1.The advantages of the transistor over the vacuum tube wereenormous. Compared totheold technology ,transistors were much smaller ,faster ,and cheaper to manufacture . They were also far more reliable and used much less power . The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion. 和真空管相比，晶体管存在着巨大优势：晶体管的尺寸小得多，切换速度快得多，生产成本低得多；晶体管的性能更加可靠，耗能也更少。晶体管的发明带来了计算机工业的蓬勃发展。
2. A special material is used to make these integrated circuits. While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air , glass ,wood )or conduct electricity readily (metals ,water ), there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount ,or only under certain conditions . These are called semiconductors . the most commonly used semiconductor is of course silicon .
制造集成电路需要使用一类特殊材料。多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气，玻璃，木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属，水溶液），但也有一些材料只能传到少量电流，或只在特定条件下传导电流------这种材料被称作“半导体”。硅是最常用的半导体材料。
3. A flip-flop is basically a bi-state circuit in which either a 0 or 1 state can resides. beacause its simplicity ,the flip-flop is extremely fast . as a basic element , the flip-flop is used in digital circuits and Ics .
A flip-flop will lose its state
when the supply votage is
removed.Therefore,itis volatile.
触发器是一种存储“0"或”1“的
双态电路。由于结构简单，所
以触发器速度极快。触发器是数
字电路和集成电路的基础构件。
由于电源电压去掉后，触发器的
原有状态就失去了，因此触发器
是易失的.
4.RAM standsforrandom-ac
cess memory . RAM contains
bytes of information , and the
microprocessor can read or
write to those bytes depending
on whether the RD or WR line
is signaled . One problem with
today’s RAM chips is that they
forget everything once the
power goer off . that is why the
computer needs ROM .
RAM 是随机存取存储器。RAM
中包含着以字节为单位的信息，
微处理器能够依据RD/WR 信
号哪个有效来决定字节的读、
写。当前RAM芯片的一个问题
是，掉电后，所有保存在RAM
上的内容全部丢失。这就是计算
机需要ROM 的原因。
5.The test register is a
special latch that can hold
values from comparisons
performed in the ALU . An
ALU can normally compare
two numbers and determine if
they are epual , if one is greater
than the other , etc. The test
register can also normally hold
a carry bit from the last stage
of the adder . It stores these
values in flip-flops and then the
instrucion decoder can use the
values to make decisions.
测试寄存器；一种保存ALU比
较结果的专用锁存器。通常，
ALU能够将两个数进行比较，
并判断出二者是否相等或者哪
个更大。测试寄存器也可以保存
加法运算最后一步的进位位。这
些数值保存在处罚期当中，指令
译码器利用这些数值作出判决。
6.It is extremely hard to
define dynamic range (DR) for
an op amp, so let’s start with a
digital-to-analog converter
(DAC)where DR is defined as
the ratio of the maximum
output voltage to the smallest
output voltage the DAC can
produce .
由于很难定义运算放大器的”动
态范围“，因此先给”数模转换
器“的动态范围下定义。DAC
的动态范围就是其最大输出电
压和最小输出电压之比。
7.The switching regulator
operates the power devices in
the full-on and cutoff states.
This then results in either large
currents passed through the
power devices with a low on
voltage or no current flowing
with high voltage across the
devece . This results in a much
lower power being dissipated
within the supply. The average
switching power supply
exhibits efficiencies of between
70 to 90 percent,regardless of
the input voltage .
开关电源中的功率器件工作在”
全开“和”截断“状态。这样，
要么在大电流流经功率器件时，
导通电压很低；要么在大电压
时，没有电流通过器件。因此，
电源内部消耗的功率就很少。开
关电源的平均效率为70%-90%，
而且和输入电压无关。
8.Frequency synthesizers
use one or more Phase-Locked
Loops (PLL) to generate one to
many different frequencies on their outputs, from one or more referencesources.The reference frequency is usually generated by a crystal attached to the synthesizer. The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.
