英文文献及译文
英文文献
Road traffic modernization under the sustainable development concept
Review history of traffic engineering development of the road, evolution that the understanding idea which demonstrates a kind of person weaves into science and technology, the concept of design of road once went through the improvement of a lot of levels: Regard fabrication cost of the project as the standard level; Combine the standard level of service level of the traffic; Increase the standard level of environmental protection; Standard level of sustainable development. Improvement of every level, have all increased the new appraisal factor on the basis of the first level, has reflected the renewal of a kind of idea.
The improvement of the level, is following the popularization and application of the new technology too each time: The promotion of the first level, carry on on the basis of discipline development of the traffic engineering, the traffic flow was analysed technology, traffic designing technique, traffic engineering have offered powerful support. The promotion of the second level, introduce the idea of environmental science, form the research field of the traffic environment, consider the traffic planning of the environmental capacity of the road network, traffic public hazards ( The noise, waste gas, vibration) Prevention and cure, road landscape design,etc.. The third promotion, pay attention to the application of the huge systematic thought further, will build sustainable development with social economy of the infrastructure to link together closely. Under the guidance of sustainable development thought, road traffic modernization needs to carry on the adjustment of the idea, adjustment of the goal, adjustment of and the systematic structure.
1.Adjustment of the idea - Support the traffic facility system of sustainable development
Composition to the facility system of the traffic, as the progress of the human thought is changing constantly: It is early on the basis of limited construction ability and fund ability, it forms and only includes the most basic part - the noumenonn of the road, railway; After the traffic safety question is mentioned on the agenda, traffic sign and the mark, traffic monitoring system,etc. become the indispensable content in the facility system of traffic; In the question rising space agenda of traffic environment, the sound insulation wall, traffic environment watch-dog,etc. become new members
in the facility system of traffic; In conformity with demand for sustainable development, support and utilize traffic planning DSS and information that plan to combine together to gather the administrative system with the land, give full play to system for traffic guiding of the facility ability of the traffic,etc. and become important members in the facility system of traffic further. Behind the ones that formed the content and changed in this kind of hardware facility, designing the renewal of the idea, change of the infrastructure construction object of the traffic,etc. are playing an important role.
Developed country intelligent traffic system plan for example with America,Europe and Japan,etc., surface think this change and change of technology, traffic system of structure, have increased the system for traffic guiding, information system of the traffic,etc. in the traditional traffic system, and has adopted technology of the computer, control technology, communication technology,etc. to carry on technological transformation. In fact it is this understanding that plays a supporting role in the backstage: Under the circumstances that the limited land resource and environmental resources are restricted, the traditional traffic system is unable to meet the traffic demand for increasing constantly, must transform through adopting the modern new and high technology, improve the utilization efficiency of resources. Has formed a series of new systematic concepts on this basis, for example: The information system of the comprehensive traffic offers such information as traffic blocking, traffic accident, running time of the road on net,etc., offer the information of the public transport, help people to choose suitable traffic way, appropriate going out time, rational traffic route, impel the traffic to go out and is distributed and distributed rationally in the comprehensive traffic network, in order to lighten the burden of the whole traffic network.
The system for traffic guiding offers information service to the vehicle driver, help them to find out about the traffic jam state of the network of the whole road, lead them to avoid the crowded highway section or the crossing, impel the whole road network load to melt evenly, achieve the goal of improving utilization efficiency.
Freight transportation administrative system supported by traffic information, make plan, dispatcher of vehicle, rationally, offer the goods to collect and mix service,etc., it was high-efficient that its goal promoted freight transportation.
Passenger traffic supported by traffic information administrative system, manage the operation vehicle rationally, offer public transport services information, in order to improve the service level with systematic passenger traffic, attract more flow of passengers, lighten the burden of the whole urban traffic system.
The control system of automatic steering is supported by automatic control technology, improve the vehicle traffic capacity of the area of the road to the unit, and
strengthen the traffic security.
Therefore, in the proposition course of the new traffic system concept, need newer conduct of the idea and goal to lead the way.
Our times, sustainable development has already become the strategic objectives of a lot of countries, our country also regards it as great strategy to implement. Premier Li Peng led the group to attend the meeting of environment and development of the United Nations in 1992 ( UNCED) ,Promise solemnly China will fulfil the file that the meeting passes, the General Secretary Jiang Zemin emphasizes in the speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fourteenth Central committee of the CPC and the fourth national environmental protection meeting: In the course of modernization, must regard implementing sustainable development as a great strategy. Meanwhile, our government made" China's Agenda 21 ", as the great action, have made" the monitored plan of the national main total emission of pollutant ", <
With the close and related sustainable development goal of infrastructure construction: Improve the society, economy and environment of the human inhabited region; Improve inhabitting working environment and life quality of residents. This goal needs and could be realized effectively through the efforts of the multiple channel, it produces the function in many aspects on this goal to build as the traffic of the important component of the infrastructure: Guide function, the guide to that the area social economic space shape developed; Support function, offer the basic support frame of the regional space; Ensuring function, to rescue of such calamities as the earthquake,etc., the traffic network is the most basic lifeline. To traffic field, the construction object under the guidance of thought of sustainable development is basic condition of setting up and promoting the human inhabited region to develop continuously, its means is mainly as follows, utilize the land and plan to combine together with the communications and transportation; Establish the development model of reducing the traffic demand; Develop public transport; Improve traffic administration; Encourage non- flexible transportation way,etc..
Interrelated with the development goal, can divide the complicated problem faced into the following level relation:
Question of the first level ( Goal layer) : Set up the road traffic integrated system which supports sustainable development, offer and support the frame to the regional space rationally, use the natural resources rationally, support economic development, basic condition of transport services with certain dependability of taking precautions against natural calamities and combatting a natural disaster effectively. At the same time what need to emphasize is, the direct purpose of the integrated system of the road traffic is that the flow of people and thing is supported,
but not the operation of the vehicle is supported etc. briefly.
Question of the second level ( Macro-control layer) : Realize the overall coordination of the traffic system and optimize through the planning means, in order to avoid the waste of resources, and build the traffic to regard as plan for land, urban system planning, the important support foundation of realizing the course of territory planning and regulation and control means; Guide and realize the rational structure of the traffic mode through the policy means, promote using the rational utilization of resources through traffic demand, have priority to develop the public traffic system; Adopt the policy means to impel the technology innovation of the traffic trade, have priority to popularize and economize the resource and energy, improve technology of the operational efficiency of the traffic system,etc..
Question of the third level ( Technology layer) : Strengthen the application of the information technology in the traffic engineering, such as the system for traffic guiding, integrated information system of the traffic,etc.; Study and implement development of the public traffic system and technological progress conscientiously; Reduce the traffic pollution to the environment: Prevention and cure of the noise, waste gas, vibration; The use of the old and useless material, asking for etc. in order to reduce to nature.
2.Change of the structure - Composition of the integrated system of the road traffic
Set up road traffic integrated system whether one include under the guidance of sustainable development strategy " The government adjusts and controls the behavior, scientific and technical ability construction and social citizen's participation " System engineering not complicated,treat question of view not to it is great to be adopt project, need the demand of function put forward toward traffic system of the road of external environment condition of analyticl system, require to confirm the systematic structure according to these kind of function, support the scientific technology system of this structure.
