，包括关税壁垒，两种非关税贸易壁垒，技术壁垒是主要形式的非关税壁垒，绿色壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒，是指国际贸易领域的一种贸易保护措施。

具体来说，是指某些国家尤其是一些发达国家凭借其科技优势，以保护有限资源，生态环境和人类健康为名，通过立法，制定繁杂的环保公约、法律、法规和标准、标志等形式对国外商品进行的准入限制。

它属于一种新的非关税壁垒形式，已经逐步成为国际贸易政策措施的重要组成部分。

绿色壁垒凭借其外表的合理性和内在的隐蔽性成为继关税壁垒之后，国际上广泛采用的一种国际贸易壁垒。

1.2绿色壁垒的制定绿色壁垒的制定是保护环境和发展国际贸易，国际需求的必然结果。

1.2.1全球环境问题使保护环境成为全球性的和共同的声音第二次世界大战后，随着各国经济的快速增长，全球环境问题日趋恶化。

鉴于面对生态环境被破坏和污染之苦，绿色和平组织发出了尖锐的指责：人类已经将生活垃圾，并日益蔓延的瘟疫造成的500种动物和植物灭绝，是对地球的抢劫。

毕业论文的外文译文Due to the increasing importance of communication and cooperation in today's globalized world, businesses are constantly looking for ways to improve their cross-cultural communication skills. One area where these skills are crucial is in the internationalization of companies, where firms require a deep understanding of the cultural differences in order to be successful. This requires a comprehensive understanding of not only language, but also the cultural norms and values of the target market. In this thesis, we will explore the importance of cross-cultural communication in international businesses and how it can be improved.The primary challenge in cross-cultural communication is the language barrier. While English is the dominant language in international business, many firms find that it's not enough to communicate effectively with their target market. There are cultural differences in the way people use language, as well as differences in nonverbal communication such as body language and facial expressions. For instance, in Japan, it's common to nod and smile even if one does not agree with astatement, whereas in the United States, a lack of disagreement often means agreement. These differences can lead to misunderstandings in business conversations, which can ultimately harm business relationships.In order to overcome these language barriers, companies need to invest in language training for their employees. This training should focus not only on the language itself, but also on the cultural norms and values associated with the language. For example, a Japanese training program might teach students about the concepts of harmony and respect in Japanese culture, and how these values influence the way people communicate with each other. By understanding these cultural norms, employees will be able to communicate more effectively with their Japanese counterparts.Another challenge in cross-cultural communication is understanding the cultural context of business interactions. In some cultures, business is conducted in a more formal manner, with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and protocol. In other cultures, business is more informal and relaxed. Companies need to understand these differences in order to work effectively in international markets.To overcome these context challenges, companies should incorporate cultural training into their employee training programs. Cultural training should focus on the history, customs, and traditions of the target market. It should also address the specific business practices and protocol required for success in that market.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is a key determinant of success in international businesses. In order to succeed in foreign markets, companies must have a deep understanding of the language, cultural norms, and values of their target market. This requires a comprehensive training program that not only focuses on language skills, but also on the cultural context of business interactions. With the right training and support, companies can improve their cross-cultural communication skills and achieve success in global markets.。

绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)绿色贸易壁垒论文(5篇)绿色贸易壁垒论文范文第1篇绿色贸易壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒,是指那些以维护人类健康和环境平安为目的而实行的限制甚至禁止有关国际贸易活动的法律、法规、标准、政策及其相应的行政措施,以避开这些贸易活动可能导致的环境污染与生态破坏,实现经济与社会的可持续进展。

从另一个角度讲,所谓绿色贸易壁垒,是以爱护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名,通过制定一系列简单苛刻的环保标准,对来自其他国家的产品及服务设置障碍,以爱护本国产业的一种新型的非关税壁垒。

绿色贸易壁垒形式多样,包括绿色关税、环境配额、环境许可证、绿色补贴、绿色标签、绿色包装等,具有虚假性、广泛性、隐藏性等特点。

二、WTO规章中的绿色贸易壁垒WTO法律框架之下,有关绿色贸易的条款主要见于《关税与贸易总协定》、《服务贸易总协定》、《技术性贸易壁垒协议》、《补贴与反补贴协议》、《卫生与动植物检疫措施协议》以及《建立世界贸易组织协议》、《农产品贸易协定》、《与贸易有关的学问产权协定》等规章中。

由此可见,环保浪潮对乌拉圭回合的谈判产生了肯定影响,在WTO的有关文件中均涉及环境问题。

但是,WTO在此问题上的态度不明朗,条文不详细。

一方面,WTO原则上承认各个成员为了爱护各自的公共秩序和防止环境污染,有权制定本国的环保政策并组织实施;另一方面,则要求这些政策和措施不能阻碍世界自由贸易体制的正常运行,使环保措施成为变相的贸易爱护手段。