通过使用一个或多个”锁相环“，频率合成器从一个或多个参考时钟源产生一个或多个不同的输出频率。参考频率通常是由连接到合成器上的晶体产生的。设计频率合成器的目的是用以替代系统中的多个振荡器，从而减少了电路板空间，降低了系统成本。
9. A block buffer is a device in which th output waveform directly follows the input waveform. The input wavefom propagates through the device and is redriven by the output buffers. hence, such devices have a propagation delay associated with them .In addition ,due to the differences between the propagation delay through the device on each input-output path ,skew will exist on the outputs .
时钟缓冲器是一种输出波形直接跟随输入波形的器件。输入波形通过该器件并被输出缓冲器重新驱动。因此，该类器件存在传输延迟。此外，由于在每个输入，输出通道间存在传输延迟的差别，输出端将出现相位抖动10. A resistor at high frequency acts like a series combination of inductance with the resistor in parallel with a capacitor. A capacitor at high frequency acts like an inductor and resistor in series
combination with the capacitor
plates .
工作在高频的电阻表现为电感
和并联的电阻，电容之间的级
联。工作在高频的电容表现为电
感，电阻和电容的级联。
11.In an area where the
number of users has grown to
the point that the system is
overloaded , the poer is
reduced , and the overloaded
cells are split int smller
microcells to permit more
frequency reuuse. Telephone
companies sometimes create
temporary microcells, using
portable towers with satellite
links at sporting events , rock
concerts , and other places
where large numbers of mobile
users congregate for a few
hours .
在用户数量达到导致系统过载
程度的地区，为了实现更多的频
率重用，需要降低功率并过载蜂
窝小区分为更小的微蜂窝单元。
在体育赛事，摇滚音乐会及其他
在几个小时内有大量移动用户
云集的场所，电话公司有时会使
用卫星链接的便携发射塔创建
临时'微蜂窝”。
12.CDMA is completely
different from AMPS.
D-AMPS, and GSM .instead of
dividing the allowed frequency
range into a few hundred
narrow channels , CDMA
allows each station to transmit
over the entire frequency
spectrum all the time .multiple
simultaneous transmissions are
separated using coding theory .
CDMA also relaxes the
assumption that colliding
frames are totally garbled.
instead, it assumes that
multiple signals add linearly .
CDMA和AMPS ,D-AMPS 及
GSM完全不同。CDMA没有将
可用频带分割为几百个窄带信
道，而是允许信号在整个频谱范
围内传送。利用编码原理，
CDMA可以将多个同时传送的
信号分离开来。在CDMA中，
“相
遇数据帧会造成数据混淆”的想
法不存在了--CDMA认为多路
信号之间是线性相加的。
13. A base station
communicates with mobiles
using two types of radio
channels, control channels to
carry control information and
traffic channels to carry
messages .
基站使用两类无线信道和移动
用户进行通信：传送控制信息的
“控制信道”和传送消息的”通
信信道“
14.In an FDMA scheme the
available spectrum is divided
into a number of frequency
channels of certain bandwidth
and individual calls use ifferent
frequency channels. all
first-generation cellular
systems use this scheme .
在FDMA方式中，可用频谱划
分为若干具有一定带宽的频道；
每个呼叫都使用不同频道。第一
代蜂窝系统采用的都是FDMA
方式。
15.Some digital logic Ics
and their analog counterparts
(analog/digital converters, for
example ) are standard parts ,
or standard Ics . you can
select standard Ics from
catalogs and data books and
buy them from distributors .
systems manufacturers and
designers can use the same
standard part in a variety of different microelectronic systems (systems that use microelectronics or Ics)
有些数字逻辑集成电路和模拟集成电路（如模数转换器）是标准器件或者标准集成电路。可以从产品目录和数据手册当中选择标准集成电路，从经销商处购买。系统制造商和设计人员可以在各种不同的微电子系统（”微电子系统“是指应用微电子技术和集成电路的系统）中使用相同的标准的器件。
16. A hard core is a block of logic for a particular function on a chip that is designed at the circuit level. microprocessors are typically hard cores , which ties them to a particular foundry’s semiconductor process .microcontrollers or systems on a chip (socs) may be entirely hard cores or made up of hard (hardwired) cores and soft (programmable) cores .
