汉英法律专业词汇
(法理、法制史)Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems
按照法律规定:according to law
按照确定的份额分享权力:be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit
按照确定的份额分担义务:assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt
案例教学法:case system
案例汇编:case book; case report; law report
被视为:be deemed as
被宣布为非法:be outlawed; be declared illegal
比较法:comparative law
比较法学:comparative jurisprudence
比较法学派:school of comparative jurisprudence
比较法制史: comparative legal history
比较分析法:method of comparative analysis
比较刑法:comparative penal law
比较刑法学:comparative penal jurisprudence
必然因果关系:positive causal relationship
边缘法学:borderline jurisprudence
变通办法:adaptation; accommodation
补充规定:supplementary provision
补救办法:remedial measures
不成文法:unwritten law
不动产所在地法律:law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci
不可分割的权利:impartible right
不可抗力:force majuere
不可侵犯性:inviolability
不可让与性:inalienability
不履行法律义务:non-performance of obligation
不要式行为:informal act
不要因的法律行为:non-causal juristic act
不因实效而丧失的权利:imprescriptible right
不作为:abstain from an act; act of omission
部门法:department law
部门规章:regulation
参照:consult
参照具体情况: in the light of actual conditions
参照原文: consult the original
亚里士多德: Aristotle
柏拉图: Plato
德拉古: Draco
盖尤斯: Gaius
西塞罗:Marcus Tullius Cicero
乌尔比安 Ulpianus
罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世:Justinian I
乌尔比安: Ulpianus
西塞罗:Marcus Tullius Cicero
优士丁尼皇帝:Justinian《罗马法律汇编》:Roman Digest
《民法大全》:Corpus Juris Civilis
优士丁尼法典: the Codex Justinianus
《优士丁尼民法大全》(《国法大全》):Corpus Juris Civilis
《十二表法》: Twelve Tables
拿破仑法典: The Code Napolean
《日耳曼法》:Germanic law
《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici
《汉穆拉比法典》: Code of Hammurabi
《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) :Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 (罗)
查士丁尼法典:Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus
查士丁尼法规汇编: Authenticum
《德国民法典》:German Civil code
《大宪章》(1215) :Great Charter, 1215(英)
欧洲大陆法: continental law
南京条约: (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843
罗马-日耳曼法系: Roman-Germanic family
罗马私法: Jus Privatum
罗马法学派: school of Romanists
家庭法: family law
教会法:canon law
罗马法理学: jurisprudential
教会法学家 decretalists
罗马法:Roman Law; Jus Romanum
罗马法系: Roman-Law System
(古罗马的)元老院: the Senate
超出法律范围的:outside of law
超出法律权限的:extralegal
超过权限: exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction
成文法: written law
冲突法: conflict of laws; rules of conflict
冲突规则: conflict rule; rule of conflict
除(本法)另有规定外: except for otherwise stipulated (by this law) 除外条款: provisory clause
除外责任条款: exclusion clause
触犯公共利益: encroach on the public interests
触犯国际利益:go against the state’s interests
触犯人民利益: encroach on the interests of the people; go against the
people’s interests
传统法律观念: traditional ideas of law
纯粹法学: pure theory of law
次要法规: by law
次要规则: secondary rule
从宽解释原则: doctrine of liberal construction
从权利: accessory right
达到法定年龄: come of age
大法: the fundamental law
大法官:Lord High Chancellor
大陪审团 grand jury
大法官法院:Court of Chancery
大陆法系:Continental Legal System
大律师:barrister
《大明律》:Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty (中)
《大清律例》:the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中) 单行法规:specific regulations
单一法律体系:unitary legal system
单一制政府:unitary government
但书:proviso
当代法学动向:current trend of jurisprudence
当然解释: natural interpretation
党纪国法:party discipline and the law of the country
道德规范:norm of morality
道德义务: moral obligation
第二读:second reading
第三读: third reading
二元论:the dualistic theory
二元君主立宪制: dual constitutional monarchy system
二元论: the dualistic theory
二元论者:dualist
二元制: bicameral system
法的本质: the nature of law
法的变化:changes of law
法的定义:definition of law
法的发展:development of law
法的分类: divisions of law
法律概念: legal concept
法的概念: concepts of law
法的规范作用:normalized usage of law
法的继承:succession of law
法律的理想:ideal of law
法律的权威: authority of law
法律的失效:lapse of law
法律的实施:administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用:application of law
法律的统一: unification of law
法律的推定: presumption of law
法律的推理: analogy of law
法律的完整性: integrity of law
法律的效力范围:force’s scale of law
法律的效力形式:force’s form of law
法律的修改:alteration of law
法律的演进: evolutin of law
法律的原理: principle of law
法律地位平等:equal in legal status
法律对人的效力:personal act of law
编纂法律方法: legal methodology
法律分类: classification of law
法律赋予权力: authority conferred by law
法律改革: law reform
法律根据: legal basis
法律工作者: legal professional
法律关系:legal relation
法律关系的运行: process of legal relation
法律关系客体: object of legal relation
法律关系主体: subject of legal relation
法律规定:provisions of law
法律规范: norm of law
法律规范的逻辑结构: logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系: system of legal rules
法律含义: intendment of law
法律另有规定:otherwise stipulated by law
法律现象:legal phenomenon
法律研究:legal research
法律要件: legal requirement
法律依据: legal basis
法律意见: legal advice
法律意见书:legal opinion
法律意识: law-consciousness
法律意义: legal sense
法律用语: legal language
法律与正义先验论: a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源: source of law
法律原本注释: gloss
法律原理: legal doctrines
法律原则: principle of legality
法律援助:legal aid
法律约束: legal binding; legal restraint
法律责任: legal responsibility
法律责任的道义基础: moral basic of legal obligation
法律责任的归结: imputaton of legal responsibility
法律责任的认定: determination of legal responsibility
