英美国家概况论文
England
Britain is an island nation. The full name is the Republic of Great Britain in Northern Ireland. It covers an area of 243,000 square kilometers, 600 miles north-south length. It is the island of Great Britain and Ireland, north-eastern part of the island and the nearby island nation composed of many islands. East near the North Sea, in the face of Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway; west of Ireland, cross-Atlantic with the United States, Canada, distant relative; North Atlantic have been up to Iceland; South line to wear the English Channel to France on 33 kilometers. England throughout the area of 13 square kilometers, accounting for most of the island of Great Britain. From west to east in this region is divided into 4 parts: The River Severn as the central plains of Midland; about 200 meters above sea level heights; London basin; Wilder hills.
AD 1-5 century, England was occupied by the Roman Empire. 8 end of the century to play the 9th century, the Danish invasion of England, AD 865 years of its launch a full-scale invasion. 10th century AD, the invasion of Denmark defeated Weisa dynasty people the right to establish a broad domain. Denmark were also in the 1017 invasion of the second conquest of England, to become the Danish pirates loose a part of the Empire. In 1042, the collapse of empire, the restoration of British Wang EC. The second half of the 15th century into the period of capitalist primitive accumulation. 17th century bourgeois revolution broke out. The second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century, is a dynamic period of economic change ,Britain became the world's first industrial revolution was completed country. The 19th century is the heyday of the British Empire, and its leading position in world commerce and industry, spanning five continents colonial; is the world's most politically powerful countries, known as "Empire does not set."
American
North America is located in the southern United States, the east Atlantic, the west by the Pacific Ocean, north of Canada, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico south. The whole territory from east to west can be divided into five geographic regions: sub-Atlantic coastal plain south-east coastal plain and coastal plain of Mexico in two parts. This zone 200 meters above sea level, the majority of alluvial by river, in particular the Mississippi Delta, is the world's largest delta, oil and soil, the soil fertile. Marshes near the mouth. This geographical area is located in the peninsula of Florida is the nation's largest peninsula.
17 centuries ago, vast numbers of wild North American Indians and Eskimos, only to live. 18th century 30's, the British set up the east coast of North America 13 colonies. 1775, Boston, First War of Independence broke out, the joint anti-British colony. July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, held its second meeting of the subcontinent, formed by George. Washington, any commander-in-chief of the "Continental Army", and "Declaration of Independence," an official from the United Kingdom, announced the establishment of the United States of America. The end of 1783 War of Independence, adopted in 1787 the first constitution of the United States and has been extended so far. Washington in 1789 was elected the first president. The mid-19th century, The northern part of the rapid development of industrialization, the development of the southern slave labor is the main cotton-growing industry. North-South contradictions deepen, April 12, 1861 outbreak of the Civil War, continued to 4 years to the Northern victory, the Federal Republic of uniform continue to maintain. During the war, Lincoln was in September 1862 promulgated the "Declaration of the liberation of black slaves." Civil War 35 years later, the United States the rapid development of industrialization, a large number of immigrants into the United States at the same time. From the beginning of this century, the United States has become the world's one of the largest economic power. In 1917, the United States to participate in the First World War; December 1941,"Pearl Harbor", the United States from the neutral to formally participate in the Second World War. Through two world wars, the U.S. military, the rapid expansion of economic power after World War II on hegemony in the world.