硬核是一种在芯片电路级设计的，具有特定功能的逻辑模块。微处理器就是典型的硬核，微处理器和特定芯片制造商的半导体生产工艺是联系在一起的。微控器或片上系统可能全部都是硬核，也可能是由硬核和软核组合而成。
17.After a brief acquisition time , during which a sample is acquired , the sample and hold circuit holds the sample steady for the remainder of the sampling interval . this hold time is needed to allow time for an A/D converter to generate a digital code that best corresponds to the analog sample . 经过一段短暂的采集时间之后
（其间采集到一个样本），采样
保持电路将这个样本一直保持
到下一个采样间隔的开始。A/D
转换器需要利用这个保持时间
生成模拟样本对应的码字。
18.DSPs are available in two
major classes : fixed point and
floating point . the fixed point
class represents real numbers in
a fixed number of bits . the
position of the binary point
(similar to the decimal point)
can be controlled by the
programmer , and determines
the range of numbers that can
be represented . as the range
increases , though , the
available precision goes down ,
since fewer bits lie to the right
og th binary point .
DSPs 分为定点和浮点两大类。
定点DSPs使用固定的比特数来
代表实数。二进制小数点的位置
可以由编程人员决定，这个位置
决定了可以表示的实数范围。可
用精度会随着表示范围的增加
而下降，因为二进制小数点右边
的比特数减少了。
19.Floating point DSPs
represent real numbers using a
mantissa and exponent, similar
to scientific notation: many
combine mantissa and
exponent into a 32-bit number .
the dynamic range for floating
point fevices is calculated from
the largest and smllest
multipliers , where E is the
exponent . thus , for a
representation that uses 24 bits
for the mantissa and 8 bits for
the signed exponent , the
dynamic range is 20log
=1535.3 dB. A large dynamic
range means the system has
great power to represent a wide
range of input signals , from
very small to very large .
浮点DSPs使用”尾数”和“指
数”来表示实数，这种方法很像
科学计数法----将尾数和指数组
合成一个32位数。浮点器件的
动态范围是用的最大值和最小
值进行计算的，此处E是指数。
对于24位尾数和8位有符号指
数的表示方法而言，动态范围
是。大的动态范围意味着系统具
备更大的表示很宽范围输入信
号的能力，从很小的信号到很大
的信号。
20.The primary reason for
processing real-world signals
is to extract information from
them. this information normaly
exists in the form of signal
amplitude (absolute or
relative ), frequency or spectral
content , phase , or timing
relationships with respect to
other signas . once the desired
information is extracted from
the signal , it may be used in a
number of ways .
“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进
行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的
存在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或
相对幅度），频率（或频谱成分），
相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序
关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提
取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些
信息。
21.In addition to EFM, the
data are encoded in a format
called two-level
Reed-Solomon coding . this
involves combining the left and
right stereo channels along
with data for error detection
and correction . digital errors
detected during playback are
either ; corrected by using the
redundant data in the encoding scheme , concealed by interpolating between adjacent samples , or muted by setting the sample value to zero . these encoding schemes results in the data rate being triples , i.e ., 1.4 mbites /sec for the stereo audio signals versus 4.3 mbits /sec stored on the disc .
除了EFM之外，数据以二级“里德-所罗蒙编码”方式进行编码。这种编码方法对左，右声道和检错，纠错数据进行组合。播放时检测到的错误，可以使用编码机制中的冗余数据进行纠正，也可以用临近样本插值的方法去除，还可以用“样本置零”的方法使之“静音”。这些编码机制使得数据率增至原来的三倍-即1.4mbps的立体声音频信号将以4.3mbps的数据率存储在光盘上。
22.Audio compression can be done in one of two ways. in waveform coding the signal is transfomed mathematically by a fourier transform into its frequency components . the amplitude of each component is then encoded in a minimal way . the goal is to reproduce the waveform accurately at the other end in as few bits as possible .