法律责任的执行: enforcement of legal responsibility
法律责任客体: object of legal responsibility
法律责任主体: subject of legal responsibility
法律哲学:philosophy of law; philosophie du droit (法);philosophia juris 法律政策: policy of the law
法律职业道德: legal ethics
法律指导: legal counsel
法律制裁: legal sanction
法律制度: regime of law; legal system
法律秩序: legal order
法律主体资格: capacity as a subject of law
法律主张: proposition of law
法律属地原则: territoriality of laws
法律著述: legal literature
法律专家: legal expert
法律专业: legal profession
法律专著和教科书: legal treatise and textbook
法律咨询: legal advice
法律尊严:legal sanctity
法盲: legal illiterates
法权: right
法社会学: sociology of law
法系: legal system
法协会: law society
法学: jurisprudence
法学士: bachelor of law
法学博士: doctor of jurisprudence
法学导论: leading principles of law
法学的范畴体系: the system of categories of jurisprudence
法学的范畴意识: the consciousness of category of jurisprudence
法学的基石范畴: fundamental categories of jurisprudence
法学方法: method of jurisprudence
法学方法论: methodology of jurisprudence
法学院: faculty of law; law school
法学会: law society
法学教科书:law textbooks
法学理论: theory of law; legal theory
法学权威: an academic authority in law
法学体系: system of jurisprudence
法学通论: first principles of law法医: forensic medicine
法医学: forensic medicine
法院: court
法院调查: judicial investigation
法院管辖权: competence of court
法院管辖以外的: extrajudicial
法院判决: court decision
法院系统: court structure
法院组织法: judicature act
法则: articles
法哲学: philosophy of law
法制:legal institution
法制传统: tradition of law system
法制的精神: spirit of legality
法制的尊严: dignity of the legal system
法制观念: legal concept
法制观念淡薄: very weak in the understanding of law
法制教育: legal education; education of legal system
法制史: legal history; history of legal system
法治: rule of law
法治的机制: the mechanism of rule of law
法治的要素: the element of rule of law
非实质的: immaterial
非营利的: non-profit
非约束性条款: permissive provision
废止法律: annulment of law
分别管辖权: separate jurisdiction
分别财产制: separation of property regime
分别规定: separate provision
分担责任: share the responsibility
分工负责,互相配合,互相制约: divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other
分工负责制: division of labor responsibility system
分级管理: different levels holding different responsibilities
分配制度: distribution system
分析法理学: analytical jurisprudence
否决权: power veto; veto power
否认事实: denial of facts
服从法律: amenable to law; subject to the law
服从判决: accept a judgment
符合程序: be in order
符合法律: be in conformity with law
符合原则: be in conformity with the principle
概括裁定: general verdict
概括继承: general succession
干扰司法公正: interference with course of justice
刚性条款: entrenched clause
岗位责任制: post responsibility system
高度集中: highly centralize
高度民主: high level of democracy
高度自治权: high degree of autonomy
搁置: set aside; abeyance
格式条款: clause of style
公认的行为准则: established standard of conduct
规避法律: in fraud of law
规避义务: evade obligations
规范的法律规则: normative rule of law
规范法学: normative jurisprudence
规范性法律文件: normalizative document of law
规范性法律文件的规范化: normalization of normative legal document 过错方: tort-feasor; wrongdoer
过错推定原则: doctrine of presumption
过错责任: liability for wrongs; tort liability
合并条款: consolidation of provisions
合法的个人财产: legal personal property
合法地位: legal status
合法权益: the lawful rights and interests
合法行为: lawful acts; legality of purpose
合宪性: constitutionality
衡平法: equity
衡平法规则: rule of equity
衡平法学: equity jurisprudence
衡平法院: Court of Chancery (美);Court of Equity (英)
后法取代前法: A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one. 后法优于前法: lex posterior derogat priori
户籍所在地:the place where his residence is registered
互为因果: reciprocal causation
基本法: fundamental law
基本法律规范: basic norm of law
基本方针: basic policies
基本权利和义务: basic rights and duties
基本司法概念和假设: basic legal conception and assumption
技术性法规: technical legal rule
建立法律关系:create legal relations
解释法律的技术规则: technical rule of interpretation
解释权: power of interpretation
近因: immediate cause
禁治产人: imbecile; interdicted person
经常居住地:habitual residence
经法律确认的: ascertained by law
经法律许可: authorized by law
经验法学: scholastic theories of law
纠问式审判: trial by inspection or examination 具有法律约束力的文件: legally binding instrument 具有同等效力的: with equal authenticity
具有约束力的判例: binding precedent
绝对衡平法: absolute equity
君主立宪制度: constitutional monarchy
开罗会议: Cairo Conference
凯恩斯主义: keynesianism
可撤销的法律行为: revocable juristic act
可让与性: alienability
可用法律强制执行的: enforceable at law
可预见的: foreseeable
可直接适用的法律: directly applicable law
可追溯的: retrospective
客观条件: objective condition
客观因素: objective factor
客体: object
扩充解释: amplified interpretation
理论法理学派: theoretical jurisprudence school 理性决定说: theory of rational decision
理性认识: conceptual knowledge
历史法学: historical jurisprudence
历史法学派: historical school of law
历史解释: historical interpretation
立法机构:legislative body
立法权: law-making power; legislative power
立法委任权: legislation mandate
立法效力: legislative effect
立法议案 bills
立法者: law-maker; legislator
立宪: constitutionalism
利益冲突: conflict of interests
利害关系人:interested person
连带法律关系: joint legal relations
连带责任: joint and several obligation
论理解释: logical interpretation
逻辑解释: logical interpretation
马克思主义法律理论: Marxism-leninism
马克思主义法学:Marxist jurisprudence
马克思主义法学家: Marxist jurist
没有事实根据的: unsubstantial
美国国际法协会: American Institute of International Law
美国海事法庭: Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.
