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《英美文学选读》学习方法与技巧

《英美文学选读》学习方法与技巧
《英美文学选读》学习方法与技巧

英美文学选读课程是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的必修课程。设置这门课程的目的在于使学生了解有关英美文学的基本理论知识,培养学生对英美文学原著的批评鉴赏能力,并使学生通过文学这一载体对英美国家的文化形成初步的认识。这门课程对广大考生而言难度还是比较大的,首先,这门课程的覆盖面较大,涉及近百位主流和非主流作家,时间横跨古今,包容了整个欧美文学发展的历程,展现了异彩纷呈的各种文学文化思潮和流派,除此之外,课本还尽可能全面地遴选了诗歌、戏剧、小说和散文等各种文学类型的作品。因此,考生所要面对的不仅是大容量的英文原文阅读,还需具备一定的文学理论水平和对英美国家文化背景知识的熟悉。其次,相当多的考生对这门课程认识不足把它当成了一种短平快的项目希望用较短的时间把这门课考过去。然而知识涵盖面如此之广,阅读信息量如此之大的一门课要想在短短几个月内掌握谈何容易。考生在学习的过程中一旦发现实际情况和他们的期望值有出入时就会从心理上产生挫败感,显得急躁不安。再者英美文学试题中的主观题所占比重较大,而且该考试要求考生全部用英文答题所以,考生还需具备扎实的英文写作基础,能够清晰流畅地表达自己的观点,不犯最基本的语法错误。

从上述对这一课程的分析中我们可以看出它的挑战性但面对挑战我们并不是束手无策的。在以下的篇幅中我将根据多年的教学和实践经验通过对历次考试的典型样题的分析帮助考生提高对这门课程的认识并有针对性地提出相应的学习方法和备考策略。

(一)

英美文学选读课程的考试一般分为主客观两大部分。客观题所占分值为40分,主要是以选择题的形式出现,旨在考察学生对一些文学常识的掌握和对作家作品的识记。初次接触这门课程的考生往往对其丰富而头绪繁多的内容感到无所适从,不知从何下手。对该记忆哪些内容感到茫然不知所措。这里我们将从作家、作品、文学史以及基本概念等四个方面对客观题进行分析归类,希望考生能藉此摸清其中脉络,掌握一定的答题技巧,做到有备而来。

从历年来的试卷分析中我们可以看出对作家的考察无非包括下面四个方面。

(1)作家所属的时代或文学流派,如:

AlexanderPopestronglyadvocated,em

phasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedbyrulesoforderreasonlogicrestrainedemotiongoodtasteanddecorum.[A] sentimentalism[B] romanticism[C] idealism[D] neoclassicism

答案是[D].

(2)作家与作品间的对应关系,如:

JamesJoyceistheauthorofallthefollowingnovelsEXCEPT.[A] Dubliners[B] JudetheObscure[C] APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan[D] Ulysses

答案是[B].

(3)作家的写作范围及常涉及的主题,如:

Themajorconcernoffictionliesinthetracingofthepsychologicaldevelopmentofhischaractersandinhisenergeticcriticismofthedehumanizingeffectofthecapitalistindustrializationonhumannature.[A] CharlesDickens’s[B]D.H.Lawrence’s[C] ThomasHardy[D] JohnGalsworthy’s

答案是[B].

MostofHermanMelville’snovelsarebasedonseavoyagesandseaadventures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthecase﹖[A] Typee[B] Moby-Dick[C] Omoo[D] TheConfidence-Man

(4)作家较独特的文风与写作特色,如:

WecanperhapssummarizethatWaltWhitman’spoemsarecharacterizedbyallthefollowingfeaturesEXCEPTthattheyare.[A] conversationalandcasual[B] lyricalandwell-structured[C] simpleandrathercrude[D] free-flowing

答案是[C].

isatypicalfeatureofSwift’swritings.[A] Bittersatire

[B] Elegantstyle[C] Casualnarration[D] Complicatedsentencestructure

答案是[A].

上述的分析和分类能使我们遇到的每一位作家时都知道应该从哪些方面入手,一种较好的学习方法就是给每个作家做一张卡片,并用简洁的语言列出上述的四个方面,这样会使我们对一个作家的认识清晰条理,而卡片的方法又可以使我们更有效地利用零碎的时间。

而有关作品则主要从下面这些方面考察:

(1)作品所要传达的中心思想,如

ThetragedyofDr.FaustustheprotagonistinChristopherMarlowe’sTheTragicHistoryofDr.Faustusistheveryfactthat.[A] manisconfinedtotime[B] hetriedtojoinAfricaandSpain[C] hebecameamanwithoutsoulafterhesoldit[D] heconjuredupHelentheladywhowastheverycauseoftheTrojanWar

答案是[A].