就上述规章本身而言,绿色壁垒也对WTO的基本原则造成了冲击,主要体现为:首先,它背离了自由贸易原则。

自由贸易是WTO要追求的目标,须建立在公平的基础上。

发达国家制定高标准的环境标准,使进展中国家丢失比较优势,从而使WTO的自由贸易的目标也就失去了根基。

其次,违反了普遍取消数量限制的规定,这是实现贸易自由的重要保证。

虽然不像配额许可证那样明显,但绿色壁垒所起的作用无疑是相同的。

再次,它违反了非卑视原则。

国际贸易论文绿色壁垒绿色壁垒是经济全球化、竞争日趋激烈、的产物，绿色壁垒措施在调节贸易方面起着越来越重要的作用。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于国际贸易论文绿色壁垒的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!国际贸易论文绿色壁垒篇1浅析国际贸易中的绿色壁垒及我国的应对策略摘要：绿色贸易壁垒是经济全球化和绿色环保浪潮的产物。

本文在阐述绿色贸易壁垒的定义、成因及主要表现形式的基础上，结合绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易影响的分析，探讨了跨越绿色壁垒的对策。

关键词：国际贸易;绿色壁垒;商品前言近年来，随着经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，消费者产品质量意识和环保意识日益增强，环境和可持续发展受到普遍关注。

同时，随着世贸组织的发展，中国对外出口贸易持续走强，而以美国为首的发达国家经济低迷不振，不断扩大了贸易逆差，市场矛盾愈演愈烈，以保护环境为目的的环保手段被各同用来作为贸易保护手段加以广泛应用，并通过在贸易规则约目标中纳入环保措施而得以持续增强。

于是绿色壁垒应运而生，并开始蔓延。

我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家和主要的贸易大国，许多产品已经或即将受到发达国家的绿色壁垒的影响，因此，如何很好地应对绿色壁垒，已成为我国所面临的重要课题。

笔者结合绿色壁垒对我国国际贸易影响的分析，探讨了应对国际贸易绿色壁垒的策略。

一、绿色壁垒的内涵及主要表现形式绿色贸易壁垒也称环境贸易壁垒，它是指凭借经济、科技优势，在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名，通过立法制定严格、苛刻的环境技术标准和繁杂的动植物卫生检验榆疫措施，以及利用国际社会制定的多边环境保护条约中的贸易措施的一种新型的非关税壁垒，从而对来自外国的产品或服务进行限制和制裁。

其主要表现形式如下：1、绿色关税制度绿色关税也称环境进口附加税，是指在加强环境保护的名义上，对一些对生态环境造成影响的商品征收一般关税外，再加以额外征收进口关税，从而使限制进口的目的达到。

2、绿色市场准入制度绿色市场准入制度是指在加强环境保护的名义上，通过立法手段制定严格的强制性的环保法规和技术标准，从而达到限制外国商品进口的目的。

摘要摘要绿色贸易壁垒是一种新型的市场准入制度，它表现为多种形式，其法律依据是WTO的一些例外条款。

以进口国实施它的动机为标准，可分为正当和不正当的绿色贸易壁垒。

合理地利用绿色贸易壁垒手段来保护生态环境是WTO规则所认可的，但反对不正当的利用绿色贸易壁垒。

随着我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)，我国的对外贸易面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。

随着全球环保运动的高涨，国际贸易与环境生态保护之间的关系日益为人们所重视，并由此催生出名为解决环境外部性问题，实为国际贸易保护主义壁垒手段的环境贸易措施—绿色贸易壁垒。

由于国际贸易中的环境贸易措施大多以发达国家的经济发展水准、技术发展水平等为参照标准而制定，这势必对作为发展中国家的中国的对外贸易发展产生深远影响。

因此，研究绿色贸易壁垒，以及我国对外贸易发展的应对之策具有重要现实意义。

为了要实现环境保护和贸易自由“双赢”目标，我们必须认清绿色壁垒的本质从而避其蔽，取其利.，这是本文的写作意图所在。

本文首先分析了绿色贸易壁垒的概念，特征，表现形式，接着对绿色贸易壁垒的非正当性进行了法律层面解读，然后分析了我国应对绿色贸易壁垒方面所存在的一些主要问题。

最后在指出了绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易所产生的影响主要在产品竞争力，出口贸易等几个主要方面之后，论文提出了我国应对绿色贸易壁垒的对策，建议在国际层面上，我国应积极参与相关问题的国际立法活动，运用争端解决机制化解绿色贸易壁垒引起的国际贸易矛盾；同时，在国内层面上完善有关贸易与环境的立法，并适当构筑我国自己的绿色贸易壁垒，促进我国外贸事业的发展。