美国联邦地区法院: United States district courts
美国联邦法官: federal judge
没有法律依据的: lawless
没有判决先例的案件: case of first impression
民法典: civil code
民法法系:Civil-Law System
民法通则: General Principles of the Civil Law
民法学: science of civil law
民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则:“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases
民事权利能力:the capacity for civil rights
民事权益:civil rights and interests
民事诉讼法学: Civil Procedure Law
民事制裁: civil punishment; civil sanction
民政部门:the civil affairs department
明代法规: laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty
明示或默示的: express or implied
默示表达: communication by implication
内部规章: internal regulations
纳妾制: concubinage
拟制理论: fiction theory
拟制买卖: mancipatio
偶然权利: contingent right
偶然因果关系: fortuitous causal relationship
偶然因素: accidentalia
偶因: accidental cause
排他的权利: right to exclude all others
派生的权利: derived right
派生取得: derivative acquisition
判例法系: Case Law System
普通法法系: Common-Law System
判例法系: Case Law System
判例汇编: reports; reports of judgments
普通法: common law
普通法法系: Common-Law System
普通法上的补偿: common-law remedy
普通法上的过失: common-law negligence
普通法上的留置权: common-law lien
普通法学: general jurisprudence
强制办法: coercive method
强制规定: mandatory provisions
强制性法规: mandatory rule of law
强制性条款: mandatory term
侵犯财产权: property torts
侵权行为法: tort law
侵权责任: tortious liability
清理法规: check up laws and regulations
区域性法律体系: regional system of laws
取证: obtain evidence
确权之诉: affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉: action for confirmation; actio confessoria
权威解释: authentic interpretation
人法: human law, statute personalia
人格减等: capitis deminutio
人身不可侵犯: inviolability of the person
人身非财产关系: personal non-property relations
人身关系: personal relation
任意解释: arbitrary interpretation
柔性宪法: flexible constitution
三权分立: separation of powers
善意推定: presumption of good faith
商法: commercial law
商法典: code of commerce
社会法学:sociological jurisprudence
社会关系: social relations
社会规范: social regulation
社会连带主义法学: social solidarism jurisprudence
社会契约论: theory of social contract
社会团体:social organization
社会主义法学: socialist jurisprudence
社会主义法制: socialist legal system; socialist rule of law
神法: divine law
神权说: theory of divine right
审查制度: censorship; inspection system
审计监督: supervise through auditing
审计监督权: power to supervise through auditing
生效条款: operative clause
失效法律: expired laws
失效日: expiry date
施行细则: implementary provisions
实证主义法学派: the positivist school
实体法: material law; substantial law
实体法上的抗辩: substantial defense
实体权利: substantive right
实用主义法学: judicial pragmaticism
实在法: positive law
实在法学: positive jurisprudence
实在法学派: positivist
实在主义法学: positivist jurisprudence
实证法学: positive jurisprudence
实质条款: material stipulation
实质性的瑕疵: defect of substance
实质性解释: material interpretation
事实的推定: presumption of fact
事业单位:institution
适用法律: reference to the law; applicable law
适用范围: area of application; sphere of application
适用中国法律:be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)
溯及既往原则: doctrine of retroactivity
溯及力: retrospect; retrospective effect
损害赔偿: damages
梭伦: Solon
弹性宪法: elastic constitution
特别程序: special procedure
特别但书: special proviso
特别法: special law
特殊主体: special subject
提案:motion; overture; proposal
提出抗辩: raise a plea; raise a plead
条约法: law of treaties
同态复仇: retaliation
推定合法:presumption of legality
停止生效:cease to have effect
外国法: foreign law
外国法制史: foreign legal history
外国人待遇: foreigner treatment
完全民事权利能力:full capacity for civil conduct
完全丧失行为能力的人: person entirely incapable of legal transaction 完全无行为能力: absolute disability
万民法: jus gentium
违法构成要件: essential condition of delict
违宪: violation of constitution
无国籍人:stateless persons
无条件解释: unconditional interpretation
无效的法律: void law
无效法律行为: void act; act without legal effect
物权: property
习惯法:custom law
细则: detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws
狭义解释: narrow definition
下文另有规定者除外: except as hereinafter provided
先决条件:precedent condition; prerequisite
现实主义法学: realism jurisprudence
现行法律: current law; existing law
限制解释: restrictive interpretation
无国籍人:stateless persons
无条件解释: unconditional interpretation
无效的法律: void law
无效法律行为:void act; act without legal effect
物权: property
习惯法:custom law
细则: detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws
狭义解释: narrow definition
下文另有规定者除外: except as hereinafter provided
先决条件: precedent condition; prerequisite
现实主义法学: realism jurisprudence
现行法律: current law; existing law
限制解释: restrictive interpretation