According to carrying out the demand for sustainable strategy, the traffic system of the road will form the following interface relation with other systems: With natural direct interface of system, ask for from nature, to discharge, intervention to the nature of nature,etc..
With the interface of the social system, the coordination with the urbanization process, develop regulation of balanced degree to the territory, impact on consumption mode,etc..
With the interface of the economic system, including the coordination with the development strategy of regional economy, the coordination with the policy of utilization of energy, the impact on industrial structure and overall arrangement,etc..
This kind of interface relation requires the traffic system of the road to meet the
following function:
Basic traffic function is unobstructed to guarantee communications and transportation, safely, fast, comfortable, convenient;
Environmental protection function, improved the utilization efficiency of the unit land, the ones that reduced to nature were asked for and discharging;
Promote the social progress function, promote the sound development of urban system, regional overall arrangement through the effective planning means, guide the social consumption pattern correctly, impel the community to develop in a healthy way;
Function of supporting the development of economy, ensure the realization of the economic development strategy, promote the adjustment of economic structure and economic layout.
In order to meet the needs of function diversified development trends, the government will manage the subsystem, infrastructure subsystem, scientific and technical subsystem, the public and serve and participate in the subsystem to form in the road traffic integrated systems proposed.
The infrastructure construction of the traffic is an important respect that the government functions to sustainable development, the government has responsibility as the rational structure of setting-up of social and economic development and foundation of the overall arrangement, having responsibility to confirm the correct traffic development strategy, at the same time the traffic facility is a kind of very effective macro adjustments and controls means of the government's. Recall predicament city traffic fall into, Bangkok of Thailand, a lot of serious waste gas that city traffic lead to the fact pollute, public transport dangerous shrinking and is inclined to etc., can see clearly how greatly the responsibility that the government bears is in the city traffic of our country. Compared with this kind of responsibility, the technical support won during the process of making traffic development strategy, policy, planning and management of government organs of our country seems insufficient to some extent, not so sound information system, management system, not so unblocked to order important problem overcome further to need with communicative channel of expert,etc. that cut apart.
The government planning to build to this situation manages the subsystem, regard government's managerial staff member as the target of using, rely on the network system of the computer, support the man-machine system of government's decision-making process. Its theoretical foundation lies in open complicated huge system and methodology that Mr. Qian Xuesen put forward in 1989, namely from determining the nature to the comprehensive integrated law of the ration, this kind of method develops into from determining the nature to the ration to integrate and
discuss the drawing room synthetically further. The essence of this theory method is to combine expert's system, statistics with technological three of information material, computer, form an organic whole support decision activity. Government's technological goal of managing subsystem is mainly to improve the quality of decision, but not improve decision simply and analyse the speed. Basic working way of system information service, is it discuss, make policy to analyse to integrate.
In the infrastructure subsystem besides traditional road noumenonn facility, monitoring system of the traffic, system, information system of traffic and environmental protection of traffic, charge system automatically, traffic safety and accident process system,etc. important components among them. The modernized traffic monitoring system is an indispensable part in the traffic system of the road, it regarded level and smooth traffic flow as the direct goal, and produced and reduced the waste gas to discharge, reduce the purpose of energy consumption from this. Different from foreign system, our country needs to consider mixing the special problem that the traffic brings conscientiously. The information system of the traffic, to regulating the traffic demand, supporting administrative decision, supporting transportation sector and enterprise to make the vehicle dispatcher's plan etc. and have important function, several parts of gathered by information, information processing, information issue make up. The environmental protection system of the traffic is prevented and cured and monitored two basic parts to make up by waste gas, noise, vibration, its hardware including sound insulation wall, decorating low in noisely, the bridge shock attenuation device, special-purpose monitoring device of traffic pollution,etc..
The purpose of the scientific and technical subsystem is to promote the technological progress of the trade through technology popularization and technical training, it forms and includes service system of the scientific information, new technology popularization system, academic discuss system,etc., the hardware has to go to the support that key laboratory, department open laboratory, the fictitious laboratory of network, information information Web serve the node, observe the experimental system etc.. Among them the fictitious laboratory of network carries on domain engineering research of relevant road traffic and scientific research, carry on the important base where the high project of the road traffic field educates, popularizes the new concept of the new technology; Its main serivce object is engineering researcher of road traffic, teacher, graduate student and undergraduate of the institution of higher education,etc.; The fictitious laboratory is set up on the basis of wide area network of the computer, its core is formed by the artificial experimental system of the computer; The system offers the services of the distance learning experiment and project experiment mainly.
The public serves and participates in the subsystem to occupy the irreplaceable status in the integrated system of the road traffic, the traffic needs the public to participate in closely, to public service including information service, rescuing the service, management service,etc., for example is the public to serve the concept system that the system for traffic guiding, parking area guide the system, public transport services information system etc. in the intellectual traffic system; The citizen's participation means that understands and supports in order to get the public, the public education carried on (some even take the measure of artificial game of the computer) , such activities as the public trains, road traffic integrated system through traffic training base, rely on fictitious training base, traffic, computer of network is it release system,etc. carry on essential support to their to propagate.
3.Change of the scientific research structure - Research field of meritting attention
Because sustainable development has put forward the new demand, the scientific research contents of supporting road traffic construction are changing importantly, the proportion of traditional technology is dropping, the research contents of new technology discipline are being paid close attention to rapidly, and is getting application progressively.
The planning with foresight is the basic assurance of sustainable development, therefore the research field of traffic planning is changing deeply. Traffic planning is from regarding depending on the qualitative analysis of experience main stage basically as, get make investigations quantitative analysis of foundation for main stage, to determine the nature new stage that ration combine together, course of development that a kind of spiral type appears to rise. This is because of the demand change of the traffic system at first, not only need to meet the traffic demand but also need to offer the foundation to support the condition to the sustainable development of social economy. The change that requires causes the enlargement of research range to change, making us more difficult will make accurate prediction to the long-term development of the research object. So, the research range of traffic planning is expanded further, pay attention to cooperating with coordination between the social economic systems further, pay attention to solving the problem of the strategical planning aspect further, notice further base on the premise that the requirement forecasting of the long-term traffic can not be accurate traffic planning method is studied at the same time. As the theoretical foundation, and from determining the nature to the comprehensive integrated technology of the ration to arouse the attention from researcher for the great project theory.
The great project means the planning, design of the ultra large-scale project of the overall situation of relation, makes policy and organizing the implementation. This
theory tries hard to adopt the project concept of the brand-new big comprehensive system, is it determine the nature ration half-and-half method to use, is it is it trade off, not complementary to is it seek suitable but not optimum way of thinking solve one's own problem to help altogether to coordinate to adopt. Supporting the thought analytical method of the great project has systematic dynamics ( SD) , the structure is analyzed ( ISM) , try on analysing by mistake ( Try and Error Analysis) ,etc.. Compared with traditional system engineering, the great project pays more attention to paying attention to wrapping up the whole system environment not including holding in place with a net systematically. Use this theory to contribute to our analysing the coordination relation between the traffic system and social economic system better.
Integrate to ration it is Qian Xuesen one research complicated huge system that Mr. put forward that have of our country method of characteristic synthetically determining the nature. Its core is to conbine expert's colony, data, various kinds of information and computer together artificial and organically, combine scientific theory about discipline with people's knowledge and experience, give play to the whole advantage of the integrated system to solve the practical problem. This theory method has offered the foundation for the fact that we determine the nature in traffic planning the ration combines together, contribute to improving the method of decision theory facing complicated huge system.