关键词：绿色贸易壁垒，非正当性，贸易影响，环境保护，对策ABSTRACTGreen trade barriers (GTB), which have many different forms, with some exceptional provisions of WTO as its legal basis, is a new type of market accession system. According to the motive of the country that implements it, it can be divided into normal green trade barriers and abnormal green trade barriers. It is permitted by the WTO regulations to reasonably use green trade barriers to protect ecology, but unreasonably use of it is objected. After China's entry into WTO, China's foreign trade is facing both unprecedented opportunities and challenges. With the global promotion of environmental protection, much importance has been attached on the relationship between international trade and environmental protection. And that gives rise the problems of Green Trade Barriers which, in the name of solving external environmental problem, is international trade protectionism in essence. Most of the environmental trade measures are formulated based on the level of the development of the economy and the technology of developed countries and that will definitely affect much on the foreign trade of developing counties. It is of practical significance to study GTB and the countermeasures China takes in its foreign trade .To realize the "win-win" goal of both free trade and environmental protection, it is necessary to realize the essence of the GTB to evade its harms and achieve its benefit and this is also the writing purpose of the present paper.The paper first makes an analysis of the definition, the properties, and forms of GTB and then analyzed the invalidity of the green trade barriers form perspective of international law. The paper has the analysis of some major problems in China's countermeasures to GTB. After points out that the influence caused by GTB mainly focus on the aspects of product competitiveness, and foreign trade, the article puts forward countermeasures to deal with the issue of green trade barriers, proposing that China, on the one hand, should actively participate in the international law-making activities on related issues and solve the international trade disputes caused by green trade barriers by using dispute settlement mechanism of WTO, on the other hand,should further perfect domestic legislation on trade and environment, as well as constructing green trade barriers in China.KEY WORDS:：green trade barriers，WTO，effects of trade，invalidity，environmental protection，countermeasure目录前言 (1)一、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3)（一）绿色贸易壁垒的含义 (3)（二）绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (3)（三）绿色贸易壁垒的表现类型 (5)二、绿色贸易壁垒非正当性的法律分析 (7)三、我国遭遇的绿色贸易壁垒及其原因分析 (9)（一）我国遭遇的绿色贸易壁垒 (9)（二）我国遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因分析 (11)1、外部原因 (11)2、内部原因 (11)四、绿色贸易壁垒对我国贸易的影响 (14)（一）绿色贸易壁垒对我国产品出口的影响 (14)（二）绿色贸易壁垒对我国进口的影响 (15)（三）绿色贸易壁垒给我国对外贸易带来的机遇 (16)五、面对绿色贸易壁垒我国应采取的对策 (16)结束语 (21)致谢 (22)参考文献 (23)前言一、研究的目的与意义随着世界各国经济的发展，国际贸易规模不断扩大，环境问题日益突出，可持续发展问题开始引起人们的普遍重视。

加强与其他国家的 交流与合作
我国应该加强与其他国家的交 流与合作，积极参与全球环境 治理和贸易规则制定，共同应 对全球环境问题和贸易保护主 义，推动全球经济和环境的可 持续发展。
参考文献
参考文献
绿色贸易壁垒的概念、特点和表现形式 绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响
绿色贸易壁垒在环境保护中的作用
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题，绿色贸易壁垒应运而生。
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国际贸易中的绿色贸易壁垒
绿色贸易壁垒是指在国际贸易中，一些国家以保护环境和人类健康为 名，通过制定严格的环保标准和法规，限制或禁止某些进口产品的贸 易。
研究意义
研究绿色贸易壁垒策略有助于深入了解国际贸易中的环保措施和应对 策略，为我国企业在国际贸易中应对绿色贸易壁垒提供参考。
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绿色贸易壁垒的应对策略研究
提高环保意识与加强环保立法
总结词
强化环保意识与立法是应对绿色贸易壁垒的基础。
详细描述
提高全民环保意识，培养绿色消费观念，加强环保立法，完善相关法律法规，强化环境监管，严格执 行环保标准。
推行清洁生产与促进绿色产业发展
总结词
推行清洁生产，促进绿色产业发展是突破 绿色贸易壁垒的关键。
特点
绿色贸易壁垒具有合理性、隐蔽性、复杂性和灵活性等特点，既可以满足保 护生态环境和人类健康的需要，又可以成为限制进口、保护本国产业的手段 。
绿色贸易壁垒的类型与表现形式
类型
绿色贸易壁垒主要包括环境关税、环境配额、环境许可证、环境标志等几种类型 。
表现形式
环境关税主要针对进口商品征收，根据其对环境的影响程度征收不同的税费；环 境配额和环境许可证则限制了某些商品的进口数量和种类；环境标志则是一种证 明商品环保性能的标识。

