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êú?????úChapter 2 Nouns and Subject-verb Concordêú?????óó￠ó?רòμ±???éúêú??ê±êy2?§ê±êú??ê±??μúò??§?êμúò??§?ú4?üêú??μ?μ?íaó??μμú??ó?ò?êò?ì?§
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?ó1. To review what have been learned last class
2. To understand the different items concerning nouns
3. To know how to use nouns in exercises
4. To train students?ˉ practical abilities to use them correctly.?ì?§
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μ?Important point: To train students?ˉ ability to use nouns correctly.
Difficult points￡o1￡?different terms involved in nouns
2￡?genitives and gradable nouns
3) subject-verb concord?ì?§
·?·¨CAI, teacher-student interaction, lecturing and exercising combination?ì??Computer-controlled multimedia equipment?ì?§
2??èI. Greetings
????II. Duty Report
????III Check up the assignments given to the students last class.
????IV The new lesson?achapter 2
1?￠numbers of nouns
2?￠abstract and material nouns
3. genitives
4. duration nouns
5. subject-verb concord
6. gradable nouns
????V Workbook
Students are required to finish the exercises for chapter 2 in the workbook. ????VI Additional exercises that occurred in the past CET-4&6
????VII Assignments????
ìa?ò
×÷òμ
I Memorize the grammatical rules learned in chapter 2
II Review Chapter 2 and do the exercises for it.
III Some additional exercises related to this chapter
IV Preview chapter 3?ì?§
·¨2?
??
Communicative approach, interactive learning?2êú?úèY
Chapter 2 Nouns
I. Greetings
II. Duty Report
III Check up the assignments given to the students last class.
IV The new lesson?achapter 2 Nouns
Nouns---proper nouns
common nouns (concrete nouns/abstract nouns)
--- count nouns / non-count nouns
I) numbers of nouns
??1. singular invariable nouns?anon-count nouns
plural invariable nouns--- 3 kinds
variable nouns---count nouns
??2. zero plural nouns---μ￥êyD?ê?±í?′êyòaò?
Quantitative nouns:
hundred, thousand, million, billion
three hundred students
hundreds of students
several, many, a few
several hundred(s of) times
some hundreds of times
some hundred times=about a hundred times
dozen, score
two dozen eggs
dozens of eggs
by the dozen?-.
Unit nouns:
foot six foot two / five feet
pound: a six-pound note
5 pounds?ˉ worth of oranges
two pounds
a/five head of cattle
??3. nouns with equivocal number?aμ￥?′êyí?D?
II). abstract and material nouns with both noncount and count usage He has no difficulty with science.
He is having great difficulties with maths.
Physics is a science.
Tea is popular with people in China.
Maojian is a famous tea.
I?ˉll have two teas (= two cups of tea).
III). plural compound nouns and plural forms of address
tooth brushes
????passers-by fathers-in-law
men/women doctors man-eaters
the Mr. Smiths the Smiths
IV). nouns with modifiers and nouns as premodifiers
the table leg=the leg of the table
??a car factory=a factory to produce cars
??a station for buses=a bus station
??the Students / Students?ˉ Union
V). ?ˉs genitive and of- genitive
1￡? ?ˉs genitive is often used:
??a women?ˉs hospital = a hospital for women
Luxun?ˉs articles = articles written by Luxun
last year?ˉs holidays
for God?ˉs sake
get one?ˉs money?ˉs worth
at one?ˉs wits?ˉ end
at arm?ˉs length
within arm?ˉs reach
2￡?of- genitive only:
the map/climate/roads of China
the car of the man we met
a portrait of my sister
cf: my sister?ˉs portrait
the city of Tangshan/Beijing
?°the/that/this/a(n) + N2￡¨μ￥êy￡?+ of + a(n) +N1(μ￥êy)?±
the jewel of an island = This island is a jewel.
= this jewelish island
that furnace of a workshop=that furnace-like workshop
VI). double genitives:
a friend of mine/Tom?ˉs/the teacher?ˉs
this/that lovely daughter of his uncle?ˉs
these/those old books of yours
The poem of Shelly?ˉs he recited a hundred times was Ode to the West Wind. VII). group genitives and coordinated genitives;
group genitives and of- genitives
1. Jane and Mary?ˉs room (the room of Jane and Mary)
Jane?ˉs and Mary?ˉs room
Jane?ˉs and Mary?ˉs rooms (Jane?ˉs room and Mary?ˉs)
2. an hour or two?ˉs time (one or two hours?ˉ time)
the time of an hour or two
anyone else?ˉs book (the book of anyone else)
We met at John, the chemist?ˉs, office.