音频压缩可以通过两种方式实现。在“波形编码”中，用“傅里叶变换”这种数学方法将波形信号变换为频率分量。每个分量的幅度采用最小方式进行编码，目的是用尽可能少的比特数在另一端准确重现波形。另外一种方法就是“知觉编码”。这种方法利用了人类听觉系统的缺陷，采用让人耳听不出来差别的方式对信号进行编码，尽管在示波器上观看重放波形差别很大。知觉编码技术是建立在“心理声学”基础之上的。'心理声学“研究的是人类感知声音的方式。而MP3建立在知觉编码基础之上。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f016477306.html,panding can be carried out in three ways :(1) run the analog signal through a nonlinear ircuit before reaching a linear 8 bit ADC , (2) use an 8bit ADC that internally has unequally spaced steps , or (3) use a linear 12bit ADC followed by a digital look-up table (12bits in ,8 bits out ) . each of these three options requires the same onlinearity , just in a different place : an analog circuit , an ADC , or a digital circuit .
压扩的实现方法有三种：（1）先用非线性电路对模拟信号进行处理，然后输出到8位线性ADC。（2）使用内部采用非均匀量化间隔的8位ADC。（3）使用12位线性ADC，之后使用一张”12位进-8位出“的数字查找表。这三种方法所需的非线性处理是一样的，只不过这种非线性处理出现在不同的地方；模拟电路中，ADC或者数字电路
电子工程专业英文词汇（A）A a frame a 形杆 a pole a 形杆 a register 累加寄存器 abend任务异常结束 abnormal current 异常电流 abnormal end of task 任务异常结束 abnormal glow discharge 反常辉光放电 abnormal radiation 异常辐射 abnormal reflection 异常反射 abnormal voltage异常电压 abrasion磨蚀 abrasion resistance 抗磨性 abrupt change 突然变化 abruption 断裂 abscissa横坐标 absolute 绝对的 absolute accuracy 绝对准确度 absolute block 绝对闭塞 absolute calibration绝对校准 absolute capacity 绝对容量 absolute coding 绝对编码 absolute constant 绝对常数 absolute delay 绝对延迟 absolute electrical units 绝对电单位 absolute electrode potential 绝对电极电势 absolute electromagnetic unit 绝对电磁单位 absolute electrometer 绝对静电计 absolute electrostatic unit 绝对静电单位
absolute error 绝对误差 absolute galvanometer绝对检疗 absolute humidity绝对湿度 absolute level 绝对级 absolute measurement 绝对测量 absolute method of measurement 绝对测量法absolute peak 绝对峰值 absolute permeability绝对磁导率 absolute permittivity 绝对电容率 absolute potential 绝对电势 absolute pressure 绝对压力 absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度 absolute slip 绝对转差率 absolute speed drop 绝对转速降 absolute speed rise 绝对转速升 absolute speed variation 绝对转速变动absolute stability 绝对稳定性 absolute system of electrical units 绝对电单位制absolute temperature 绝对温度 absolute term 绝对项 absolute unit 绝对单位 absolute voltage drop 绝对电压降 absolute voltage rise 绝对电压上升 absolute zero 绝对零度 absorption 吸收 absorption band 吸收带 absorption circuit 吸收电路 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 absorption control 吸收控制 absorption current 吸收电流 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption plane 吸收面
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
流行病学专业英语词汇 A 安慰剂Placebo 安慰剂效应placebo effects B 把握度study power 半试验semi-trial 保护率protective rate ，PR 报告偏倚reporting bias 暴露exposure 暴露标志exposure marker 暴露怀疑偏倚exposure suspicion bias 爆发调查outbreak survey 被动监测passive surveillance 比例研究proportional study 比值比Odds Ratio ，OR 必需病因necessary factor of cause 标点地图spot map 标化比例死亡比standardized proportional mortality ratio，SPMR 标化比值比standardized odds ratio，SOR 标化死亡比standardized mortality ratio，SMR 标准化standardization 标准化率比standardized rate ratio，SRR "冰山"现象ice-berg phenomenon 丙型肝炎hepatitis C，HC 并联试验parallel test 病毒性肝炎viral hepatitis 病例报告case report 病例-病例研究case-case study 病例调查case survey 病例对照研究case-control study 病例交叉设计case-crossover design 病例交叉研究case-crossover study 病例-系列研究case-series study 病死率fatality rate 病因causation of disease 病因的异质性etiological heterogeneity 病因分值etiologic fraction，EF 病因链chains of causation 病因网web of causation 不合格ineligibility 不依从noncompliance C 测量偏倚measurement bias
课一A Communications 通讯 1. equation n.相等, 平衡, 综合体, 2. communication n. 通信, 通讯, 交通communicate v.沟通, 通信, 3. triode n.三极管 4. storage n. 存储 5.transmission n. 传输, 传送, transmit v. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导 6. amplifier n.放大器，扩音器 amplify v. 扩大，放大，增强amplification n. 扩大，放大 7. oscillator n.振荡器 8. correlate v. 是相互关联 correlation n.相互关系, 相关(性) 9. transmitter n.发射机 transmit receive transmission reception (发射) （接收） 10.subsequent adj.随后的 课一B Capacitors 电容 1.capacitor n. 电容器 2.capacitance n. 电容量（值） Resistor resistance capacitor capacitance inductor inductance 3. fixed adj. 固定的 variable adj. 可变的 4. dielectric n. 电介质，绝缘材料 adj. 绝缘的 5. relatively adv. 相对地 absolutely adv.绝对地 6. maximum adj. 最大的 n. 最大值 minimum adj. 最小的 n. 最小值 7. farad n. 法（拉） F ohm n. 欧姆Ω Henry n. 亨（利）H 8. trimmer n. 调整者, 整理者, 9. screwdriver n. 螺丝起子，改锥课二A Radio T ransmitter无线电发射机 1. radio transmitter 无线电发射机 radio n. 