WhichofthefollowingworksconcernsmostconcentratedlytheCalvinisticviewoforiginalsin﹖[A] TheWasteland[B] TheScarletLetter[C] LeavesofGrass[D] AsIlayDying

答案是[B].

(2)对作品中的精华片段,点明主题的段落及词句的识别与理解,如

Thesentence“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday﹖”isthebeginninglineofoneofShakespeare’s.[A] comedies[B] tragedies[C] sonnets[D] histories

答案是[C].

(3)对作品中主要人物的姓名与性格特征的识记,如:

“Surface”“Sneerwell”“Backbite”and“Candour”aremostlikelythenamesofthecharactersin.[A] Shaw’sMrs.Warren’sProfession[B] Sheridan’sTheSchoolforScandal[C] Shakespeare’sLove’sLabour’sLost[D] ChristopherMarlowe’sDr.Faustus

答案是[B].

HereisapassagefromMiddlemarchanovelbyGeorgeEliot:

“Herbloomingfullpulsedyouthstoodthereinamoralimprisonmentwhichmadeitselfonewiththechillcolourlessnarrowedla

ndscapewiththeshrunkenfurniturethenever-readbooksandtheghostlystaginapalefantasticworldthatseemedtobevanishingfromthedaylight.”

Whoistheladymentionedinthequotedpassage﹖[A] Dorothea[B] Emma[C] Molly[D]Irene

答案是[A].

(4)对作品选段中句词或典故的理解和掌握,如:

“Andwherearethey﹖Andwhereartthou,Mycountry﹖Onthyvoicelessshore

Theheroiclayistunelessnow---

Theheroicbosombeatsnomore”(GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan)

Intheabovestanza“artthou”literallymeans.[A]“areyou”[B]“artthough”[C]“arethough”[D]“artyou”

答案是[A].

InwhichofthefollowingpoemsbyWilliamButlerYeatsdidyoufindtheallusionto

HelenandtheTrojanWar﹖[A]“SailingtoByzantium”[B]“LedaandtheSwan”[C]“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”[D]“DownbytheSallyGarden”

答案是[B].

(5)一部作品鲜明的基调及文风,如:

“TobesodistinguishedisanhonorwhichbeingverylittleaccustomedtofavorsfromthegreatIknownotwellhowtoreceiveorinwhattermstoacknowledge.”

TheabovequotedsentenceispresentedbySamuelJohnsonwitha(n)tone.[A] delightful[B] jealous[C] ironic[D] humorous答案是[C].

InHardy’sWessexnovelsthereisanapparenttouchinhisdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife.[A] humorous[B] romantic[C] nostalgic[D] sarcastic

答案是[C].

在复习文学史的时候,头脑中不仅要清楚英美国家文学的纵向发展历程,如英国文学的发展大致经历了古英语和中世纪文学阶段,文艺复兴时期、新古典主义时期、浪漫主义时期,维多利亚时期和现代文学时期。我们还需明白各个时期发生的时间、时代特征、主流文学创作的特点和代表作家,除此之外,考生还要能够对同一文学发展时期两国文学的不同特点进行比较和分析。如浪漫主义时期,英美两国除了显示出一些相似之处如:对个性、自然、灵感和想象力的倡导和强调之外,美国社会文化的独特性又决定了其浪漫主义也呈现独特的一面,如清教主义的影响使美国的浪漫主义更偏重道德伦理主题的挖掘。而向西部殖民扩展的过程还使美国的浪漫主义多了一个文明与野蛮和自然的冲突主题。也就是说在学习英美文学的过程中我们要始终注意两者之间横向和纵向的比较。

作为英美文学的初学者,考生们还要了解一些文学的基本术语、概念和常识,而这些知识对于英语语言文学的学习者来说是必备的。下面这些试题就意在考察同学们对这些基础知识的掌握情况:如:

TheperiodbeforetheAmericanCivilWariscommonlyreferredtoas.[A] theRomanticPeriod[B] theRealisticPeriod[C] theNaturalistPeriod[D] theModernPeriod答案是[A].