We met at the office of John, the chemist.
This is the room of Betty, the plumber?ˉs daughter.
VIII) independent genitives and locative genitives
This is my brother?ˉs car.
This car is my brother?ˉs.
Mother has gone to the hairdresser(?ˉs).
More: the barber?ˉs, the cleaner?ˉs, the butcher?ˉs, the grocer?ˉs, the chemist?ˉs, the druggist?ˉs, the tobacconist?ˉs, the dentist?ˉs
IX). duration nouns as premodifier
a ten minutes?ˉ break a ten-minute break
a break of ten minutes
a one-hundred-dollar bill
a bill of one hundred dollars
how many days?ˉ holiday three days?ˉ sick leave
X). Subject-verb concord
??????????grammatical concord
??????????notional concord
??????????concord of proximity
????One student in a hundred takes drugs.
????Bread and butter is better for you than cake.
????Either you or I am in the wrong.
1. The hammer and sickle was flying from the flagpole.
????The horse and cart was/were gone.
????The grass and (the) heather were dusty with long drought.
2. Her calmness and confidence is/are astonishing.
????Time and tide waits/wait for no man.
3. War and peace is a constant theme in history.
War and peace are alternatives between which man must constantly choose.
4. It is you, not I, who are afraid to pursue this subject further.
The Prime Minister, (and) not the monarch, decides government policy.
5. The author, the wit, the partisan, the fine gentleman does not take the place of the man.
????Her eyes, or rather the visible one, was pale blue.
6. There?ˉs/are some people in the waiting room.
There are one or two subjects on which you are bound to have but one opinion. 7. A writer, and sometimes an artist, is invited to address the society.
????The ambassador, and perhaps his wife too?ais likely to be present.
8. White and brown sugar are acceptable for this recipe.
????Beer from America and Holland is much lighter than British beer.
9. Each boy and each girl is taught to read and write.
????No man and no woman has ever broken such a record.
10. The red and the white rose are beautiful.
????The red and white rose is/are beautiful.
11. To make life worth living and to raise the standard of comfort sounds well. Drinking goat?ˉs milk and getting plenty of exercise were responsible for his physique.
12. What I say and (what) I do are two different things.
????What I say and think is no business of yours.
13. One and a half apples are on the table.
One apple and a half is on the table.
14. Were you or he on duty?
????My life or death is /are equal to me.
????What I say or what I do is no business of yours.
????This medicine, or drug, has a violent effect.
15. Either your brains or your eyesight is at fault.
????Either you or I am/are going.
????Neither you nor he is in the wrong.
????Neither he nor his wife has/have seen such a film.
16. Not a chemist but a physicist was needed.
It?ˉs not the players, but the supporters, that are responsible for football hooliganism.
17. Not only Tom but (also) Harry is going there.
18. The headmaster with the rest of the staff was/were having a heated discussion. ????An old man as well as several women was at home.
19. None are so deaf as those that will not hear.
????None of the telephones is/are working.
????None of them is the man I want.
????None of them are the men I want.
????None of the food was wasted.
20. If any of your friends is/are interested, let me know.
????I don?ˉt think either of them is/are at home.
21. A lot of people feel that way.
A lot of chalk was wasted.
Quantities of food were needed there.
A number of people think he should take a holiday.
The number of desks in the room is twenty.
A large amount of money was spent on the bridge.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
One fourth of the students are Spanish majors.
One fourth of the stuff was thrown away.
22. The city?ˉs population were mostly black people.
The population of the city was about 8,000,000 in 1970.
A wealth of examples were given.
A wealth of hair has been burnt.
A total of 33 people were killed in the gun shooting.
The total of his grains has amounted to millions.
23. More than one member has protested against the proposal.
????Many a student wants to take holidays abroad.
24. He is one of those people who is/are afraid to act.
He is the (only) one of the boys who is on time.
Each one of us who is now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.
This is the best one of the novels that have been published this year.
25. It is I who am at fault.
It is me who is at fault.
26. This pair of shoes suits him.
Here was a pair of fellows who were enjoying the experiments.
27. Two and two is/are four.
Two fives are ten.
Four from six leaves two.
Twenty divided by five equals four.
28. Good manners are/is a rarity these days.
This barracks was quite near. Those barracks were also quite near.