无线电，无线 2. telecommunication n.电信，电信学， 无线电通信 telephone n.电话，电话机 telegraph n.电报, 电报机, 电讯报 3. transmit v. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 发报 transmit receive transmission reception transmitter receiv er (发射) （接收） 4. intelligence n.信息、情报、智能 information/message n.信息 5. potential adj.潜在的, 可能的, 势 的, n.潜能, 潜力, 电位 6. generate v.产生，发生 generation n.产生, 发生, 一代,7. frequency n.频 low frequency 几个Hz到几十kHz high frequency 几个MHz到几十 MHz radio frequency 几百MHz到几 个GHz 8. pulse signal 脉冲信号 9. wavelength n.波长用λ表示 10. output n.输出，产量 input n.输入 11. band n. 带，波段，频带 课二B Electromotive Force 电动势 1. electromotive adj.电动的，电动 势的 electromotive force 电动势 2.driving adj.驱动的 driving force n. 驱动力 driving unit 传动装置 3. volt n. 伏特 4. distinguish v.区分 5. potential difference 电位差 课三A Time Constant 时常数 1.nuclear adj.原子能的， n.核武器, 有核国 nuclear arms 核武 nuclear energy 核能 2.constant n.常数 adj.不断, 不断的, time constant 时间常数 3. instantaneously adv.瞬间地，即刻 instant n.瞬息, 一会儿, 时刻 4. dependent adj. 依赖的，依赖于，取决于 5. capacitiv e adj.电容的，容性的 capacitor n.电容器 capacitance n.电容值 6.discharge n.放电v.放电 charge n.电荷，充电v.充电 7.universal 普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 课三B RL Time Constant RL时序常数 1.inductor n.电感器 inductance n.电感值（量） inductive adj.感应的; 电感的 2. function n.功能, 函数,作用, 3. Decay n.衰减v. 衰减 decay constant 衰减常数 decay factor 衰减因子 4. reverse adj.反向的, 相反, 逆转的 5. peak value 峰值
常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度 absorbent 吸附剂 absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度 acid-base titration 酸碱滴定 acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线 acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度 activity coefficient 活度系数 adsorption 吸附 adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂 affinity 亲和力aging 陈化 amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀 amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂 amphoteric substance 两性物质 amplification reaction 放大反应 analytical balance 分析天平 analytical chemistry 分析化学 analytical concentration 分析浓度 analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂 apparent formation constant 表观形成常数 aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法 ashing 灰化
atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数 auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取band spectrum 带状光谱bandwidth 带宽bathochromic shift 红移blank 空白 blocking of indicator 指示剂的封闭 bromometry 溴量法 buffer capacity 缓冲容量buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂 calibrated curve 校准曲线calibration 校准 catalyzed reaction 催化反应 cerimetry 铈量法charge balance 电荷平衡chelate 螯合物 chelate extraction 螯合物萃取 chemical analysis 化学分析chemical factor 化学因素chemically pure 化学纯chromatography 色谱法chromophoric group 发色团coefficient of variation 变异系数 color reagent 显色剂 color transition point 颜色转变点 colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 比色法 column chromatography 柱色谱 complementary color 互补色complex 络合物complexation 络合反应complexometry
transistor n 晶体管 diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数 tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差 linear device 线性器件 the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极，正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障；崩溃 terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器 gain n 增益，放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体 enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟 digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率，周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器 peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器，扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈，回应 phase n 相，阶段，状态 filter n 滤波器，过滤器 rectifier n整流器；纠正者 band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 band-pass filter 带通滤波器 decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的 domain n 域；领域 code n代码，密码，编码v编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片 modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器 plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 dedicated manufactures programming unit 专 供制造厂用的编程单元 beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁 polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化 Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管 neuron n神经元；神经细胞 fuzzy adj 模糊的 