Thetermtoneinliteraturemeans.[A] soundeffectsuchasrhymeandmetricaldevice[B] thepitchofawordusedtodetermin

eitsmeaninginthegivencontext[C]themannerofexpressiontoindicatethespeaker’sattitudetowardthesubject[D]ashadeofcolourtoreflectthechangeoflight答案是[C].

LiteratureofNeoclassicismisdifferentfromthatofRomanticisminthat.[A]theformercelebratesreasonrationalityorderandinstructionwhilethelatterseesliteratureasanexpressionofanindividual’sfeelingsandexperiencestheformerisheavilyreligiousbut[B]thelattersecular[C]theformerisanintellectualmovementthepurposeofwhichistoarousethemiddleclassforpoliticalrightswhilethelatterisconcernedwiththepersonalcultivation[D]theformeradvocatesthe“returntonature”whereasthelatterturnstotheancientGreekandRomanwritersforitsmodels答案是[A].

(二)

英美文学选读课程考试中的主观题占60分,主要分三种题型:阅读理解、简答题和论述题。阅读理解多是从作品(尤其是诗歌)中选出一段,请考生判定此段的出处,与上下文的关系,作家要表达的主要意思,或个别词句的含义及所指。一般每次会出现四个选段,每题4分。这里仅举一例:

Thefollowingisapassagetakenfromadramaticwork:

HadIasmanysoulsastherebestars

I’dgivethemallforMephistophilis!

ByhimI’llbegreatemperoroftheworld,AndmakeabridgethroughthemovingairTopasstheoceanwithabandofmen;

I’lljointhehillsthatbindtheAfricshore

AndmakethatcountrycontinenttoSpain,Andbothcontributorytomycrown;

Theemperorshallnotlivebutbymyleave

……

ANametheplaywrightandthetitleoftheworkfromwhichthepassageistaken.BNamethespeakerofthepassagequotedabov

e.CUsetheabovepassageasaguideandwritedowninoneortwosentencesthethemeoftheplay.

从引文中急切的口气、言语中贪欲的流露、以及“HasIasmanysouls…IwillgivethemallforMephistophilis”这一线索中,我们可以推断讲话人是浮士德博士,在答第C个问题时,只要能抓住ambitionboundlessaspiration和fatallimitation等要点即可,无须长篇大论。

简答题的分值约占24分,每小题6分。这一题与阅读理解题有相重合的地方,即也会出现一些作品选段请考生加以分析。但更多地还会涉及一些基本概念和关于一些主要作家的基本事实和要素,如:

WilliamFaulkneraNobelPrizewinnerhasanimportantpositioninAmericanliterature.Nametwoofhismajornovels.Doyouknowanythingabout“YoknapatawphaCountry﹖”WhatisuniqueofFaulkner’sfictionhistoricallyandgeographically﹖

参考答案:

A.TheSoundandtheFuryAsILayDying.(1分)

B.YoknapatawphaCountyisanimaginedplacebasedonFaulkner’sownhometown.ThissmallregionintheAmericanSouthbecomesinFaulkner’sfictionanallegoryoraparableoftheOldSouth.(2分)

C.Faulkner’sfictionisuniqueinhisliteraryrepresentationoftheOldSouthandhisthemeofthedeteriorationlossandmoraldecayoftheOldSouthwhenitwasfallingapart.(3分)

最后一道大题是叙述题,占20分,一般是由两道题目组成。(每题10分,字数不少于150字),可能会涉及一位英国作家,一位美国作家。当然会选那些在英美文学史中占重要地位的作家。如:

WhatmakesMarkTwain’sTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnmorethanachild’sadventurestory﹖BrieflydiscussthequestionfromTHREEofthefollowingaspectsthesettingthelanguagethecharacter(s),thethemeandthestyle.

参考答案:

A.LanguageThebookiswritteninthecolloquialstyleinthegeneralstandardspeechofuneducatedAmericans.ByusingskillfullythecolloquialismMarkTwaincastshisprotagonistsintheireverydaylife.Truthfulnessisthereforeachieved.MoreimportantwithhisgreatmasteryandeffectiveuseofvernacularTwainhasmadecolloquialspeechanacceptedrespectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.