Momo大学成人教育UNIVERSITY ADULT EDUCATION毕业论文2008 级分院绿色贸易壁垒对水产品出口贸易的影响及对策——以信阳广大水产有限责任公司为例*** 国际经济与贸易200308010326 指导教师：***摘要在经济全球化，区域集团化的大环境下，发达国家越来越倾向借口环境保护并利用其技术优势，在诸多领域实行绿色贸易壁垒，建立了他们自己的环境标准制度，并趋向一致，相互承认，从而使发展中国家的产品进入他们市场的难度加大。

我国水产品行业也深受其影响，美国的HACCP认证，欧盟、韩国、日本等国的卫生许可注册都严格限制了我国水产品出口，使其受到了严重打击。

本论文结合本人毕业实习的信阳广大水产有限责任公司的实际情况，描述了国内水产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的现状，分析遭遇的原因及绿色贸易壁垒对我国水产品出口的有利和不利影响，并从政府和企业两方面提出了应对措施。

关键词：绿色贸易壁垒；水产品；出口The Influence of Green Trade Barriers to Aquatic Product’s Export and China’sCountermeasures—Taking Xinyang Guangda Aquatic Products Co., Ltd as an ExampleAuthor: *** Tutor: ***Abstract: With the development of globalization and territorial collectivization, the developed countries are more likely to build their own environment standard. They put lots of green trade barrier in many aspects under the excuse of environmental protection by their advantage in technique. Moreover, they are coming to agree and accept other standard.Accordingly, the products of the developing countries are harder to put into market. Our aquatic products were deeply affected as a result of there stardard. The American Haccp Authentiation,the register of health exequatic in European Union, Korea, Japan, etc. all of which limit the export of our aquatic product and make our fishery seriously striked. This thesis describe the actuality of civil aquatic products. With the practical experience in XinYang Aquatic Product Co.Ltd, the article analyzes some reasons and good or bad effection of the green trade barriers. In addition, it gives some advice to the government and corporation. Key words:Green Trade Barriers; Aquatic Product; Exportt目录第1章前言 (5)1.1论文选题背景和意义 (5)1.2国内外研究现状及研究存在的不足 (2)1.3论文研究的主要内容 (3)第2章绿色贸易壁垒概述.......................... 错误！未定义书签。

绿色贸易壁垒分析论文一、绿色贸易壁垒理论1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念从广义讲，绿色贸易壁垒指的是一个GJ以可持续进展与生态环境保护为理由和目标，为限制外国商品进口所设置的贸易障碍。

从狭义上说，绿色贸易壁垒实际上是一种市场准入的障碍，是指进口方通过制订严格的环保技术标准，复杂的卫生检疫制度或采纳绿色环境标志、绿色包装制度，以阻止或限制某些外国商品的进口。

2、绿色贸易壁垒的基本类型绿色贸易壁垒的内容比较广泛，大致包括以下五种类型:（1）绿色技术标准。

绿色技术标准是通过立法手段制订严格的强制性环保技术标准，限制国外不符合环保技术标准的产品进口，对贸易实施限制。

这些标准都是根据发达GJ生产水平和技术水平制订的，对发达GJ来说，是可以达到的，但对于进展ZG家来说是很难达到的，因而势必导致进展ZG家的产品被拒在发达GJ之外。

（2）绿色环境标志。

绿色环境标志是一种在产品或其包装上的图形，是由一国政府或其授权部门按照一定的环境标准颁发的，用来表明该产品不但质量符合标准，而且在生产、使用、消费、处理过程中符合环保要求，不危害人体健康，对环境无害或危害极小。