Comparison of the Politics in Britain and United States Abstract: The system that British established in 19 century has a profound effect not only on its own country’s society developments of politics and history but also on other counties’ modern institution, politics and history. British is the mother of world capitalist constitutionalism. As a powerful capitalistic country, US’system is also based on the British’s system and set a prefect system after some reforms. Even so, the systems of the two countries still have many differences. Both of the two countries have powerful political systems in the world. Keywords: constitution, party systems, electoral system 1. Introduction: (political institution is superstructure, generally refers to the state power organs and the basic system which adapted with the social nature. "Political system, as same as the various systems of the human society, is the product of history development, branding with time and space.”) After the English bourgeois revolution, democratic politics was gradually established. The constitution was promulgated and constitutionalism was gradually be taken. Capitalism got a considerable development in Britain. Britain built the first set of the capitalist system, which is known as the source and model of Western political system. British and US political systems have the same theoretical basis: the principle of "separation of powers” and the theory of “human rights”; the concrete content includes the parliamentary system, the electoral system, the judicial system, and the political party system, etc; these are all considered to be the elements of "people's democracy", Regimes implemented the principles of separation of powers and check and balance and the "rule of law". And most fundamentally,as two typical representatives of capitalist countries’ political systems, Britain and USA have the same nature in the maintenance of bourgeois interests and the private capitalist system, the implementation of other aspects of bourgeois dictatorship. But in the specific political system level, they present different characteristics, the paper only compare British and American political system from three aspects of the Constitution, the party system, the electoral system. 2. Comparison of constitutions Britain is typical of countries with unwritten constitution, there is no unified, complete written form, and its constitutional system is extremely complex which is constituted by a variety of written and unwritten customary law, jurisprudence and constitutional practices constituted. British constitution can not be listed by one or several pieces of documents, nor strict distinct by the time, it lacks rigorous and explicit content, consistent and complete system。 The United States Constitution is the first written constitution in the world. In the course of its development, the United States Constitution formed the four main principles: the separation of powers and checks and balances, federalism, limited the powers of the government and judicial review. The US Constitution carried thorough the separation of powers which provide the separation of the legislative, judicial and administrative. Congress, the Federal Court and the President perform their respective duties, and the division of labor between federal, state and local governments is also very clear. Federal Court is an important weight in the separation of powers and checks and balances in the United States, in addition to the administrative function and legislative function, the most important function is the supervisory function and judicial function. Judges enjoy constitutional status and was appointed guardian to uphold the Constitution; the