相对主义法学: relativist jurisprudence
新分析法学: new analytical jurisprudence
新律: New Law , Novellae
行为规范: code of conduct
学说编纂:the Pandekta
形式主义法学: formalist jurisprudence
严格解释: strict interpretation
严重不法行为: aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior
严重违法: break the law on a serious scale
要件: important condition; essential condition
一般客体: general object
一般权利能力: general legal capacity
一般主体: general subject
一事不再理的保证: guarantee against double jeorpardy
依法办案: handle cases according to law
依法独立行使职权: independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law
依照法律的规定: as prescribed by law
以法律为准绳: take law as the criterion
依法治国: genuine rule of law; running the country according to law
义务性规范: obligatory rule
义务主体: subject of duty
英美法系: Anglo-American Legal System
永恒法: eternal law
有法必依: ensure that laws are observed
有法律约束力: legally binding
有条件解释: conditional interpretation
有效期间: time of effect; term of validity
与法律规定不符: against the forms of the statute
与法律相抵触的行为:act going against the law
域外效力: extraterritorial effect
援引法律条文: invoke a legal provision约束力: binding; binding effect 在法律的范围内: within the law
暂行条例:interim regulations; provisional regulation
整体法学: integrative jurisprudence
正当权益: justified rights; legitimate interests
正式解释: official interpretation
正式渊源: formal source
政法学院: institute of political science and law
知法犯法: deliberately break the law
执法必严:ensure that law’s enforcement be strict
执法人员: law enforcement officials
执行权: enforcement power
直接故意 actual intent; direct intent
直接后果:immediate consequence
直接客体: direct object
直接主体: direct subject
制定法: statute
治外法权: extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction
中端时效: interrupt the running of the statute of limitation
中国大陆的法律:law of China’s mainland
中国法制: Chinese legal system
中国法制史: Chinese legal history
中国特色的社会主义法制: socialist legal system with Chinese character 中华法系: Chinese legal system
《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》:the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China
主要法律体系:principal legal system
自然法: natural law
自然法学派: natural law school
组成合议庭开庭审理:form a collegial panel to conduct the trial
最高国家权力机关: highest organ of state power
最高人民法院的解释:interpretation of supreme people’s court
遵循先例原则:The Doctrine of Stare
作为或不作为: act or omission
宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws
制宪权:constituent power
宪法的解释: interpretation of constitution
宪法修正案: constitution amendment
宪法学: constitutional jurisprudence
成文宪法written constitution
不成文宪法unwritten constitution
符合宪法: constitutionality
符合宪法的法律 constitutional law
刚性宪法: rigid constitution
马伯里诉麦迪逊案: Marbury vs. Madison
抽象行政行为: abstract administrative act
非法活动: unlawful activities
非法利益: unlawful interests
非法手段: illegal means
非强制性行政行为: non-coercive form of administrative action
非正式的:informal; irregular
非政府机关: non-governmental organization
非主要条件: non-essential stipulation
非专业的: non-professional国家赔偿案件: case of state compensation 国家赔偿的归责原则: principle of culpability for state compensation 国家赔偿的双重过错原则: principle of dual faults for state compensation 国家赔偿法: state compensation law
国家赔偿主体: subject of state compensation
行政法: administrative law; executive law
行政法规: administrative laws and regulations
行政法学: administrative jurisprudence
行政解释: administrative interpretation
行政救济: administrative remedy
治安管理: security administration
治安条例: security regulations
高级人民检察院:Higher People’s Procu ratortate
国家权力机关: state authority
国际审判机关: state judicial organs
国家行政机关: state administrative organs
国家意志:state’s will
国家职能: function of the state
国民待遇: national treatment
公安部: Ministry of Public Security
公安分局: public security sub-bureau
公安厅: public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous
regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
地方各级人民代表大会:local people’s congresses at different levels 地方各级人民法院:local people’s courts at different levels
地方各级人民检察院:local people’s procur atorates at different levels 地方各级人民政府:local people’s governments at different levels
罚款: impose a fine
刑法学Criminal Laws
犯罪预防: crime prevention
预防犯罪: anti-crime
帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪: crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence
绑架妇女儿童罪: crime of kidnapping women and children
包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪: crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate 包庇毒品犯罪分子罪: crime of harboring drug criminals