According to planning research contents, develop urban public transport, promote the setting-up of the rational traffic mode, cause people's attention. Limited impossible private traffic that bears and is developed rapidly of natural resources, must adopt such means in many aspects as policy, tax revenue, construction, management,etc. to impel a large number of personnel to utilize the public traffic system. The city traffic planning of our country has been emphasizing all the time for many years the public transport has priority, but situation that really implements is not good, how to prove and persuade the government and the public with effective analysis, space utilization of resources, respect, financial budget of government and person who support of technological progress in city implement public transport have priority strategy really, it is still a problem urgently to be solved.
According to planned range, the network planning of a group of traffic of the city has referred to the increasingly important position with urbanization process, after the administration can be solved while coordinating the problem, the traffic planning problem of group in the cities of the Changjiang Delta, Zhujiang River Delta will be proposed rapidly, must carry on the essential theory to prepare for it.
Question needed paying close attention in the course of sustainable development in traffic demand of the traffic, the mankind should comparatively adjust one's own
consumption idea consciously, among them the traffic is consumed is an extremely important part. Such many kinds of means as the management, tax jurisdiction,etc. through parking of traffic demand of traffic realize the regulation to the traffic way, mode that the mode of encouraging reducing the traffic and going out and less resources consume.
The information technology is entering the traffic engineering field rapidly, the intellectual traffic system is set up on the basis of information technology, its core is an information system of traffic. The traffic information system of our country is still very backward, gather the system, information very not so abundant to process and utilize in information of traffic not so perfect, it is all problems needing to solve especially to await improved information issue means,etc.. The integrated system of the road traffic is one multidimensional world, information is playing an important role among them. Choose the behavior to finish supported by information in people's traffic, the government's traffic is strategic, traffic planning, traffic policy are made supported by information, the daily administrative decision of the management organization of the traffic is due to a information foundation even more. It is the combination of computer and communication technology that need to pay attention to at present, especially information dissemination and information on the computer network foundation of wide area are gathered.
As the information technology carrier, the system for traffic guiding, information system of the traffic, traffic control system are playing a very important role in the modern road traffic system, traffic subject they - It is the organic whole that people or the thing, means of transportation, traffic infrastructure, vehicle supervision department get in touch, the efficiency that causes not in tune drops after reducing because within the system. The research work of the system for traffic guiding has already been launched in our country, the present focal point of work one is that an overall frame of the system is studied and makes a concrete analysis of the model to study, worth paying the essential attention as the traffic behavior of basic theory. The present research of information system of the traffic is mainly to attempt to synthesize the information of various fields, offer and meet the need of different tasks with information picture of the level after processing, the data warehouse technology, data developed in recent years excavate technology etc. and show the good application prospect. Meanwhile, DSS which supports administrative decision of the different levels is a respect that the researcher pays close attention to too, its subject matter needing to study is how to utilize a large amount of information that the information network offers, excavate out the content cared about by oneself from it; How decision-making process that the ration combines together to determining the nature offers effective support; How to meet the decision characteristics of the different
levels,etc.. In the course of technical application of information, what merits attention is that the trends of the overall arrangement, overall coordination are dispersed, what master plan is emphasized is the standard of an agreement, but not adhere rigidly to the technological detail, this can make huge information system sporadic development step by step, put in place progressively, degree of difficulty developed with the reduction system.
The environmental protection technology of the road traffic remains the focus that will pay close attention to in the future. The prevention and cure means of the automobile waste gas is mainly to adopt clean energy, tail gas purification, and adjust and control and reduce the automobile to use through the policy. In addition it is the research of strengthening engineering that need to pay attention to, analyse the diffusion law of the waste gas under the specific environment, pollute for the waste gas which lightens some position. The setting-up of the special-purpose monitoring system of waste gas pollution of road traffic is a very important task too, the data that this kind of special-purpose system set up abroad accumulated throughout the year have created very good terms in order that its environmental countermeasure is made. Noise prevent and cure in the field of traditional research facing a lot of subjecting still, can use engineering evaluation and noise of engineering design for propagate basic law is it remain and deepen even to study, the design of the sound insulation wall remains to improve, low in noise road surface technology remains to carry on the project experiment and popularize further. In addition, consider in traffic planning the environmental protection factor is forming the focus, especially the land is utilized, urban system structure and traffic skeleton cooperate each other, it is a research focal point in the planning to form ecology urban system structure. In the course of formulation of the concrete programme, the capacity of traffic environment is analysed technology has better practical prospects. Asking for in order to reduce to nature, adopt the old and useless material to build road and is still worth paying great attention, fly ash, abolishing slags,etc. are used in the road bed and build and make very good result, still need to study the material as building the road of industrial waste material further, and the old way of road transforms the old and useless regeneration that dripped in the course.
It is a field that is worth launching that the dependability of the traffic network is studied, especially should pay enough attention even more in the network planning of urban road. Our country is going through a new urbanization course at present, need to consider conscientiously that prevent and rescue the question to such great natural calamity as the earthquake,etc. in the course of planning of city layout, lay a good foundation for the further development of the city. After the great earthquake disaster takes place, the traffic system of the road plays an essential role to the rescue and
recovery of the city, this has already been proved by the fact of the domestic and international numerous earthquake disaster.
Ensure the road traffic to face two basic problems under studying the earthquake disaster situation:
Because have great influence on the recovery of the overall function of the urban system on the calamity situation makes the traffic system function of the road, therefore need to offer and having certain dependability, can be resisting the earthquake and secondly grows the traffic network that the calamity functioned.
In case of calamity, especially in the initial stage of rescue work, people (especially their traffic behaviors) Often losing the effective sense of organization, the amorphous action of this kind of scattering may cause the forfeiture of the overall function of the traffic network, therefore ensure needing to consider the supply and demand relation under this kind of special circumstances in the traffic system design to that the city provides disaster relief, and the corresponding traffic ensures the method.
There are important meanings in resisting the fire, floods etc. in the similar research demand.
4.Concern of the traffic environment - Countermeasure and means
The environmental pollution of the road traffic is divided into three main respects of traffic noise, air pollution, traffic vibration mainly. , and the random noise propagated to the road happens from automobile group through the road in the road traffic noise, its characteristic is that size is irregular, and the change is large in range. The main measure of reducing the road traffic noise improves the vehicle structure, state, controlling the volume of traffic of improving going,etc., see Fig. 1 in its concrete content.
The automobile is the movement of the air pollution takes place in the source, is have hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen hydrogen chemical compound, lead thing, particulate matter,etc. by the polluter that the automobile discharges.
In order to reduce the discharge pollution of the automobile, the most important control takes place in the source, can adopt the quantity of polluter that less automobiles discharge at first (for example adopt the unleaded gas) ; Second can with is it is it give vent to anger body manage rule as centre, promote improvement, automobile of structure to arrange to strengthen; The third utilizes the traffic control system to keep the noncongestion of the traffic flow, improve the state of going through traffic rules; Fourth, impel the private car traffic to turn to the public traffic system, such overall control means of the traffic as and of promoting freight transportation way and rationalized; The fifth is to improve the structure of the road, guarantee environmental facilities and take, afforest etc. and
buffer area,etc..