Helen Keller Zhang Chu (09yingjiao1-35) Abstract：This passage shows about a blind deaf author and educator—Helen Keller. When she was half a year old, an unexpected disaster happened to her which made her forfeit the instinct for living. After that, this little girl became isolated to the vivid and dramatic world. However, in the darkness and a lonely world, she didn't give up and never surrendered to fate. With the help and encouragement from her teacher Anne Sullivan, she overcame all the sufferings caused by the physical defects tenaciously. She learned to speak and study, and began to communicate with others. When she was 24, she graduated from Radcliffe College, Harvard University and became a knowledgeable famous writer and educator, who got hold of five languages. Helen’s life is extraordinary and she gave us great encouragement. She taught us to cherish our health and this wonderful time. Key words: Helen Keller, Anne Sullivan, love, encourage, breakthrough, success 1. Introduction The background of Helen Keller’s family and education did a beneficial foundation for Helen Keller’s success. 1.1Family Background Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green, which Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier. Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller, spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army. Helen's mother, Kate Adams,was the daughter of Charles Adams. Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee. In a word, hose in Helen’s family members had extraordinary position, which gave a superior foundation for Helen’s success in defeating the suff erings. Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland. Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich. It might be another helpful factor for her to overcome the troubles.(1998:1-2) 1.2Education background
[摘要] 外语电影是了解外语国家文化的重要途径和有效资源。《天生一对》以温情浪漫的喜剧方式，使观众得以鲜明直观地对比两个最重要的英语国家——美国和英国之间的文化差异。本文试图通过分析对比影片中两国语言上的差异、国民性格的差异以及人文环境的差异，来揭示背后的国家文化差异，以期使读者及观众对美语和英语有正确的认识。对两国的文化有基本的了解，从而能有效帮助解决英语学习过程中的文化障碍。 [关键词] 英国文化；美国文化；差异 一、故事梗概 该片于1998年7月上映，中译名《天生一对》，以现代手法重拍了20世纪60年代经典同名作品，故事内容改编自德国小说Das Doppelte Lottchen。故事的主人公是一对双胞胎姐妹花荷莉和安妮。她们的父母尼克和伊丽莎白在一次航海旅行中在“伊丽莎白二世”号上相遇并在旅途中结为夫妇，可后来婚姻破裂。尼克独自在自己的纳帕山谷葡萄园里抚养荷莉，而安妮则与当婚纱设计师的妈妈伊丽莎白一起生活在伦敦；直到她们在夏令营相遇以前，两人彼此都不知道自己还有一个孪生姐妹。不过11年之后，命运却巧妙地让她们在缅因州一个夏令营的活动中相遇。尽管她们的外貌惊人的相似，但是两人性格、气质、行为习惯等却大相径庭，从而引得两人冲突不断。很快她们发现原来是一对双胞胎姐妹，为了更多地了懈她们的父母，她们两人决定交换身份，来到她们各自从未谋面的父亲或母亲身边。她们本打算一直这样装下去，直到尼克宣布他要再婚，两姐妹决定帮助她们的父母破镜重圆。虽然尼克那富有魅力但却让人讨厌的未婚妻给她们的计划带来很大麻烦，但姐妹俩合力设计痛整并气走了她。最终在两个女儿的安排下，二人重拾旧爱，一家人开始了新的幸福生活。影片充满情趣，两个小姐妹交换身份闹出不少笑话，搞笑情节层出不穷，而片中也穿插着温情情绪，让观众在观看电影的时候感到温暖而又愉悦。 二、影片中的美英文化差异 由于本片两个小主人公分别生长于美国和英国，两个社会文化明显差异的家庭背景，因而片中从多个视角呈现了两种文化的差异，为片中的喜剧元素增色不少。 (一)两国文化在语言上的差异 语言既是文化的一部分，又是文化的一面镜子。一个民族的语言折射出这个民族纷繁多彩的文化形态。英语通过其漫长的发展与完善，最终形成了英式英语和美式英语两种主流形式。两者在语音和表达习惯等方面存在明显差异，这势必会给非英语为母语的学习者带来难，给中外交流造成障碍。而这些差异在影片台词中可见一斑。 1．语音差异 首先，英式英语讲究抑扬顿挫，语调变化大，且发音短促，重读音较多，给人以严肃刻板之感；而美式英语讲究发音圆润饱满，连音略音较多，则更显自然随意。以夏令营场景之一为例：当荷莉堵在安妮的宿舍门口以阻止训导员发现她对安妮等的整蛊行为时说，“I、can't let,-．,yougo,．-,in there．She一's、highly contagious．”句中只两处重读，语调平稳没有起伏，倒是有三处连读和cani(t)词尾省音。而随后安妮为了揭发荷莉说道，“、Actually，We Kre、^all、quite、fine in、here unless、荷莉Parker knows、something We、don't、know．”很明显，她的伦敦口音在一句话中多处重读，而只有一处连读且无省音，整句呈现出很强的节奏感。其次，美英两种英语在很多单词的发音习惯上有很大差异。在英国英语中，字母?r只在元音之前才发音，其余位置不发音。但在美国英语中，不管“r”在词中任何位置都要发音，听起来读音大不相同，这也就是美语中有名的卷舌音(r化音)。片中的一个重要道具——扑克牌“poker”。伦敦管家马丁拿出牌时的读音为，’pouko。而当荷莉在询问同伴是否会玩时的读音为，’p；ukzr／。片中此类 词语不胜枚举。另外，还有一些个别情况，如荷莉在问伙伴会否打牌时说“Either of you，by