报复陷害罪:case of retaliation and frame-ups
必要共同犯罪: indispensable joint crime
并科原则: doctrine of cumulating punishments
剥夺权利:deprival of rights
不能犯: impossibility; unrealized offense
参加恐怖活动组织罪: crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities
超越管辖权: excess of jurisdiction
超越职权范围:overstep one’s authority
惩办和宽大相结合:combine punishment with leniency
惩办少数、改造多数的原则: principle of punishing the few and reforming the many
惩罚措施: punitive measure
惩罚性制裁: punitive sanction
惩罚与教育相结合: combination of punishment and education
处以刑罚: inflict punishment
处以有期徒刑: sentence to fixed-term imprisonment
触犯法律: break the law; violate the law
抽逃出资罪: crime of flight of capital contribution
出口骗税犯罪活动: criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export
出售伪造发票罪: crime of selling counterfeit currency
出于对法律的无知: from ignorance of law
出于恶意: from malevolence
从轻处罚: gie a lesser punishment
从重处罚: give a severer punishment
单位受贿罪: crime of bribe taken by a unit
单一犯罪构成: single constitution of crime
盗伐林木罪: crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees
盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪: crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives
盗窃犯: theft act; larcenist
渎职犯罪案件:case of dereliction of duty
对象不能犯: object impossibility
多次作案: repeatedly commit crimes
罚不当罪: punishment does not fit the crime
犯意: criminal intent; mens real
犯罪低龄化: lowering ages of criminal offenders
犯罪动机: criminal motive
犯罪构成: constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件: special constitutive elements of crime
犯罪故意: criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea
犯罪集团: criminal gang; criminal group
犯罪客观要件: objective circumstances of a crime
犯罪客体: criminal object; object of a crime
犯罪实行终了: completion of a criminal act
犯罪学: criminology
犯罪中止: discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime
犯罪主观方面要素: subjective elements of crime
犯罪主体: subject of crime
犯罪着手: initiate a crime
犯罪组织: criminal organization
贩卖毒品罪: drug offense; crime of drug trafficking
防卫过当: unjustifiable self-defense
防卫挑拨: instigation of defense; provocation of defense
防卫限度: limit of defense
防止类似事件重演: prevent the recurrence of similar incidents
妨碍公务罪: crime of disrupting public service
妨害公共安全罪: crime of impairing public security
放弃权利: withdraw a claim; waive a right
非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪: crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition
非法持有毒品罪: crime of illegally holding drugs
非法干涉: illegal intervention
非法干预: unlawful interference
非法出售增值税专用发票罪: crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT
诽谤罪: crime of defamation
隔地犯: offense of segregation by location
隔时犯: offense of segregation by time
工具不能犯: impossibility of instruments
故意犯罪: calculated crime; intentional crime
故意杀人罪: crime of intentional homicide
故意伤害罪: crime of willful and malicious injury
管辖:jurisdiction
惯犯: habitual criminal
惯例: custom and usage
过失犯罪: criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime
黑社会性质的犯罪集团: gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang
缓期二年执行: with a two-year reprieve
缓刑: probate cessat executio
集合犯: aggregate offense; collective offense
既遂犯: accomplished crime
继续犯: continuous crime
加重处罚: give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed 假冒他人注册商标罪: crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another
假释: parole
假想防卫: imaginative defense
假想数罪: imaginatively several crimes
简单共同犯罪: simple joint crime
间接故意: indirect intent; indirect iintentino
教唆未遂: attempt of solicitation
劫持船只、汽车罪: crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile
劫持航空器罪: crime of skyjacking
结果犯: consequential offen
结果加重犯: aggregated consequential offense
结合犯: combinative crime; integrated offense se
拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪: crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court
具结悔过: make a statement of repentence
具体行政行为: specific administrative act
具体罪名:concrete accusation
绝对不确定法定刑: absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment
军人违反职责罪: crimes of soldiers violating military dutie
抗税罪: offense of resisting taxes
客体不能犯: object impossibility
空白罪状: blank facts about a crime
滥伐林木罪: crime of illegal denudation
累犯: recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense
连续犯罪: continuing crime
量刑: criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion
量刑不当: criterion for sentence
量刑幅度: extent for discretionary action of sentencing