The so-called traffic vibration, refer to going on the road and act on road bed in shock power of the vehicle, transmit the vibration causing the ground and building along the line to produce through the ground. Road surface level, vehicle weight heavy, high carrying cargo vehicle to be large speed, the bigger the vibration that is produced is, in addition, the weaker the ground is, the higher the terminal vibration grade is. In order to reduce traffic vibration, and prevented and cured by the measure in such respects as the vibration department,etc. through the vibration source, spread route. Improve the measure as road vibration, often adopt road surface roughness improving, road surface, road bed and ground improvement, with appoint traffic rules, set up environmental protection take, protect ditch, protect wall,etc..
译文
可持续发展概念下的道路交通现代化建设
回顾道路交通工程发展的历史，呈现出一种人的认识观念与科学技术相互交织的发展过程，道路设计概念曾经历多个层次的提高：以工程造价为标准层次；结合交通服务水平标准层次；增加环境保护标准层次；可持续发展标准层次。每一层次的提高，都是在前一层次的基础上增加了新的评价因素，体现了一种观念的更新。每一次层次的提高，也都伴随着新技术的推广应用：第一次层次的提升，是在交通工程学科发展的基础上进行的，交通流分析技术、交通设计技术、交通工程技术提供了强有力的支撑。第二次层次的提升，引进了环境科学的观念，形成交通环境的研究领域，考虑道路网环境容量的交通规划、交通公害（噪声、废气、振动）的防治、道路景观设计等。第三次提升，则更加注重巨型系统思想的应用，将把基础设施建设与社会经济的持续发展紧密联系在一起。在可持续发展思想指导下，道路交通现代化建设需要进行观念的调整、目标的调整，以及系统结构的调整。
1.观念的调整―支撑可持续发展的交通设施体系
对于交通设施体系的构成，随着人类思想的进步不断发生着变化：早期在有限的建设能力和资金能力基础上，其构成只包含了最基本的部分―道路、铁道的本体；当交通安全问题提到议事日程之上以后，交通标志和标记、交通监控系统等成为交通设施体系中不可缺少的内容；当交通环境问题提上议事日程，隔音墙、交通环境监控设备等成为交通设施体系中的新成员；与可持续发展的要求相适应，支持与土地利用规划相结合的交通规划决策支持系统和信息采集管理系统、更加充分发挥交通设施能力的交通诱导系统等成为
交通设施体系中的重要成员。在这种硬件设施构成内容变化的背后，设计观念的更新，交通基础设施建设目标的变化等发挥着重要的作用。
以欧美日等发达国家智能化交通系统计划为例，表面看这是交通系统结构的变化和技术的变化，在传统的交通系统中增加了交通诱导系统、交通信息系统等，以及采用了计算机技术、控制技术、通信技术等进行技术改造。实际上在后台起到支撑作用的是这样一种认识：在有限的土地资源和环境资源制约下，传统的交通系统无法满足不断增长的交通需求，必须通过采用现代高新技术加以改造，提高资源的利用效率。在此基础上形成了一系列新的系统概念，例如：
综合交通信息系统提供道路网上的交通阻滞、交通事故、运行时间等情报，并提供公共交通的情报，帮助人们选择合适的交通方式、恰当的出行时间、合理的交通路线，促使交通出行分布在综合交通网络上进行合理分布，以减轻整个交通网络的负担。
交通诱导系统向车辆驾驶员提供信息服务，帮助他们了解整个道路网络的交通拥挤状态，引导他们避开拥挤路段或交叉口，促使整个路网负荷均匀化，达到提高利用效率的目的。
货运管理系统在交通信息的支持下，合理制定车辆调度计划，提供货物集配服务等，其目标是促进货物运输的高效化。
客运管理系统在交通信息的支持下，合理进行营运车辆调度，并提供公共交通服务信息，以提高客运系统的服务水平，吸引更多的客流，减轻整个城市交通系统的负担。
自动驾驶控制系统是在自动控制技术的支持下，提高单位道路面积的车辆通行能力，以及增强交通安全性。
由此可见，新的交通系统概念的提出过程中，需要观念和目标的更新作为前导。
当今世界，可持续发展已经成为许多国家的战略目标，我国亦将其作为重大战略加以实施。1992年李鹏总理率团出席了联合国环境与发展会议（UNCED），庄严承诺中国将认真履行会议所通过的文件，江泽民总书记在党的十四届五中全会和第四次全国环境保护会议上的讲话中均强调：在现代化建设过程中，必须把实施可持续发展作为一项重大战略。同时，我国政府制定了《中国21世纪议程》，作为重大举措，制定了《全国主要污染物排放总量控制计划》、《中国跨世纪绿色工程规划（第一期）》。
与基础设施建设紧密关联的可持续发展目标是：改善人类居住区的社会、经济和环境；改善居民的居住工作环境和生活质量。这一目标需要通过多种途径的努力才能有效地实现，作为基础设施重要组成部分的交通建设对这一目标产生多方面的作用：引导作用，对区域社会经济空间形态发展的引导；支持作用，提供区域空间的基本支撑框架；保障作用，对于地震等灾害的救援来说，交通网络是最基本的生命线。对于交通领域来说，在可持续发展的
思想指导下的建设目标是建立促进人类居住区持续发展的基础条件，其手段主要有：将土地利用与交通运输规划相结合；确立减少交通需求的发展模式；发展公共交通；改善交通管理；鼓励非机动运输方式等。
与发展目标相互关联，可将面临的复杂问题分解为如下层次关系：
第一层次的问题（目标层）：建立支持可持续发展的道路交通综合系统，提供对区域空间合理支撑框架、合理使用自然资源、有效支撑经济发展、具有一定的防灾抗灾可靠性的交通服务基础条件。同时需要强调的是，道路交通综合系统的直接目的是对人和物的流动加以支持，而不是简单地对车辆的运行加以支持等。
第二层次的问题（宏观控制层）：通过规划手段实现交通系统的总体协调和优化，以避免资源的浪费，并将交通建设作为用地规划、城市体系规划、国土规划实现过程的重要支撑基础和调控手段；通过政策手段引导实现交通模式的合理结构，通过需求管理促进用资源的合理利用，优先发展公共交通系统；采用政策手段促使交通行业的技术更新，优先推广节约资源和能源，提高交通系统运行效率的技术等。
第三层次的问题（技术层）：加强信息技术在交通工程中的应用，例如交通诱导系统、交通综合信息系统等；认真研究和实施公共交通系统的发展和技术进步；减少对环境的交通污染：噪声、废气、振动的防治；废旧材料的利用，以减少对自然界的索取等。
2.结构的变化―道路交通综合系统的构成
在可持续发展战略指导下建立道路交通综合系统是一个包括“政府调控行为、科学技术能力建设和社会公众参与”的复杂系统工程，采用宏工程的观点看待这一问题，需要分析系统外部环境对道路交通系统所提出的功能要求，根据这种功能要求确定系统的结构，支撑这一结构的科学技术体系。
根据执行可持续战略的要求，道路交通系统将与其它系统之间形成如下接口关系：
与自然系统的直接接口，包括从自然界的索取、向自然界的排放、对自然界的干预等。
与社会系统的接口，与城市化进程的协调，对国土发展均衡程度的调节，对消费模式的影响等。
与经济系统的接口，包括与区域经济发展战略的协调，与能源利用政策的协调，对产业结构与布局的影响等。
这种接口关系要求道路交通系统满足如下功能：
基本交通功能，保证交通运输通畅、安全、快速、舒适、便捷；
环境保护功能，提高单位土地的利用效率，减少对自然界的索取和排放；
促进社会进步功能，通过有效的规划手段促进城市体系、区域布局的健康发展，正确引导社会消费方式，促使社区健康发展；
支持经济发展的功能，保障经济发展战略的实现，促进经济结构和经济布局的调整。
为适应功能要求多样化的发展趋势，所建议的道路交通综合系统将由政府管理子系统、基础设施子系统、科学技术子系统、公众服务及参与子系统所构成。