B.CharactersThebookisbestknownfortheauthor’swonderfulcharacterizationof“Huck”.Heisessentiallygood-heartedandinnocent.Hedislikescivilizedwaysbecausetheyarepersonallyrestrictiveandhard.Heisimaginativeandclearandlongsforfreedom.HisconscienceisalwaystorturedbytwoopposingforcesbetweenhisheartandhisheadbetweenhisaffectionforJimandthelawsofthesocietyagainstthosewho

helpslavesescape.WiththeeventualvictoryofhismoralconscienceoverhissocialawarenessHuckgrows.HuckFinnissuccessfullyportrayed.Throughthecharactertheauthormakescontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperiencenatureandculturewildernessandcivilization.

C.ThemeThenovelisacriticismofsocialinjusticehypocrisyconservativenessandnarrow-mindednessoftheAmericansmalltownsociety.

这一类题对考生而言是个难点,这是因为:首先,大部分考生的英语基础还比较薄弱,还不能自如顺畅地表达自己的观点,针对这一状况,考生在识记和理解作品的同时,还应多留意书中的用于评论的一些表达方法,并有意识地记住一些相关的词语和表达法,适当地增加这方面的词汇量。在答题时还要尽量避免一些不该犯的语法和拼写错误,这也是一个应该引起注意的方面,因为一道论述题的评分往往是内容和语言兼顾的。既要在内容上摆出要点,还要在语言表达上通顺而清楚,较少犯语法和拼写错误。

最后,笔者认为考生在复习的过程中应紧扣书本,以作品的阅读与理解为主,不要把赌注押在某一本参考书上,把学习这本书的过程当成是一个学习英语语言和文化的过程,这才是较正确的学习态度。

(江苏自学考试总第199、200期邵珊)

自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章

Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年,欧文出版了《见闻札记》,该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样,都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅,犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐,给人以轻松安逸之感,如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋,笔触生动,令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中,新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想,强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧,沉浸在自然的影响中吧,你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年,写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。

如何学习《英美文学选读》

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英美文学选读(1) Selected Readings of British and American Literature (1) 一、基本信息 课程代码:2020123 课程学分: 2 面向专业:英语 课程性质:专业必修课 课程类型:理论教学课 开课院系:外国语学院英语系 使用教材:主教材:1.《英国文学史及选读》(第1册)(第1版);吴伟仁编,外语教 学与研究出版社,2008. 2.《英国文学史及选读》(第2册)(第1版);吴伟仁编,外语教 学与研究出版社,2008. 参考教材:1.《新编英国文学》,罗经国编,外语教学与研究出版社,2010. 2.《英国文学简史》,河南人民出版社,2001. 先修课程:《基础英语》(1-4) 并修课程:《高级英语》(1) 后续课程:《英美文学选读》(2) 二、课程简介 英美文学选读课程主要从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度,介绍英美两国文学各历史阶段的主要背景,文学文化思潮,文学流派,社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响,主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格和思想意义等。本课程旨在培养英语专业学生理解、掌握英美文学的基本理论知识和鉴赏英美文学原著的能力。英美文学课程的开设有利于提高学生的语言运用能力、提升学生对文学原著鉴赏的水平,培养学生的文学审美意识,使学生在宏观把握文学课程的知识点的同时,增强语言功底,增强对英美文学原著的理解,特别是对作品中表现的社会生活和人物思想感情的理解,增强他们分析作品的艺术特色的能力、掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法,对英美两国文学形成与发展的全貌有一个概括的了解,为以后的研究打下坚实基础。 三、选课建议 英美文学选读课程是英语专业高年级学生的必修课程,属于提升拔高课程,其前提是学生应具有扎实的语言基本功、一定的文学知识和初步的科学研究方法。 四、课程基本要求 通过本课程的学习,学生应知道英美两国文学的形成与发展过程,熟悉部分西方文化,了解西方主要文学流派和主要文学作家,理解文学的本质与基本特征,掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。在此基础上引导学生学习英美文学作品,包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等,理解主要作家代表作品内容和精神。通过学习原文文学作品,培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解能力,帮助学生在掌握

英美文学选读笔记整理版英国Romantic

Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国) Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Historical background: Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794) The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain. Cultural background 1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth. 2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. 3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. Features of the romantic literature 1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs 2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now. 3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical. 4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”. 5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials 6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural Willam Blake Points of view: 1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. 2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. His works: Poetical Sketches (1783) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) Songs of Innocence (1809) Songs of Experience (1794) 1. Songs of Innocence (1809)

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