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 Expert Systems 专家系统 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwave n 微波 charge v充电，使充电 insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的 antenna n天线；触角 modeling n建模，造型 simulation n 仿真；模拟 prototype n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量 wavelet n 微波，小浪 sine 正弦cosine 余弦 inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v 倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序 设计 spectral adj 光谱的 attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释 distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形 wavelength n 波长 refractive adj 折射的 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriber line VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digital subscriber line HDSL高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber line FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据 链路控制 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路 控制 IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer Control Protocol)网络传输控制协议 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟 ISO国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）； OSI开放式系统互联参考模型（Open System Interconnect） GSM全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications） GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet Radio Service) FDD(frequency division duplex)频分双工 TDD(time division duplex)时分双工 VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual Path Identifier）； ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）综 合业务数字网 IDN综合数字网（integrated digital network） HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换 VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识 MAN城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN局域网local area network WAN广域网wide area network 同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex transmission 全双工传输full-duplex transmission 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switching 分组交换packet switching 报文交换message switching 奇偶校验parity checking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering 伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocation 信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital transmission technology 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Grey scale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换Hard Handover 相干检测Coherent detection 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合service separation/ integration 网络集合network integration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网Token Ring network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization（通道利用率） 相关性coherence 相干解调coherent demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compression 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression 解压decompression 呼叫控制Call Control 误差控制error control 存储程序控制stored program control 存储转发方式store-and-forward manner 语音\视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视Video Conference 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication 多址干扰Multiple Access Interference 人机交互man machine interface 交互式会话Conversational interaction
常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度absorbent 吸附剂 absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度 acid-base titration 酸碱滴定acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数 acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线 acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度 activity coefficient 活度系数adsorption 吸附 adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂 affinity 亲和力 aging 陈化 amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀 amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂amphoteric substance 两性物质 amplification reaction 放大反应 analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical concentration 分析浓度 analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂 apparent formation constant 表观形成常数 aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法 ashing 灰化 atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数 auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取