交通基础设施建设就是政府对可持续发展发挥作用的一个重要方面，政府有责任为社会和经济发展的建立合理结构和布局的基础，有责任确定正确的交通发展战略，同时交通设施又是政府的一种很有效的宏观调控手段。回想一下泰国曼谷城市交通所陷入的困境，许多城市交通造成的严重废气污染，我国城市交通中公共交通危险的萎缩倾向等，可以清楚地看到政府所担负的责任有多么重大。与这种责任相比，我国政府机构在制定交通发展战略、政策、规划和管理的过程中所获得的技术支持就显得有所不足，不够健全的信息系统、分割的管理体制、不够畅通的与专家之间的沟通渠道等都是需要进一步克服的重要问题点。
针对这一情况拟建的政府管理子系统，是以政府管理工作人员为使用对象，依托计算机网络系统，支持政府决策过程的人机系统。其理论基础在于钱学森先生1989年提出的开放的复杂巨系统及方法论，即从定性到定量综合集成法，这种方法进一步发展成为从定性到定量综合集成研讨厅。这一理论方法的实质是将专家体系、统计数据和信息资料、计算机技术三者结合，构成一个有机的整体支持决策活动。政府管理子系统的技术目标主要是提高决策的质量，而非单纯提高决策分析速度。系统的基本工作方式是信息服务、集成研讨、决策分析。
基础设施子系统中除了传统的道路本体设施以外，交通监控系统、交通信息系统、交通环境保护系统、自动收费系统、交通安全及事故处理系统等均是其中重要的组成部分。现代化的交通监控系统是道路交通系统中不可缺少的部分，它以平滑交通流为直接目标，并由此产生减少废气排放、减少能源消耗的目的。与国外的系统不同，我国需要认真考虑混合交通所带来的特殊问题。交通信息系统对调节交通需求、支持管理决策、支持运输部门和企业制定车辆调度计划等均有重要的作用，由信息采集、信息加工、信息发布几部分所组成。交通环境保护系统由废气、噪声、振动防治和监测两个基本部分所组成，其硬件包括隔音墙、低噪声铺装、桥梁减震装置、交通污染专用监测装置等。
科学技术子系统的目的是通过技术推广和技术培训促进行业的技术进步，其构成包括科学情报服务体系、新技术推广体系、学术研讨体系等，硬件方面得到重点实验室、部门开放实验室、网络虚拟实验室、情报信息Web 服务节点、观测实验系统等的支持。其中网络虚拟实验室是进行有关道路交通领域工程技术研究和科学研究、进行道路交通领域高等工程教育、推广新技术新概念的重要基地；其主要服务对象为道路交通工程技术研究人员、高等学校的教师、研究生和本科学生等；虚拟实验室建立在计算机广域网络基础上，其核心是由计算机仿真实验系统所构成；系统主要提供远程教学实验
和工程实验方面的服务。
公众服务与参与子系统在道路交通综合系统中占有不可替代的地位，交通需要公众密切参与，对公众服务包括信息服务、救援服务、管理服务等，例如智能交通系统中交通诱导系统、停车场引导系统、公共交通服务信息系统等均是公众服务概念系统；而公众参与则是指为获得公众理解与支持，所进行的公众教育（有些甚至是采取计算机仿真游戏的方式）、公众训练等活动，道路交通综合系统将通过交通培训基地、依托计算机网络的虚拟训练基地、交通宣传发布系统等对其进行必要的支持。
3.科学研究结构的变化―值得关注的研究领域
由于可持续发展提出了新的要求，因而支撑道路交通建设的科学研究内容发生着重要的变化，传统技术的比重正在下降，新技术学科的研究内容正在迅速得到关注，并正在得到逐步应用。
具有远见的规划是可持续发展的基本保证，因而交通规划研究领域正在发生着深刻的变化。交通规划从以基本依靠经验的定性分析为主阶段，到调查研究基础上的定量分析为主阶段，在向定性定量相结合的新阶段，呈现了一种螺旋式上升发展的过程。这首先是由于对于交通系统的要求变化，不仅需要满足交通需求，而且需要对社会经济的可持续发展提供基础支撑条件。要求的变化造成研究范围的扩大变化，使得我们更加难以对研究对象的长期发展作出准确的预测。因此，交通规划的研究范围进一步扩大，更加注重与社会经济系统之间的协调配合，更加注重解决战略规划层面的问题，同时更加注意在长期交通需求预测不可能准确的前提下交通规划方法的研究。作为理论基础，宏工程理论和从定性到定量综合集成技术正在引起研究者的关注。
宏工程指的是关系全局的超大型工程项目的规划、设计、决策和组织实施。这一理论力图采用全新的综合大系统的工程概念，运用定性定量参半的方法，采用协调折衷、互补共济等寻求合适而非最优的思想方法来解决自己的问题。支撑宏工程思想的分析方法有系统动力学（SD）、结构解析（ISM）、试误分析（Try and Error Analysis）等。与传统系统工程相比，宏工程更加重视注重系统包络之外的整个系统环境。应用这一理论将有助于我们更好地分析交通系统与社会经济系统之间的协调关系。
从定性到定量综合集成是钱学森先生提出的一种研究复杂巨系统的具有我国特色的方法。其核心是将专家群体、数据和各种信息与计算机仿真有机地结合起来，把有关学科的科学理论与人知识和经验结合起来，发挥综合系统的整体优势去解决实际问题。这一理论方法为我们在交通规划中定性定量相结合提供了基础，有助于改进面向复杂巨系统的决策理论方法。
从规划研究内容来看，发展城市公共交通，促进合理交通模式的建立，正在引起人们的重视。有限的自然资源不可能承担迅速发展的私人交通，必须采用政策、税收、建设、管理等多方面手段促使大量的人员利用公共交通系统。我国的城市交通规划多年来一直强调公共交通优先，但真正落实下来的情况并不好，如何以有力的分析论证说服政府及公众，在城市的空间资源
利用、政府财政预算、技术进步支持等方面确实实施公共交通优先战略，仍是亟待解决的问题。
从规划范围来看，都市群交通网络规划随着城市化进程而提到了日益重要的位置，当行政协调问题能够解决之后，长江三角洲、珠江三角洲都市群的交通规划问题将迅速提出，必须为之进行必要的理论准备。
交通需求管理在可持续发展过程中需要给予关注的问题，人类应该较为自觉地调整自己的消费观念，其中交通消费是极为重要的一部分。交通需求管理通过停车管理、税收管理等多种手段实现对交通方式的调节，鼓励减少交通出行的模式及较少资源消耗的模式。
信息技术正在迅速进入交通工程领域，智能交通系统建立在信息技术的基础上，其核心就是交通信息系统。我国的交通信息系统还十分落后，不够完善的交通信息采集系统、非常不够充分的信息加工利用，有待改进的信息发布手段等，都是需要重点解决的问题。道路交通综合系统是一个多维世界，信息在其中发挥着重要的作用。人们的交通选择行为正是在信息的支持下完成的，政府的交通战略、交通规划、交通政策正是在信息的支持下制定的，交通管理机构的日常管理决策更是离不开信息基础。当前需要注意的是计算机与通信技术的结合，特别是广域计算机网络基础上的信息传播和信息采集。
作为信息技术实现载体，交通诱导系统、交通信息系统、交通控制系统在现代道路交通体系中发挥着十分重要的作用，它们将交通主体―人或物、交通工具、交通基础设施、交通管理部门联系为有机的整体，减少了由于系统内部不相协调造成的效率下降。交通诱导系统的研究工作已在我国展开，当前的工作重点其一是系统的总体框架研究和具体分析模型研究，作为基础理论交通行为值得给予必要的重视。交通信息系统目前的研究主要是试图综合各方面的信息，加工后提供分层次的信息图像以满足不同任务的需要，近年来发展起来的数据仓库技术、数据挖掘技术等正在展现出良好的应用前景。同时，支持不同层次管理决策的决策支持系统也是研究者关注的一个方面，其需要研究的主要问题是如何利用信息网络所提供的大量信息，从中挖掘出自己所关心的内容；如何对定性定量相结合的决策过程提供有效的支持；如何适应不同层次的决策特点等。在信息技术应用过程中，值得注意的是分散布局、总体协调的趋势，总体规划强调的是协议标准，而不是拘泥于技术细节，这使得庞大的信息系统可以分步分散开发，逐步到位，以减少系统开发的难度。
道路交通环境保护技术仍然是今后关注的热点。汽车废气的防治手段主要是采用清洁能源、尾气净化，并通过政策调控减少汽车使用。除此之外需要注意的是加强工程技术的研究，分析废气在特定环境下的扩散规律，以减轻局部位置的废气污染。道路交通废气污染专用监测系统的建立也是非常重要的一项任务，国外建立的这类专用系统常年积累的数据为其环境对策制定创造了很好的条件。噪声防治在传统的研究领域仍然面临许多课题，可用于
工程评价和工程设计的噪声传播基本规律研究还有待深化，隔音墙的设计有待改进，低噪声路面技术有待进一步进行工程化实验和推广。此外，在交通规划中考虑环境保护因素正在形成热点，特别是土地利用、城市体系结构与交通骨架相互配合，构成生态城市体系结构，是规划工作中的研究重点。在具体规划方案的制定过程中，交通环境容量分析技术具有较好的实用前景。
为减少对自然界的索取，采用废旧材料进行道路建设仍值得给予高度重视，粉煤灰、废钢渣等用于路基建设取得了很好的效果，仍然需要进一步研究工业废料作为筑路材料，以及道路旧路改造过程中废旧沥清的再生利用。
交通网络的可靠性研究是一个值得展开的领域，特别是在城市道路网络规划中更应给予足够的重视。我国目前正在经历一个新的城市化过程，在城市布局规划过程中需要认真考虑对地震等重大自然灾害预防和救援问题，为城市的进一步发展打下良好的基础。在重大地震灾害发生后，道路交通系统对于城市的救援与恢复起着至关重要的作用，这已被国内外多次地震灾害血的事实所证明。
研究地震灾害情况下保障道路交通面临两个基本问题：