其基本目的是引导消费者进行绿色消费，从而引导企业自觉调整产品结构采纳清洁的工艺。

（3）绿色包装制度。

“绿色包装”也称环境之友包装或生态包装。

绿色包装一般是指对生态环境和人体健康无害，能循环复用和再生利用或降解腐化，促进可持续进展的包装。

（4）绿色卫生检疫制度。

绿色卫生检疫制度是建立在现代科学技术基础上的。

各种检疫措施不仅极为严格，而且繁琐复杂。

基于保护环境和生态资源，确保人类和动植物的健康，许多GJ，特别是发达GJ制订了严格的环境与技术标准。

由于各国环境和技术标准的指标水平和检验方法不同，以及对检验指标设计的任意性，而使环境和技术标准可能成为绿色贸易壁垒。

（5）绿色补贴。

它是指一种将资源环境费用内在化以降低外部经济效果使成本与效益尽可能在生产和经营者身上得到统一的一种手段。

外文文献翻译- 可持续发展贸易壁垒及其
对中国对外贸易的影响
本文探讨了可持续发展作为一种新型贸易壁垒的概念以及其对
中国对外贸易的影响。

作者认为，在可持续发展理念逐渐深入人心
的今天，一些发达国家开始将其作为贸易壁垒，阻止一些发展中国
家的商品进入市场。

同时，一些发展中国家也开始使用同样的手段，对进口商品进行限制。

这种贸易壁垒的出现对于中国对外贸易将带
来一些新的挑战和机遇。

文章从三个方面分析了可持续发展贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的
影响，首先，可持续发展贸易壁垒使中国面临着出口市场的收缩。