29. Milan is the most interesting city in the world.
The Arabian Nights is full of very interesting stories.
The 14th Olympiad was held in London.
The first Olympic Games were held in Greece in ancient times.
The Olympics were started again in the 19th century.
30. My only hope for the future is/are my children.
My children are my only hope for the future.
31. What we need most is/are books.
Books are what we need most.
Nobody knows him but loves him.
32. He spent more money than was available.
He smoked more cigarettes than were available.
She bought more books than was hoped.
There were as many tickets available as was expected.
33. There is/are one dozen of eggs in the basket.
????There is/are a score of people in the room.
XI). gradable nouns
1. used in comparative structure
more of a ?- = more +adj.
less of a ?-..= less + adj. / not so much of a ?-as?-
eg: He is more of a fool than I thought (he was).
more foolish
He is less of a coward than he used to.
less cowardly
not so much of a coward as he used to.
He is more of a talker than his mother.
He talks more than his mother (does).
as much of a ?- = as + adj.
as little of a ?- =as + the opposite of the adj
eg: It was as much of a success as I had imagined.
as successful
It was as little of a success as I had imagined.
as unsuccessful
2. modified by intensifiers
1) enough
n. + enough + to = so + adj. + as to
eg: I am optimist enough to enjoy life.
so optimistic as to
enough of a + n. = n. /adj. + enough
eg: He is enough of a coward to do that.
coward/cowardly enough
2) rather a
rather a + n. = rather + adj.
eg: This classroom is rather a mess.
rather messy
This is rather a good idea.
a rather good idea
3) what a(n), such a(n), quite a(n)
eg: What a fine day it is!
What a fool/fools you are! =How foolish you are!
I saw such a lot of cars on the street.
so many
cf: I have never seen such a thing (as this).
such things as these
4) others
too much of a(n) ?-
not much of a(n) ?-
a little of a , nothing of a, something of a
5) no + n. (μ￥êy) = quite other than a
eg: He is no fool. (He is very intelligent.)
I am no youngster. (I am quite old.)
no = not a / not any
eg: We can hear no sound in the room.
We can not hear any sound in the room.
I have no money on me.
I don?ˉt have any money on me.
EXX:
V Workbook----Paraphrase the following sentences:
1. He is more of a teacher than she is.
2. He is less of a fool than I thought.
3. She is less of a coward than she used to.
4. He is not much of a linguist.
5. I?ˉm not much of a cinema-goer.
6. Is she much of a tennis-player?
7. He is enough of a scholar.
8. She is a little of a liar.
9. She is little of a doctor.
10. She is nothing of a doctor.
11. He?ˉs too much of a coward to tell the truth.
12. It is as much of a success as I expected.
13. There are such a lot of people at Louis?ˉ party.
14. That?ˉs too much of a bother to think about.
15. I?ˉm afraid your friend is a bit of a thief.
16. He is something of a stamp collector.
17. He is something of a liar.
18. He is as much of a fool as she is.
19. He is as much of a teacher as she is.
20. Is he anything of a sportsman?
VI. Exercises in CET4 -6:
1. I walked too much yesterday and ________are still aching now.
????A. my leg?ˉs muscles B. my muscles of leg
????C. my leg muscles D. my muscles of the leg
2. Radio, TV and press________ of conveying news and information.
A. are the most three common means
B. are the three most common means
C. are the most common three means
D. are three the most common means
3. Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _______movie could not hold our attention.
A. three-hours
B. three-hour
C. three-hours?ˉ
D. three-hour?ˉs
4. The animal has a brain which is nearer________.
??A. in man?ˉs size B. in size to man
??C. in size to man?ˉs D. to the size in man
5. The twentieth century has witnessed an enormous worldwide political, economic and cultural ______.
A. transmission
B. transportation
C. transformation
D. tradition
6. American football and baseball are becoming known to the British public through televised _________ from the United States.
??A. deliveries B. transmission C. transfer D. transportation
7. Nigara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year.
A. attention
B. attraction
C. appointment
D. arrangement
8. A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough _______.
??A. nuisance B. trouble C. worry D. anxiety
9. I caught a __________ of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street.
??A. vision B. glimpse C. look D. scene
10￡?He was _________to tell the truth even to his closest friend
A. too much of a coward
B. too much the coward
C. a coward enough
D. enough of a coward
VII. Assignments:
1. Memorize the grammatical rules learned in chapter 2
2. Review Chapter 2 and do the exercises for it.
Important and required exercises in the workbook: Ex V on Page 6 Ex VI on Page 7
3. Some additional exercises related to this chapter
4. Preview chapter 3.
×￠?a
Revision:
f---v+es
wives, knives, wolves, thieves, calves
shelves, selves, lives,
halves, loaves, leaves
roofs, serfs,
gulfs, chiefs,
proofs, beliefs,
tomatoes,
potatoes,
Negroes,
heroes,
zeroes
foreign language(s) department
---department of foreign languages
foreign language
department
---department of a foreign language
the fool of a person
this palace of a house
Chapter 22 Concord
Subject-verb concord is only one part of it.
the most important and difficult points
He is no teacher.