由于灾害情况下道路交通系统功能对于城市系统总体功能的恢复具有重大影响，因而需要提供具有一定可靠性、能够在抗御地震及其次生灾害发挥作用的交通网络。
在灾害情况下，特别是在救援工作初期，人们（特别是其交通行为）往往失去有效的组织性，这种分散无组织的行动有可能造成交通网络总体机能的丧失，因而对于城市救灾保障交通系统设计中需要考虑这种特殊情况下的供需关系，以及对应的交通保障方法。
类似的研究需求在抵御火灾、水灾等方面均有重要的意义。
4.交通环境的关注―对策与手段
道路交通的环境污染主要分为交通噪声、大气污染、交通振动三个主要方面。道路交通噪声是由通过道路的汽车群发生、并传播到道路沿线的随机噪声，其特点是大小不规则，且变动幅度大。降低道路交通噪声的主要措施有改善车辆结构、改善行驶状态、控制交通量等，其具体内容参见图1。
汽车是大气污染的移动发生源，由汽车排放的污染物质有碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氮氢化合物、铅化物、颗粒物质等。为减少汽车的排放污染，最重要的控制发生源，首先可以采取较少汽车排出的污染物质数量（例如采用无铅汽油）；第二可以以强化排出气体管理规章为中心，促进汽车结构的改善；第三利用交通控制系统保持交通流的畅通，通过交通规则改善行驶状态；
第四，促使私人汽车交通转向公共交通系统，以及促进货运方式的合理化等交通总量控制手段；第五是改善道路结构，确保环境设施带、绿化等缓冲区域等。
所谓交通振动，是指道路上行驶车辆的冲击力作用在路基上，通过地基传递致使沿线地基和建筑物产生的振动。路面越不平整、车辆重量越大、车速越高、载货车辆越多，产生的振动越大，此外，地基越软弱路端振动级越高。为减少交通振
动，大致可以通过振动源、传播路径及受振动部等方面的措施来防治。作为道路振动改良措施，往往采用路面平整度改善、路面、路基以及地基改良，和指定交通规则、设置环境保护带、防护沟、防护壁等。
道路设计 1.道路设计的历史 首先，本文主要依靠大量的文字叙述，若对您造成理解上的困难，敬请谅解。 由于本文所涵盖的资料单一，本文是此系列中唯一的一篇文章。本文不像其他文章 一样有大量图片说明。其次，本文主要内容是关于欧洲公路修筑的历史。 在西欧，罗马人是具有重大意义的公路修筑的开创者。他们看到了修筑公路能 使人较快的移动地理位置的作用，这一作用对军用和民用都是极其重要的。罗马人 率先指出，要使公路发展为主要道路，就必须把地坪线提高一米。公路的最大特点 就是没有角落，这是为了降低埋伏的风险。罗马人对道路的耐久性设定了标准，这 一成就远超过了罗马帝国灭亡后所取得的其它成就。 罗马人设计公路的方法本质上与现代使用的是相同。公路由几个不同层次构成，这从基层增加了公路的强度。最底层的通常是碎石子，中间层是掺加了石灰的混凝土，而上层则是铺路石或者掺有石灰的厚石板。每一层的厚度由当地的地质条件决定。 罗马帝国消亡后，它的道路系统一直处于无人修善的状态。到了中世纪末期， 全国的道路系统几乎处于瘫痪状态，唯一的路途就是没有铺石板的路。一到冬季就 泥泞不堪，夏天则尘土飞扬，根本无法通行。同时为了绕开贫穷的地区，更是导致 了道路弯弯曲曲，加大了通行难度。这种路况加上法律监管不严，意味着除非是疯 子或者是无可奈何的情况，没人愿意去走这些路。 这种情况直到1555年国会通过了所有地方政府有责任维修损坏道路的行动后有 所改善。这次行动还包括建立高速公路拯救员职位。没有薪金和材料再加上技术匮乏，所以这个告示明显地无人理睬且效率低下也就不怎么奇怪了。 …… 2.交通量分析 2.1、交通密度：
2.2、交通负荷： 3.交通密度 4.交通负载 5.土方工程 6.开挖 History of Road Design Firstly let me apologise for this page. It is largely text based due to the nature of it and if reading is difficult then I am sorry. This is due solely to the material covered and is the only page in the series. This is not typical as the rest have graphics or images to keep you amused. Secondly this page is very much a history of road building in the United Kingdom． The first road builders of any significance in Western Europe were the Romans, who saw the ability to move quickly as essential for both military and civil reasons. It is from the Romans that the term highway comes as all their roads were elevated 1m above the local level of the land. This was to minimise the risk of an ambush, as was the best known characteristic of the roads, their lack of corners. The standards set by the Romans in terms of durability far exceeded anything achieved after the fall of the empir e. The Roman approach to road design is essentially the same as that in current use. The roads were constructed of several different layers, increasing in strength from the bottom. The lowest layer was normally a rubble, intermediate layers were made of li me bound concrete and the upper layer was a flag or lime grouted stone slabs. The thickness of the layers was varied according to the local ground conditions. After the fall of the Roman Empire the road system fell into a state of disrepair and by the end of the middle ages, there was in effect no road
当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。 由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。 在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。 我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。 本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
道路与桥梁专业外文翻译 中英对照 Jenny was compiled in January 2021
本科毕业设计（论文） 专业名称：土木工程专业（道路与桥 梁） 年级班级：道桥08-5班学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○一二年五月十八日 专业外文翻译
Geometric Design of Highways The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility. The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding. The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic. Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination. Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.