其次，这种壁垒会促使中国改变其出口商品的结构和产业结构。

最后，这种壁垒督促中国加快推进可持续发展，更好地适应全球化的
贸易环境。

作者认为，中国应该采取积极的措施，适应可持续发展贸易壁
垒的要求。

一方面，要加强相关政策的研究和制定，提高中国商品
的可持续性，从而更好地满足国外市场的需求。

另一方面，要推进
产业升级和转型升级，更好地适应市场的变化。

总而言之，可持续发展贸易壁垒的出现对于中国对外贸易将带来一些新的挑战和机遇，中国应该积极应对，推动自身可持续发展和产业转型升级，以更好地适应全球化的贸易环境。

国际贸易中的壁垒突破探讨 摘 要:近年来，在经济全球化和贸易自由化的国际背景下，绿色壁垒逐渐成为各国贸易的限制措施，我国的出口产品不断受到国外绿色壁垒的拦截。绿色壁垒是以保护生态环境或人类和动物的健康为由而采取的一种技术性贸易壁垒，善意的绿色壁垒无疑会促进国际经济贸易的发展，但是，恶意的绿色壁垒会影响经济的发展。针对恶意的贸易壁垒做出相应的防范措施，对促进我国的贸易发展，减少贸易摩擦具有十分重要的意义 关键词：恶意绿色壁垒 防范 国际经济与贸易 当今，随着生态环境遭到破坏，环境问题日益突出，国际经济与贸易中有关环境的问题也成为人们关注的焦点。这种大的国际背景为绿色壁垒的形成提供了契机。一些发达国家越来越多的借绿色壁垒之由，行贸易保护之实，即实施恶意的绿色壁垒。发达国家通过推行恶意绿色壁垒,不但削弱了发展中国家的国际竞争力,扩大了自己的市场份额,提高了竞争优势,还可以获得保护世界资源和环境的美誉。因此,许多发达国家在设置恶意绿色壁垒方面总是乐此不疲。恶意绿色壁垒阻碍了国际经济的发展。极大地破坏和扭曲了公平贸易的行为理念。因此,恶意绿色壁垒应该受到世界范围的抵制和讨伐。 一、恶意绿色壁垒的简述 绿色贸易壁垒，Greentradebarrier,分为善意绿色壁垒和恶意绿色壁垒，善意的绿色壁垒是应该提倡的，我们反对的是恶意的绿色壁垒。如果进口国以环境保护为名为保护国内贸易，倚仗先进的技术阻止他国产品进入本国市场实行贸易保护主义，即认为是恶意的贸易壁垒。 二、恶意绿色壁垒的表现形式 1.对特定国家的相同产品实施双重标准。 进口国针对特定国家的产品或特定国家的特定产品实施歧视性环保标准，有别于其他国家另搞一套，其目的是进口国为了减少国外商品的进入本国市场，减少对本国商品的冲击，其真正意义在于以严格的高标准阻止特定国产品的进入，实质是贸易保护主义，这显然是违背世贸组织中的非歧视原则。 2.苛刻的准入制度。 发达国家利用其繁杂的绿色技术标准、先进的技术手段,在产品检验检疫方面不断增加项目、扩大范围、提高苛刻程度,来自于广大发展中国家的出口产品往往因受制于多项指标技术参数而顾此失彼。发达国家制定的一系列严格且繁琐的卫生检疫制度，实行贸易歧视，增加了发展中国家的产品开拓国际市场的难度。 3.繁杂的进口手续。 以我国输日冷冻菠菜为例,以前一箱冷冻菠菜到日本一个星期左右就可获得通关,但2004年7月后拖延到了35天,原因是日方新增了原本没有要求的材料审核。而且日方要求输日菠菜必须同时附带大批书面材料,用于记载菠菜从种植到出口每一个环节的详细情况,而这些仅是以通关前让日方判断我国冷冻菠菜是否有资格获得检查,并不代表材料齐全日方就一定会检查。检验检疫部门认为,大量的附加劳动给出口企业增加了成本,以前山东每年出口日本的冷冻菠菜为4万-5万吨,而自2004年7月以来每年1万吨的出口量都无法实现。 4.庞大的认证体系。 以日本的制度为例。自2003年起在日本全国推行“大米身份认证制度”,即凡进入日本国内市场的大米必须标明品种、产地、生产者姓名和认证号码等,否则不允许销售。此外,日本在采取全面禁止进口措施的同时,强化对进口商的处罚,除增加罚金外,还公布进口商的名称。这实际上通过加强对进口商的约束,提高对进口产品的要求,这些措施的实施必将对中国农产品出口日本造成很大障碍。 三、恶意绿色壁垒的影响 1.恶意绿色壁垒对中国的影响。 （1）响我国的对外贸易，使我国贸易产品数额和范围减少。发达国家的科技水平较高，处于技术垄断地位，其制定的环保技术标准是根据发达国家的生产和技术水平制定的，对于我国来说，有些是难以达到的。 （2）损害我国的国家利益。一方面近年来，由于部分发达国家实施恶意绿色壁垒措施，限制外国产品的进口，中国不可避免的因为环境问题同发达国际或经济组织产生贸易摩擦，有损中国良好的双边或多边贸易关系。另一方面，由于发达国家推行恶意绿色壁垒，在这些国家已经被限制或淘汰的重污染产业正在向发展中国家转移，这种转移严重破坏了我国的环境，使我国国家利益受损 2.恶意绿色壁垒对国际贸易的影响。 （1）繁琐的标准，苛刻的要求，增加了贸易的成本，不利于国际经济贸易的发展。（2）由于各国对国际标准的理解不同，必然会涉及到经济利益的得失，形成激烈的贸易冲突。（3）由于发展中国家与环保相观的法律法规很不健全，这就是得发达国家有机会将高消耗和污染性产业转移到发展中国家。 四、应对恶意壁垒的措施 面对国际上日益严重恶意绿色壁垒保护主义倾向，我国应采取有效的应对措施。要以开放的视角，哲学的思维，对绿色壁垒问题重新审视和定位，充分利用我国的优势，积极参与环境与贸易领域的国际竞争与合作，努力实现两者之间的良性互动。 1.利用WTO的平台，积极对抗恶意贸易壁垒。 对我国的恶意绿色壁垒，要根据世贸组织争端解决机制，据理力争。根据国民待遇原则和最惠国待遇原则，充分利用环境条约协议对发展中国家的特殊照顾原则,通过采取双边磋商，谈判解决。 2.转变经济发展方式，走可持续发展之路。 对我国而言，在追求经济利益的同时，注重统筹人与自然的和谐发展，改变耗能大，污染大的传统经济发展模式，走可持续发展道路。 3.注意国际动态，打破恶意绿色壁垒。 认真研究国际贸易壁垒的动态，把握其发展趋势和特点，采取有效措施，打破恶意绿色壁垒。 4.增强环保意识，企业应以长远利益作为出发点。 我们应该明确环境污染、自然生态系统失衡，最终将危及人类自身的生存和发展，要从自身找原因，建立和谐社会。企业应将环境因素作为同资本、劳动、资源等要素同等重要的生产那要素。推行清洁生产，提高产品质量，增强产品的国际竞争力。 五、结论 并不是所有的绿色壁垒措施都对贸易发展不利，相反，善意的绿色壁垒能促进国际贸易的良性发展，恶意绿色壁垒才是需要防范的，我国应当采取有效的应对措施。认真总结国内外企业突破恶意绿色贸易壁垒的经验教训，充分利用我国在经济全球化浪潮中的机遇，努力实现环境和经济的共赢。 参考文献： 1．论国际贸易中的恶意绿色壁垒。 2．朱京安，杨越。对绿色壁垒的理性及发展走向初探。中国经济报刊网，2005-9。 3．陶忠元。绿色壁垒的中性透析及其启示。国际贸易问题，2003-9。

中文5600字毕业论文外文翻译所在学院：专业：班级： 08财管/国贸x班学号：姓名：指导教师：2014 年 11 月 3 日译文：题目：新型贸易壁垒下的浙江纺织业国际化进程一、技术性贸易壁垒“技术性贸易壁垒”(Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT)又称“技术性贸易措施”，是一国或地区以维护其基本安全，保障人类及动植物的生命及健康安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由，通过颁布法律、法令、条例，制定技术标准与技术法规、合格评定程序、包装和标签的要求、产品检疫、检验制度，运用于国际贸易当中，提高进口产品的技术要求，增加进口难度，起到保护本国相关企业利益的作用。