虐待罪: cri me of abusing member of one’s family
挪用公款案: case of misappropriation of public funds
偶犯: casual offender; casual offense
情节加重犯: aggravated offense by circumstances
情节特别严重: when the circumstances are particularly wicked
情节严重、构成犯罪的: when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime
取保候审: post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving 扰乱公共场所秩序罪: crime of disturbing order at public places
刑法: criminal law
刑罚: penalty; punishment
刑事责任能力: criminal capacity
民商法学与经济法学(Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws)
按照出资比例:in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment
办理注销登记:cancel the registration
被代理人:the principal
被侵权人 the infringed
本人名义:in one’s name
标的:subject matter
补偿制度:compensation system
不动产登记制:Lot and Block System
财产法: property law
财产的添附: accretion of property; property accession
财产抵押权: property mortgage
财产继承权:the right of inheritance
财产关系和人身关系:property relationships and personal relationships 财产管理人: property administrator; custodian of property
财产混同: confusion; hotchpot
财产留置权: encumbrance
采用书面形式:in writing
仓单: warehouse voucher
草签合同: initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract
长期合同: long-term contract
偿付能力: solvency capability of reimbursement
超越代理权:beyond the scope of one’s power of agency
撤消合同:cancellation of contract
撤销合同: cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract
撤销权: right of rescission; right of revocation
撤销要约: revocation of offer; revoke an offer
撤销遗赠: cancellation o will; revocationi of will
承运人: actual fault of the carrier
承运人的留置权:carrier’s lien
诚信原则: principle of good faith
诚实信用原则:principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle
船舶承租人: charterer
船舶抵押权: right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage
船舶抵押权的设定: establishment of mortgage of the ship
船舶抵押的消灭: extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship
船舶抵押权登记: registration of ship mortgage
船舶留置权: possessory lien; lien of ship
村民委员会:the village committee
惩罚性的损害赔偿: punitive damages
乘人之危:take advantage of one’s unfavorable position
处分财产: dispose of properties
处分权: act of disposition
处分原则: principle of disposition
代理民事活动:be represented in civil activities by
代理权终止:the expiration of one’s power of agency
单独承担的责任: undivided responsibility
单方法律行为:unilateral obligation
单方行政行为: unilateral administrative act
等价有偿:making compensation for equal value
对等原则:principle of reciprocity
对价:consideration
对抗措施:counter measure
对人权:right in personam; personal right
对世权: real right; right in rem
恶意串通:conspire maliciously
恶意行为:ill will mala fides
法人: judicial person; legal body
法人的权利能力: legal capacity of juristic person
法人的责任能力: capacity for responsibility of juristic person
法人权限: corporate power
法人人格: corporate personality
法人身份: status of a legal person
法人团体: corporation
法人资格: corporate capacity
法人组织章程:the articles of association of the legal person
负共同连带责任: liable jointly and severally
负全部责任: bear all responsibilities; in all charge
负有解释的义务: accountable
负有连带义务的每个债务人:each of the joint debtors
附带的条件: incident
附带要求: contingent claim
附带原因: contributory cause; inherent cause
附条件的民事法律行为:conditional civil juristic acts
附条件的权利: conditional right
赋予权力: entitle
个体工商户:individual businesses
个人合伙:individual partnership
各尽所能,按劳分配: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
给付定金:leave a deposit with the other party
工商行政管理机关:the administrative agency for industry and commerce 公民基本义务: fundamental duties of citizens
合同:contract
合同法:contract law
合同副本: copies of the contract
合同规定: contract provisions/stipulations
合同履行地法: lex loci contractus
合同期限:contract period (or contract term)
合同条款:contract terms (or contract clause)
合同有效期:contract life
合同正本: originals of the contract
合伙人:partners
合议制: collegial system
核准登记的经营范围:within the range approved and registered
恢复原状: recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum
集体所有制企业:an enterprise under collective ownership
技术合同纠纷案件: controversy over a technology contract
监护人:guardian
经主管机关核准登记:approved and registered by the competent authority 居民委员会:the neighborhood committee
履行监护职责:fulfill duty of guardianship
埋藏物、隐藏物:buried or concealed object
买卖、出租、抵押、转让:be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred
农村承包经营户:leaseholding farm households
平等主体:civil subjects with equal status
企业法人被撤销:the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person
企业法人分立、合并:the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person