本科生毕业论文（设计）题目文献综述文献综述随着改革开放的深入，交通运输在生活中的作用越来越明显，高速公路的建设成为了国民建设中的一个重大问题。由于高速公路具有汽车专用，分隔行驶，全部立交，控制出入以及高标准，高要求，设备功能完善等功能，与一般公路相比具有很多优点，所以具有很强的实用性。目前，我国高等级公路建设正处在“质”与“量”并重的重要发展阶段。从大陆第一条高速公路——沪嘉高速开始，中国大陆高速公路建设进入了一个崭新的时期。高速公路在二十多年间展现出了巨大的优越性，在以建成的高速公路沿线及腹地迅速兴起了工业企业建设的热【1】潮，地价增值，地方税收增加，投资环境发生巨大变化。目前我国的高速公路主要分布在东南沿海，我国的沿海地带，大部分是淤泥质海岸。因此，沿海特别是大江大河河口附近多为河相、海相或泻湖相沉积层，在地质上属于第四纪全新纪Q4 土层，多属于【2】东南海岸土的类别多为淤泥，淤泥质亚黏饱和的正常压密黏土。土。这类地基的主要特点是：具有高含水量、大孔隙、低密度、低强度、高压缩性、低透水性、中等灵敏度等特点；具有一定的结构性。由于这类地基存在这些特点，在软粘土地基上建造建筑物普遍存在稳定及变形的问题。以高速为例，由于高速的路堤高度不大，所以稳定问题并不突出，但是变形问题很明显。目前高速桥头跳车以及高填方段、填挖结合部等位置因地基差异沉降对路面结构造成的不良影响已引起公路建设、设计、监理、施工等部门的日益重视。如何解决高等级公路桥头跳车问题已成为刻不容缓的大事。造成桥头跳车的原因【3】有很多：1、土质不良引起的地基沉陷：土质不良，由此产生沉陷是桥头跳车的主要原因。桥涵通常位于沟壑地方，地下水位较高，此类土天然含水量大于液限，天然孔隙比大，常含有机质，压缩性高，抗剪强度低，一旦受到扰动，天然结构易受破坏，强度便显著降低，桥头路基填筑高度较大，产生基底应力相对较大，在车辆荷载作用下，更容易引起地基沉陷，且变形稳定历时往往持续数年乃至更长的时间。既便是在一些稳定地基，在外荷作用下，也无可避免出现这个问题。2、台后填料的压缩沉降：台后填料一
道路设计外文翻译 摘要部分的翻译： 各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系 K.A.S. Susantha ，Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami* 土木工程学院，名古屋大学, Chikusa-ku ，名古屋464-8603, 日本 收讫于2000年5月31日; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日 ?? 摘要 一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出，这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。 力。接着，进行了广泛的参数研究，旨在提出一个经验公式，确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定，使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果，和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析，以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。? 关键词: 钢管混凝土；限制；混凝土强度；延性；应力应变关系；纤维分析 Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami * Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001 Abstract
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in
道路交通安全毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译视觉零——道路交通安全的一项实施政策罗杰约翰逊道路安全司，瑞典公路管理局，罗达沃根 1，78187 Borlange，瑞典关键词：视觉零、道路安全、实施摘要：本文的范畴是一个提纲，一般来说，道路安全理念本来就存在于现在道路和道路设计中。追踪这种理念的起源，提出了新的街道道路的设计原则有人会争辩说，在目前的道路设计理念的缺陷。是主要的原因全球道路安全危机，清楚表明其人造的性质。一个由决策过程所构成的简短的描述，导致零视觉在 1997 年作为瑞典交通安全政策确立。通过对问题的分析，为寻求解决之道提出建议。这些解决方案基于视觉零中的一些原则。这些措施包括一个用于创建错误容忍的道路系统的新的基本机制，和道路、街道新的设计原则。因此，传统的“怪罪受害者”的质疑和焦点放在了需要专业人士基于这些新的标准所采取的行动。在过去 10 年在瑞典的死亡人数已经从大约 550 /年下降到 450 /年。重新设计的道路中央分隔带已经减少了 80％在死亡。街道以 30 公里/小时的设计速度显示出类似的结果。这表明，从视觉零衍生出来的策略是有效的，但还没有大规模实施。1、过程自 1993 年，在瑞典瑞典公路管理局（SRA）的有一个整体的责任道路交通安全。在 1996 年，这一责任被政府进一步澄清。瑞典已有非常小的部委（人员数）。因此，像 SRA 的管理部门经常有半政治任务，如发展政策和目标。政策决定、长期目标和总体预算是由政府或议会做出的，而发展是在管理部门做出的。继 1994 年秋季瑞典有
了一个新选举的交通部长。交通部长宣布，安全将是她的优先事项之一。部长的工作人员就如何使部长能够做出交通安全优先课题和 SRA之间展开对话。在 1994 年春天，SRA 和主要利益相关者一起对 1994-2000 年的行车安全提出了一项短期方案。它不仅有和先前工作的连续性，而且更加强调关键行动和重视成果之间的协作。这个方案后，直接推动 SRA 开始制定交通安全长期战略的基本思路。它已经被确认为当代一些交通安全问题的范例（约翰逊，1991）。部分问题的原因是许多措施缺乏预期的效益，这被 Gerald Wilde 等承认（2001 年，在 Wilde 中最好的描述）。详细概述可以在经合组织（1990）中找到。即使不是所有的崩溃或冲突是可以避免的，非常严重受伤可以在原则上是可以避免的，新的安全模式——视觉零是建立在这一基本思想上的。基本思想是建立预测碰撞事故，将健康损失控制在容忍范围以内的安全体系。部长和她的工作人员认识到在视觉零的想法和政治背景下工作是可能，迅速采用了这一基本思路，制定了文本（翻译 Belin 等，1997），1997 年在议会上提出这一思路，它被所有的政党接受（Tingvall，1998 年）。从那时起议会多次在不同场合重复这一思路。“视觉零”的概念在其他很多领域已经成为了“高度的政治野心”的代名词。2008 年，政府对视觉零做了一个自杀决定。1995 年，关于视觉零的许多政治辩论和在 1997 年议会的决策都集中在这样的一个问题“死亡人数是多少，我们才能接受？当时，瑞典大约有 500 人死于交通事故中。（比较与其他运输方式情况下作出安全水平，显然是零死亡率的目标），职业安全（每年