英美文化差异 英国人和美国人虽然说着相同的语言，却有着许多完全不同的处事态度与生活习惯。在很多生活细节上，你一眼就能区分出高冷的英国人和不拘小节的美国人。 一、语言 语言与文化的关系相当密切。著名美国翻译理论家奈达在描述语言与文 化的关系时说：“语言永远是文化的一个组成部分，任何文章所表达的意思都 直接或间接地与所属文化相关联。归根结底，离开了相关文化，词汇就失去 了意义。文化的不同自然而然意味着语言的不同……”由此可见，文化差异包 括语言差异。 英国英语和美国英语并不是两种独立的语言。众所周知，美国是由英国 在北美的殖民地摆脱英国殖民统治而独立的国家，英语也是被移民美国的英 国人带去的。在过去的几百年时间里，英国英语和美国英语都发生了很大变化，他们的发展各不相同，但是两者之间的差异并不大。这些差异体现在发音、拼写、词汇等方面。 正如每个地方有自己的方言一样，英美两国由于地理位置相距甚远，发 音规律各不相同。这也正是为什么人们把英语发音归为英音和美音两类。在 拼写上，美国英语较之英国英语更简洁，更接近发音，如color(美)/colour(英)，realize(美)/realise(英)，theater(美)/theatre(英)，prolog(美)/prologue(英)。英美语 言在词汇方面的差异体现在英国人和美国人在表达同样的意思时选词倾向不同，如flat(英) /apartment(美)，lift(英)/elevator(美)，rubber(英)/eraser(美)，postbox(英)/mailbox(美)，film(英)/movie(美)。 二、人口 英美两国同为移民国家，但人口组成各不相同。 英国是由历史上不同时期从欧洲入侵英国的不同人种组成，包括伊比利 亚人(Iberians)、凯尔特人(Celts)、古罗马人(Romans)、盎格鲁——撒克逊人(Anglo—Saxons)、北欧人(Danes)、诺曼人(Normans)。其中入侵英国的日尔曼
The essence of American culture -individualism Abstract:Individualism as a typical Western capitalist political and social philosophy,that the supremacy of personal values.The United States is a typical representative of the values of individualism,individualism is an important part of the American spirit.American individualism, rational principles derived from the Christian spirit and the pursuit of individual autonomy.In the process of development of American culture,it became the starting point of American Thought and destination,constitute the essence of American culture. Key words:the essence of the individualistic culture "Individualism"in Western culture,especially in American culture plays an important role." Individualism,"the earliest use of the term is French form of"individualism",from the Europeans and so-called root causes of the French Revolution-Enlightenment thinking-common reactions.But first systematic use of"individualism"is the term the mid-1820s,Saint-Simon's followers.Perhaps because of the pervasive influence of Saint-Simon doctrine,"individualism" in the19th century the term has been very widely used,developed into a personal ideology and theory,that is a political philosophy Western philosophy and social.Its main contents are:emphasizing the value of the subject,I believe that everyone has value,a high degree of importance of individual self-control,self-control,self-development.Individualism is based on individual-based philosophy of life. However,the true meaning of individualism varies.In France,it usually carries a negative connotation,even it remains so,means that the emphasis on individual will be more harmful to the interests of the community.For some people,individualism is a dangerous idea;in others it seems,individualism is a social or economic anarchy,the lack of the necessary systems and standards;some people believe that it is the universal personal selfish attitude.Socialists are simply"individualism"is equivalent to a"socialist"and"communism"of the opposite.French liberals talk about individualism,but regarded it as a minimum of state intervention and political freedom in order of greatest threat to a pluralistic society.And in France,in sharp contrast,the" individualism"is the term romanticism in Germany,but the label affixed.German for" individualism"is a personal understanding of self-completion and the organic unity of the individual and society. There are profound differences between East and West,most of the Eastern countries, especially China,Japan and South Korea to"individualism"as with"collectivism"contrary to the values-oriented.That"individualism"is"all personal interests as the starting point