企业法人解散:disbanding of an enterprise as legal person
契约自由: liberty of contract
一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书 award(用于仲裁) 裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions
浅谈现代汉语和英语 在语音、语汇、语法方面特点的比较 2012级学科英语:王忠文随着世界性汉语热的影响,学习汉语的人越来越多,而在交际交流中,中、英文的交叉使用现象也越来越多,那么对现代汉语和现代英语之间在语音、语汇、语法方面做一个比较也显得尤其必要。 一、语音即语言的声音,它是指人类通过发音器官发出来的,具有一定意义的,用来进行社会交际的声音。语音是语言的物质外壳,人们是通过语音来感知语言的存在的。 现代汉语语音属于汉藏语系,和印欧语相比有许多显著的特点。在语音方面,现代汉语的总体特点是音节界限分明,乐音较多,加上声调的高低变化和语调的抑扬顿挫,现代汉语语音的音乐性较强,具体表现为: 1.汉语音节中没有复辅音,都是一个辅音,而且不会出现在音节开始,即使是在词尾也只限辅音[n]和辅音群[ng],如[an]案和[hong]红。而英语中的辅音或辅音群是常见的,他们可以出现在词首或词尾,常常两三个辅音放在一起。 2. 元音占优势。现代汉语中可以没有辅音,但元音是必不可少的成分,并且是乐音,听起来比较悦耳。而英语的音节中最少须有一个元音,最多可以有8个元音。闭音节多,开音节少;音节中以辅音占优势,而且在元音的前或后都可以有辅音
群出现。 3.音节有声调。语音中超音段表达的主要手段是音高、音强和音长。而音高的使用又最为广泛,它的语音物质表现形式为旋律(melody),当旋律以单个的音节或词作为基本载体时,被称作声调(tone);当旋律以短语和句子作为基本载体时,被称作语调(intonation)。声调或语调是体现音高变化的单位。 汉语是声调语言,音高变化分布在字,即音节上,汉语中每个音节都是由声,调和韵组成,一个汉字即一个音节。不仅有区别意义的作用,还可以使汉语音节界限分明,又富于高低升降的变化,从而形成了现代汉语语音音乐性强的特殊风格。而英语是语调语言,音高变化分布在短语和句子上。英语句子语调由句子的最后一个重读音节即语调核心表现出来,句子中的语调由语调群表现出来。而语调群分为调头、调体和调尾组成。英语中语调的特点如下:一般地说,低调冠,高调头,调身用平调且依次渐变滑动降低。语调核心接受句子语调,有调的变化,或升调或降调。由此,汉、英两种语言的语音对比,主要是音高变化的对比。 二、语汇是语言中语词的总汇。它是语言的建筑材料,是语言的构成要素之一。语汇的含义有广义和狭义之分:广义的语汇,指的地语言中的语和词(简称语词)的总汇;狭义的语汇,指的是语言中的语的总汇。我们这里所说的语汇,其含义是广义的,即指的是语言中语和词的总汇,与传统的包括语和
商务英语词汇大全abroad adv.在国外,出国,广泛流传 absence n.缺席,离开 absent adj.不在,不参与 absenteeism n.(经常性)旷工,旷职absorb v.吸收,减轻(困难等)作用或影响abstract n.摘要 access n.接近(或进入)的机会,享用权v.获得使用计算机数据库的权利 accommodation n.设施,住宿 account n.会计账目 accountancy n.会计工作 accountant n.会计 accounts n.往来账目 account for解释,说明 account executive n.(广告公司)客户经理accruals n.增值,应计 achieve v.获得或达到,实现,完成acknowledge v.承认,告知已收到(某物),承认某人 acquire v.获得,得到 acquisition n.收购,被收购的公司或股份acting adj.代理的 activity n.业务类型 actual adj.实在的,实际的,确实的 adapt v.修改,适应 adjust v.整理,使适应 administration实施,经营,行政administer v.管理,实施 adopt v.采纳,批准,挑选某人作候选人advertise v.公布,做广告 ad n.做广告,登广告 advertisement n.出公告,做广告advertising n.广告业 after-sales service n.售后服务agenda n.议事日程 agent n.代理人,经纪人 allocate v.分配,配给 amalgamation n.合并,重组 ambition n.强烈的欲望,野心amortize v.摊还 analyze v.分析,研究 analysis n.分析,分析结果的报告 analyst n.分析家,化验员 annual adj.每年的,按年度计算的 annual general meeting(AGM)股东年会anticipate v.期望 anticipated adj.期待的 appeal n.吸引力 apply v.申请,请求;应用,运用 applicant n.申请人 application n.申请,施用,实施appointee n.被任命人 appraisal n.估量,估价 appreciate v.赏识,体谅,增值appropriate v.拨出(款项) approve v.赞成,同意,批准 aptitude n.天资,才能 arbitrage n.套 arbitration n.仲裁 arrears n.欠账 assemble v.收集,集合 assembly line n.装配线,流水作业线assess v.评定,估价 asset n.资产 current asset n.流动资产 fixed asset n.固定资产 frozen asset n.冻结资产 intangible assets n.无形资产 liquid assets n.速动资产 tangible assets n.有形资产 assist v.援助,协助,出席 audit n.查账,审计 automate v.使某事物自动操作 average n.平均,平均水准 awareness n.意识;警觉 backing n.财务支持,赞助 backhander n.贿赂 backlog n.积压(工作或订货) bad debt死账(无法收回的欠款)balance n.收支差额,余额 balance of payments n.贸易支付差额balance sheet n.资产负债表
《英语词汇学教程》(2004 年版)练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
商务英语词汇大全(一) economist 经济学家 socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
一、 action 诉讼 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb. 向某人提起诉讼,到法院告某人 defendant 被告 appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 cause of action 案由 transaction 交易 to join sb. as plaintiff/defendant 与某人共同起诉、把某人作为第三人被告合并起诉to make a complete determination of a controversy彻底解决争端 to be liable 负有责任 to rest on 依靠,依赖 adversary 敌手,对手;敌对的 adversary system 抗辩制 advocate 用户,提倡;拥护者,辩护者 produce 拿出,出示 evidence 证据 inquisitorial 纠问的 civil law tradition 大陆法传统 presentation 介绍,陈述 intervene 干涉,介入 safeguard 预防措施,保证条款;保护 prevalence 流行,盛行 manifold 多种多样的 contest 比赛 interested 有利害关系的 resolution 解决 to bear the burden of 承担 to reduce... to 把.....降为,把......归纳为 unbiased 无偏见的 satisfy 满足,符合 critic 批评者 merit 事实真相,是非曲直 phase 阶段 reside 属于,归于 affirmative 肯定的,积极的 join 合并 to be liable to sb. for sth. 因某事对某人负有责任 to rest on 依靠 to reside in/with 属于 二、 allege 声称 allegation 声称
黑龙江农业工程职业学院毕业论文题目:商务英语词汇特点及学习策略 作者:学号: 学院(系):人文学院 专业:商务英语 指导者高慧讲师 2011年9月
摘要 商务词汇作为构成商务英语语言的最基本的独立单位,在商务中发挥着巨大的作用。大量使用专业词汇或普通词汇具有专业意义是商务英语词汇的一个重要特征,因此,词汇的学习在商务英语教学中的作用举足轻重。商务词汇的习得一直是商务英语学习过程中的重要内容,但也是一个薄弱环节。本文拟通过对商务英语词汇的特征进行概括,对词义理解进行举例分析,以帮助商务英语学习者更好掌握商务英语词汇,提高商务交际的语言应用能力。在了解商务英语词汇特征的基础上,将学习策略及其训练渗透于商务英语词汇教学过程中,让习得者能有效的使用各种词汇学习策略以便提高学习效果。 关键词:商务英语词汇;词汇特点;学习策略
目录 1.绪论 (3) 1.1商务英语词汇的重要性 (3) 1.2研究词汇学习策略的必要性 (3) 2.商务英语词汇特点分析 (3) 2.1词汇内容丰富 (4) 2.2专业术语词汇数量客观 (4) 2.3大量使用缩略词 (4) 2.4使用半专业词汇 (5) 2.5大量使用古语词 (5) 2.6创造新词 (5) 2.7商务英语词汇与普通英语词汇的关系 (6) 3.词汇学习策略与实施 (6) 3.1课堂学习策略 (6) 3.2自学词汇策略 (7) 4.结论 (10) 参考文献 (11)