开题报告 电气工程及其自动化 基于单片机的交通灯控制系统设计 一、课题研究意义及现状 随着社会经济的飞速速发展，世界各国的大中城市的交通问题越来越引起人们的关注。现在，人们生活水平的提高，私家车也越来越多。人，车，路的协调，已经成为交通管理部门急需解决的重要问题之一。所以，如何采取合适的控制方法，最大限度利用有限的道路资源，缓解城市主干道与城区以及城市周围的交通拥堵状况，越来越成为亟待解决的问题。经过查阅各种书刊，我们将利用单片机设计一种控制交通灯的方案，以缓解现在的交通压力。 目前设计交通灯的方案有很多，有应用CPLD设计实现交通信号灯控制器的方法；有应用PLC 实现对交通灯控制系统的设计；有应用单片机实现对交通信号灯设计的方法。目前，国内的交通灯一般设在十字路口没在醒目的位置用红、绿、黄三种颜色的指示灯。加上一个倒计时的显示计时器来控制路上行车。对于一般情况下的安全行车，车辆分流尚能发挥作用，但是根据实际行车过程中出现的情况，还是存在缺陷：两车道的车辆交替放行时间相同且固定，在十字路口上，经常一个车道为主干道，车辆比较多，放行时间应该长些；另外一个车道为副干道，车辆较少，放行时间应该短些。 针对这种交通拥挤，交叉路口经常出现拥堵的情况。利用单片机控制技术，对软件和硬件设计方案进行修改，使其能够对车流量的不同对放行时间能够自由、灵活控制。 单路口交通的控制就是确定交叉路口的红绿灯信号配时，使通过交叉口的车辆延误尽可能缩小。传统的控制一般是采用模型控制或预先人为地设定多套方案，实践表明这种方法的控制效果并不是很理想。由于道路上的交通流具有较大的随机性和非常大的复杂性，所实施的相位控制也应随交通流的不同而相对变化。交通警察在实际的交通指挥中可以根据实际情况来控制交通，比如：交警可以通过观察路口车辆数的多少来机动地控制各个路口的红绿灯时间。如果东西方向的车流量大，则其放行时间长，南北方向这流量小，则其放行时间短。 在总结交警的经验基础上，运用单片机对十字路口的信息进行模糊控制，达到减少堵塞的，增加效率的目的。 二、课题研究的主要内容和预期目标 采用单片机控制技术，对现在城市道路十字路口的交通灯控制进行研究和设计，实现智能灵活控制，减轻道路压力。 了解当前国内外交通灯的控制方法；熟悉单片机控制技术等，为将来从事单片机设计打下基
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 交通事故分析的可能性和局限性 关键字：后果;目的;描述;限制;关注;事故分析;可能性 摘要：交通事故的统计数字，尤其国家一级的数据对监控和预测事故的发展，积极或消极检测事故的发展，以及对定义安全目标和评估工业安全特别有益。事故分析是应用非常有限的分析，是前瞻性分析和回顾性分析，能够对新开发的交通安全系统和特殊过程的安全措施进行评价。目前迫切需要一个将实时事故分析与研究相结合的行为。将自动检测和视频录制相结合的研究交通事故的科研论文会比较容易接受。这种类型的研究最终会对交通理念有个完善的认识。 1．简介 本文主要是基于个人的经验，研究有关交通安全、安全分析以及事故分析等在研究中的作用。由这些经验推导出的哲学思考就像通过研究和统计得出的实践观点。而这些调查数字已经在其他地方发表了。 在缺少直接观察的事故中，许多方法论问题的产生，导致不能直接测试对结果持续讨论。通过看事故视频来讨论是富有成效的。事实证明，用来解释事故的大部分有关信息就是事故中缺少的记录。深入研究还无法回忆起所有的必要的用
来测试有关事故发生的假设数据，。尤其是车-车相撞发生的车祸，这是在荷兰城市道路交叉口录制的视频，一辆从岔路驶来的汽车与主干路的汽车相撞，下列问题可以问：为什么汽车来自次干路上，突然加速后又几乎停止，撞上了在左侧主路的一辆汽车呢？为什么没有注意到正在驶来的车？是不是因为两车从右边驶来，司机因为前面的交叉为他们提供了可能性而斤斤计较？难道他向左看过，但他认为停在拐角处的绿色货车能让他停下来？当然，交通状况并不复杂。目前这个事故中没有骑自行车或行人在拥挤路口分散他的注意。如果停着的绿色车能够在五分钟内消失，这两辆车可能就不会相撞。在事故发生的相关条件下，几乎不可能观察下一个交通行为，因为交通事故是不可预见的。由于新的视频设备和自动检测事故设备的不断发展，如在收集数据方面不需要很高的成本就能变得越来越逼真。必要的增加数据类型也能更好的解释交通中存在的危险因素。关于事故分析的可能性和限制性的问题是不容易回答的，我们不能确切的分析交通事故。因为事故分析涵盖了每一个活动中的不同背景，并根据不同的信息来源范围来补充资料，特别是收集事故的数据，背景资料等，我们首先要看看在交通安全领域的活动周期然后再回答事故分析的可能性与限制。这些行为主要是与交通系统的安全管理有关，有些则是相关的研究活动。 应该用下面的步骤来加以区分： ——检测交通安全问题； ——描述问题和它的主要特征； ——分析其原因分析和改进建议； ——选择和执行安全措施； ——评价所采取的措施。 虽然这个周期可以由同一人或一群人做出来，而问题在每个阶段（政治/管理或科学）都有不同的背景。我们用事故分析来描述这一阶段。做这个决定是重要的。很多关于分析结果的方法的讨论由于忽视之间的区别而成为徒劳的。政治家或道路管理人员对道路的个别事故不是很留意。他们对事故的看法往往都是一视同仁，因为总的结果比整个事故中的每个人的因素重要。因此，每次事故看做一个个体，之间相互协调就会达成安全的结果。 研究人员研究事故发生时一连串事件中每个人的兴趣。希望从中得到关于每次事故的详细信息并能发现其发生的原因和有关的条件。政治家们希望只是因为细节决定行动。在最高一级事故总数减少。信息的主要来源是国家数据库及其统计学处理系统。对他来说，统计意外数字及其统计的波动来进行事故分析。这适用于事故分析中的交通安全领域。因此，我们将首先描述了事故的这些方面。2．事故的性质和它们的统计特性
土木工程学院交通工程专业 中英文翻译 Road Design 专业：交通工程
英文原文 The Basics of a Good Road We have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service. If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are: （1）Get water away from the road （2）Build on a firm foundation （3）Use the best materials （4）Compact all layers properly （5）Design for traffic loads and volumes （6）Design for maintenance （7）Pave only when ready （8）Build from the bottom up （9）Protect your investment （10）Keep good records 1．Get water away from the road We can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any laye r of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure. In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems. To prevent these problems remember that water: ? flows downhill ? needs to flow someplace ? is a problem if it is not flowing Effective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.