安全标准、卫生标准、包装标准和信息技术规定构成了技术性贸易壁垒的四大要素。

发达国家通过颁布一些有关产业技术的标准来限制发展中国家的货物进入该国，如：美国的机械工程师协会标准(ASME)；日本的《药品法》《、化妆品法》；欧盟拟定的有关电子电器产品的电磁兼容标准等。

而这些安全法则均高于发展中国家对本国采取的行业标准和法律要求。

据不完全统计，2012年有23.9%的出口企业受到国外技术性贸易措施不同程度的影响，损失达到685亿美元，企业新增成本280.2亿美元，比2011年增加20.6亿美元，贸易损失呈逐年递增的状态。

其中，浙江省由技术壁垒造成的直接损失额为64.5亿美元，占全省出口总额的2.87%。

二、绿色壁垒绿色贸易壁垒(Green Barriers to Trade, GBT)是指一个国家以保护人类健康和经济协调发展为借口，对外国商品进口专门设置以限制进口、保护本国供给为目的，带有贸易歧视和限制的贸易壁垒。

绿色壁垒实质是技术贸易壁垒的新发展，目前，国际上采用的类型主要有：绿色技术标准、绿色关税制度、绿色市场准入制度、绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度、绿色反补贴等。

此类壁垒是客观存在于国际贸易中的，无论各个国家的主观目的如何，绿色壁垒本身是与环境保护和可持续发展密切相联的。

文献出处：Yousefi, A., & Liu, M. (2013). The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China, Japan, Korea, and the US. In Innovation in the High-Tech Economy (pp. 23-34). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.译文The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of TradeBetween China, Japan, Korea, and the USAyoub YousefiIntroductionThe technical barrier to trade (TBT) is a relatively new technique raised during the last decades, which has influenced the trade flow worldwide (Bao and Qiu 2011). It is one form of the non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs), which differs from the traditional ones that it mainly includes standards and technical regulations. World Trade Organization (WTO) took it into an effect in the year of 1995. TBT varies from country to country in terms of the magnitude and product coverage. For example, it might come with the form of safety and labeling. In fact, it can be a tool to promote trade but can also be a protection as well. Additionally, the Developing Countries and Developed Countries have different reactions to this measure. This essay is aimed to find out the effects for both types of countries in the manufacturing area with the help of gravity model.T his essay is inspired by the article “How do technical barriers to trade influence trade flows”. Instead of the general trade flows, this study collects data on one industry, which is manufacture and extends the scope of the years to 2011. At the same time, unlike the previous article chosen all members in WTO, China, Japan, Korea and US are chosen as the object countries, because they have strong connections. China and US are the biggest trade partners of each other in terms of manufactured goods. Another reason is that Japan, Korea, and China are very close geographically, and Japan is an important and the most developed country in Asia. With the analysis of the TBT notifications and the trade flows of those countries, therewould be a reasonable conclusion of the impact of TBT on the developing country and the developed countries.Sources of Data and Summary StatisticsAll the data between China and US starts from the year 1984 to the year 2011. For China and Japan, the time range of data is from year 1984 to 2011 as well. For the export from China to Korea, the data is valid from year 1992 to year 2011. Data of Korea exporting to China is valid from year 1989 to year 2011.As the part of TBT notifications, they are collected from the TBT information system of WTO and added on to get the sub number for each year.As the control variable, real GDP (based on year of 2000 in US dollars) for China, Japan, and US are collected from the World Bank.As mentioned above, the manufacturing trade flow of China, Japan, Korea, and U.S. should be included. In that case, the data of the manufacturing trade flow were obtained from the WTO commodity trade statistics and database from the year 1984 to the year 2011 between Japan and China, as well as US and China. The trade value of manufacture from Korea to China is collected from 1989 to 2011 since there is no historical data before 1989. At the same time, the trade value from China exports to Korea is valid from the year of 1992 to the year of 2011.Fig. 1 The trade value from China export to Korea (1992–2010)Table 1 The regression results of China exports to KoreaAs is shown in Fig. 1, from 1992 to 2011, the export value from China to Korea is increasing constantly, especially sharply after year 2000. It does fallen a bit on 2009 possibly because of the global financial crisis, but the value goes up after that (Table 1).From the E-Views regression result showing above, the probability of log(1 +TBT_korea) is 0.0846, which means that it can be 90 % sure that the coefficient is significant, and TBT of Korea can influence the trade flow from China export to Korea. However, it is not reasonable since the coefficient is a positive number. Generally, the TBT would not stimulate other countries’ export.Fig. 2 The trade value from Korea to China (1990–2010)Table 2 The regression results of Korea exports to ChinaHowever, the influence is positive. There are two potential reasons for this. One is that the amount of observations is not big enough, and there might be a bias. The other possible reason is that Korea’s notifications can influence all of the partners that Korea has, and China might did not export the goods that were influenced by these notifications during those years (Fig. 2).The trade value from Korea export to China also has a trend of going up, and also has a small decrease around the year of 2009. However, the absolute value is smaller than the one of China exporting to Korea. The regression table comes asfollowing (Table 2).