War is no joke.
He is no friend of John?ˉs.
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
编号： 西北大学现代学院教案2013 ～2014 学年度第二学期 分院（系）：外语系 教研室：英语专业教研室 课程名称：新视野大学英语2 课程学分： 5 授课专业班级：行政1301 教师姓名：韩春荣 职称：讲师 使用教材：新视野大学英语 作者及出版社：郑树棠外语教学与研究出版社 西北大学现代学院教务处制
说明：1、本表原则上以每章为单位填写。2、此表后面为本次安排的授课内容的教案正文。
基本内容 辅助手段 和时间分配 1.Warm-up activities: Group discussing (10 minutes) 2.Understanding the text (5 minutes) (ask students some questions related to the text.) 3.Detailed studies of text (65 minutes) 1) explanation of time-conscious Americans (15 minutes) 2) ?Much less? structure (10 minutes) 3) 2009年下半年四级真题阅读（快速阅读）(15 minutes) 4) the analysis of text structure (10 minutes) 5) the division of whole text (15 minutes) 4.Grammar and exercises (20 minutes) 5.Enrichment reading (60 minutes) 1) further grammar structure ( 25 minutes ) 2) the attributive clauses (15 minutes) 3) past perfect continuous tense (20 minutes) 6.Listening practice (65 minutes) 1)paragraph listening 2)compound dictation 3)conversation 以上三部分根据听力材料难度适当调整上课时间 7.Writing practice (15 minutes) 8.随堂写作(40 minutes) Topic: your time-consciousness 9.学生优秀作文分析与错误讲解（40 minutes） 其中包括语法误用，句子顺序错误，从句误用，词汇误用等 I. Pre-reading Activities: 1. Proverbs of time 1) Time works wonders. 时间创造奇迹。 By asking some questions or making discussions (10 minutes )
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
语法课教案 I. Teaching aim . 1.Aims on the knowledge : Enable students take in the grammar and related knowledge; 2.Aims on the ability : Develop their abilities of speaking and can use new knowledge to communicate with others in daily life . 3.Aims on the emotion : develop Ss' interest in English and let them love their life. II. Important points: Ss understand the grammar and learn about other related sentence structure . III.Difficult points. Ss take in the grammar and put it into practicing speaking about their daily life and use in express their ideas . IV.Teaching procedure . Step1: Warm-up : at the beagining of class,we can start a game, gusing words . Step2: Presentation . 1. Show students new sentences of grammar and explain for them ; 2. Show students related sentences and words . Let Ss read it by themselves . Step3: Practice. 1. Group member talk about “look, there is a…in/on/nea r…” “look, there are some…in/on nea r…” 2. Everyone can hand up and express their ideas sentences structures . Step4: Product . Combine grammar and some related sentences which teacher show to Ss . Ss have a try to have a dialogue in class with their partners . V. Blackboard design. 