of thinking......the performance of selfish,mercenary,intrigues,etc.";"Modern Chinese Dictionary"interpretation of"individualism"is"everything from the individual starting their personal interests to put collective interests,their own interests,regardless of other people's wrong thinking."In short,Chinese culture,individualism is synonymous with self-interest,is a derogatory term. In Western culture,emphasizing the individual-oriented values dominate,but only in the American culture,individualism is only part of the essence of the development to the point of culmination,and was as a fundamental value to be highly respected.However,in the United States,"individualism"was originally sang of capitalism and liberal democracy,the emergence
The Sports Culture of the United Kingdom ---An Introduction to the UK 姓名：谢宏桥 学号：2012213047 班级：七班 分数： 2013 年 12 月20 日 When it comes to the United Kingdom, People will always think of the British gentlemen with traditional hat and cane. In fact, sports are as traditional as gentlemen in Britain. The United Kingdom, a traditional and strong country not only in the area of industry and comprehensive national strength, but also in the area of sports, has a long history for playing sports. A lot of major sports originated in the UK, including association football, golf, tennis, boxing, rugby league, rugby union, cricket, field hockey, snooker, billiards, squash, curling and badminton, all of which are popular in Britain. Even the table tennis and baseball, the Chinese and American national sports, originated from Britain. Now British sports not only affect the social context at home, but also have a great impact outside home. We even can regard the sports as a reflection of British culture. Let’s know about Britain from its sports culture. 1. Various important sports originating in the UK 1.1 Association football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a very important sport originated in his traditional home—England in the 19th century. The laws of the game were originally codified in England by the Football
Contents Abstract (2) Key words (2) Introduction (2) Body (2)ⅠEnglish renaissance and humanism (2) A.English renaissance (2) B.English renaissance humanism (3) ⅡThree aspects influnenced by English renaissance (3) A.Drama (3) B.Architecture (4) C.Portraiture (4) Conclusion (5) Notes (6) Referances (7)
Influences of Renaissance in English History LI Siqi Abstract: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. In this period, the most significant influence in English history is the spreading of humanism, which is reflected in the three main aspects: drama, architecture and portraiture through pouring humanism into works in those fields.. The greatly aroused creativity of human beings will create miracles. Key words: Renaissance Humanism Drama Architecture Portraiture "What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving, how express and admirable in action, how like an angel in apprehension, how like a god!" This sentence is abstracted from the book Hamlet written by Shakespeare, who is a representative figure in the period of English Renaissance. In this period, the most significant influence in English history is the spreading of humanism, which is a milestone in the development of English history, especially in art, and which is reflected in the three main aspects: drama, architecture and portraiture. This article is concentrated on how English renaissance puts influnence on these three aspects. ⅠEnglish Renaissance and humanism A. English Renaissance But first, what is English renaissance? “The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th