1.绪论 1.1商务英语词汇的重要性 英语作为国际化语言,在商务活动中起到了非常重要的桥梁作用。商务英语词汇的掌握是学好商务英语的三大要素之一。英国著名学者McCarthy(1990)曾经说过:一个学生学习第二语言,其语法无论学得多好,语音无论掌握得多漂亮,没有词汇来表达各种意义,语言交际也难以实现。由此可见,词汇是培养学生语言交际能力不可缺少的基本语言材料。商务英语的词汇涉及面广、内容丰富,就词汇应用方面来说,商务英语词汇有许多完全不同于普通英语词汇含义的词汇和专业术语。商务英语词汇中存在一些多义词既有普通词义又具有商务词义,这类单词的词义关系和词义确定是商务英语词汇学习的一个难点。又因为商务英语不仅涉及专业知识,同时随着时代的发展和商务的创新,新词不断出现,更加增加了习得者的学习难度,所以,商务英语词汇的熟练掌握是熟练应用商务英语的关键。 1.2研究词汇学习策略的必要性 很多学生在学习商务英语课程时虽已经具有扎实的英语基础,但由于缺乏商务专业知识和专业词汇量,尤其是商务英语词汇量的匮乏,以及受传统死记硬背单词思想的影响,导致学习效果欠佳。因此,在实际学习中,学生应运用有效的策略和手段,改变传统的词汇学习方法。商务英语词汇既有普通英语的特征又有专门用途英语的特征,在词汇教学中我们既要注重普通语言理论知识的导入也要加强商务英语词汇知识的导入和研究,词汇学习策略缺失或运用不当是学习效果不佳的主要原因,应将学习策略及其训练渗透于商务英语词汇教学过程中。在理论的指导下遵循词汇之间的内部规律不断总结不断实践方法才会收到良好的效果。 2.商务英语词汇特点分析 英语词汇的特点是“涵义范围比较宽,比较丰富多彩,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性比较小”。也就是说当英语中词语孤立的时候,我们无法说出它的具体含义,因为它具有该词语在使用中可能具有的一切词义,只有依赖其所在的上下文或者该词语同其它词语的搭配或者组合关系我们才能辨别其具体意义,在普通英语中词汇如此,而商务英语(Business English)源于普通英语(English for General Purposes,即EGP),它与普通英语一样,在语言习得和语言交际中起着举足轻重的作用。但商务英语属于专门用途英语(ESP),与普通英语相比在
商业·Business 63.account :财务帐;帐户 A record of financial transactions kept in a ledger. 在分类帐中保存的财务来往记录。 A bank account 银行帐户 A customer or client 顾客或客户 Let’s check the account again. 我们再查一遍帐。 How much is left in our bank account. 银行帐上还剩多少。 This firm is our best account. 这家商行是我们最好的客户。 64.accounting :会计 A system and process of gathering and recording financial information that provides a continuous balance between assets and liabilities. 收集和记录财务住处的制度和过程,并据此不断提供资产和负债之间的余额。 You need to discuss that matter with the accounting department. 你应当和财务部讨论这个问题。 65.accumulation :资本增益
An addition to capital investments or stock from profits. 资本投资的收益或股分增值。 What kink of accumulation are you getting on the ABC stock? 你有ABC公司的股份有什么资本增益? 66.affluence :富裕 The condition of substantial wealth and economic power. 拥有雄厚财富和经济实力的状况。 Luxury cars are targeted towards the affluent segment of a population. 豪华轿车是以人口中的富裕阶层为销售对象的。 67.affiliate :成员,分公司 A business that contracts to work with another business. 签订合同与另一公司合作的公司。 The ABC office supply company is one of our many affiliates. ABC办公用品公司是我们众多分公司的其中之一。 68.agenda :日程表 A list of things to be done. 要处理的事务清单 Could you please fax me a copy of tomorrow’s agenda? 能否将明天的日程表给我发个传真? 69.agribusiness :农业综合企业
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注:参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange
estate 房地产,不动产revenue 收入(不一定是利润profit/gain) expire 期满(专利) annex 吞并,收购 mayoral election 市长选举council 政务会,理事会snack food 快餐,小吃dean 大学院长,系主任inflate 膨胀的,夸张的 dairy 奶牛场 retail 零售的 vehicle 交通工具, 车辆terrain 地形 landfill 垃圾填埋法garbage disposal 垃圾处理aluminum 铝 commitment 许诺,义务considerably 相当地municipal 市政的,地方的resort (旅游)胜地 ski resort 滑雪胜地suburban 郊外的 stock股票; 存货(the stock of sth 表示…的存货)stockholder 股东assembly n.装配 staff v.招工 inducement 动机,诱因newsletter 实时通讯abound (in)富于,大量存在(于) consumption 消费 lottery 彩票 gambling 赌博 advocate 提倡 trash collection 垃圾收集 a fleet of 一队,一群exceptional service优越的服务 undertake 采取(措施)lane 线路,车道 rock band 摇滚乐队concert 音乐会stadium 露天体育场 surge 浪潮,洪流 agency 代理,中介 dealership代理权,代理商 moped 机动脚踏两用车 pedestrian 步行者 deluxe alpaca overcoat 高档 驼绒大衣 resume 恢复,重新开始 rehearsal n.排演, 演习, 预演, 试演 facility n.设备, 工具 absenteeism n.旷课, 旷工 tardiness 迟到 downtown 市区的,闹市的 video arcade视听走廊 plush carpeting豪华地毯 discontinue 停止, 废止 Arctic deer北极鹿 volcanic eruption 火山喷发 meteorite colliding 陨石撞击 greasy多脂的, 油脂的 acne 痤疮 muscle strain 肌肉扭伤 recuperation 恢复 odor 气味 Dental Floss 牙线 hygiene routine 卫生手段 gum 牙龈 questionnaire调查问卷 commuter 乘客 precision n.精确, 精密度, clay 粘土 prize 惊叹,赏识 mold n.模子, 铸型 miniature 缩微模型 unearth 出土 hoax v.愚弄n.愚弄 Treasury 财政部 release 发行,发布 enroll in college 考上大学 subscriber 主顾,订户(= client) inventory 存货 retail n.零售 economize 节省 merge 吞并,合并 Symphony 交响乐(队) trout 鲑鱼 feed on 以…为食,捕食… tadpole 蝌蚪 recreational 娱乐的 (recreation n消遣,娱乐) recreational activities 娱乐活 动 quadruple 长到四倍 ore 矿石 chore n.家务杂事 dropout n.辍学学生 vocational training 职业培训 outright 彻底的, 完全的 ownership 所有权 leasing n租赁 surpass 超越, 胜过 orders 订单 face cream (护肤)面霜 stringent 严格的 exempt v免除;adj被免除的 be less likely to do 做某事的 可能性小 be the least likely to do 最不 可能做… trucking company 运输公司; trucking industry运输业 implement 贯彻,执行 fountain 水龙头 dander 落毛,头皮屑 trigger vt.引发,触发n.板机 irrigate 灌溉, 修水利 deforestation 砍伐森林 charcoal 木炭 一氧化碳carbon monoxide 二氧化碳carbon dioxide appreciable 轻微的,可感知 的 dietitian 营养学家 strenuous 紧张的, 热烈的,