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Fig. 3 The trade value from China export to US (1984–2010) From the results above, the probability of the key variable log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0903, which is smaller than 0.1. This number indicates that we can be 90 % sure that the TBT notification of China would influence the export value of Korea. Since the coefficient is −0.277276, the TBT of China does have a negative effect on the Korea’s export. This result is reasonable. For the variable of the real GDP of Korea, the probability is 0.0164, and we can be 95 % sure that this variable has positive influence on the export value of Korea. However, the GDP of China does not have significant influence on Korea’s export value because the probability 0.5521 is bigger than 0.1. Looking at the adjusted R-squared; it is 0.953275, which argues that the model fits the data well (Fig. 3).The value is increasing slowly before the year of 2000, and goes up quickly after that. Although there is a tiny fall in the year of 2009 because of the financial crisis, the value is increasing very fast in general (Table 3).The probability log(1+TBT_US) is 0.0328 and the coefficient is 0.019259. This shows that there is a slightly positive effect of TBT instead of a negative one in the example of exporting from China to US. This is not supposed to be happen. One ofthe reasonable explanations might be that the number of the variables is not big enough to give sufficient result, and another explanation is that China has trade surplus during these years so that TBTs are not strong enough to influence the trade values. In addition, China joined WTO in the year of 2001, this benefits China exporting manufacture products to its biggest trade partner US as well (Fig. 4, Table 4).Table 3 The regression results of China exports to USFig. 4 The trade value from US export to China (1984–2010) The probability of the log(1+TBT_China) is 0.0349, which means it is 95 % surethat the coefficient −0.382740 is significant. Consequently, the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of US. The positive economy index of China would stimulate the export from US to China, whereas the US GDP does not have a significant influence. The adjusted R-squared 0.867589 is close to 1, which indicates good fitness of the model to the data (Fig. 5).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Table 4 The regression results of US exports to ChinaFig. 5 The trade value from China export to Japan (1984–2010) The export value from China to Japan is increasing slowly before 2002, and is increasing sharply after then with a tiny fall in the year 2009 (Table 5).The probability of the log(1+TBT_Japan) is 0.3209, which shows that the coefficient is not significant. In other words, the TBT of Japan might does not have an influence on the export of China to Japan. A possible explanation is that these two countries are too close geographically and Japan needs the manufacturing goods very much so that the notifications would not be a key factor of the change of the trade value (Fig. 6).Table 5 The regression results of China exports to JapanFig. 6 The trade value from Japan export to China (1984–2010) The value is very small before year 1991 and goes up lightly and fluctuates between the year 1992 and 2002. Then the value goes up quickly except the fall on 2009 because of the financial crisis (Table 6).The probability of the log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0926, which shows that the coefficient is significant. Therefore it is safe to say that the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of Japan to China. This result is reasonable.Table 6 The regression results of Japan exports to ChinaPolicy ImplicationsAs we can see from the example of US exporting to China, Japan exporting to China, along with Korea exporting to China, the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) has a negative influence on the exporting trade values. As a huge economy playing a crucial part in the bilateral trade of manufacture, China definitely should be care of the policies which it is implementing. There is opposite results too as which have been showed above. The most possible reason for all of them is that the numbers of the variables are not big enough, which can influence the regression result. Additionally, the industry and the countries have been picked are very special. Bilateral trades of manufacturing trades between China and the other three countries are of great importance and particular enough so that the manufacturing industry cannot stand for the other industries. Though we see opposite examples, the opposite results also come with the imperfect fits between the model and the data, which means we should pay more attention on the ones that proving the negative influence on the importing countries’ TBT notifications on its partner. The time period in this paper is not that long, but the long-term effect of the TBT can be somehow predicted from the results. As a consequence, as a non-tariff trade barrier, it should be reduced in rising up in order to avoid more negative on the trade values as well as other potential bad effects for all the governments trading in the international markets. Of course, this paper is byno means complete. Further researches should be extended with more industries and countries along with a longer time period.译文技术贸易壁垒对中国、日本、韩国以及美国之间贸易的影响阿尤布·尤瑟夫引言技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是一种相对较新的技术，在过去的几十年不断被提高，致使它对全球的贸易往来有很大的影响(包和邱2011)。