南昌工程学院 英美影视文化 《刮痧》的观后感 电影《刮痧》主要讲发生在美国的华裔，因为中外对抚养孩子的差异。其中最突出的是在不同文化背景下，对教育孩子的不同见解。文化的差异不但存在与中外，可以说是每个国家都有其独特的文化。不同的政体也会对文化起到一定的影响，还有一方面是接受不同文化教育。 回望电影的故事情节简介：5岁的华裔孩子丹尼斯闹肚子发烧，在家的爷爷因为看不懂药品上的英文说明，便用中国民间流传的刮痧疗法给丹尼斯治病，而这就成了丹尼斯一次意外事故后父亲许大同虐待孩子的证据。庭上，以解剖学为基础的西医理论无法解释通过口耳相传的经验中医学，许大同最后终于失去冷静和理智，法官当庭宣布剥夺许大同的监护权，不准他与儿子见面。父亲因此事决定回国，为了让老人临行再见一面孙子，许大同从儿童监护所偷出儿子丹尼斯到机场送别，因此受到警方通缉，父子分离，夫妻分居，朋友决裂，工作丢失，接连不断的灾难恶梦。 看似简单的问题为什么会变得如此复杂，可能不同的人站在立场上想吧！我先对我们中国教育方法说一下，中国有就老话：“严父出孝子，慈母多败儿”的道理，这是我国古时流传下来的真谛，可以这么说，严是爱溺是害，往往严格的家庭子女都有出息且孝敬父母的多，而溺爱的子女多没出息而且容易在社会上惹事端，大多也不会孝敬父
母。 “棍棒底下出孝子”这只是一个比方，寓意为父母要严格管教孩子，教他正确的做人观，让他懂得分辨是非好坏。我认为慈母严父是对这句话最好的解释，而并非真的要用棍棒来教子，毕竟暴力是解决不了任何问题的。而所谓的“不打不成器”是指在某些无能为力的情况下采取的一种极端措施，毕竟有些时候只有让人受到巨大的困难后才会吸取教训，并不是说毫无观念的打孩子。 虽然现在一些教育家说不提倡棍棒教育，但我个人认为，所谓的棍棒教育并不是说像一天三餐饭一样，老是打孩子，应以说服教育为主，多和孩子讲道理，以理服人。不过在孩子犯了重大错误的时候，应该给于一定的惩戒，让孩子记住，同样的错误不可再犯因为小孩的记性好。但对于所犯的错误却是忘性大，但事后也要和他讲道理，让他知道错在哪里了。 越不孝顺的子女父母越是从小就宠爱有加，孝顺的孩子从孩提时代父母就对其较为严厉。为什么会这样呢？从现在心理学角度来看，父母宠爱孩子，会让孩子误以为自己就是家中的老大，父母不仅要对他们言听计从，还要柔顺地巴结、恭维和讨好他们。这样久而久之从襁褓到成人，历经十几个风霜雪雨，这种习惯、思维和观念就会逐渐在子女的心中定型。长大乃至成家立业后他们会照样对父母颐指气使，不仅从未树立起孝敬回馈父母之心，而且掠夺搜刮父母之心更盛。 为何如此，皆因随着年龄日增，欲望的胃口也会越来越大，自己
中国与英美文化差异 【篇一：中国与英美文化差异】 摘要：近些年来，随着国际社会的不断进步，各国之间的经济文化 交流越来越广泛，而文化一直跟随着一个国家的发展历程，见证着 国家的兴衰存亡。纵观世界，英美文化和中国文化都具有博大精深、源远流长的特点，在不断发展的国际社会条件下，被赋予了新的内 容和含义，随着大国之间的交流越来越深入，使得各国之间文化交 流和碰撞也日益频繁。本文就目前英美文化和中国文化的发展现状，简要分析在新的社会条件下，英美文化和中国文化发展的差异所在。中国论文网 /9/view-6808314.htm 关键词：英美文化中国文化差异现状分析 中图分类号：g642 文献标识码： a 文章编号：1672-1578（2015）02-0007-02 随着我国改革开放事业的不断深入，我国经济水平和国际地位有了 很大的提升，与国际社会之间的交流和合作也越来越频繁，这就使 得我国文化承受着来自各国文化的冲击，特别是英美等西方经济发 展大国，在进行经济、文化、贸易交流时，对我国传统文化产生了 很大的影响。因此，在新的社会发展形势下，及时分析各国之间的 文化差异，对于继承和发扬我国优良传统文化有着很大的推动作用。 1 研究英美文化与中国文化之间差异的必要性 当今世界，处于国际社会中的每个国家要想得到高速的发展，就需 要保持与其他各国之间的经济、贸易等交流，而各国自身的发展历 程有着很大的区别，这就使得各国之间的文化底蕴和文化内涵有着 很大的不同，这在一定程度上阻碍了国家之间的交流与合作。因此，研究英美文化与中国文化之间的差异，对于国家之间的发展有着重 要的意义，下面就研究英美文化和中国文化之间差异的必要性做具 体分析。 1.1文化是社会意识形态的集中体现 通常来讲，文化是指人类活动的模式以及给予这些模式重要性的符 号化结构，主要包括文字、语言、文学、绘画等内容，不同地域、 不同时代的文化特点也不尽相同。文化是对人类社会长期的历史实 践过程中创造的物质财富和精神财富的集中体现，不仅是对当时社 会人类生活特点的体现，也是对一个国家长期的发展历程中文化特 色的积淀，更是对每个时期社会意识形态的重要体现。
论文题目： Choose a topic from the followings and write an essay about it. (Total score: 100) https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff11050879.html,pare “American and British Modern Education”: Analyze the similarities and differences from their history, system and emphasis. 2.Elaborate “America n’s role in the two World Wars”: when, how, why did US enter the war, and its role. 3.Elaborate “American Dream” in the perspective of USA?s early settlement, civil war, civil right movements or modern values. 论文模板： American’s role in the two World Wars（标题，3号字体，全 文字体均用Times New Roman） --a comparision….(副标题，可有可无，小三号) Abstract: This essay aims at redressing some of the imbalanced coverage given to this area of history thus far. A chronological study, it examines the role, importance and, to some exte nt, impact of a wide range of women?s organisations in the local context. Some were local branches of national organisations, others were specifically concerned with local issues. The local focus allows a challenge to be made to much current thought as to the strength of a“women?s movement” in the years between the suffrage movement and the emergence of a more radical form of feminism in the 1970s. The strength of feminist issues and campaigning is studied in three periods – the inter-war period, the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, and the 1950s and 1960s. (4号字，不超过300字,两端对齐) Keywords: WW; American; (不超过4个关键词，4号字)