1.Show new sentence students at the lift side on the blackboard ; 2.Show some related sentence at the right side on the blackboard . VI. Homework. https://www.doczj.com/doc/fc18636832.html,municate with classmates about their Sunday or Saturdays using new sentences structure ; 2.Finish some tasks on the workbook which is about grammars . VII.Summary. 1.Ss may feel difficult about the grammar, teacher need to pay much attention to focus on the reflection of Ss and take actions to help them to understand grammar ;
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
大学英语语法教学初探 提要：英语语法的掌握是英语能力的基本功,而目前中国学生的英语语法的学习效果并不令人乐观。改进教学方法,有机整合语法内容,加强文化对比,进行有效的语法练习是改善英语语法教学的重要途径。 关键词:语法教学;有机整合;文化对比;语法练习 语法是语言赖以形成和发展的要素,是语言组织的纽带,它和词汇、语语音共同构成语言的基本要素。在英语教学中,语言的三要素都是学生要掌握的基础知识。其中语法是研究用词造句的规则体系,它是为培养技能,形成语言交际能力服务的,并且对高效率的交际起着制约的作用。因此教学中应重视语法教学,决不能排斥。 一、语法教学现状及其学习的重要性 目前教学中存在两种不利语法教学的现象:其中之一,由于受传统教学的影响,很多老师先强调理论,孤立地讲完语法规则后再让学生做一定的练习,这样就形成了教师滔滔不绝地讲,学生辛辛苦苦地练,而最终的结果是学生笔试能力、做题能力提高了,相反口试能力,语言交际能力却差了;第二种现象,由于受教学改革的影响,很多老师在果断的摒弃旧的教学理念的同时又步入了另一个极端:强调注重人们语言学习的自然规律,英语课上大部分时间进行口语操练,废弃语法。即使有的教师会在上课时讲解语法,但大多采用的是那种就事论事的阻断式、割裂式的讲解和翻译模式,往往给学生造成一种“雾里看花”的感觉。致使许多学生到了大学之后其语法知识薄弱、语言运用能力差。他们所写、所译的东西错漏百出,让人啼笑皆非。在正确推进大学英语教学改革的今天,语法教学的薄弱使得提高学生的英语运用能力便只是空中楼阁。因此“让语法教学重返课堂”的呼声在英语教学上越来越强烈。对中国学生学习英语而言,他们毕竟没有使用目的语的环境,那么他们就很难及时、准确地辨别母语和目的语之间的语义特征和差异。因此就中国学生而言,希望不学语法便能牢固地掌握英语,提高其英语运用能力是不切实际的。换言之,在大学英语教学过程中,重视语法教学,改善语法教学是提高学生英语运用能力必不可少的。 二、关于语法教学的一些想法 很多学生进入大学之后,意识到了缺乏语法知识对其英语提高的限制,便买来语法书,夜以继日地研读,结果发现越来越糊涂。要想在短时间让学生加深对语法现象的了解,使学生对语法的认识豁然开朗,大学英语教师可从以下方面着手: 首先,有机整合语法内容。为了让学生能完整地了解语法的基础知识,在原理相通的情况下,删除一些过于琐碎的部分,采用联系、归纳、演绎、对比等多种方法将语法内容进行适当的有机整合。例如:将主语从句、宾语从句及表语从句联系起来讲解;将定语从句和同位语从句一同加以讲解及区别;将动名词和现在分词
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
大学英语语法教学初探 作者：韩莹 来源：《现代交际》2010年第06期 [摘要]近几年来,大学英语教学更加注重培养学生英语的听说能力和综合运用能力,削弱了语法教学,语法似乎成了可有可无的项目,忽视了语法是语言的一个重要组成部分,是语言的组织规律这一现象。本文将对大学英语语法教学的现状进行分析,并进一步探讨如何进行语法教学,将语法知识融入大学英语的教学中,并使其与听说能力互相促进提高。 [关键词]大学英语听说能力语法教学 [中图分类号]G642[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-5349(2010)06-0129-01 根据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》,大学英语的教学目标在于全面提高学生英语综合素质,注重培养学生在英语听说读写译方面的应用能力。增强学生自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养。基于这一原因目前大学英语教学出现了“淡化语法”的现象,英语课程设置的重点多放在了培养和提高学生听说技能上,忽视语言点(词汇,语法)教学。 一、大学英语语法教学现状 (一)随着大学英语改革的不断深入,各类高校英语教材在内容上也随之发生了变化,由原来以体现语言知识为编写宗旨转向了现在以提高学生听说技能为主。很多教材都增加了听说练习的内容,通过练习培养学生语言的实用性和实践性。同时由于英语课堂教学模式实现了由以教师为中心到以学生为中心的转变,在英语课堂上教师越来越多的是使用交际教学法和听说教学法,激发学生开口说英语的兴趣,这就阻碍了以语法知识为中心的语法翻译教学法的实施,很大程度上削弱了语法教学。交际法的使用大大提高了学生口语表达能力,学生敢于开口说英语,喜欢开口说英语,但是在进行语言交流的过程中很多学生却不能准确表达自己的思想,这是因为大学英语对学生的词汇量和信息量有很高的要求,只注重听说训练,忽视语言点(词汇、语法)的教学不能很好地牢固学生英语基础,在这种情况下培养出来的学生英语听说水平是有限的。 (二)2006年大学英语四、六级考试实施改革,改革后的四级考试中听力的分值由原来的20%上升到现在的35%。同时,考查的方式也变得多样化,增加了复合式听写题型。尽管阅读的比重由原来的40%减为35%,但出现了两种新的阅读考查方法:快速阅读和选词填空。针对新四级的变化,我们不难看出听力部分的增加要求在英语学习的过程中更加强调听说为重。同时,新四级中取消了老四级考查语法词汇的“结构与词汇”部分,取而代之的是更加灵活的考查方式。这就导致了很多教师把主要精力放在对学生听说能力和阅读速度的提高上,更加忽略语法教学。但是从学生的考试成绩反馈来看,学生在听力和阅读题的准确率上存在很大问题。 二、对大学英语语法教学的建议