电子信息工程专业英语（A） 1.resistor n.电阻 2. diode n.二极管 3. ohm n.欧姆 4.tolerance ['t?l?r?ns] n.容限，公差，允许误差。5 decimal ['desim?l]十进位的，小数的 6 ratings 额定值7capacitor [k?'p?sit?] 电容器8 parallel 并行的 9 capacitance 电容量10 coefficients 系数11conduct 导体 12 charge n 电荷、v充电13 soldering 焊接、锡焊、低温焊接 14. first order system 一阶系统15. transient response 暂态响应 16. circuit 电路17. inductor 电感器18. inductance 电感，感应系数19.tune v.调谐20 vacuum ['v?kju?m真空，空间，真空吸尘器21.induce 感应22. magnetic field 磁场23.semiconductor 半导体24 silicon 硅25. relay 继电器26.electorn 电子27.infrared [,infr?'red 红外线的28. zener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管29.rectifier diode 整流二极管30.alternating current 交流电流31.direct current 直流电流32.integrated circuit 集成电路33.voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器34.valence band 价（电子）带35 transistor 晶体管
SMD常用术语 微组装技术﹕MPT/MicroelectronicPackagingechnology 混装技术﹕MixedComponentMountingTechnology 封装﹕Package 贴片﹕PickandPlace 拆焊﹕Desoldering 再流﹕Reflow 浸焊﹕DipSoldering 拖焊﹕Dragsoldering 印制电路﹕PrintedCircuit 印制线路﹕PrintedWiring 印制电路板﹕printedcircuitboard 印制线路板﹕printedwiringboard 层压板﹕laminate 覆铜薄层压板﹕copper-cladlaminate 基材﹕basematerial 成品板﹕productionboard 印刷﹕printing 导电图形﹕conductivepattern 印制组件﹕printedcomponent
单面印制板﹕single-sidedprintedboard 双面印制板﹕double-sidedprintedboard 多层印制板﹕multilayerprintedboard 电烙铁﹕Iron 热风嘴﹕hotairreflowingnoozle 吸锡带﹕solderingwick 吸锡器﹕tinextractor 焊后检验﹕post-solderinginspection 目视检验﹕visualinspection 机器检验﹕machineinspection 焊点质量﹕solderingjointquality 焊电缺陷﹕solderingjontdefect 错焊﹕solderwrong 漏焊﹕solderskips 虚焊﹕pseudosoldering 冷焊﹕coldsoldering 桥焊﹕solderbridge 脱焊﹕opensoldering 焊点剥离﹕solderoff 不润湿焊点﹕solderingnonwetting 锡珠﹕solderball
1、汉译英 1)直流电路direct current circuits 2)放大器（扩音器）amplifier 3)模拟电子技术analog electronics 4)半导体二极管semiconductor diode 5)晶体管效应transistor effect 6)微处理器microprocessor 7)电气工程electrical engineering 8)能源工程（或电力工程）power engineering 9)通信工程telecommunications engineering 10)内部器件internal devices 11)电子元件electrical components 12)欧姆定律Ohm law 13)限制电流limit current 14)分压器voltage divider 15)晶体管偏置电路transistor biasing circuits 16)阻碍电流block DC current 17)存储点能store electrical energy 18)感抗inductive reactance 19)绝缘材料insulating material 20)交流阻抗AC resistance a)通用仪表general-purpose meter b)模拟仪表analog meter c)交换测试笔reverse the test leads d)机械调节mechanical adjust e)测量电阻measure resistance f)正向电压positive voltage g)测量电流measure current h)电压幅度voltage amplitude i)双踪示波器dual-trace oscilloscope j)信号发生器signal generator 21)PN结PN junction 22)三极管bipolar transistor 23)电子和空穴electron and hole 24)稳压电源electronic power supply或steady DC voltage source 25)桥式整流器bridge rectifier 26)脉冲直流电pulsating DC 27)二极管的正极anode of diode 28)峰值电压peak voltage 29)电容滤波器capacitor filter 30)充电和放电charge and discharge 31)稳压管Zener diode 32)电器电子工程师学会IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 33)专业技术组织technical professional association 34)基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s V oltage Law 35)电压源voltage sources 36)电荷守恒定律the law of conservation of electric charge 37)在每一瞬时at every instant of time 38)元件两端的电压voltages across elements 39)无线电传输radio transmission 40)频率调制或调频frequency modulation 41)频域the frequency domain 42)线性电阻linear resistor 43)调幅波形amplitude modulation wave 44)专用集成电路（ASIC） 45)快速时间响应fast response time 46)有效信号valid signal 47)十进制数字系统decimal system 48)逻辑运算logic operation 1)控制信号线the control bus 2)中断线interrupt lines 1)结构化语言structured language 2)局部变量local variables 3)副作用side effect 4)汇编语言指令assembly language instructions 1)静止图像still image 2)阴极射线管，显像管CRT or the cathode ray tube 3)像素pixel 4)电子束electron beam
transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管 semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器，放大器 integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数 tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器 dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差 linear device 线性器件
the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极，正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障；崩溃 terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端 emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集，集聚，集中 insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器 oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器 gain n 增益，放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟
digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率，周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器，扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈，回应