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
大学英语三级语法概要 英语语法是英语各项语言技能的基础，是语言学习的关键。语法贯穿整个英语学习的全过程。语法在大学英语三级考试中所占比重较大，应予以重视。熟练掌握基本的语法知识是必要的，如果能了解语结构题的特点，掌握——些必要的解题技巧，就可以做到事半功倍。 第一节大学英语三级考试语法部分简介 一、大纲要求 大学英语三级考试大纲对语法的要求是:进一步加深和扩大中学学过的语法知识，侧重其在阅读和翻译中的应用。 二、考查范围 三级语法考题的涉及面广。考试范围为《浙江省高等学校英语三级考试大纲》所附结构表的内容。 在语法结构表中，详细列出了高等专科英语课程教学阶段需要进一步巩固加深的语法项目，主要涉及如下语法点:限定词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、介词、动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、一致关系、句子种类(简单句、并列句和复合句)、强调句型、省略、倒装、构词法和标点等十七个方面。本书逐一介绍各类试题的设计特点(题型)及解题技巧。 在大学英语三级考试中，虽然题目千变万化，但是万变不离其宗，只要仔细分析，就会发现这些题目其实基本上都是时态、形容词与副词、名问、一致关系和虚拟语气、非谓语动词、倒装句、复合句(连接手段)的各种变化形式。本书在逐一介绍各类试题的设计特点(题型)及解题技巧的同时，还侧重对上述几类语法变化形式在历届真题中的考点作详细分析。 三、2002年1月一2004年6月题目类型统计与分析
语法测试项目所占比例 复合句(主语从句、定语从句、状语从句) 21, 虚拟语气 8(3, 时态和语态 10(8, 非谓语动词(分词、动名词、不定式) 23(3, 一致关系 2(5, 倒装句 6(7, 形容词与副词 5(8, 强调 2(5, 名词和限定词 2(5, 倍数 1(7, 省略 0(8, 情态动词 2(5, 反意疑问句 0(8, 代词 5, 介词 0(8, 第二节复习与应试指津 一、出题意图，题型分析，解题技巧 同样的题目让同一考生用不同的方法去做，效率和准确率是会有很大差别的。好的方法可以做到事半功倍，而不好的方法可造成事倍功半。常言道:“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”因此，要想做好题，首先要掌握正确的做题方法。下面我们以选择题为例讲解做题方法。知己知彼，方能百战不殆，所以首先应该弄清三级考试出题的考查目的，然后对症下药，掌握一定的答题技巧，达到事半功倍的效果。下面简单介绍一下如何应答三级考试中的语法结构题。
英语语法现在进行时归纳总结 一、单项选择现在进行时 1．-- I am afraid I can’t help you with your project. I ________ a model these days. -- It doesn’t matter. I will finish it by myself. A．make B．will be making C．am making D．have made 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词时态。句意：我恐怕不能帮你完成项目了，这几天我要做一个模型。没关系，我会自己完成。表示这几天一直要做的事情，用一般现在时表示将来，故选C 项。 考点：考查动词时态 2．—I some courses at university，so I can’t work full time at the moment． A．take B．am taking C．took D．have taken 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为我正在上学，所以不能在这时候做全职的工作。根据下方提到so I can’t work full time at th e moment 可知我正在上学，故选B 项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers the main pipe．A．repair B．repaired C．have repaired D．are repairing 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为工人正在修理主管道，所以水供应暂时被切断。根据语境表示，修理管道这件事正在进行，所以选D项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 4．– Do you think we should accept that offer? -- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out. A．have had; is running B．had; is running C．have; has been run D．have had; has been run 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查动词的时态。 句意：---你认为我们应该接受那个建议吗？ ---是的，我们应该，因为到目前为止我们已经运气很糟糕，并且时间也正在被耗尽。